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Janković T, Janković M. Extracellular vesicles and glycans: new avenue for biomarker research. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2024; 34:020503. [PMID: 38882582 PMCID: PMC11177654 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2024.020503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The investigation of biomarkers is constantly evolving. New molecules and molecular assemblies, such as soluble and particulate complexes, emerged as biomarkers from basic research and investigation of different proteomes, genomes, and glycomes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), and glycans, complex carbohydrates are ubiquitous in nature. The composition and structure of both reflect physiological state of paternal cells and are strikingly changed in diseases. The EV-associated glycans, alone or in combination with soluble glycans in related biological fluids, used as analytes, aim to capture full complex biomarker picture, enabling its use in different clinical settings. Bringing together EVs and glycans can help to extract meaningful data from their extreme and distinct heterogeneities for use in the real-time diagnostics. The glycans on the surface of EVs could mark their subpopulations and establish the glycosignature, the solubilisation signature and molecular patterns. They all contribute to a new way of looking at and looking for composite biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Janković
- Department for Immunochemistry and Glycobiology, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miroslava Janković
- Department for Immunochemistry and Glycobiology, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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2
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Pang B, Wang Q, Chen H, Liu Z, Han M, Gong J, Yue L, Ding X, Wang S, Yan Z, Chen Y, Malouf D, Bucci J, Guo T, Zhou C, Jiang J, Li Y. Proteomic Identification of Small Extracellular Vesicle Proteins LAMB1 and Histone H4 for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Risk Stratification. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2402509. [PMID: 38590132 PMCID: PMC11187897 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Diagnosis and stratification of prostate cancer (PCa) patients using the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test is challenging. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as a new star of liquid biopsy, has attracted interest to complement inaccurate PSA screening and invasiveness of tissue biopsy. In this study, a panel of potential small EV (sEV) protein biomarkers is identified from PCa cell lines using label-free LC-MS/MS proteomics. These biomarkers underwent further validation with plasma and urine samples from different PCa stages through parallel reaction monitoring-based targeted proteomics, western blotting, and ELISA. Additionally, a tissue microarray containing cancerous and noncancerous tissues is screened to provide additional evidence of selected sEV proteins associated with cancer origin. Results indicate that sEV protein LAMB1 is highly expressed in human plasma of metastatic PCa patients compared with localised PCa patients and control subjects, while sEV protein Histone H4 is highly expressed in human urine of high-risk PCa patients compared to low-risk PCa patients and control subjects. These two sEV proteins demonstrate higher specificity and sensitivity than the PSA test and show promise for metastatic PCa diagnosis, progression monitoring, and risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bairen Pang
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo UniversityNingboZhejiang315010China
- Ningbo Clinical Research Centre for Urological DiseaseThe First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo UniversityNingboZhejiang315010China
- Translational Research Laboratory for UrologyThe Key Laboratory of NingboThe First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo UniversityNingboZhejiang315010China
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Innovative technologies and diagnostic and therapeutic equipment for urinary system diseasesNingboZhejiang315010China
| | - Qi Wang
- Cancer Care CentreSt George HospitalKogarahNSW2217Australia
- St. George and Sutherland Clinical CampusesSchool of Clinical MedicineUNSW SydneyKensingtonNSW2052Australia
| | - Haotian Chen
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo UniversityNingboZhejiang315010China
- Ningbo Clinical Research Centre for Urological DiseaseThe First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo UniversityNingboZhejiang315010China
- Health Science CentreNingbo UniversityNingboZhejiang315211China
| | - Zhihan Liu
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo UniversityNingboZhejiang315010China
- Ningbo Clinical Research Centre for Urological DiseaseThe First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo UniversityNingboZhejiang315010China
- Health Science CentreNingbo UniversityNingboZhejiang315211China
| | - Meng Han
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo UniversityNingboZhejiang315010China
- Ningbo Clinical Research Centre for Urological DiseaseThe First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo UniversityNingboZhejiang315010China
- Translational Research Laboratory for UrologyThe Key Laboratory of NingboThe First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo UniversityNingboZhejiang315010China
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Innovative technologies and diagnostic and therapeutic equipment for urinary system diseasesNingboZhejiang315010China
| | - Jie Gong
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo UniversityNingboZhejiang315010China
- Ningbo Clinical Research Centre for Urological DiseaseThe First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo UniversityNingboZhejiang315010China
- Translational Research Laboratory for UrologyThe Key Laboratory of NingboThe First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo UniversityNingboZhejiang315010China
| | - Liang Yue
- Westlake Centre for Intelligent ProteomicsWestlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and BiomedicineHangzhouZhejiang310030China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang ProvinceSchool of Life SciencesWestlake UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310030China
| | - Xuan Ding
- Westlake Centre for Intelligent ProteomicsWestlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and BiomedicineHangzhouZhejiang310030China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang ProvinceSchool of Life SciencesWestlake UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310030China
| | - Suying Wang
- Department of PathologyNingbo Diagnostic Pathology CentreNingboZhejiang315021China
| | - Zejun Yan
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo UniversityNingboZhejiang315010China
| | - Yingzhi Chen
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo UniversityNingboZhejiang315010China
| | - David Malouf
- Department of UrologySt George HospitalKogarahNSW2217Australia
| | - Joseph Bucci
- Cancer Care CentreSt George HospitalKogarahNSW2217Australia
- St. George and Sutherland Clinical CampusesSchool of Clinical MedicineUNSW SydneyKensingtonNSW2052Australia
| | - Tiannan Guo
- Westlake Centre for Intelligent ProteomicsWestlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and BiomedicineHangzhouZhejiang310030China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang ProvinceSchool of Life SciencesWestlake UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310030China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo UniversityNingboZhejiang315010China
- Ningbo Clinical Research Centre for Urological DiseaseThe First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo UniversityNingboZhejiang315010China
- Translational Research Laboratory for UrologyThe Key Laboratory of NingboThe First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo UniversityNingboZhejiang315010China
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Innovative technologies and diagnostic and therapeutic equipment for urinary system diseasesNingboZhejiang315010China
| | - Junhui Jiang
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo UniversityNingboZhejiang315010China
- Ningbo Clinical Research Centre for Urological DiseaseThe First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo UniversityNingboZhejiang315010China
- Translational Research Laboratory for UrologyThe Key Laboratory of NingboThe First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo UniversityNingboZhejiang315010China
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Innovative technologies and diagnostic and therapeutic equipment for urinary system diseasesNingboZhejiang315010China
| | - Yong Li
- Cancer Care CentreSt George HospitalKogarahNSW2217Australia
- St. George and Sutherland Clinical CampusesSchool of Clinical MedicineUNSW SydneyKensingtonNSW2052Australia
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3
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Li Y, Wang J, Chen W, Lu H, Zhang Y. Comprehensive review of MS-based studies on N-glycoproteome and N-glycome of extracellular vesicles. Proteomics 2024; 24:e2300065. [PMID: 37474487 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed particles that can be released by all type of cells. Whereas, as one of the most common post-translational modifications, glycosylation plays a vital role in various biological functions of EVs, such as EV biogenesis, sorting, and cellular recognition. Nevertheless, compared with studies on RNAs or proteins, those investigating the glycoconjugates of EVs are limited. An in-depth investigation of N-glycosylation of EVs can improve the understanding of the biological functions of EVs and help to exploit EVs from different perspectives. The general focus of studies on glycosylation of EVs primarily includes isolation and characterization of EVs, preparation of glycoproteome/glycome samples and MS analysis. However, the low content of EVs and non-standard separation methods for downstream analysis are the main limitations of these studies. In this review, we highlight the importance of glycopeptide/glycan enrichment and derivatization owing to the low abundance of glycoproteins and the low ionization efficiency of glycans. Diverse fragmentation patterns and professional analytical software are indispensable for analysing glycosylation via MS. Altogether, this review summarises recent studies on glycosylation of EVs, revealing the role of EVs in disease progression and their remarkable potential as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Weiyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Haojie Lu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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4
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Hamed MA, Wasinger V, Wang Q, Graham P, Malouf D, Bucci J, Li Y. Prostate cancer-derived extracellular vesicles metabolic biomarkers: Emerging roles for diagnosis and prognosis. J Control Release 2024; 371:126-145. [PMID: 38768661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a global health concern, ranking as the most common cancer among men in Western countries. Traditional diagnostic methods are invasive with adverse effects on patients. Due to the heterogeneous nature of PCa and their multifocality, tissue biopsies often yield false-negative results. To address these challenges, researchers are exploring innovative approaches, particularly in the realms of proteomics and metabolomics, to identify more reliable biomarkers and improve PCa diagnosis. Liquid biopsy (LB) has emerged as a promising non-invasive strategy for PCa early detection, biopsy selection, active surveillance for low-risk cases, and post-treatment and progression monitoring. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bilayer nanovesicles released by all cell types and play an important role in intercellular communication. EVs have garnered attention as a valuable biomarker resource in LB for PCa-specific biomarkers, enhancing diagnosis, prognostication, and treatment guidance. Metabolomics provides insight into the body's metabolic response to both internal and external stimuli, offering quantitative measurements of biochemical alterations. It excels at detecting non-genetic influences, aiding in the discovery of more accurate cancer biomarkers for early detection and disease progression monitoring. This review delves into the potential of EVs as a resource for LB in PCa across various clinical applications. It also explores cancer-related metabolic biomarkers, both within and outside EVs in PCa, and summarises previous metabolomic findings in PCa diagnosis and risk assessment. Finally, the article addresses the challenges and future directions in the evolving field of EV-based metabolomic analysis, offering a comprehensive overview of its potential in advancing PCa management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Assem Hamed
- St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Valerie Wasinger
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Qi Wang
- St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Peter Graham
- St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - David Malouf
- Department of Urology, St, George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Joseph Bucci
- St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Yong Li
- St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia.
