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Eraqi WA, El-Sabbagh WA, Aziz RK, Elshahed MS, Youssef NH, Elkenawy NM. Gastroprotective and microbiome-modulating effects of ubiquinol in rats with radiation-induced enteropathy. Anim Microbiome 2024; 6:40. [PMID: 39030597 PMCID: PMC11264694 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-024-00320-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiation enteritis is a frequently encountered issue for patients receiving radiotherapy and has a significant impact on cancer patients' quality of life. The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in intestinal function, yet the impact of irradiation on gut microorganisms is not fully understood. This study explores the gastroprotective effect and gut microbiome-modulating potential of ubiquinol (Ubq), the reduced form of the powerful antioxidant CoQ-10. For this purpose, male albino rats were randomly assigned to four groups: Control, IRR (acute 7 Gy γ-radiation), Ubq_Post (Ubq for 7 days post-irradiation), and Ubq_Pre/Post (Ubq for 7 days pre and 7 days post-irradiation). The fecal microbiomes of all groups were profiled by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing followed by bioinformatics and statistical analysis. Histopathological examination of intestinal tissue indicated severe damage in the irradiated group, which was mitigated by ubiquinol with enhanced regeneration, goblet cells, and intestinal alkaline phosphatase expression. Compared to the irradiated group, the Ubq-treated groups had a significant recovery of intestinal interleukin-1β, caspase-3, nitric oxide metabolites, and thio-barbituric reactive substances to near-healthy levels. Ubq_Pre/Post group displayed elevated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-γ) level, suggesting heightened benefits. Serum insulin reduction in irradiated rats improved post-Ubq treatment, with a possible anti-inflammatory effect on the pancreatic tissue. Fecal microbiota profiling revealed a dysbiosis state with a reduction of bacterial diversity post-irradiation, which was re-modulated in the Ubq treated groups to profiles that are indistinguishable from the control group. These findings underscore Ubq's gastroprotective effects against radiation-induced enteritis and its potential in restoring the gut microbiota's diversity and balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa A Eraqi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Walaa A El-Sabbagh
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center of Radiation and Research Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, 11787, Egypt
| | - Ramy K Aziz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
- Microbiology and Immunology Research Program, Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357, Cairo, 11617, Egypt
| | - Mostafa S Elshahed
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74074, USA
| | - Noha H Youssef
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74074, USA
| | - Nora M Elkenawy
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center of Radiation and Research Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, 11787, Egypt.
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Cao B, Xu Q, Shi Y, Zhao R, Li H, Zheng J, Liu F, Wan Y, Wei B. Pathology of pain and its implications for therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:155. [PMID: 38851750 PMCID: PMC11162504 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01845-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Pain is estimated to affect more than 20% of the global population, imposing incalculable health and economic burdens. Effective pain management is crucial for individuals suffering from pain. However, the current methods for pain assessment and treatment fall short of clinical needs. Benefiting from advances in neuroscience and biotechnology, the neuronal circuits and molecular mechanisms critically involved in pain modulation have been elucidated. These research achievements have incited progress in identifying new diagnostic and therapeutic targets. In this review, we first introduce fundamental knowledge about pain, setting the stage for the subsequent contents. The review next delves into the molecular mechanisms underlying pain disorders, including gene mutation, epigenetic modification, posttranslational modification, inflammasome, signaling pathways and microbiota. To better present a comprehensive view of pain research, two prominent issues, sexual dimorphism and pain comorbidities, are discussed in detail based on current findings. The status quo of pain evaluation and manipulation is summarized. A series of improved and innovative pain management strategies, such as gene therapy, monoclonal antibody, brain-computer interface and microbial intervention, are making strides towards clinical application. We highlight existing limitations and future directions for enhancing the quality of preclinical and clinical research. Efforts to decipher the complexities of pain pathology will be instrumental in translating scientific discoveries into clinical practice, thereby improving pain management from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cao
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Qixuan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yajiao Shi
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ruiyang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Hanghang Li
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fengyu Liu
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - You Wan
