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Tone M, Iwahori K, Hirata M, Ueyama A, Tani A, Haruta JI, Takeda Y, Shintani Y, Kumanogoh A, Wada H. Tetracyclines enhance antitumor T-cell immunity via the Zap70 signaling pathway. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008334. [PMID: 38621815 PMCID: PMC11328671 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer immunotherapy including immune checkpoint inhibitors is only effective for a limited population of patients with cancer. Therefore, the development of novel cancer immunotherapy is anticipated. In preliminary studies, we demonstrated that tetracyclines enhanced T-cell responses. Therefore, we herein investigated the efficacy of tetracyclines on antitumor T-cell responses by human peripheral T cells, murine models, and the lung tumor tissues of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with a focus on signaling pathways in T cells. METHODS The cytotoxicity of peripheral and lung tumor-infiltrated human T cells against tumor cells was assessed by using bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) technology (BiTE-assay system). The effects of tetracyclines on T cells in the peripheral blood of healthy donors and the tumor tissues of patients with NSCLC were examined using the BiTE-assay system in comparison with anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) antibody, nivolumab. T-cell signaling molecules were analyzed by flow cytometry, ELISA, and qRT-PCR. To investigate the in vivo antitumor effects of tetracyclines, tetracyclines were administered orally to BALB/c mice engrafted with murine tumor cell lines, either in the presence or absence of anti-mouse CD8 inhibitors. RESULTS The results obtained revealed that tetracyclines enhanced antitumor T-cell cytotoxicity with the upregulation of granzyme B and increased secretion of interferon-γ in human peripheral T cells and the lung tumor tissues of patients with NSCLC. The analysis of T-cell signaling showed that CD69 in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was upregulated by minocycline. Downstream of T-cell receptor signaling, Zap70 phosphorylation and Nur77 were also upregulated by minocycline in the early phase after T-cell activation. These changes were not observed in T cells treated with anti-PD-1 antibodies under the same conditions. The administration of tetracyclines exhibited antitumor efficacy with the upregulation of CD69 and increases in tumor antigen-specific T cells in murine tumor models. These changes were canceled by the administration of anti-mouse CD8 inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, tetracyclines enhanced antitumor T-cell immunity via Zap70 signaling. These results will contribute to the development of novel cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Tone
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kota Iwahori
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michinari Hirata
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Biopharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Azumi Ueyama
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Biopharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Tani
- Compound Library Screening Center, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Haruta
- Lead Explorating Units, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshito Takeda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Shintani
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Immunopathology, World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI), Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Diseases for Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development - Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS (CAMaD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisashi Wada
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Snell D, Gunde T, Warmuth S, Chatterjee B, Brock M, Hess C, Johansson M, Simonin A, Spiga FM, Weinert C, Kirk N, Bassler N, Campos Carrascosa L, Flückiger N, Heiz R, Wagen S, Giezendanner N, Alberti A, Yaman Y, Mahler D, Diem D, Lichtlen P, Urech D. An engineered T-cell engager with selectivity for high mesothelin-expressing cells and activity in the presence of soluble mesothelin. Oncoimmunology 2023; 12:2233401. [PMID: 37456982 PMCID: PMC10339761 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2023.2233401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesothelin (MSLN) is an attractive immuno-oncology target, but the development of MSLN-targeting therapies has been impeded by tumor shedding of soluble MSLN (sMSLN), on-target off-tumor activity, and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. We sought to engineer an antibody-based, MSLN-targeted T-cell engager (αMSLN/αCD3) with enhanced ability to discriminate high MSLN-expressing tumors from normal tissue, and activity in the presence of sMSLN. We also studied the in vivo antitumor efficacy of this molecule (NM28-2746) alone and in combination with the multifunctional checkpoint inhibitor/T-cell co-activator NM21-1480 (αPD-L1/α4-1BB). Cytotoxicity and T-cell activation induced by NM28-2746 were studied in co-cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cell lines exhibiting different levels of MSLN expression, including in the presence of soluble MSLN. Xenotransplant models of human pancreatic cancer were used to study the inhibition of tumor growth and stimulation of T-cell infiltration into tumors induced by NM28-2746 alone and in combination with NM21-1480. The