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5
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Guo ZY, Tang Y, Cheng YC. Exosomes as Targeted Delivery Drug System: Advances in Exosome Loading, Surface Functionalization and Potential for Clinical Application. Curr Drug Deliv 2024; 21:473-487. [PMID: 35702803 DOI: 10.2174/1567201819666220613150814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are subtypes of vesicles secreted by almost all cells and can play an important role in intercellular communication. They contain various proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and other natural substances from their metrocytes. Exosomes are expected to be a new generation of drug delivery systems due to their low immunogenicity, high potential to transfer bioactive substances and biocompatibility. However, exosomes themselves are not highly targeted, it is necessary to develop new surface modification techniques and targeted drug delivery strategies, which are the focus of drug delivery research. In this review, we introduced the biogenesis of exosomes and their role in intercellular communication. We listed various advanced exosome drug-loading techniques. Emphatically, we summarized different exosome surface modification techniques and targeted drug delivery strategies. In addition, we discussed the application of exosomes in vaccines and briefly introduced milk exosomes. Finally, we clarified the clinical application prospects and shortcomings of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zun Y Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No.639, Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, P.R. China
| | - Yue Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No.639, Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, P.R. China
| | - Yi C Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No.639, Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, P.R. China
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6
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Sandau US, Magaña SM, Costa J, Nolan JP, Ikezu T, Vella LJ, Jackson HK, Moreira LR, Palacio PL, Hill AF, Quinn JF, Van Keuren‐Jensen KR, McFarland TJ, Palade J, Sribnick EA, Su H, Vekrellis K, Coyle B, Yang Y, Falcón‐Perez JM, Nieuwland R, Saugstad JA. Recommendations for reproducibility of cerebrospinal fluid extracellular vesicle studies. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12397. [PMID: 38158550 PMCID: PMC10756860 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, transparent fluid derived from blood plasma that protects the brain and spinal cord against mechanical shock, provides buoyancy, clears metabolic waste and transports extracellular components to remote sites in the brain. Given its contact with the brain and the spinal cord, CSF is the most informative biofluid for studies of the central nervous system (CNS). In addition to other components, CSF contains extracellular vesicles (EVs) that carry bioactive cargoes (e.g., lipids, nucleic acids, proteins), and that can have biological functions within and beyond the CNS. Thus, CSF EVs likely serve as both mediators of and contributors to communication in the CNS. Accordingly, their potential as biomarkers for CNS diseases has stimulated much excitement for and attention to CSF EV research. However, studies on CSF EVs present unique challenges relative to EV studies in other biofluids, including the invasive nature of CSF collection, limited CSF volumes and the low numbers of EVs in CSF as compared to plasma. Here, the objectives of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles CSF Task Force are to promote the reproducibility of CSF EV studies by providing current reporting and best practices, and recommendations and reporting guidelines, for CSF EV studies. To accomplish this, we created and distributed a world-wide survey to ISEV members to assess methods considered 'best practices' for CSF EVs, then performed a detailed literature review for CSF EV publications that was used to curate methods and resources. Based on responses to the survey and curated information from publications, the CSF Task Force herein provides recommendations and reporting guidelines to promote the reproducibility of CSF EV studies in seven domains: (i) CSF Collection, Processing, and Storage; (ii) CSF EV Separation/Concentration; (iii) CSF EV Size and Number Measurements; (iv) CSF EV Protein Studies; (v) CSF EV RNA Studies; (vi) CSF EV Omics Studies and (vii) CSF EV Functional Studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula S. Sandau
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Setty M. Magaña
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Abigail Wexner Research InstituteNationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Júlia Costa
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da RepúblicaOeirasPortugal
| | - John P. Nolan
- Scintillon Institute for Biomedical and Bioenergy ResearchSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo Clinic FloridaJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Laura J. Vella
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne HospitalThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkville, MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Hannah K. Jackson
- Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Exosis, Inc.Palm BeachFloridaUSA
| | - Lissette Retana Moreira
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of MicrobiologyUniversity of Costa RicaSan JoséCosta Rica, Central America
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades TropicalesUniversity of Costa RicaSan JoséCosta Rica, Central America
| | - Paola Loreto Palacio
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Abigail Wexner Research InstituteNationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Andrew F. Hill
- Institute for Health and SportVictoria UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Joseph F. Quinn
- Department of NeurologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
- Portland VA Medical CenterPortlandOregonUSA
| | | | - Trevor J. McFarland
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Joanna Palade
- Neurogenomics DivisionTranslational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenixArizonaUSA
| | - Eric A. Sribnick
- Department of NeurosurgeryNationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Huaqi Su
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkville, MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Beth Coyle
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of MedicineUniversity of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of NottinghamNottinghamNottinghamshireUK
| | - You Yang
- Scintillon Institute for Biomedical and Bioenergy ResearchSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Juan M. Falcón‐Perez
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in BiosciencesBasque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
- Metabolomics Platform, Center for Cooperative Research in BiosciencesBasque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y DigestivasMadridSpain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for ScienceBilbaoSpain
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Julie A. Saugstad
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
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A J, S S S, K S, T S M. Extracellular vesicles in bacterial and fungal diseases - Pathogenesis to diagnostic biomarkers. Virulence 2023; 14:2180934. [PMID: 36794396 PMCID: PMC10012962 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2180934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication among microbes plays an important role in disease exacerbation. Recent advances have described small vesicles, termed as "extracellular vesicles" (EVs), previously disregarded as "cellular dust" to be vital in the intracellular and intercellular communication in host-microbe interactions. These signals have been known to initiate host damage and transfer of a variety of cargo including proteins, lipid particles, DNA, mRNA, and miRNAs. Microbial EVs, referred to generally as "membrane vesicles" (MVs), play a key role in disease exacerbation suggesting their importance in pathogenicity. Host EVs help coordinate antimicrobial responses and prime the immune cells for pathogen attack. Hence EVs with their central role in microbe-host communication, may serve as important diagnostic biomarkers of microbial pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize current research regarding the roles of EVs as markers of microbial pathogenesis with specific focus on their interaction with host immune defence and their potential as diagnostic biomarkers in disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jnana A
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Sadiya S S
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Satyamoorthy K
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Murali T S
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Cai Z, Feng J, Dong N, Zhou P, Huang Y, Zhang H. Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles play an important role in platelet transfusion therapy. Platelets 2023; 34:2242708. [PMID: 37578045 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2023.2242708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain the characteristics of their cell of origin and mediate cell-to-cell communication. Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) not only have procoagulant activity but also contain platelet-derived inflammatory factors (CD40L and mtDNA) that mediate inflammatory responses. Studies have shown that platelets are activated during storage to produce large amounts of PEVs, which may have implications for platelet transfusion therapy. Compared to platelets, PEVs have a longer storage time and greater procoagulant activity, making them an ideal alternative to platelets. This review describes the reasons and mechanisms by which PEVs may have a role in blood transfusion therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Cai
- Department of Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyan Feng
- Class 2018 Medical Inspection Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Nian Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Gulin People's Hospital, Guilin, China
| | - Pan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanshuai Huang
- Department of Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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9
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Yan Y, Li R, Chen H, Li Y, Wu M, Wang Z, Yang G. Magnetic nanoagent assisted deciphering of heterogeneous glycans in extracellular vesicles of varied cellular origins. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 241:115705. [PMID: 37751651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles bear a rich glycome that presents versatile functions in diverse biological processes. Leverage polydopamine modified magnetic particles to serve as nanosized agents for rapid and robust EV capture and manipulation, we here integrated the easy magnetic actuation with specific lectin-glycan binding and enzyme-mediated fluorescence amplification and thus proposed a facile approach to efficiently decipher a broad spectrum of glycans in EVs. Termed magnetic nanoagent assisted extracellular vesicle glycan deciphering (MAEG), the developed assay utilized a magnet as the assistant operation tool and realized fast (∼1 h) and sensitive (a limit of detection of ∼0.7 μg/mL vesicles) EV glycan analysis in a simple low-cost (around 2.27 Chinese Yuan for one test) manner without requirement of any sophisticated platforms. With robust performance for different sample species, the assay achieved to depict the comprehensive glycosylation landscapes for varied EVs derived from eight cell lines focusing on non-small-cell lung cancer. Systematic analyses clearly revealed the high heterogeneity in glycan features of EVs of varied cellular origins. Using an established difference network method, unique glycan features in different EVs were sifted out and further compiled to construct lectin-denoted patterns as dedicated glycosylation fingerprints, potentially expanding EV-based clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Yan
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, PR China; College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Rui Li
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, PR China; Postgraduate Training Base Alliance of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China
| | - Huiqin Chen
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, PR China
| | - Yuan Li
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, PR China
| | - Min Wu
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, PR China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China.
| | - Gen Yang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China; School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China.