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Miyamoto T, Izawa K, Masui S, Yamazaki A, Yamasaki Y, Matsubayashi T, Shiraki M, Ohnishi H, Yasumura J, Kawabe T, Miyamae T, Matsubara T, Arakawa N, Ishige T, Takizawa T, Shimbo A, Shimizu M, Kimura N, Maeda Y, Maruyama Y, Shigemura T, Furuta J, Sato S, Tanaka H, Izumikawa M, Yamamura M, Hasegawa T, Kaneko H, Nakagishi Y, Nakano N, Iida Y, Nakamura T, Wakiguchi H, Hoshina T, Kawai T, Murakami K, Akizuki S, Morinobu A, Ohmura K, Eguchi K, Sonoda M, Ishimura M, Furuno K, Kashiwado M, Mori M, Kawahata K, Hayama K, Shimoyama K, Sasaki N, Ito T, Umebayashi H, Omori T, Nakamichi S, Dohmoto T, Hasegawa Y, Kawashima H, Watanabe S, Taguchi Y, Nakaseko H, Iwata N, Kohno H, Ando T, Ito Y, Kataoka Y, Saeki T, Kaneko U, Murase A, Hattori S, Nozawa T, Nishimura K, Nakano R, Watanabe M, Yashiro M, Nakamura T, Komai T, Kato K, Honda Y, Hiejima E, Yonezawa A, Bessho K, Okada S, Ohara O, Takita J, Yasumi T, Nishikomori R. Clinical Characteristics of Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndrome and Long-Term Real-World Efficacy and Tolerability of Canakinumab in Japan: Results of a Nationwide Survey. Arthritis Rheumatol 2024; 76:949-962. [PMID: 38268504 DOI: 10.1002/art.42808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assess the clinical characteristics of patients with cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) in Japan and evaluate the real-world efficacy and safety of interleukin-1 (IL-1) inhibitors, primarily canakinumab. METHODS Clinical information was collected retrospectively, and serum concentrations of canakinumab and cytokines were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 101 patients were included, with 86 and 15 carrying heterozygous germline and somatic mosaic mutations, respectively. We identified 39 mutation types, and the common CAPS-associated symptoms corresponded with those in previous reports. Six patients (5.9% of all patients) died, with four of the deaths caused by CAPS-associated symptoms. Notably, 73.7% of patients (100%, 79.6%, and 44.4% of familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, Muckle-Wells syndrome, and chronic infantile neurological cutaneous articular syndrome/neonatal onset multisystem inflammatory disease, respectively) achieved complete remission with canakinumab, and early therapeutic intervention was associated with better auditory outcomes. In some patients, canakinumab treatment stabilized the progression of epiphysial overgrowth and improved height gain, visual acuity, and renal function. However, 23.7% of patients did not achieve inflammatory remission with crucial deterioration of organ damage, with two dying while receiving high-dose canakinumab treatment. Serological analysis of canakinumab and cytokine concentrations revealed that the poor response was not related to canakinumab shortage. Four inflammatory nonremitters developed inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-unclassified during canakinumab treatment. Dual biologic therapy with canakinumab and anti-tumor necrosis factor-α agents was effective for IBD- and CAPS-associated symptoms not resolved by canakinumab monotherapy. CONCLUSION This study provides one of the largest epidemiologic data sets for CAPS. Although early initiation of anti-IL-1 treatment with canakinumab is beneficial for improving disease prognosis, some patients do not achieve remission despite a high serum concentration of canakinumab. Moreover, IBD may develop in CAPS after canakinumab treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tomoyo Matsubara
- Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Asami Shimbo
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Naoki Kimura
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Satoshi Sato
- Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Hiroshi Kaneko
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Naoko Nakano
- Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Takayuki Hoshina
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Toshinao Kawai
- National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Masaaki Mori
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan, and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Natsuko Sasaki
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Taisuke Ito
- Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | | | - Tae Omori
- Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuichiro Taguchi
- Department of Rheumatology, Nagoya Ekisaikai Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Naomi Iwata
- Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Obu, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kohno
- Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiko Ito
- Nagoya City University West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Osamu Ohara
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Japan
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Rohrhofer J, Hauser L, Lettenmaier L, Lutz L, Koidl L, Gentile SA, Ret D, Stingl M, Untersmayr E. Immunological Patient Stratification in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. J Clin Med 2024; 13:275. [PMID: 38202282 PMCID: PMC10779792 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13010275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex disease characterized by profound fatigue, post-exertional malaise (PEM), and neurocognitive dysfunction. Immune dysregulation and gastrointestinal symptoms are commonly observed in ME/CFS patients. Despite affecting approximately 0.89% of the general population, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between immunological characteristics and intestinal barrier function in ME/CFS patients. ME/CFS patients were stratified into two groups based on their immune competence. After documentation of detailed medical records, serum and plasma samples were collected for the assessment of inflammatory immune mediators and biomarkers for intestinal barrier integrity by ELISA. We found reduced complement protein C4a levels in immunodeficient ME/CFS patients suggesting a subgroup-specific innate immune dysregulation. ME/CFS patients without immunodeficiencies exhibit a mucosal barrier leakage, as indicated by elevated levels of Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP). Stratifying ME/CFS patients based on immune competence enabled the distinction of two subgroups with different pathophysiological patterns. The study highlights the importance of emphasizing precise patient stratification in ME/CFS, particularly in the context of defining suitable treatment strategies. Given the substantial health and socioeconomic burden associated with ME/CFS, urgent attention and research efforts are needed to define causative treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Rohrhofer
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.R.); (L.K.); (S.A.G.); (D.R.)
| | - Lisa Hauser
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.R.); (L.K.); (S.A.G.); (D.R.)
| | - Lisa Lettenmaier
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.R.); (L.K.); (S.A.G.); (D.R.)
| | - Lena Lutz
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.R.); (L.K.); (S.A.G.); (D.R.)
| | - Larissa Koidl
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.R.); (L.K.); (S.A.G.); (D.R.)
| | - Salvatore Alessio Gentile
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.R.); (L.K.); (S.A.G.); (D.R.)
| | - Davide Ret
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.R.); (L.K.); (S.A.G.); (D.R.)