bivalent αMSLN T-cell engager NM28-2746 potently induced T-cell activation and T-cell mediated cytotoxicity of high MSLN-expressing cells but had much lower potency against low MSLN-expressing cells. A monovalent counterpart of NM28-2746 had much lower ability to discriminate high MSLN-expressing from low MSLN-expressing cells. The bivalent molecule retained this discriminant ability in the presence of high concentrations of sMSLN. In xenograft models, NM28-2746 exhibited significant tumor suppressing activity, which was significantly enhanced by combination therapy with NM21-1480. NM28-2746, alone or in combination with NM21-1480, may overcome shortcomings of previous MSLN-targeted immuno-oncology drugs, exhibiting enhanced discrimination of high MSLN-expressing cell activity in the presence of sMSLN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tea Gunde
- Numab Therapeutics AG, Horgen, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Niels Kirk
- Numab Therapeutics AG, Horgen, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Robin Heiz
- Numab Therapeutics AG, Horgen, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dania Diem
- Numab Therapeutics AG, Horgen, Switzerland
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3
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Wu Y, Yuan M, Wang C, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Zhang J. T lymphocyte cell: A pivotal player in lung cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1102778. [PMID: 36776832 PMCID: PMC9911803 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1102778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is responsible for the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, which lacks effective therapies. In recent years, accumulating evidence on the understanding of the antitumor activity of the immune system has demonstrated that immunotherapy is one of the powerful alternatives in lung cancer therapy. T cells are the core of cellular immunotherapy, which are critical for tumorigenesis and the treatment of lung cancer. Based on the different expressions of surface molecules and functional points, T cells can be subdivided into regulatory T cells, T helper cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and other unconventional T cells, including γδ T cells, nature killer T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells. Advances in our understanding of T cells' functional mechanism will lead to a number of clinical trials on the discovery and development of new treatment strategies. Thus, we summarize the biological functions and regulations of T cells on tumorigenesis, progression, metastasis, and prognosis in lung cancer. Furthermore, we discuss the current advancements of technologies and potentials of T-cell-oriented therapeutic targets for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wu
- Department of Oncology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Chenlin Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yanfei Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiandong Zhang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
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4
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Xu G, Luo Y, Wang H, Wang Y, Liu B, Wei J. Therapeutic bispecific antibodies against intracellular tumor antigens. Cancer Lett 2022; 538:215699. [PMID: 35487312 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs)-based therapeutics have been identified to be one of the most promising immunotherapy strategies. However, their target repertoire is mainly restricted to cell surface antigens rather than intracellular antigens, resulting in a relatively limited scope of applications. Intracellular tumor antigens are identified to account for a large proportion of tumor antigen profiles. Recently, bsAbs that target intracellular oncoproteins have raised much attention, broadening the targeting scope of tumor antigens and improving the efficacy of traditional antibody-based therapeutics. Consequently, this review will focus on this emerging field and discuss related research advances. We introduce the classification, characteristics, and clinical applications of bsAbs, the theoretical basis for targeting intracellular antigens, delivery systems of bsAbs, and the latest preclinical and clinical advances of bsAbs targeting several intracellular oncotargets, including those of cancer-testis antigens, differentiation antigens, neoantigens, and other antigens. Moreover, we summarize the limitations of current bsAbs, and propose several potential strategies against immune escape and T cell exhaustion as well as some future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Xu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Yuting Luo
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Hanbing Wang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Yue Wang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Baorui Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Jia Wei
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China; Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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5
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Noguchi Y, Yamamoto Y, Iwahori K, Matsumoto M, Hirata M, Okuyama H, Shintani Y, Kumanogoh A, Wada H. Tetracyclines Enhance Anti-tumor T-Cell Responses Induced by a Bispecific T-Cell Engager. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:429-437. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Noguchi