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10
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Sunkara V, Park J, Han J, del Río JS, Cho HJ, Oh IJ, Cho YK. Exosome Precipitation by Ionic Strength Modulation: ExoPRISM. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15. [PMID: 38017017 PMCID: PMC10726304 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as crucial materials for precision theragnostic applications. However, current separation methods are time-consuming, costly, and not scalable and deliver limited yields or purity. Here, we present EV precipitation by ionic strength modulation (ExoPRISM), a simple, low-cost, user-friendly, and readily adaptable approach for separating EVs in high yields without compromising their biological functions. Adding an electrolyte solution to blood plasma in small increments generates the sequential precipitation of proteins and EVs, allowing for fractional separation of EVs using low-speed centrifugation. The coprecipitated electrolytes are easily washed away, and the entire EV separation and washing process takes less than an hour. This approach successfully separates EVs from a broad range of volumes and types of biological fluids, including culture medium, urine, plasma, and serum, showing promise as a robust tool for next-generation liquid biopsies and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Sunkara
- Center
for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for
Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic
of Korea
| | - Juhee Park
- Center
for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for
Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic
of Korea
| | - Jiyun Han
- Center
for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for
Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National
Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonathan Sabaté del Río
- Center
for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for
Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic
of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Cho
- Department
of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University
Medical School, and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Jae Oh
- Department
of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University
Medical School, and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Cho
- Center
for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for
Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National
Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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11
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Ridolfi A, Conti L, Brucale M, Frigerio R, Cardellini J, Musicò A, Romano M, Zendrini A, Polito L, Bergamaschi G, Gori A, Montis C, Panella S, Barile L, Berti D, Radeghieri A, Bergese P, Cretich M, Valle F. Particle profiling of EV-lipoprotein mixtures by AFM nanomechanical imaging. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12349. [PMID: 37855042 PMCID: PMC10585431 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The widely overlapping physicochemical properties of lipoproteins (LPs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs) represents one of the main obstacles for the isolation and characterization of these pervasive biogenic lipid nanoparticles. We herein present the application of an atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based quantitative morphometry assay to the rapid nanomechanical screening of mixed LPs and EVs samples. The method can determine the diameter and the mechanical stiffness of hundreds of individual nanometric objects within few hours. The obtained diameters are in quantitative accord with those measured via cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM); the assignment of specific nanomechanical readout to each object enables the simultaneous discrimination of co-isolated EVs and LPs even if they have overlapping size distributions. EVs and all classes of LPs are shown to be characterised by specific combinations of diameter and stiffness, thus making it possible to estimate their relative abundance in EV/LP mixed samples in terms of stoichiometric ratio, surface area and volume. As a side finding, we show how the mechanical behaviour of specific LP classes is correlated to distinctive structural features revealed by cryo-EM. The described approach is label-free, single-step and relatively quick to perform. Importantly, it can be used to analyse samples which prove very challenging to assess with several established techniques due to ensemble-averaging, low sensibility to small particles, or both, thus providing a very useful tool for quickly assessing the purity of EV/LP isolates including plasma- and serum-derived preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ridolfi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheIstituto per lo Studio dei Materiali NanostrutturatiBolognaItaly
| | - Laura Conti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheIstituto per lo Studio dei Materiali NanostrutturatiBolognaItaly
| | - Marco Brucale
- Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheIstituto per lo Studio dei Materiali NanostrutturatiBolognaItaly
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande InterfaseFirenzeItaly
| | - Roberto Frigerio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheIstituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”MilanItaly
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e TraslazionaleUniversità degli Studi di BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Jacopo Cardellini
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”Università degli Studi di FirenzeFirenzeItaly
| | - Angelo Musicò
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande InterfaseFirenzeItaly
- Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheIstituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”MilanItaly
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e TraslazionaleUniversità degli Studi di BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Miriam Romano
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande InterfaseFirenzeItaly
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e TraslazionaleUniversità degli Studi di BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Andrea Zendrini
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande InterfaseFirenzeItaly
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e TraslazionaleUniversità degli Studi di BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Laura Polito
- Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheIstituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”MilanItaly
| | - Greta Bergamaschi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheIstituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”MilanItaly
| | - Alessandro Gori
- Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheIstituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”MilanItaly
| | - Costanza Montis
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande InterfaseFirenzeItaly
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”Università degli Studi di FirenzeFirenzeItaly
| | - Stefano Panella
- Istituto Cardiocentro TicinoEnte Ospedaliero CantonaleLuganoSwitzerland
| | - Lucio Barile
- Istituto Cardiocentro TicinoEnte Ospedaliero CantonaleLuganoSwitzerland
| | - Debora Berti
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande InterfaseFirenzeItaly
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”Università degli Studi di FirenzeFirenzeItaly
| | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande InterfaseFirenzeItaly
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e TraslazionaleUniversità degli Studi di BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Paolo Bergese
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande InterfaseFirenzeItaly
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e TraslazionaleUniversità degli Studi di BresciaBresciaItaly
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Ricerca e l'innovazione BiomedicaPalermoItaly
| | - Marina Cretich
- Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheIstituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”MilanItaly
| | - Francesco Valle
- Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheIstituto per lo Studio dei Materiali NanostrutturatiBolognaItaly
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande InterfaseFirenzeItaly
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12
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Islam MK, Khan M, Gidwani K, Witwer KW, Lamminmäki U, Leivo J. Lectins as potential tools for cancer biomarker discovery from extracellular vesicles. Biomark Res 2023; 11:85. [PMID: 37773167 PMCID: PMC10540341 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-023-00520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have considerable potential as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic agents, in large part because molecular patterns on the EV surface betray the cell of origin and may also be used to "target" EVs to specific cells. Cancer is associated with alterations to cellular and EV glycosylation patterns, and the surface of EVs is enriched with glycan moieties. Glycoconjugates of EVs play versatile roles in cancer including modulating immune response, affecting tumor cell behavior and site of metastasis and as such, paving the way for the development of innovative diagnostic tools and novel therapies. Entities that recognize specific glycans, such as lectins, may thus be powerful tools to discover and detect novel cancer biomarkers. Indeed, the past decade has seen a constant increase in the number of published articles on lectin-based strategies for the detection of EV glycans. This review explores the roles of EV glycosylation in cancer and cancer-related applications. Furthermore, this review summarizes the potential of lectins and lectin-based methods for screening, targeting, separation, and possible identification of improved biomarkers from the surface of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Khirul Islam
- Department of Life Technologies, Division of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20014, Turku, Finland.
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Misba Khan
- Department of Life Technologies, Division of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Kamlesh Gidwani
- Department of Life Technologies, Division of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Urpo Lamminmäki
- Department of Life Technologies, Division of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20014, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Janne Leivo
- Department of Life Technologies, Division of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20014, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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13
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Li Q, Yu H, Zhao F, Cao C, Wu T, Fan Y, Ao Y, Hu X. 3D Printing of Microenvironment-Specific Bioinspired and Exosome-Reinforced Hydrogel Scaffolds for Efficient Cartilage and Subchondral Bone Regeneration. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303650. [PMID: 37424038 PMCID: PMC10502685 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
In clinical practice, repairing osteochondral defects presents a challenge due to the varying biological properties of articular cartilages and subchondral bones. Thus, elucidating how spatial microenvironment-specific biomimetic scaffolds can be used to simultaneously regenerate osteochondral tissue is an important research topic. Herein, a novel bioinspired double-network hydrogel scaffold produced via 3D printing with tissue-specific decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) and human adipose mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes is described. The bionic hydrogel scaffolds promote rat bone marrow MSC attachment, spread, migration, proliferation, and chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation in vitro, as determined based on the sustained release of bioactive exosomes. Furthermore, the 3D-printed microenvironment-specific heterogeneous bilayer scaffolds efficiently accelerate the simultaneous regeneration of cartilage and subchondral bone tissues in a rat preclinical model. In conclusion, 3D dECM-based microenvironment-specific biomimetics encapsulated with bioactive exosomes can serve as a novel cell-free recipe for stem cell therapy when treating injured or degenerative joints. This strategy provides a promising platform for complex zonal tissue regeneration whilst holding attractive clinical translation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Sports MedicineInstitute of Sports Medicine of Peking UniversityBeijing Key Laboratory of Sports InjuriesPeking University Third HospitalBeijing100191China
- Center of Foot and Ankle SurgeryBeijing Tongren HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100730China
| | - Huilei Yu
- Department of Sports MedicineInstitute of Sports Medicine of Peking UniversityBeijing Key Laboratory of Sports InjuriesPeking University Third HospitalBeijing100191China
| | - Fengyuan Zhao
- Department of Sports MedicineInstitute of Sports Medicine of Peking UniversityBeijing Key Laboratory of Sports InjuriesPeking University Third HospitalBeijing100191China
| | - Chenxi Cao
- Department of Sports MedicineInstitute of Sports Medicine of Peking UniversityBeijing Key Laboratory of Sports InjuriesPeking University Third HospitalBeijing100191China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Sports MedicineInstitute of Sports Medicine of Peking UniversityBeijing Key Laboratory of Sports InjuriesPeking University Third HospitalBeijing100191China
| | - Yifei Fan
- Department of Sports MedicineInstitute of Sports Medicine of Peking UniversityBeijing Key Laboratory of Sports InjuriesPeking University Third HospitalBeijing100191China
| | - Yingfang Ao
- Department of Sports MedicineInstitute of Sports Medicine of Peking UniversityBeijing Key Laboratory of Sports InjuriesPeking University Third HospitalBeijing100191China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Department of Sports MedicineInstitute of Sports Medicine of Peking UniversityBeijing Key Laboratory of Sports InjuriesPeking University Third HospitalBeijing100191China
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14
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Martins ÁM, Lopes TM, Diniz F, Pires J, Osório H, Pinto F, Freitas D, Reis CA. Differential Protein and Glycan Packaging into Extracellular Vesicles in Response to 3D Gastric Cancer Cellular Organization. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300588. [PMID: 37340602 PMCID: PMC10460857 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Alterations of the glycosylation machinery are common events in cancer, leading to the synthesis of aberrant glycan structures by tumor cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a modulatory role in cancer communication and progression, and interestingly, several tumor-associated glycans have already been identified in cancer EVs. Nevertheless, the impact of 3D tumor architecture in the selective packaging of cellular glycans into EVs has never been addressed. In this work, the capacity of gastric cancer cell lines with differential glycosylation is evaluated in producing and releasing EVs when cultured under conventional 2D monolayer or in 3D culture conditions. Furthermore, the proteomic content is identified and specific glycans are studied in the EVs produced by these cells, upon differential spatial organization. Here, it is observed that although the proteome of the analyzed EVs is mostly conserved, an EV differential packaging of specific proteins and glycans is found. In addition, protein-protein interaction and pathway analysis reveal individual signatures on the EVs released by 2D- and 3D-cultured cells, suggesting distinct biological functions. These protein signatures also show a correlation with clinical data. Overall, this data highlight the importance of tumor cellular architecture when assessing the cancer-EV cargo and its biological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro M. Martins