- Division of Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Eva Untersmayr
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.R.); (L.K.); (S.A.G.); (D.R.)
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5
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Hu X, He Z, Zhao C, He Y, Qiu M, Xiang K, Zhang N, Fu Y. Gut/rumen-mammary gland axis in mastitis: Gut/rumen microbiota-mediated "gastroenterogenic mastitis". J Adv Res 2024; 55:159-171. [PMID: 36822391 PMCID: PMC10770137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mastitis is an inflammatory response in the mammary gland that results in huge economic losses in the breeding industry. The aetiology of mastitis is complex, and the pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. It is commonly believed that mastitis is induced by pathogen infection of the mammary gland and induces a local inflammatory response. However, in the clinic, mastitis is often comorbid or secondary to gastric disease, and local control effects targeting the mammary gland are limited. In addition, recent studies have found that the gut/rumen microbiota contributes to the development of mastitis and proposed the gut/rumen-mammary gland axis. Combined with studies indicating that gut/rumen microbiota disturbance can damage the gut mucosa barrier, gut/rumen bacteria and their metabolites can migrate to distal extraintestinal organs. It is believed that the occurrence of mastitis is related not only to the infection of the mammary gland by external pathogenic microorganisms but also to a gastroenterogennic pathogenic pathway. AIM OF REVIEW We propose the pathological concept of "gastroenterogennic mastitis" and believe that the gut/rumen-mammary gland axis-mediated pathway is the pathological mechanism of "gastroenterogennic mastitis". KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW To clarify the concept of "gastroenterogennic mastitis" by summarizing reports on the effect of the gut/rumen microbiota on mastitis and the gut/rumen-mammary gland axis-mediated pathway to provide a research basis and direction for further understanding and solving the pathogenesis and difficulties encountered in the prevention of mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Hu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Zhaoqi He
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Caijun Zhao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Yuhong He
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Min Qiu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Kaihe Xiang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Naisheng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China.
| | - Yunhe Fu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China.
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6
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Wang M, Liu H, Huang M, Huang Y, Ming Y, Chen W, Chen Y, Tang Z, Jia B. Immunomodulatory functions of microorganisms in tissue regenerative healing. Acta Biomater 2023; 172:38-52. [PMID: 37816417 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
External pathogenic microorganisms and commensal microorganisms in the body have either harmful or beneficial impacts on the regenerative repair of tissues, and the immune system plays a crucial regulatory role in this process. This review summarises our current understanding of microorganism-immune system interactions, with a focus on how these interactions impact the renewal and repair ability of tissues, including skin, bone, gut, liver, and nerves. This review concludes with a discussion of the mechanisms by which microbes act on various types of immune cells to affect tissue regeneration, offers potential strategies for using microbial therapies to enhance the regenerative repair function of tissues, and suggest novel therapeutic approaches for regenerative medicine. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Microbiological communities have crucial impacts on human health and illness by participating in energy collection and storage and performing various metabolic processes. External pathogenic microorganisms and commensal microorganisms in the body have either harmful or beneficial impacts on the regenerative repair of tissues, and the immune system plays a critical regulatory role in this process. This study reviews the important correlation between microorganisms and the immune system and investigates the mechanism of various microorganism that participate in the regeneration and repair of tissues and organs by modulating immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingshu Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yisheng Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Ming
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixing Chen
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanxin Chen
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengming Tang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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7
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Kulkarni DH, Rusconi B, Floyd AN, Joyce EL, Talati KB, Kousik H, Alleyne D, Harris DL, Garnica L, McDonough R, Bidani SS, Kulkarni HS, Newberry EP, McDonald KG, Newberry RD. Gut microbiota induces weight gain and inflammation in the gut and adipose tissue independent of manipulations in diet, genetics, and immune development. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2284240. [PMID: 38036944 PMCID: PMC10730159 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2284240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and the metabolic syndrome are complex disorders resulting from multiple factors including genetics, diet, activity, inflammation, and gut microbes. Animal studies have identified roles for each of these, however the contribution(s) specifically attributed to the gut microbiota remain unclear, as studies have used combinations of genetically altered mice, high fat diet, and/or colonization of germ-free mice, which have an underdeveloped immune system. We investigated the role(s) of the gut microbiota driving obesity and inflammation independent of manipulations in diet and genetics in mice with fully developed immune systems. We demonstrate that the human obese gut microbiota alone was sufficient to drive weight gain, systemic, adipose tissue, and intestinal inflammation, but did not promote intestinal barrier leak. The obese microbiota induced gene expression promoting caloric uptake/harvest but was less effective at inducing genes associated with mucosal immune responses. Thus, the obese gut microbiota is sufficient to induce weight gain and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devesha H. Kulkarni
- Division of Gastroenterology, John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brigida Rusconi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexandria N. Floyd
- Division of Gastroenterology, John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elisabeth L. Joyce
- Division of Gastroenterology, John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Khushi B. Talati
- Division of Gastroenterology, John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hrishi Kousik
- Division of Gastroenterology, John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dereck Alleyne
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dalia L. Harris
- Division of Gastroenterology, John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lorena Garnica
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ryan McDonough
- Division of Gastroenterology, John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shay S. Bidani