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Yoko Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Kota Iwahori
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Mitsunobu Matsumoto
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Michinari Hirata
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Hiroomi Okuyama
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Yasushi Shintani
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Hisashi Wada
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
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T Cell Bispecific Antibodies: An Antibody-Based Delivery System for Inducing Antitumor Immunity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111172. [PMID: 34832954 PMCID: PMC8619951 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a breakthrough immunotherapy, T cell bispecific antibodies (T-BsAbs) are a promising antibody therapy for various kinds of cancer. In general, T-BsAbs have dual-binding specificity to a tumor-associated antigen and a CD3 subunit forming a complex with the TCR. This enables T-BsAbs to crosslink tumor cells and T cells, inducing T cell activation and subsequent tumor cell death. Unlike immune checkpoint inhibitors, which release the brake of the immune system, T-BsAbs serve as an accelerator of T cells by stimulating their immune response via CD3 engagement. Therefore, they can actively redirect host immunity toward tumors, including T cell recruitment from the periphery to the tumor site and immunological synapse formation between tumor cells and T cells. Although the low immunogenicity of solid tumors increases the challenge of cancer immunotherapy, T-BsAbs capable of immune redirection can greatly benefit patients with such tumors. To investigate the detailed relationship between T-BsAbs delivery and their T cell redirection activity, it is necessary to determine how T-BsAbs deliver antitumor immunity to the tumor site and bring about tumor cell death. This review article discusses T-BsAb properties, specifically their pharmacokinetics, redirection of anticancer immunity, and local mechanism of action within tumor tissues, and discuss further challenges to expediting T-BsAb development.
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7
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Koelzer V, Herzig P, Zlobec I, Heinzelmann V, Lardinois D, Walseng E, Rader C, Mertz K, Zippelius A, Thommen D. Integrated functional and spatial profiling of tumour immune responses induced by immunotherapy: the iPROFILER platform. IMMUNO-ONCOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 10. [PMID: 35174321 PMCID: PMC8846576 DOI: 10.1016/j.iotech.2021.100034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Cancer immunotherapy elicits functional activation and changes in immune cell distribution in cancer. Tumour heterogeneity is a reason for treatment failure but is difficult to capture in experimental settings. This proof-of-principle study describes the integrated functional and digital spatial profiling platform iPROFILER to capture in-situ immune activation patterns with high precision. Materials and methods iPROFILER combines an algorithm-based image analysis approach for spatial profiling with functional analyses of patient-derived tumour fragments (PDTFs). This study utilized a folate receptor 1 (FOLR1)xCD3 bispecific antibody in dual-affinity re-targeting (DART) format as a tool for inducing T-cell responses in patient tumour samples, and an in-depth investigation of the immune perturbations induced in the tumour microenvironment was performed. Results Ex-vivo DART stimulation induces upregulation of multiple activation markers in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell populations and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in FOLR1-positive tumour specimens. This response was reduced or absent in tissue samples that did not express FOLR1. Immunological responses were driven by a strong induction of interferon gamma (IFNγ) and IFNγ-induced chemokines suggestive of activation of cytotoxic or Th1-like T cells. Ex-vivo DART treatment led to a numerical increase in effector T cells and an upregulation of immune activation markers in the tumour microenvironment as captured by digital image analysis. Analysis of immune activation in tumour and stromal regions further supported the potential of the platform to measure local differences in cell-type-specific activation patterns. Conclusions iPROFILER effectively combines functional and spatial readouts to investigate immune responses ex vivo in human tumour samples. Patient-derived tumour fragments preserve tumour composition and architecture ex vivo. Combined functional and spatial profiling captures in-situ immune activation. Ex-vivo DART induces pro-inflammatory immune responses in human tumours. Tumour/stroma analysis reveals local differences in specific activation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- V.H. Koelzer
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P. Herzig
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - I. Zlobec
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - V. Heinzelmann
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - D. Lardinois
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - E. Walseng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, USA
| | - C. Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, USA
| | - K.D. Mertz
- Institute of Pathology, Cantonal Hospital Baselland, Switzerland