- i3S‐Institute for Research and Innovation in HealthUniversity of PortoRua Alfredo Allen 208Porto4200-135Portugal
- IPATIMUP‐Institute of Molecular Pathology and ImmunologyUniversity of PortoRua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45Porto4200-135Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS)University of PortoR. Jorge de Viterbo FerreiraPorto4050-313Portugal
| | - Tânia M. Lopes
- i3S‐Institute for Research and Innovation in HealthUniversity of PortoRua Alfredo Allen 208Porto4200-135Portugal
- IPATIMUP‐Institute of Molecular Pathology and ImmunologyUniversity of PortoRua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45Porto4200-135Portugal
| | - Francisca Diniz
- i3S‐Institute for Research and Innovation in HealthUniversity of PortoRua Alfredo Allen 208Porto4200-135Portugal
- IPATIMUP‐Institute of Molecular Pathology and ImmunologyUniversity of PortoRua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45Porto4200-135Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS)University of PortoR. Jorge de Viterbo FerreiraPorto4050-313Portugal
| | - José Pires
- i3S‐Institute for Research and Innovation in HealthUniversity of PortoRua Alfredo Allen 208Porto4200-135Portugal
- IPATIMUP‐Institute of Molecular Pathology and ImmunologyUniversity of PortoRua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45Porto4200-135Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of PortoAlameda Prof. Hernâni MonteiroPorto4200-319Portugal
| | - Hugo Osório
- i3S‐Institute for Research and Innovation in HealthUniversity of PortoRua Alfredo Allen 208Porto4200-135Portugal
- IPATIMUP‐Institute of Molecular Pathology and ImmunologyUniversity of PortoRua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45Porto4200-135Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of PortoAlameda Prof. Hernâni MonteiroPorto4200-319Portugal
| | - Filipe Pinto
- i3S‐Institute for Research and Innovation in HealthUniversity of PortoRua Alfredo Allen 208Porto4200-135Portugal
- IPATIMUP‐Institute of Molecular Pathology and ImmunologyUniversity of PortoRua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45Porto4200-135Portugal
| | - Daniela Freitas
- i3S‐Institute for Research and Innovation in HealthUniversity of PortoRua Alfredo Allen 208Porto4200-135Portugal
- IPATIMUP‐Institute of Molecular Pathology and ImmunologyUniversity of PortoRua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45Porto4200-135Portugal
| | - Celso A. Reis
- i3S‐Institute for Research and Innovation in HealthUniversity of PortoRua Alfredo Allen 208Porto4200-135Portugal
- IPATIMUP‐Institute of Molecular Pathology and ImmunologyUniversity of PortoRua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45Porto4200-135Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS)University of PortoR. Jorge de Viterbo FerreiraPorto4050-313Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of PortoAlameda Prof. Hernâni MonteiroPorto4200-319Portugal
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15
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Chen Y, Wu Y, Li J, Deng C, Sun N. Resol/triblock copolymer composite-guided smart fabrication of carbonized mesopores for efficiently decoding exosomal glycans. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:319. [PMID: 37490179 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05885-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Soft-template carbonized mesopores were developed for the purpose of enriching urinary exosomal glycans through organic-organic self-assembly using block copolymers and resol precursors. With a high surface area of 229 m2 g-1, a small pore size of 3.1 nm, and a significant amount of carbon that specifically interacts with oligosaccharides in glycans, this carbonized mesopore material exhibits high selectivity and low limits of detection (5 ng μL-1) towards glycans. Our analysis of complex urine samples from healthy volunteers and bladder carcinoma patients successfully profiled 48 and 56 exosomal glycans, respectively, and 16 of them were significantly changed. Moreover, one upregulated bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)-type glycan with core fucose, two upregulated and two downregulated terminal-sialylated glycans were revealed to be linked to bladder carcinoma. This approach is of significant importance for understanding diseases that arise from protein glycosylation mutations, and it may contribute to the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for bladder carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yonglei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jiaomei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chunhui Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
| | - Nianrong Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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16
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Pirisinu M. The Long Journey of Extracellular Vesicles towards Global Scientific Acclamation. Adv Pharm Bull 2023; 13:489-501. [PMID: 37646064 PMCID: PMC10460810 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2023.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous class of cell-derived vesicles that are responsible for eliciting a wide array of biological processes. After decades of intense investigation, the therapeutic potential of EVs will be finally explored in a series of upcoming clinical trials. EVs are rapidly changing the understanding of human physiology and will undoubtedly transform the field of medicine. The applicability of EVs as diagnostic biomarkers and treatment vectors has captured the attention of the scientific community and investors, facilitating the rapid progression of numerous EVs-based platforms. This mini-review provides an outline of the pioneering discoveries, and their respective significances, on progressing EVs toward clinical use. We focus the attention of the readers on several promising classes of EVs that hold major opportunities to translate in clinical practice. Market analysis and future challenges facing EVs-based therapies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pirisinu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Jotbody HK Limited, New Territories, Hong Kong
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17
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Thompson W, Papoutsakis ET. The role of biomechanical stress in extracellular vesicle formation, composition and activity. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 66:108158. [PMID: 37105240 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cornerstones of intercellular communication with exciting fundamental, clinical, and more broadly biotechnological applications. However, variability in EV composition, which results from the culture conditions used to generate the EVs, poses significant fundamental and applied challenges and a hurdle for scalable bioprocessing. Thus, an understanding of the relationship between EV production (and for clinical applications, manufacturing) and EV composition is increasingly recognized as important and necessary. While chemical stimulation and culture conditions such as cell density are known to influence EV biology, the impact of biomechanical forces on the generation, properties, and biological activity of EVs remains poorly understood. Given the omnipresence of these forces in EV preparation and in biomanufacturing, expanding the understanding of their impact on EV composition-and thus, activity-is vital. Although several publications have examined EV preparation and bioprocessing and briefly discussed biomechanical stresses as variables of interest, this review represents the first comprehensive evaluation of the impact of such stresses on EV production, composition and biological activity. We review how EV biogenesis, cargo, efficacy, and uptake are uniquely affected by various types, magnitudes, and durations of biomechanical forces, identifying trends that emerge both generically and for individual cell types. We also describe implications for scalable bioprocessing, evaluating processes inherent in common EV production and isolation methods, and propose a path forward for rigorous EV quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Thompson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Eleftherios Terry Papoutsakis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE 19713, USA.
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18
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Shimoda A, Akiyoshi K. Surface Glycan Profiling of Extracellular Vesicles by Lectin Microarray and Glycoengineering for Control of Cellular Interactions. Pharm Res 2023; 40:795-800. [PMID: 37038008 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03511-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a group of cell-derived membrane vesicles that carry a variety of cargo such as protein, nucleic acids, and lipids, and are secreted by almost all cell types. Functionally, EVs play important roles in physiological and pathological processes such as immune responses and tumor growth through intercellular communication by transferring this molecular information between cells. Therefore, they have potential versatile clinical applications as disease biomarkers and drug delivery carriers. PROBLEM Notably, subpopulations of EVs exhibit distinct characteristics depending on their cell of origin, including the expression of surface glycans, which have been implicated in a variety of cellular processes such as field cancerization, cell recognition, and signal transduction. However, these are features have not been fully exploited because of the difficulty in analyzing these proteins. APPROACH In this paper, we summarize the advancements in glycoengineering and high-performance lectin microarray for high-throughput analysis of EV glycans to generate an index of heterogeneity to identify disease biomarkers, and describe how understanding the function of EVs in disease can enhance their potential application in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Shimoda
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazunari Akiyoshi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan.
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19
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Kronstadt SM, Van Heyningen LH, Aranda A, Jay SM. Assessment of anti-inflammatory bioactivity of extracellular vesicles is susceptible to error via media component contamination. Cytotherapy 2023; 25:387-396. [PMID: 36599771 PMCID: PMC10006399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are widely implicated as novel diagnostic and therapeutic modalities for a wide range of diseases. Thus, optimization of EV biomanufacturing is of high interest. In the course of developing parameters for a human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T) EV production platform, we examined the combinatorial effects of cell culture conditions (i.e., static versus dynamic) and isolation techniques (i.e., ultracentrifugation versus tangential flow filtration versus size-exclusion chromatography) on functional characteristics of HEK293T EVs, including anti-inflammatory bioactivity using a well-established lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mouse macrophage model. We unexpectedly found that, depending on culture condition and isolation strategy, HEK293T EVs appeared to significantly suppress the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., interleukin-6, RANTES [regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted]) in the stimulated mouse macrophages. Further examination revealed that these results were most likely due to non-EV fetal bovine serum components in HEK293T EV preparations. Thus, future research assessing the anti-inflammatory effects of EVs should be designed to account for this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Kronstadt
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Amaya Aranda
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven M Jay
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA; Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.
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20
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Sun F, Suttapitugsakul S, Wu R. Systematic characterization of extracellular glycoproteins using mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:519-545. [PMID: 34047389 PMCID: PMC8627532 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface and secreted glycoproteins are essential to cells and regulate many extracellular events. Because of the diversity of glycans, the low abundance of many glycoproteins, and the complexity of biological samples, a system-wide investigation of extracellular glycoproteins is a daunting task. With the development of modern mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics, comprehensive analysis of different protein modifications including glycosylation has advanced dramatically. This review focuses on the investigation of extracellular glycoproteins using MS-based proteomics. We first discuss the methods for selectively enriching surface glycoproteins and investigating protein interactions on the cell surface, followed by the application of MS-based proteomics for surface glycoprotein dynamics analysis and biomarker discovery. We then summarize the methods to comprehensively study secreted glycoproteins by integrating various enrichment approaches with MS-based proteomics and their applications for global analysis of secreted glycoproteins in different biological samples. Collectively, MS significantly expands our knowledge of extracellular glycoproteins and enables us to identify extracellular glycoproteins as potential biomarkers for disease detection and drug targets for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ronghu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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21
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MMP-9 as Prognostic Marker for Brain Tumours: A Comparative Study on Serum-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030712. [PMID: 36765669 PMCID: PMC9913777 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) degrades the extracellular matrix, contributes to tumour cell invasion and metastasis, and its elevated level in brain tumour tissues indicates poor prognosis. High-risk tissue biopsy can be replaced by liquid biopsy; however, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevents tumour-associated components from entering the peripheral blood, making the development of blood-based biomarkers challenging. Therefore, we examined the MMP-9 content of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs)-which can cross the BBB and are stable in body fluids-to characterise tumours with different invasion capacity. From four patient groups (glioblastoma multiforme, brain metastases of lung cancer, meningioma, and lumbar disc herniation as controls), 222 serum-derived sEV samples were evaluated. After isolating and characterising sEVs, their MMP-9 content was measured by ELISA and assessed statistically (correlation, paired t-test, Welch's test, ANOVA, ROC). We found that the MMP-9 content of sEVs is independent of gender and age, but is affected by surgical intervention, treatment, and recurrence. We found a relation between low MMP-9 level in sEVs (<28 ppm) and improved survival (8-month advantage) of glioblastoma patients, and MMP-9 levels showed a positive correlation with aggressiveness. These findings suggest that vesicular MMP-9 level might be a useful prognostic marker for brain tumours.