- Division of Gastroenterology, John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hrishikesh S. Kulkarni
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elizabeth P. Newberry
- Division of Gastroenterology, John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Keely G. McDonald
- Division of Gastroenterology, John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rodney D. Newberry
- Division of Gastroenterology, John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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8
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Yazici D, Ogulur I, Pat Y, Babayev H, Barletta E, Ardicli S, Bel Imam M, Huang M, Koch J, Li M, Maurer D, Radzikowska U, Satitsuksanoa P, Schneider SR, Sun N, Traidl S, Wallimann A, Wawrocki S, Zhakparov D, Fehr D, Ziadlou R, Mitamura Y, Brüggen MC, van de Veen W, Sokolowska M, Baerenfaller K, Nadeau K, Akdis M, Akdis CA. The epithelial barrier: The gateway to allergic, autoimmune, and metabolic diseases and chronic neuropsychiatric conditions. Semin Immunol 2023; 70:101846. [PMID: 37801907 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1960 s, our health has been compromised by exposure to over 350,000 newly introduced toxic substances, contributing to the current pandemic in allergic, autoimmune and metabolic diseases. The "Epithelial Barrier Theory" postulates that these diseases are exacerbated by persistent periepithelial inflammation (epithelitis) triggered by exposure to a wide range of epithelial barrier-damaging substances as well as genetic susceptibility. The epithelial barrier serves as the body's primary physical, chemical, and immunological barrier against external stimuli. A leaky epithelial barrier facilitates the translocation of the microbiome from the surface of the afflicted tissues to interepithelial and even deeper subepithelial locations. In turn, opportunistic bacterial colonization, microbiota dysbiosis, local inflammation and impaired tissue regeneration and remodelling follow. Migration of inflammatory cells to susceptible tissues contributes to damage and inflammation, initiating and aggravating many chronic inflammatory diseases. The objective of this review is to highlight and evaluate recent studies on epithelial physiology and its role in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases in light of the epithelial barrier theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Yazici
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Ismail Ogulur
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Yagiz Pat
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Huseyn Babayev
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Elena Barletta
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Sena Ardicli
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Manal Bel Imam
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mengting Huang
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Jana Koch
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Manru Li
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Debbie Maurer
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Urszula Radzikowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland; Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephan R Schneider
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Na Sun
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland; National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Stephan Traidl
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland; Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra Wallimann
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Wawrocki
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Damir Zhakparov
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Danielle Fehr
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reihane Ziadlou
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yasutaka Mitamura
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Charlotte Brüggen
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Willem van de Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland; Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland; Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Katja Baerenfaller
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Kari Nadeau
- Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mubeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland; Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland.
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9
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Jang KK, Heaney T, London M, Ding Y, Putzel G, Yeung F, Ercelen D, Chen YH, Axelrad J, Gurunathan S, Zhou C, Podkowik M, Arguelles N, Srivastava A, Shopsin B, Torres VJ, Keestra-Gounder AM, Pironti A, Griffin ME, Hang HC, Cadwell K. Antimicrobial overproduction sustains intestinal inflammation by inhibiting Enterococcus colonization. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1450-1468.e8. [PMID: 37652008 PMCID: PMC10502928 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Loss of antimicrobial proteins such as REG3 family members compromises the integrity of the intestinal barrier. Here, we demonstrate that overproduction of REG3 proteins can also be detrimental by reducing a protective species in the microbiota. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) experiencing flares displayed heightened levels of secreted REG3 proteins that mediated depletion of Enterococcus faecium (Efm) from the gut microbiota. Efm inoculation of mice ameliorated intestinal inflammation through activation of the innate immune receptor NOD2, which was associated with the bacterial DL-endopeptidase SagA that generates NOD2-stimulating muropeptides. NOD2 activation in myeloid cells induced interleukin-1β (IL-1β) secretion to increase the proportion of IL-22-producing CD4+ T helper cells and innate lymphoid cells that promote tissue repair. Finally, Efm was unable to protect mice carrying a NOD2 gene variant commonly found in IBD patients. Our findings demonstrate that inflammation self-perpetuates by causing aberrant antimicrobial activity that disrupts symbiotic relationships with gut microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ku Jang
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Thomas Heaney
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mariya London
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Health, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Gregory Putzel
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Frank Yeung
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Defne Ercelen
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ying-Han Chen
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jordan Axelrad
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sakteesh Gurunathan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Chaoting Zhou
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Magdalena Podkowik
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Natalia Arguelles
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anusha Srivastava
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Bo Shopsin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - A Marijke Keestra-Gounder
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Alejandro Pironti
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Matthew E Griffin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Howard C Hang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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10