| | - A. Zippelius
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
- Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence to: Prof. Alfred Zippelius, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - D.S. Thommen
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence to: Dr Daniela Stefanie Thommen, Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Tel: +31 2 0512 7950
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Middelburg J, Kemper K, Engelberts P, Labrijn AF, Schuurman J, van Hall T. Overcoming Challenges for CD3-Bispecific Antibody Therapy in Solid Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:287. [PMID: 33466732 PMCID: PMC7829968 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy of cancer with CD3-bispecific antibodies is an approved therapeutic option for some hematological malignancies and is under clinical investigation for solid cancers. However, the treatment of solid tumors faces more pronounced hurdles, such as increased on-target off-tumor toxicities, sparse T-cell infiltration and impaired T-cell quality due to the presence of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, which affect the safety and limit efficacy of CD3-bispecific antibody therapy. In this review, we provide a brief status update of the CD3-bispecific antibody therapy field and identify intrinsic hurdles in solid cancers. Furthermore, we describe potential combinatorial approaches to overcome these challenges in order to generate selective and more effective responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Middelburg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Kristel Kemper
- Genmab, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.K.); (P.E.); (A.F.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Patrick Engelberts
- Genmab, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.K.); (P.E.); (A.F.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Aran F. Labrijn
- Genmab, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.K.); (P.E.); (A.F.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Janine Schuurman
- Genmab, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.K.); (P.E.); (A.F.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Thorbald van Hall
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
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Sam J, Colombetti S, Fauti T, Roller A, Biehl M, Fahrni L, Nicolini V, Perro M, Nayak T, Bommer E, Schoenle A, Karagianni M, Le Clech M, Steinhoff N, Klein C, Umaña P, Bacac M. Combination of T-Cell Bispecific Antibodies With PD-L1 Checkpoint Inhibition Elicits Superior Anti-Tumor Activity. Front Oncol 2020; 10:575737. [PMID: 33330050 PMCID: PMC7735156 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.575737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell Bispecific Antibodies (TCBs) elicit anti-tumor responses by cross-linking T-cells to tumor cells and mediate polyclonal T-cell expansion that is independent of T-cell receptor specificity. TCBs thus offer great promise for patients who lack antigen-specific T-cells or have non-inflamed tumors, which are parameters known to limit the response of checkpoint inhibitors. The current study deepens the understanding of TCB mode of action and elaborates on one of the adaptive resistance mechanisms following its treatment in vivo in humanized mice and syngeneic pre-clinical tumor models. Single-agent TCB treatment reduced tumor growth compared with controls and led to a 2-10-fold increase in tumor-infiltrating T-cells, regardless of the baseline tumor immune cell infiltration. TCB treatment strongly induced the secretion of CXCL10 and increased the frequency of intra-tumor CXCR3+ T-cells pointing to the potential role of the CXCL10-CXCR3 pathway as one of the mechanisms for T-cell recruitment to tumors upon TCB treatment. Tumor-infiltrating T-cells displayed a highly activated and proliferating phenotype, resulting in the generation of a highly inflamed tumor microenvironment. A molecular signature of TCB treatment was determined (CD8, PD-1, MIP-a, CXCL10, CXCL13) to identify parameters that most robustly characterize TCB activity. Parallel to T-cell activation, TCB treatment also led to a clear upregulation of PD-1 on T-cells and PD-L1 on tumor cells and T-cells. Combining TCB treatment with anti-PD-L1 blocking antibody improved anti-tumor efficacy compared to either agent given as monotherapy, increasing the frequency of intra-tumoral T-cells. Together, the data of the current study expand our knowledge of the molecular and cellular features associated with TCB activity and provide evidence that the PD-1/PD-L1 axis is one of the adaptive resistance mechanisms associated with TCB activity. This mechanism can be managed by the combination of TCB with anti-PD-L1 blocking antibody translating into more efficacious anti-tumor activity and prolonged control of the tumor outgrowth. The elucidation of additional resistance mechanisms beyond the PD-1/PD-L1 axis will constitute an important milestone for our understanding of factors determining tumor escape and deepening of TCB anti-tumor responses in both solid tumors and hematological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Sam
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sara Colombetti
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Fauti
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Roller
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marlene Biehl
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Linda Fahrni