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22
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Bettio V, Mazzucco E, Antona A, Cracas S, Varalda M, Venetucci J, Bruno S, Chiabotto G, Venegoni C, Vasile A, Chiocchetti A, Quaglia M, Camussi G, Cantaluppi V, Panella M, Rolla R, Manfredi M, Capello D. Extracellular vesicles from human plasma for biomarkers discovery: Impact of anticoagulants and isolation techniques. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285440. [PMID: 37163560 PMCID: PMC10171685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from plasma are increasingly recognized as promising circulating biomarkers for disease discovery and progression, as well as for therapeutic drug delivery. The scientific community underlined the necessity of standard operative procedures for the isolation and storage of the EVs to ensure robust results. The understanding of the impact of the pre-analytical variables is still limited and some considerations about plasma anticoagulants and isolation methods are necessary. Therefore, we performed a comparison study between EVs isolated by ultracentrifugation and by affinity substrate separation from plasma EDTA and sodium citrate. The EVs were characterized by Nano Tracking Analysis, Western Blot, cytofluorimetric analysis of surface markers, and lipidomic analysis. While anticoagulants did not significantly alter any of the analyzed parameters, the isolation methods influenced EVs size, purity, surface markers expression and lipidomic profile. Compared to ultracentrifugation, affinity substrate separation yielded bigger particles highly enriched in tetraspanins (CD9, CD63, CD81), fatty acids and glycerolipids, with a predominant LDL- and vLDL-like contamination. Herein, we highlighted that the isolation method should be carefully evaluated prior to study design and the need of standardized operative procedures for EVs isolation and application to biomarkers discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bettio
- Department of Translational Medicine, Center of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- UPO Biobank, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Eleonora Mazzucco
- Department of Translational Medicine, Center of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- UPO Biobank, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Annamaria Antona
- Department of Translational Medicine, Center of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Silvia Cracas
- Department of Translational Medicine, Center of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Marco Varalda
- Department of Translational Medicine, Center of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Jacopo Venetucci
- Department of Translational Medicine, Center of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Stefania Bruno
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Chiabotto
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Venegoni
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Center on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Department of Health Science, "Maggiore della Carità" University Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Vasile
- Department of Translational Medicine, Center of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Annalisa Chiocchetti
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Center on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Department of Health Science, "Maggiore della Carità" University Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | - Marco Quaglia
- Department of Translational Medicine, Center of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, "Maggiore della Carità" University Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cantaluppi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Center of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, "Maggiore della Carità" University Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Panella
- Department of Translational Medicine, Center of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Roberta Rolla
- Department of Translational Medicine, Center of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Clinical Chemistry, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità", Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Marcello Manfredi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Center of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Daniela Capello
- Department of Translational Medicine, Center of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- UPO Biobank, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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23
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Goncalves JP, Deliwala VJ, Kolarich D, Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes F, Wolfram J. The cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicle glycocode in immunoevasion. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:864-867. [PMID: 36244891 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles might facilitate immunoevasion. Glycans are known to play a key role in immunomodulation, especially when tethered to biological membranes. However, the extracellular vesicle glycocode in cancer immunoevasion remains a largely unexplored area with promising potential for new putative diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer P Goncalves
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Building 75, Cnr College Rd & Cooper Rd, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Vatsal J Deliwala
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Building 75, Cnr College Rd & Cooper Rd, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel Kolarich
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Parklands Dr Southport, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia.
| | | | - Joy Wolfram
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Building 75, Cnr College Rd & Cooper Rd, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Andrew N. Liveris Building, 46 Staff House Rd, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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24
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K S, T D, M P. Small extracellular vesicles as a multicomponent biomarker platform in urinary tract carcinomas. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:916666. [PMID: 36237572 PMCID: PMC9551577 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.916666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are a large group of nano-sized vesicles released by all cells. The variety of possible cargo (mRNAs, miRNAs, lncRNAs, proteins, and lipids) and the presence of surface proteins, signaling molecules, and receptor ligands make them a rich source of biomarkers for malignancy diagnosis. One of the groups gathering the most interest in cancer diagnostic applications is small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), with ≤200 nm diameter, mainly composed of exosomes. Many studies were conducted recently, evaluating the diagnostic potential of sEVs in urinary tract carcinomas (UTCs), discovering and clinically evaluating various classes of biomarkers. The amount of research concerning different types of UTCs understandably reflects their incidence. sEV cargos getting the most interest are non-coding RNAs (miRNA and lncRNA). However, implementation of other approaches such as metabolomic and proteomic analysis is also evaluated. The results of many studies indicate that sEVs have an essential role in the cancer process and possess many possible diagnostic and prognostic applications for UTC. The relative ease of obtaining biofluids rich in sEVs (urine and blood) confirms that sEVs are essential for UTC detection in the liquid biopsy approach. A noticeable rise in research quality is observed as more researchers are aware of the research standardization necessity, which is essential for considering the clinical application of their findings.
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25
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N-Glycans in Immortalized Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Are Critical for EV–Cell Interaction and Functional Activation of Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179539. [PMID: 36076936 PMCID: PMC9455930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EV) are widely considered as a cell-free therapeutic alternative to MSC cell administration, due to their immunomodulatory and regenerative properties. However, the interaction mechanisms between EV and target cells are not fully understood. The surface glycans could be key players in EV–cell communication, being specific molecular recognition patterns that are still little explored. In this study, we focused on the role of N-glycosylation of MSC-EV as mediators of MSC-EV and endothelial cells’ interaction for subsequent EV uptake and the induction of cell migration and angiogenesis. For that, EV from immortalized Wharton’s Jelly MSC (iWJ-MSC-EV) were isolated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and treated with the glycosidase PNGase-F in order to remove wild-type N-glycans. Then, CFSE-labelled iWJ-MSC-EV were tested in the context of in vitro capture, agarose-spot migration and matrigel-based tube formation assays, using HUVEC. As a result, we found that the N-glycosylation in iWJ-MSC-EV is critical for interaction with HUVEC cells. iWJ-MSC-EV were captured by HUVEC, stimulating their tube-like formation ability and promoting their recruitment. Conversely, the removal of N-glycans through PNGase-F treatment reduced all of these functional activities induced by native iWJ-MSC-EV. Finally, comparative lectin arrays of iWJ-MSC-EV and PNGase-F-treated iWJ-MSC-EV found marked differences in the surface glycosylation pattern, particularly in N-acetylglucosamine, mannose, and fucose-binding lectins. Taken together, our results highlight the importance of N-glycans in MSC-EV to permit EV–cell interactions and associated functions.
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26
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Urinary microRNAs and Their Significance in Prostate Cancer Diagnosis: A 5-Year Update. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133157. [PMID: 35804929 PMCID: PMC9265126 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Current diagnostics of prostate cancer often show unsatisfactory results, leading to delayed detection or overtreatment. Urinary microRNAs are a class of promising non-invasive biomarkers. Although many studies have been conducted on this topic in the last five years, there is little agreement on the data obtained. This review aims to discuss new knowledge but also focuses on technical aspects affecting urinary miRNA analysis. Abstract Current routine screening methods for the diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) have significantly increased early detection of the disease but often show unsatisfactory analytical parameters. A class of promising markers represents urinary microRNAs (miRNAs). In the last five years, there has been an extensive increase in the number of studies on this topic. Thus, this review aims to update knowledge and point out technical aspects affecting urinary miRNA analysis. The review of relevant literature was carried out by searching the PubMed database for the keywords: microRNA, miRNA, urine, urinary, prostate cancer, and diagnosis. Papers discussed in this review were retrieved using PubMed, and the search strategy was as follows: (urine OR urinary) WITH (microRNA OR miRNA) AND prostate cancer. The search was limited to the last 5 years, January 2017 to December 2021. Based on the defined search strategy, 31 original publications corresponding to the research topic were identified, read and reviewed to present the latest findings and to assess possible translation of urinary miRNAs into clinical practice. Reviews or older publications were read and cited if they valuably extended the context and contributed to a better understanding. Urinary miRNAs are potentially valuable markers for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Despite promising results, there is still a need for independent validation of exploratory data, which follows a strict widely accepted methodology taking into account the shortcomings and factors influencing the analysis.
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27
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Theragnostic Applications of Mammal and Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Latest Findings, Current Technologies, and Prospects. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123941. [PMID: 35745063 PMCID: PMC9228370 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The way cells communicate is not fully understood. However, it is well-known that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved. Researchers initially thought that EVs were used by cells to remove cellular waste. It is now clear that EVs function as signaling molecules released by cells to communicate with one another, carrying a cargo representing the mother cell. Furthermore, these EVs can be found in all biological fluids, making them the perfect non-invasive diagnostic tool, as their cargo causes functional changes in the cells upon receiving, unlike synthetic drug carriers. EVs last longer in circulation and instigate minor immune responses, making them the perfect drug carrier. This review sheds light on the latest development in EVs isolation, characterization and, application as therapeutic cargo, novel drug loading techniques, and diagnostic tools. We also address the advancement in plant-derived EVs, their characteristics, and applications; since plant-derived EVs only recently gained focus, we listed the latest findings. Although there is much more to learn about, EV is a wide field of research; what scientists have discovered so far is fascinating. This paper is suitable for those new to the field seeking to understand EVs and those already familiar with it but wanting to review the latest findings.
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28
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Advances in the Immunomodulatory Properties of Glycoantigens in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14081854. [PMID: 35454762 PMCID: PMC9032556 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This work reviews the role of aberrant glycosylation in cancer cells during tumour growth and spreading, as well as in immune evasion. The interaction of tumour-associated glycans with the immune system through C-type lectin receptors can favour immune escape but can also provide opportunities to develop novel tumour immunotherapy strategies. This work highlights the main findings in this area and spotlights the challenges that remain to be investigated. Abstract Aberrant glycosylation in tumour progression is currently a topic of main interest. Tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) are expressed in a wide variety of epithelial cancers, being both a diagnostic tool and a potential treatment target, as they have impact on patient outcome and disease progression. Glycans affect both tumour-cell biology properties as well as the antitumor immune response. It has been ascertained that TACAs affect cell migration, invasion and metastatic properties both when expressed by cancer cells or by their extracellular vesicles. On the other hand, tumour-associated glycans recognized by C-type lectin receptors in immune cells possess immunomodulatory properties which enable tumour growth and immune response evasion. Yet, much remains unknown, concerning mechanisms involved in deregulation of glycan synthesis and how this affects cell biology on a major level. This review summarises the main findings to date concerning how aberrant glycans influence tumour growth and immunity, their application in cancer treatment and spotlights of unanswered challenges remaining to be solved.