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de Baat A, Trinh B, Ellingsgaard H, Donath MY. Physiological role of cytokines in the regulation of mammalian metabolism. Trends Immunol 2023:S1471-4906(23)00110-2. [PMID: 37423882 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The innate cytokine system is involved in the response to excessive food intake. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the physiological role of three prominent cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), in mammalian metabolic regulation. This recent research highlights the pleiotropic and context-dependent functions in the immune-metabolic interplay. IL-1β is activated in response to overloaded mitochondrial metabolism, stimulates insulin secretion, and allocates energy to immune cells. IL-6 is released by contracting skeletal muscle and adipose tissue and directs energy from storing tissues to consuming tissues. TNF induces insulin resistance and prevents ketogenesis. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of modulating the activity of each cytokine is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel de Baat
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beckey Trinh
- The Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helga Ellingsgaard
- The Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Y Donath
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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11
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Tavares LM, de Jesus LCL, Batista VL, Barroso FAL, Dos Santos Freitas A, Campos GM, Américo MF, da Silva TF, Coelho-Rocha ND, Belo GA, Drumond MM, Mancha-Agresti P, Vital KD, Fernandes SOA, Cardoso VN, Birbrair A, Ferreira E, Martins FS, Laguna JG, Azevedo V. Synergistic synbiotic containing fructooligosaccharides and Lactobacillus delbrueckii CIDCA 133 alleviates chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis in mice. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:235. [PMID: 37365380 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03679-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal mucositis is a commonly reported side effect in oncology patients undergoing chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics have been investigated as alternative therapeutic approaches against intestinal mucositis due to their well-known anti-inflammatory properties and health benefits to the host. Previous studies showed that the potential probiotic Lactobacillus delbrueckii CIDCA 133 and the prebiotic Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) alleviated the 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucosa damage. Based on these previous beneficial effects, this work evaluated the anti-inflammatory property of the synbiotic formulation containing L. delbrueckii CIDCA 133 and FOS in mice intestinal mucosa inflammation induced by 5-FU. This work showed that the synbiotic formulation was able to modulate inflammatory parameters, including reduction of cellular inflammatory infiltration, gene expression downregulation of Tlr2, Nfkb1, and Tnf, and upregulation of the immunoregulatory Il10 cytokine, thus protecting the intestinal mucosa from epithelial damage caused by the 5-FU. The synbiotic also improved the epithelial barrier function by upregulating mRNA transcript levels of the short chain fatty acid (SCFA)-associated GPR43 receptor and the occludin tight junction protein, with the subsequent reduction of paracellular intestinal permeability. The data obtained showed that this synbiotic formulation could be a promising adjuvant treatment to be explored against inflammatory damage caused by 5-FU chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laísa Macedo Tavares
- Department of Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luís Cláudio Lima de Jesus
- Department of Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Viviane Lima Batista
- Department of Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Andria Dos Santos Freitas
- Department of Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Munis Campos
- Department of Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Monique Ferrary Américo
- Department of Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tales Fernando da Silva
- Department of Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nina Dias Coelho-Rocha
- Department of Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Angeli Belo
- Department of Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mariana Martins Drumond
- Federal Center for Technological Education of Minas Gerais, Department of Biological Sciences, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Federal Center for Technological Education of Minas Gerais, Materials Engineering Post- Graduation Program, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pamela Mancha-Agresti
- Federal Center for Technological Education of Minas Gerais, Department of Biological Sciences, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Federal Center for Technological Education of Minas Gerais, Materials Engineering Post- Graduation Program, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Kátia Duarte Vital
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Valbert Nascimento Cardoso
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of General Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Enio Ferreira
- Department of General Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Guimarães Laguna
- Department of Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Department of Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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12
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Chen K, McCulloch J, Das Neves R, Rodrigues G, Hsieh WT, Gong W, Yoshimura T, Huang J, O'hUigin C, Difilippantonio S, McCollum M, Jones G, Durum SK, Trinchieri G, Wang JM. The beneficial effects of commensal E. coli for colon epithelial cell recovery are related with Formyl peptide receptor 2 (Fpr2) in epithelial cells. Gut Pathog 2023; 15:28. [PMID: 37322488 PMCID: PMC10268441 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-023-00557-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Formyl peptide receptor 2 (Fpr2) plays a crucial role in colon homeostasis and microbiota balance. Commensal E. coli is known to promote the regeneration of damaged colon epithelial cells. The aim of the study was to investigate the connection between E. coli and Fpr2 in the recovery of colon epithelial cells. RESULTS The deficiency of Fpr2 was associated with impaired integrity of the colon mucosa and an imbalance of microbiota, characterized by the enrichment of Proteobacteria in the colon. Two serotypes of E. coli, O22:H8 and O91:H21, were identified in the mouse colon through complete genome sequencing. E. coli O22:H8 was found to be prevalent in the gut of mice and exhibited lower virulence compared to O91:H21. Germ-free (GF) mice that were pre-orally inoculated with E. coli O22:H8 showed reduced susceptibility to chemically induced colitis, increased proliferation of epithelial cells, and improved mouse survival. Following infection with E. coli O22:H8, the expression of Fpr2 in colon epithelial cells was upregulated, and the products derived from E. coli O22:H8 induced migration and proliferation of colon epithelial cells through Fpr2. Fpr2 deficiency increased susceptibility to chemically induced colitis, delayed the repair of damaged colon epithelial cells, and heightened inflammatory responses. Additionally, the population of E. coli was observed to increase in the colons of Fpr2-/- mice with colitis. CONCLUSION Commensal E. coli O22:H8 stimulated the upregulation of Fpr2 expression in colon epithelial cells, and the products from E. coli induced migration and proliferation of colon epithelial cells through Fpr2. Fpr2 deficiency led to an increased E. coli population in the colon and delayed recovery of damaged colon epithelial cells in mice with colitis. Therefore, Fpr2 is essential for the effects of commensal E. coli on colon epithelial cell recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqiang Chen
- Laboratory of Cancer Innovation, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - John McCulloch
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rodrigo Das Neves
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Gisele Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Cancer Innovation, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Wang-Ting Hsieh
- Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Wanghua Gong
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Teizo Yoshimura
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Jiaqiang Huang
- Laboratory of Cancer Innovation, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Colm O'hUigin
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Simone Difilippantonio
- Gnotobiotics Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Matthew McCollum
- Gnotobiotics Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Georgette Jones
- Gnotobiotics Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Scott K Durum
- Laboratory of Cancer Innovation, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Cancer Innovation, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
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13
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Li B, Yin W, Lei M, Wang X, Yang Y, Zhang C, Chen Y. Exploring the digesta- and mucosa-associated microbial community dynamics in the rumen and hindgut of goats from birth to adult. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1190348. [PMID: 37396393 PMCID: PMC10311480 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1190348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the relationship between the goat host and its gastrointestinal microbiome has emerged as a hallmark of host-microbiota symbiosis, which was indispensable for the proper physiological function that convert the plant biomass to livestock products. However, little integrative information about the establishment of gastrointestinal microflora in goats exists. Herein, we characterized the colonizing process of the bacterial community in the digesta and mucosa of the rumen, cecum, and colon of the cashmere goat from birth to adulthood to compare its spatiotemporal difference via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. A total of 1,003 genera belonging to 43 phyla were identified. Principal coordinate analysis unveiled the similarity of microbial community between or within each age group increased and gradually developed toward mature whatever in digesta or mucosa. In the rumen, the composition of the bacterial community in digesta differed significantly from in mucosa across age groups; whereas in the hindgut, there was a high similarity of bacterial composition between the in digesta and mucosa in each age group before weaning, while the bacterial community structure differed markedly between these two types of samples after weaning. Taxonomic analysis indicated that 25 and 21 core genera coexisted in digesta and mucosa of the rumen and hindgut, respectively; but their abundances differed considerably by GIT region and/or age. In digesta, as goats aged, a lower abundance of Bacillus was observed with higher abundances of Prevotella 1 and Rikenellaceae RC9 in the rumen; while in the hindgut, the genera Escherichia-Shigella, Variovorax, and Stenotrophomonas decreased and Ruminococcaceae UCG-005, Ruminococcaceae UCG-010, and Alistipes increased with age increased. In mucosa, the rumen showed microbial dynamics with increases of Butyrivibrio 2 and Prevotellaceae UCG-001 and decreases of unclassified_f_Pasteurellaceae; while the genera Treponema 2 and Ruminococcaceae UCG-010 increased and Escherichia-Shigella decreased in the hindgut as goats aged. These results shed light on the colonization process of microbiota in the rumen and hindgut, which mainly include the initial, transit, and mature phases. Furthermore, there is a significant difference in the microbial composition between in digesta and mucosa, and both these exhibit a considerable spatiotemporal specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibo Li
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Weiqi Yin
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Mingkai Lei
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Chunxiang Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Yulin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
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14
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Kani K, Kasai K, Tada Y, Ishibashi R, Takano S, Igarashi N, Ichimura-Shimizu M, Tsuneyama K, Furusawa Y, Nagai Y. The innate immune receptor RP105 promotes metabolic syndrome by altering gut microbiota composition and intestinal barrier function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 664:77-85. [PMID: 37146560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Radioprotective 105 (RP105) plays a key role in the development of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic disorders; however, the underlying mechanisms remain to be understood. Here, we aimed to uncover whether RP105 affects metabolic syndrome through the modification of gut microbiota. We confirmed that body weight gain and fat accumulation by HFD feeding were suppressed in Rp105-/- mice. Fecal microbiome transplantation from HFD-fed donor Rp105-/- mice into HFD-fed recipient wild-type mice significantly improved various abnormalities associated with metabolic syndrome, including body weight gain, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, macrophage infiltration and inflammation in the adipose tissue. In addition, HFD-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction was attenuated by fecal microbiome transplantation from HFD-fed donor Rp105-/- mice. A 16S rRNA sequence analysis indicated that RP105 modified gut microbiota composition and was involved in the maintenance of its diversity. Thus, RP105 promotes metabolic syndrome by altering gut microbiota composition and intestinal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koudai Kani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180, Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Kaichi Kasai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180, Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Yuki Tada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180, Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Riko Ishibashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180, Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Shun Takano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180, Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Naoya Igarashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180, Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Mayuko Ichimura-Shimizu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Bio-medical Sciences, 3-8-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Bio-medical Sciences, 3-8-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Furusawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180, Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Nagai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180, Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan.