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29
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Hua Y, Chang X, Fang L, Wang Z. Subgroups of Extracellular Vesicles: Can They Be Defined by "Labels?". DNA Cell Biol 2022; 41:249-256. [PMID: 35171005 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2021.0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a class of lipid bilayer membranes, containing lipids, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), proteins, and other substances. They are produced by almost all types of cells and act as signaling intermediaries between cells and/or tissues through different mechanisms involving complex signals. EVs produced by each type of cells are composed of highly heterogeneous and inhomogeneous subgroups with different biological functions. Therefore, in the past few decades, researchers have tried to use different "labels" to define the subgroups of EVs, and explore the differences in them. However, a unified standard for defining the populations of EVs has not yet been established so far. In this study, we review and summarize the use of different "labels" to define subgroups of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiulin Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liaoqiong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhibiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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30
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Nagao K, Maeda K, Hosomi K, Morioka K, Inuzuka T, Ohtsubo K. Sialyl-Tn antigen facilitates extracellular vesicle-mediated transfer of FAK and enhances motility of recipient cells. J Biochem 2022; 171:543-554. [PMID: 35106570 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein glycosylation plays a pivotal role in tumor development by modulating molecular interactions and cellular signals. Sialyl-Tn (sTn) antigen is a tumor associating carbohydrate epitope whose expression correlates with metastasis and poor prognosis of various cancers; however, its pathophysiological function is poorly understood. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from cancer cells act as a signal mediator among tumor microenvironments by transferring cargo molecules. sTn antigen has been found in the glycans of EVs, thereby the functional relevance of sTn antigen to the regulation of tumor microenvironments could be expected. In the present study, we showed that sTn antigen induced TP53 and tumor suppressor activated pathway 6 (TSAP6), and consequently enhanced EV-production. Besides, the genetic attenuation of TSAP6 resulted in the reduction of the EV-production in the sTn antigen expressing cells. The enhanced EV-production in the sTn antigen expressing cells consequently augmented the delivery of EVs to recipient cells. The produced EVs selectively and abundantly encased focal adhesion kinase and transferred it to EV-recipient cells, and thus their cellular motility was enhanced. These findings would contribute to facilitate the elucidation of the pathophysiological significance of the sTn antigen in the tumor microenvironments and tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Nagao
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Graduate school of health sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan, 862-0976
| | - Kento Maeda
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Graduate school of health sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan, 862-0976.,Department of Glyco-Oncology and Medical Biochemistry, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan, 541-8567
| | - Kasumi Hosomi
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Graduate school of health sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan, 862-0976
| | - Kaito Morioka
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Graduate school of health sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan, 862-0976
| | | | - Kazuaki Ohtsubo
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Graduate school of health sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan, 862-0976.,Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan, 862-0976
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31
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Holcar M, Kandušer M, Lenassi M. Blood Nanoparticles - Influence on Extracellular Vesicle Isolation and Characterization. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:773844. [PMID: 34867406 PMCID: PMC8635996 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.773844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood is a rich source of disease biomarkers, which include extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are nanometer-to micrometer-sized spherical particles that are enclosed by a phospholipid bilayer and are secreted by most cell types. EVs reflect the physiological cell of origin in terms of their molecular composition and biophysical characteristics, and they accumulate in blood even when released from remote organs or tissues, while protecting their cargo from degradation. The molecular components (e.g., proteins, miRNAs) and biophysical characteristics (e.g., size, concentration) of blood EVs have been studied as biomarkers of cancers and neurodegenerative, autoimmune, and cardiovascular diseases. However, most biomarker studies do not address the problem of contaminants in EV isolates from blood plasma, and how these might affect downstream EV analysis. Indeed, nonphysiological EVs, protein aggregates, lipoproteins and viruses share many molecular and/or biophysical characteristics with EVs, and can therefore co-isolate with EVs from blood plasma. Consequently, isolation and downstream analysis of EVs from blood plasma remain a unique challenge, with important impacts on the outcomes of biomarker studies. To help improve rigor, reproducibility, and reliability of EV biomarker studies, we describe here the major contaminants of EV isolates from blood plasma, and we report on how different EV isolation methods affect their levels, and how contaminants that remain can affect the interpretation of downstream EV analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Holcar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maša Kandušer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Lenassi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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32
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Molecular Profile Study of Extracellular Vesicles for the Identification of Useful Small “Hit” in Cancer Diagnosis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112210787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) are the main mediators of cell-cell communication, permitting cells to exchange proteins, lipids, and metabolites in varying physiological and pathological conditions. They contain signature tumor-derived molecules that reflect the intracellular status of their cell of origin. Recent studies have shown that tumor cell-derived EVs can aid in cancer metastasis through the modulation of the tumor microenvironment, suppression of the immune system, pre-metastatic niche formation, and subsequent metastasis. EVs can easily be isolated from a variety of biological fluids, and their content makes them useful biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, monitorization of cancer progression, and response to treatment. This review aims to explore the biomarkers of cancer cell-derived EVs obtained from liquid biopsies, in order to understand cancer progression and metastatic evolution for early diagnosis and precision therapy.
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33
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Verdi V, Bécot A, van Niel G, Verweij FJ. In vivo imaging of EVs in zebrafish: New perspectives from "the waterside". FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:918-929. [PMID: 34761174 PMCID: PMC8565201 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To harmoniously coordinate the activities of all its different cell types, a multicellular organism critically depends on intercellular communication. One recently discovered mode of intercellular cross-talk is based on the exchange of "extracellular vesicles" (EVs). EVs are nano-sized heterogeneous lipid bilayer vesicles enriched in a variety of biomolecules that mediate short- and long-distance communication between different cells, and between cells and their environment. Numerous studies have demonstrated important aspects pertaining to the dynamics of their release, their uptake, and sub-cellular fate and roles in vitro. However, to demonstrate these and other aspects of EV biology in a relevant, fully physiological context in vivo remains challenging. In this review we analyze the state of the art of EV imaging in vivo, focusing in particular on zebrafish as a promising model to visualize, study, and characterize endogenous EVs in real-time and expand our understanding of EV biology at cellular and systems level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Verdi
- INSERM U1266 Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris Paris France
- Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire (GHU) Paris Paris France
| | - Anaïs Bécot
- INSERM U1266 Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris Paris France
| | - Guillaume van Niel
- INSERM U1266 Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris Paris France
- Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire (GHU) Paris Paris France
| | - Frederik J Verweij
- INSERM U1266 Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris Paris France
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Wu L, Boer K, Woud WW, Udomkarnjananun S, Hesselink DA, Baan CC. Urinary Extracellular Vesicles Are a Novel Tool to Monitor Allograft Function in Kidney Transplantation: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10499. [PMID: 34638835 PMCID: PMC8508981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoparticles that transmit molecules from releasing cells to target cells. Recent studies link urinary EVs (uEV) to diverse processes such as infection and rejection after kidney transplantation. This, and the unmet need for biomarkers diagnosing kidney transplant dysfunction, has led to the current high level of interest in uEV. uEV provide non-intrusive access to local protein, DNA, and RNA analytics without invasive biopsy. To determine the added value of uEV measurements for detecting allograft dysfunction after kidney transplantation, we systematically included all related literature containing directly relevant information, with the addition of indirect evidence regarding urine or kidney injury without transplantation. According to their varying characteristics, uEV markers after transplantation could be categorized into kidney-specific, donor-specific, and immune response-related (IR-) markers. A few convincing studies have shown that kidney-specific markers (PODXL, ion cotransporters, SYT17, NGAL, and CD133) and IR-markers (CD3, multi-mRNA signatures, and viral miRNA) could diagnose rejection, BK virus-associated nephropathy, and calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity after kidney transplantation. In addition, some indirect proof regarding donor-specific markers (donor-derived cell-free DNA) in urine has been demonstrated. Together, this literature review provides directions for exploring novel uEV markers' profiling complications after kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wu
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam Erasmus MC, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (K.B.); (W.W.W.); (S.U.); (D.A.H.); (C.C.B.)
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China
| | - Karin Boer
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam Erasmus MC, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (K.B.); (W.W.W.); (S.U.); (D.A.H.); (C.C.B.)
| | - Wouter W. Woud
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam Erasmus MC, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (K.B.); (W.W.W.); (S.U.); (D.A.H.); (C.C.B.)
| | - Suwasin Udomkarnjananun
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam Erasmus MC, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (K.B.); (W.W.W.); (S.U.); (D.A.H.); (C.C.B.)
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, 1873 Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Dennis A. Hesselink
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam Erasmus MC, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (K.B.); (W.W.W.); (S.U.); (D.A.H.); (C.C.B.)
| | - Carla C. Baan
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam Erasmus MC, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (K.B.); (W.W.W.); (S.U.); (D.A.H.); (C.C.B.)
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Campos RMS, Jannuzzi GP, Ikeda MAK, de Almeida SR, Ferreira KS. Extracellular Vesicles From Sporothrix brasiliensis Yeast Cells Increases Fungicidal Activity in Macrophages. Mycopathologia 2021; 186:807-818. [PMID: 34498138 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-021-00585-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis and is distributed throughout the world, although most cases belong to endemic regions with a warmer climate such as tropical and subtropical areas. The infection occurs mainly by traumatic inoculation of propagules. Similarly, to other organisms, Sporothrix brasiliensis display many biological features that aid in its ability to infect the host, such as extracellular vesicles, bilayered biological structures that provides communication between host cells and between fungi cells themselves. Recently, research on Sporothrix complex have been focused on finding new molecules and components with potential for therapeutic approaches. Here, we study the relationship among EVs and the host's macrophages as well as their role during infection to assess whether these vesicles are helping the fungi or inducing a protective effect on mice during the infection. We found that after cocultivation with different concentrations of purified yeasts EVs from Sb, J774 macrophages displayed an increased fungicidal activity (Phagocytic Index) resulting in lower colony-forming units the more EVs were added, without jeopardizing the viability of the macrophages. Interleukins IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12 were measured during the infection period, showing elevated levels of IL-12 and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner, but no significant change for IL-10. We also assessed the expression of important molecules in the immune response, such as MHC class II and the immunoglobulin CD86. Both these molecules were overexpressed in Sb yeasts infected mice. Our results indicate that EVs play a protective role during Sporothrix brasiliensis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Karen Spadari Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil.
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36
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Poupardin R, Wolf M, Strunk D. Adherence to minimal experimental requirements for defining extracellular vesicles and their functions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113872. [PMID: 34284058 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rigorous measures are required to cope with the advance of extracellular vesicle (EV) research, from 183 studies published in 2012 to 2,309 studies published in 2020. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (MISEV) guidelines in 2014, updated in 2018, for assuring and improving EV research quality. We performed a systematic review using a text mining approach to assess adherence to MISEV criteria. A keyword search was conducted in 5,093 accessible publications over the period 2012-2020 and analyzed the methodology used for EV isolation and characterization. We found a significant improvement over the years particularly regarding EV characterization where recent papers used a higher number of methods and EV markers to check for quantity and purity. Interestingly, we also found that EV papers using more methods and EV markers were cited more frequently. Papers citing MISEV criteria were more prone to use a higher number of characterization methods. We therefore established a concise checklist summarizing MISEV criteria to support EV researchers towards reaching the highest standards in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Poupardin
- Cell Therapy Institute, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI - TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Wolf
- Cell Therapy Institute, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI - TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Dirk Strunk
- Cell Therapy Institute, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI - TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Salzburg, Austria.