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15
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de Figueiredo AMB, dos Santos JC, Kischkel B, Ardiansyah E, Oosting M, Guimarães Matos G, Barreto Neves Oliveira I, van de Veerdonk F, Netea MG, Soares CMDA, Ribeiro-Dias F, Joosten LAB. Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals CLEC7A and PROM1 as Potential Regulators of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis-Induction of Cytokine Production in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040428. [PMID: 37108883 PMCID: PMC10144159 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis caused by fungi of the genus Paracoccidioides and the different clinical forms of the disease are associated with the host immune responses. Quantitative trait loci mapping analysis was performed to assess genetic variants associated with mononuclear-cells-derived cytokines induced by P. brasiliensis on 158 individuals. We identified the rs11053595 SNP, which is present in the CLEC7A gene (encodes the Dectin-1 receptor) and the rs62290169 SNP located in the PROM1 gene (encodes CD133) associated with the production of IL-1β and IL-22, respectively. Functionally, the blockade of the dectin-1 receptor abolished the IL-1β production in P. brasiliensis-stimulated PBMCs. Moreover, the rs62290169-GG genotype was associated with higher frequency of CD38+ Th1 cells in PBMCs cultured with P. brasiliensis yeasts. Therefore, our research indicates that the CLEC7A and PROM1 genes are important for the cytokine response induced by P. brasiliensis and may influence the Paracoccidioidomycosis disease outcome.
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Hill AA, Kim M, Zegarra-Ruiz DF, Chang LC, Norwood K, Assié A, Wu WJH, Renfroe MC, Song HW, Major AM, Samuel BS, Hyser JM, Longman RS, Diehl GE. Acute high-fat diet impairs macrophage-supported intestinal damage resolution. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e164489. [PMID: 36538527 PMCID: PMC9977439 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.164489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to high-fat diets (HFD) worsens intestinal disease pathology, but acute effects of HFD in tissue damage remain unclear. Here, we used short-term HFD feeding in a model of intestinal injury and found sustained damage with increased cecal dead neutrophil accumulation, along with dietary lipid accumulation. Neutrophil depletion rescued enhanced pathology. Macrophages from HFD-treated mice showed reduced capacity to engulf dead neutrophils. Macrophage clearance of dead neutrophils activates critical barrier repair and antiinflammatory pathways, including IL-10, which was lost after acute HFD feeding and intestinal injury. IL-10 overexpression restored intestinal repair after HFD feeding and intestinal injury. Macrophage exposure to lipids from the HFD prevented tethering and uptake of apoptotic cells and Il10 induction. Milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 (MFGE8) is a bridging molecule that facilitates macrophage uptake of dead cells. MFGE8 also facilitates lipid uptake, and we demonstrate that dietary lipids interfere with MFGE8-mediated macrophage apoptotic neutrophil uptake and subsequent Il10 production. Our findings demonstrate that HFD promotes intestinal pathology by interfering with macrophage clearance of dead neutrophils, leading to unresolved tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Myunghoo Kim
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research and the Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel F. Zegarra-Ruiz
- Immunology Program of the Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lin-Chun Chang
- Immunology Program of the Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kendra Norwood
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research and the Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Adrien Assié
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research and the Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wan-Jung H. Wu
- Immunology Program of the Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael C. Renfroe
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research and the Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hyo Wong Song
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research and the Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Buck S. Samuel
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research and the Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Joseph M. Hyser
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research and the Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Randy S. Longman
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in IBD and Jill Roberts Center for IBD, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gretchen E. Diehl
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research and the Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Immunology Program of the Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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Jang KK, Heaney T, London M, Ding Y, Yeung F, Ercelen D, Chen YH, Axelrad J, Gurunathan S, Marijke Keestra-Gounder A, Griffin ME, Hang HC, Cadwell K. Antimicrobial overproduction sustains intestinal inflammation by inhibiting Enterococcus colonization. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.29.526128. [PMID: 36778381 PMCID: PMC9915521 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.29.526128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Loss of antimicrobial proteins such as REG3 family members compromises the integrity of the intestinal barrier. Here, we demonstrate that overproduction of REG3 proteins can also be detrimental by reducing a protective species in the microbiota. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) experiencing flares displayed heightened levels of secreted REG3 proteins that mediated depletion of Enterococcus faecium ( Efm ) from the gut microbiota. Efm inoculation of mice ameliorated intestinal inflammation through activation of the innate immune receptor NOD2, which was associated with the bacterial DL-endopeptidase SagA. Microbiota sensing by NOD2 in myeloid cells mediated IL-1β secretion and increased the proportion of IL-22-producing CD4 + T helper cells and innate lymphoid cells. Finally, Efm was unable to protect mice carrying a NOD2 gene variant commonly found in IBD patients. Our findings demonstrate that inflammation self-perpetuates by causing aberrant antimicrobial activity that disrupts symbiotic relationships with gut microbes.