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37
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Jackson KK, Powell RR, Bruce TF, Marcus RK. Rapid isolation of extracellular vesicles from diverse biofluid matrices via capillary-channeled polymer fiber solid-phase extraction micropipette tips. Analyst 2021; 146:4314-4325. [PMID: 34105528 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00373a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play essential roles in biological systems based on their ability to carry genetic and protein cargos, intercede in cellular communication and serve as vectors in intercellular transport. As such, EVs are species of increasing focus from the points of view of fundamental biochemistry, clinical diagnostics, and therapeutics delivery. Of particular interest are 30-200 nm EVs called exosomes, which have demonstrated high potential for use in diagnostic and targeted delivery applications. The ability to collect exosomes from patient biofluid samples would allow for comprehensive yet remote diagnoses to be performed. While several exosome isolation methods are in common use, they generally produce low recoveries, whose purities are compromised by concomitant inclusion of lipoproteins, host cell proteins, and protein aggregates. Those methods often work on lengthy timescales (multiple hours) and result in very low throughput. In this study, capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fiber micropipette tips were employed in a hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) solid-phase extraction (SPE) workflow. Demonstrated is the isolation of exosomes from human urine, saliva, cervical mucus, serum, and goat milk matrices. This method allows for quick (<15 min) and low-cost (<$1 per tip) isolations at sample volume and time scales relevant for clinical applications. The tip isolation was evaluated using absorbance (scattering) detection, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Exosome purity was assessed by Bradford assay, based on the removal of free proteins. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to the CD81 tetraspanin protein was used to confirm the presence of the known exosomal-biomarker on the vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylan K Jackson
- Clemson University, Department of Chemistry, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | - Rhonda R Powell
- Clemson University, Clemson Light Imaging Facility, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Terri F Bruce
- Clemson University, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Clemson University, Department of Chemistry, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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Luo R, Liu M, Yang Q, Cheng H, Yang H, Li M, Bai X, Wang Y, Zhang H, Wang S, Xie T, Tian Q. Emerging Diagnostic Potential of Tumor-derived Exosomes. J Cancer 2021; 12:5035-5045. [PMID: 34234872 PMCID: PMC8247367 DOI: 10.7150/jca.59391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes carry genetic information originating from their parental cells, raising their possibility as novel noninvasive biomarkers for cancer. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) have a variety of endogenous cargos that reflect the pathophysiology status and information of tumor cells. TEXs are increasingly being recognized as potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis prognosis, and monitoring. It is important to develop a variety of sensitive methods, including probes and biomaterials to isolate exosomes. A variety of approaches for detecting exosomes have been established. By combining exosome DNA and RNA sequencing tools, exosome proteomics analysis and immunoassay technology, it is expected that exosomes will gain widespread use in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhua Luo
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Qian Yang
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Huijuan Cheng
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Huimin Yang
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Minhui Li
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Xue Bai
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Honghua Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Shuling Wang
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Tian Xie
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Qingchang Tian
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
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39
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Sherman CD, Lodha S, Sahoo S. EV Cargo Sorting in Therapeutic Development for Cardiovascular Disease. Cells 2021; 10:1500. [PMID: 34203713 PMCID: PMC8232200 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Thus, therapeutic interventions to circumvent this growing burden are of utmost importance. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) actively secreted by most living cells, play a key role in paracrine and endocrine intercellular communication via exchange of biological molecules. As the content of secreted EVs reflect the physiology and pathology of the cell of their origin, EVs play a significant role in cellular homeostasis, disease pathogenesis and diagnostics. Moreover, EVs are gaining popularity in clinics as therapeutic and drug delivery vehicles, transferring bioactive molecules such as proteins, genes, miRNAs and other therapeutic agents to target cells to treat diseases and deter disease progression. Despite our limited but growing knowledge of EV biology, it is imperative to understand the complex mechanisms of EV cargo sorting in pursuit of designing next generation EV-based therapeutic delivery systems. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms of EV cargo sorting and methods of EV bioengineering and discuss engineered EVs as a potential therapeutic delivery system to treat cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susmita Sahoo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustav L. Levy, P.O. Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA; (C.D.S.); (S.L.)
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40
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Xue F, Chen Y, Wen Y, Abhange K, Zhang W, Cheng G, Quinn Z, Mao W, Wan Y. Isolation of extracellular vesicles with multivalent aptamers. Analyst 2021; 146:253-261. [PMID: 33107503 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01420f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-enclosed submicron-sized vesicles that are secreted by all eukaryotic cells. EVs can selectively encapsulate tissue-specific small molecules from parent cells and efficiently deliver them to recipient cells. As signal mediators of intercellular communication, the molecules packaged in EVs play critical roles in the pathophysiology of diseases. In relevant clinical translation, EV contents have been used for cancer diagnosis and treatment monitoring. To further promote EV-based cancer liquid biopsy toward large-scale clinical implementation, the efficient and specific isolation of pure tumor-derived EVs from body fluids is a prerequisite. However, the existing EV isolation methods are unable to address certain technical challenges, such as lengthy procedures, low throughput, low specificity, heavy protein contamination, etc., and thus, new approaches for EV isolation are required. Here, we report a multivalent, long single-stranded aptamer with repeated units for EV enrichment and retrieval. After short incubation of biotin-labeled multivalent aptamers (MAs) with the samples, EVs can be quickly secured by MAs, anchored onto streptavidin-coated microspheres, and further retrieved via digestion of the DNA aptamer. Approximately 45% of EVs can be isolated from the spiked samples in 40 min with a depletion of 84.7% of albumin contamination. In addition, 93.1% of the isolated EVs can be retrieved via DNase-mediated aptamer degradation in 10 min for downstream molecular analyses. Our findings suggest that MAs can efficiently and specifically isolate EVs derived from malignant lymphocytes, and this simple method could facilitate the EV-centered study of acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xue
- The Pq Laboratory of Micro/Nano BiomeDx, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
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41
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Erdbrügger U, Blijdorp CJ, Bijnsdorp IV, Borràs FE, Burger D, Bussolati B, Byrd JB, Clayton A, Dear JW, Falcón‐Pérez JM, Grange C, Hill AF, Holthöfer H, Hoorn EJ, Jenster G, Jimenez CR, Junker K, Klein J, Knepper MA, Koritzinsky EH, Luther JM, Lenassi M, Leivo J, Mertens I, Musante L, Oeyen E, Puhka M, van Royen ME, Sánchez C, Soekmadji C, Thongboonkerd V, van Steijn V, Verhaegh G, Webber JP, Witwer K, Yuen PS, Zheng L, Llorente A, Martens‐Uzunova ES. Urinary extracellular vesicles: A position paper by the Urine Task Force of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12093. [PMID: 34035881 PMCID: PMC8138533 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Urine is commonly used for clinical diagnosis and biomedical research. The discovery of extracellular vesicles (EV) in urine opened a new fast-growing scientific field. In the last decade urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) were shown to mirror molecular processes as well as physiological and pathological conditions in kidney, urothelial and prostate tissue. Therefore, several methods to isolate and characterize uEVs have been developed. However, methodological aspects of EV separation and analysis, including normalization of results, need further optimization and standardization to foster scientific advances in uEV research and a subsequent successful translation into clinical practice. This position paper is written by the Urine Task Force of the Rigor and Standardization Subcommittee of ISEV consisting of nephrologists, urologists, cardiologists and biologists with active experience in uEV research. Our aim is to present the state of the art and identify challenges and gaps in current uEV-based analyses for clinical applications. Finally, recommendations for improved rigor, reproducibility and interoperability in uEV research are provided in order to facilitate advances in the field.
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42
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Li Q, Yu H, Sun M, Yang P, Hu X, Ao Y, Cheng J. The tissue origin effect of extracellular vesicles on cartilage and bone regeneration. Acta Biomater 2021; 125:253-266. [PMID: 33657452 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Direct implantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for cartilage and bone tissue engineering faces challenges, such as immune rejection and loss of cellular viability or functionality. As nanoscale natural particles, exosomes or small extracellular vesicles (EVs) of MSCs have potential to circumvent these problems. It is significant to investigate the impact of the tissue origin of MSCs on the therapeutic bioactivity of their corresponding EVs for cartilage and bone regeneration. Here, rat MSCs isolated from the adipose, bone marrow, and synovium are cultured to obtain their corresponding EVs (ADSC-EVs, BMSC-EVs, and SMSC-EVs, respectively). The ADSC-EVs stimulate the migration, proliferation, and chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in vitro as well as cartilage and bone regeneration in a mouse model more than the BMSC-EVs or SMSC-EVs. Proteomics analysis reveals that the tissue origin contributes to the distinct protein profiles among the three types of EVs, which induced cartilage and bone regenerative capacities by potential mechanisms of regulating signaling pathways including focal adhesion, ECM-receptor interaction, actin cytoskeleton, cAMP, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. Consequently, these findings provide insight that the adipose may be a superior candidate in EV-based nanomedicine for cartilage and bone regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Extracelluar vesicles (EVs) of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been considered as a promising approach in cartilage and bone tissue engineering. In this study, for the first time, we investigated the tissue origin effect of EVs on chondrogenesis and osteogenesis of MSCs in vitro and in vivo. The results demonstrated that EVs of adipose-derived MSCs showed the most efficiency. Meanwhile, protein proteomics revealed the potential mechanisms. We provide a novel evidence that the adipose is a superior reservoir in EV-based nanotechnologies and biomaterials for cartilage and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Huilei Yu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Muyang Sun
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yingfang Ao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Jin Cheng
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
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43
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Carlomagno C, Giannasi C, Niada S, Bedoni M, Gualerzi A, Brini AT. Raman Fingerprint of Extracellular Vesicles and Conditioned Media for the Reproducibility Assessment of Cell-Free Therapeutics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:640617. [PMID: 33928071 PMCID: PMC8076682 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.640617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) and Conditioned Medium (CM) are promising cell-free approaches to repair damaged and diseased tissues for regenerative rehabilitation purposes. They both entail several advantages, mostly in terms of safety and handling, compared to the cell-based treatment. Despite the growing interest in both EVs and CM preparations, in the light of a clinical translation, a number of aspects still need to be addressed mainly because of limits in the reproducibility and reliability of the proposed protocols. Raman spectroscopy (RS) is a non-destructive vibrational investigation method that provides detailed information about the biochemical composition of a sample, with reported ability in bulk characterization of clusters of EVs from different cell types. In the present brief report, we acquired and compared the Raman spectra of the two most promising cell-free therapeutics, i.e., EVs and CM, derived from two cytotypes with a history in the field of regenerative medicine, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (ASCs) and dermal fibroblasts (DFs). Our results show how RS can verify the reproducibility not only of EV isolation, but also of the whole CM, thus accounting for both the soluble and the vesicular components of cell secretion. RS can provide hints for the identification of the soluble factors that synergistically cooperate with EVs in the regenerative effect of CM. Still, we believe that the application of RS in the pipeline of cell-free products preparation for therapeutic purposes could help in accelerating translation to clinics and regulatory approval.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Giannasi
- Department of Biomedical Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marzia Bedoni
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Anna Teresa Brini
- Department of Biomedical Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
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44
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The role of O-glycosylation in human disease. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 79:100964. [PMID: 33775405 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
O-glycosylation is a highly frequent post-translation modification of proteins, with important functional implications in both physiological and disease contexts. The biosynthesis of O-glycans depends on several layers of regulation of the cellular glycosylation machinery, being organ-, tissue- and cell-specific. This review provides insights on the molecular mechanism underlying O-glycan biosynthesis and modification, and highlights illustrative examples of diseases that are triggered or modulated by aberrant cellular O-glycosylation. Particular relevance is given to genetic disorders of glycosylation, infectious diseases and cancer. Finally, we address the potential of O-glycans and their biosynthetic pathways as targets for novel therapeutic strategies.