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Luo D, Zeng J, Guan J, Xu Y, Jia RB, Chen J, Jiang G, Zhou C. Dietary Supplement of Amomum villosum Lour. Polysaccharide Attenuates Ulcerative Colitis in BALB/c Mice. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223737. [PMID: 36429334 PMCID: PMC9689959 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amomum villosum Lour. (A. villosum), a comestible medicinal plant, has been traditionally used in China to treat diarrhea, stomach fullness, and abdominal distension. Polysaccharide, the main chemical component of A. villosum, has been shown to possess potential antioxidant and glycosidase inhibitory activities; however, whether it has anticolitis activity is unknown. The aim of this research was to evaluate the anticolitis effects of A. villosum polysaccharide (AVLP) in BALB/c mice. The results showed that AVLP administration significantly reversed body weight loss, colon shortening and colon weight gain and decreased the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in colitis mice (p < 0.05). AVLP administration also maintained intestinal barrier function by the upregulation of ZO-1 protein expression (p < 0.05). In addition, high-throughput sequencing analysis showed that AVLP possessed a great regulatory effect on the growth of Adlercreutzia, Clostridium, Streptococcus, Parabacteroides, Helicobacter, Odoribacter, and Alistipes (p < 0.05, LDA score > 2). The correlation analysis revealed that the protective effects against colitis of AVLP were highly correlated with intestinal bacterium regulation. These results suggest that AVLP intake could serve as a prospective nutritional strategy for inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Luo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang 529500, China
- Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Chaozhou 521000, China
| | - Jiao Zeng
- Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Chaozhou 521000, China
| | - Jingjing Guan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang 529500, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang 529500, China
| | - Rui-Bo Jia
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang 529500, China
- Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Chaozhou 521000, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Jin Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang 529500, China
| | - Guili Jiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang 529500, China
| | - Chunxia Zhou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang 529500, China
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Mendelian randomization study for the roles of IL-18 and IL-1 receptor antagonist in the development of inflammatory bowel disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:109020. [PMID: 35843146 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS IL-1 and IL-18 play important roles in intestine barrier integrity maintenance and inflammatory response. However, their net effects on the risk of IBD are still inconclusive. Here, we used Mendelian randomization (MR) approaches to investigate the causal associations of IL-18 and IL-1Ra (receptor antagonist) on the risks of IBD and subtypes. METHODS For IL-18, both three-sample and two-sample MR approaches were used for the causal inferences. In three-sample MR, three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the effect values were extracted from two quantitative trait loci (pQTL) datasets with non-overlapping populations. In two-sample MR, we extracted genetic instruments information from the same larger pQTL dataset. For IL-1Ra, we applied the two-sample MR method with summary-statistics from the larger pQTL dataset. Summary-level results of three large IBD/CD/UC genome-wide association studies in European ancestry were employed. Inverse-variance weighted method, various sensitivity analyses and meta-analysis were performed to give causal estimates, detect heterogeneity and correct for outliers. RESULTS We observed consistent positive causal effects of IL-18 on all three major outcomes using three-sample MR, with meta-analyses odds ratios (ORs) equal to 1.240 (IBD), 1.199 (CD) and 1.274 (UC) respectively. The two-sample MR demonstrated similar results. Moreover, genetically predicted IL-1Ra is inversely associated with the risk of IBD/UC/CD with ORs equal to 0.915 (IBD), 0.902 (CD) and 0.899 (UC) respectively in meta-analyses. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested genetically predicted IL-18 and IL-1Ra level are causally associated with an increased and decreased risk of IBD and subtypes.
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