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45
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Lu M, DiBernardo E, Parks E, Fox H, Zheng SY, Wayne E. The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Autoimmune Disorders. Front Immunol 2021; 12:566299. [PMID: 33732229 PMCID: PMC7959789 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.566299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important players in autoimmune diseases, both in disease pathogenesis and as potential treatments. EVs can transport autoimmune triggers throughout the body, facilitating the process of antigen presentation. Understanding the link between cellular stress and EV biogenesis and intercellular trafficking will advance our understanding of autoimmune diseases. In addition, EVs can also be effective treatments for autoimmune diseases. The diversity of cell types that produce EVs leads to a wide range of molecules to be present in EVs, and thus EVs have a wide range of physiological effects. EVs derived from dendritic cells or mesenchymal stem cells have been shown to reduce inflammation. Since many autoimmune treatments are focused only on symptom management, EVs present a promising avenue for potential treatments. This review looks at the different roles EVs can play in autoimmune diseases, from disease pathology to diagnosis and treatment. We also overview various methodologies in isolating or generating EVs and look to the future for possible applications of EVs in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengrou Lu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Emma DiBernardo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Emily Parks
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hannah Fox
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Si-Yang Zheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Wayne
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Kuypers S, Smisdom N, Pintelon I, Timmermans JP, Ameloot M, Michiels L, Hendrix J, Hosseinkhani B. Unsupervised Machine Learning-Based Clustering of Nanosized Fluorescent Extracellular Vesicles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006786. [PMID: 33448084 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are biological nanoparticles that play an important role in cell-to-cell communication. The phenotypic profile of EV populations is a promising reporter of disease, with direct clinical diagnostic relevance. Yet, robust methods for quantifying the biomarker content of EV have been critically lacking, and require a single-particle approach due to their inherent heterogeneous nature. Here, multicolor single-molecule burst analysis microscopy is used to detect multiple biomarkers present on single EV. The authors classify the recorded signals and apply the machine learning-based t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding algorithm to cluster the resulting multidimensional data. As a proof of principle, the authors use the method to assess both the purity and the inflammatory status of EV, and compare cell culture and plasma-derived EV isolated via different purification methods. This methodology is then applied to identify intercellular adhesion molecule-1 specific EV subgroups released by inflamed endothelial cells, and to prove that apolipoprotein-a1 is an excellent marker to identify the typical lipoprotein contamination in plasma. This methodology can be widely applied on standard confocal microscopes, thereby allowing both standardized quality assessment of patient plasma EV preparations, and diagnostic profiling of multiple EV biomarkers in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Kuypers
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, Hasselt, 3500, Belgium
| | - Nick Smisdom
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, Hasselt, 3500, Belgium
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology & Histology, Antwerp Centre for Advanced Microscopy (ACAM), University Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology & Histology, Antwerp Centre for Advanced Microscopy (ACAM), University Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
| | - Marcel Ameloot
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, Hasselt, 3500, Belgium
| | - Luc Michiels
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, Hasselt, 3500, Belgium
| | - Jelle Hendrix
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, Hasselt, 3500, Belgium
- Dynamic Bio-imaging Lab, Advanced Optical Microscopy Center, Hasselt University, Hasselt, 3500, Belgium
| | - Baharak Hosseinkhani
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, Hasselt, 3500, Belgium
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Almiñana C, Rudolf Vegas A, Tekin M, Hassan M, Uzbekov R, Fröhlich T, Bollwein H, Bauersachs S. Isolation and Characterization of Equine Uterine Extracellular Vesicles: A Comparative Methodological Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020979. [PMID: 33478136 PMCID: PMC7835857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified in the uterine fluid in different species and have been pointed as key players in the embryo-maternal dialogue, maternal recognition of pregnancy and establishment of pregnancy. However, little is known about the uterine EVs in the mare. Therefore, the present study aimed at characterizing EVs from uterine lavage of cyclic mares by comparing five EVs isolation methods and the combination of them: (1) ultracentrifugation (UC); (2) concentration of lavage volume by Centricon ultrafiltration (CE); (3) the use of CE with different washing steps (phosphate-buffered saline with or without trehalose); (4) size-exclusion chromatography with iZON-qEV columns, and (5) a combination of the methods with best results based on EVs yield, purity, and protein cargo profiles. Transmission electron microscopy and Western blotting confirmed the isolation of EVs by all methods but with quantitative and qualitative differences. Mass spectrometry provided differences in protein profiles between methods, number of identified proteins, and protein classes. Our results indicate that the combination of CE/trehalose/iZON/UC is an optimal method to isolate equine uterine EVs with good yield and purity that can be applied in future studies to determine the role of equine uterine EVs in embryo-maternal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Almiñana
- Functional Genomics Group, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland; (A.R.V.); (S.B.)
- UMR85 PRC, INRAE, CNRS 7247, Université de Tours, IFCE, 37380 Nouzilly, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Alba Rudolf Vegas
- Functional Genomics Group, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland; (A.R.V.); (S.B.)
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Department for Farm Animals, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.T.); (M.H.); (H.B.)
| | - Muhittin Tekin
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Department for Farm Animals, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.T.); (M.H.); (H.B.)
| | - Mubbashar Hassan
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Department for Farm Animals, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.T.); (M.H.); (H.B.)
| | - Rustem Uzbekov
- Laboratoire Biologie Cellulaire et Microscopie Electronique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Tours, 37032 Tours, France;
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Gene Center, Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany;
| | - Heinrich Bollwein
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Department for Farm Animals, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.T.); (M.H.); (H.B.)
| | - Stefan Bauersachs
- Functional Genomics Group, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland; (A.R.V.); (S.B.)
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Martins ÁM, Ramos CC, Freitas D, Reis CA. Glycosylation of Cancer Extracellular Vesicles: Capture Strategies, Functional Roles and Potential Clinical Applications. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010109. [PMID: 33430152 PMCID: PMC7827205 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans are major constituents of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Alterations in the glycosylation pathway are a common feature of cancer cells, which gives rise to de novo or increased synthesis of particular glycans. Therefore, glycans and glycoproteins have been widely used in the clinic as both stratification and prognosis cancer biomarkers. Interestingly, several of the known tumor-associated glycans have already been identified in cancer EVs, highlighting EV glycosylation as a potential source of circulating cancer biomarkers. These particles are crucial vehicles of cell–cell communication, being able to transfer molecular information and to modulate the recipient cell behavior. The presence of particular glycoconjugates has been described to be important for EV protein sorting, uptake and organ-tropism. Furthermore, specific EV glycans or glycoproteins have been described to be able to distinguish tumor EVs from benign EVs. In this review, the application of EV glycosylation in the development of novel EV detection and capture methodologies is discussed. In addition, we highlight the potential of EV glycosylation in the clinical setting for both cancer biomarker discovery and EV therapeutic delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro M. Martins
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (Á.M.M.); (C.C.R.)
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cátia C. Ramos
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (Á.M.M.); (C.C.R.)
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Daniela Freitas
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (Á.M.M.); (C.C.R.)
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (D.F.); (C.A.R.); Tel.:+351-225-570-786 (C.A.R.)
| | - Celso A. Reis
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (Á.M.M.); (C.C.R.)
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (D.F.); (C.A.R.); Tel.:+351-225-570-786 (C.A.R.)
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Peixoto A, Cotton S, Santos LL, Ferreira JA. The Tumour Microenvironment and Circulating Tumour Cells: A Partnership Driving Metastasis and Glycan-Based Opportunities for Cancer Control. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1329:1-33. [PMID: 34664231 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73119-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumour cells (CTC) are rare cells that actively detach or are shed from primary tumours into the lymph and blood. Some CTC subpopulations gain the capacity to survive, home and colonize distant locations, forming metastasis. This results from a multifactorial process in which cancer cells optimize motility, invasion, immune escape and cooperative relationships with microenvironmental cues. Here we present evidences of a self-fuelling molecular crosstalk between cancer cells and the tumour stroma supporting the main milestones leading to metastasis. We discuss how the tumour microenvironment supports pre-metastatic niches and CTC development and ultimately dictates CTC fate in targeted organs. Finally, we highlight the key role played by protein glycosylation in metastasis development, its prompt response to microenvironmental stimuli and the tremendous potential of glycan-based molecular signatures for liquid biopsies and targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Peixoto
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal. .,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3s), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Institute for Biomedical Engineering (INEB), Porto, Portugal. .,Porto Comprehensive Cancer Centre (P.ccc), Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sofia Cotton
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3s), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering (INEB), Porto, Portugal.,Porto Comprehensive Cancer Centre (P.ccc), Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcio Lara Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Porto Comprehensive Cancer Centre (P.ccc), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Alexandre Ferreira
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Porto Comprehensive Cancer Centre (P.ccc), Porto, Portugal
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50
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Lehrich BM, Liang Y, Fiandaca MS. Foetal bovine serum influence on in vitro extracellular vesicle analyses. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12061. [PMID: 33532042 PMCID: PMC7830136 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M. Lehrich
- Medical Scientist Training ProgramUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Carnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Yaxuan Liang
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural SciencesBeijing Normal University at ZhuhaiZhuhaiChina
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