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Nicolini
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mario Perro
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tapan Nayak
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Esther Bommer
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anne Schoenle
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Karagianni
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marine Le Clech
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Steinhoff
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Klein
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Umaña
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marina Bacac
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Trüb M, Uhlenbrock F, Claus C, Herzig P, Thelen M, Karanikas V, Bacac M, Amann M, Albrecht R, Ferrara-Koller C, Thommen D, Rothschield S, Savic Prince S, Mertz KD, Cathomas G, Rosenberg R, Heinzelmann-Schwarz V, Wiese M, Lardinois D, Umana P, Klein C, Laubli H, Kashyap AS, Zippelius A. Fibroblast activation protein-targeted-4-1BB ligand agonist amplifies effector functions of intratumoral T cells in human cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:e000238. [PMID: 32616554 PMCID: PMC7333869 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The costimulatory receptor 4-1BB (CD137, TNFRSF9) plays an important role in sustaining effective T cell immune responses and is investigated as target for cancer therapy. Systemic 4-1BB directed therapies elicit toxicity or low efficacy, which significantly hampered advancement of 4-1BB-based immunotherapy. Therefore, targeted delivery of 4-1BB agonist to the tumor side is needed for eliciting antitumor efficacy while avoiding systemic toxicity. METHODS We analyzed the immunostimulatory properties of a fibroblast activation protein (FAP)-targeted 4-1BB agonist (FAP-4-1BBL) by assessing tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes' (TIL) activity from patients with non-small cell lung cancer and epithelial ovarian cancer. RESULTS Combination treatment with FAP-4-1BBL and T cell receptor stimulation by either anti-CD3 or T cell bispecific antibodies significantly enhanced TIL activation and effector functions, including T cell proliferation, secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and cytotoxicity. Notably, costimulation with FAP-4-1BBL led to de novo secretion of interleukin (IL)-13. This was associated with cytokine-mediated tumor cell apoptosis, which was partially dependent on IL-13 alpha 1/2 receptors and STAT6 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides mechanistic insights into T cell stimulation induced by FAP-4-1BBL in primary human tumors and supports the investigation of FAP-4-1BBL compound in early clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Trüb
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Uhlenbrock
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Petra Herzig
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Thelen
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Marina Bacac
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Maria Amann
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Daniela Thommen
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Kirsten D Mertz
- Institute of Pathology, Cantonal Hospital Basel-Landschaft, Liestal, Switzerland
| | - Gieri Cathomas
- Institute of Pathology, Cantonal Hospital Basel-Landschaft, Liestal, Switzerland
| | - Robert Rosenberg
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Basel-Landschaft, Liestal, Switzerland
| | | | - Mark Wiese
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Didier Lardinois
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Umana
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | - Heinz Laubli
- Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Abhishek S Kashyap
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Challenges and strategies for next-generation bispecific antibody-based antitumor therapeutics. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:451-461. [PMID: 32313210 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) refer to a large family of molecules that recognize two different epitopes or antigens. Although a series of challenges, especially immunogenicity and chain mispairing issues, once hindered the development of bsAbs, they have been gradually overcome with the help of rapidly developing technologies in the past 5 decades. In the meantime, an increasing number of bsAb platforms have been designed to satisfy different clinical demands. Currently, numerous preclinical and clinical trials are underway, portraying a promising future for bsAb-based cancer treatment. Nevertheless, bsAb drugs still face enormous challenges in their application as cancer therapeutics, including tumor heterogeneity and mutational burden, intractable tumor microenvironment (TME), insufficient costimulatory signals to activate T cells, the necessity for continuous injection, fatal systemic side effects, and off-target toxicities to adjacent normal cells. Therefore, we provide several strategies as solutions to these issues, which comprise generating multispecific bsAbs, discovering neoantigens, combining bsAbs with other anticancer therapies, exploiting natural killer (NK)-cell-based bsAbs and producing bsAbs in situ. In this review, we mainly discuss previous and current challenges in bsAb development and underscore corresponding strategies, with a brief introduction of several typical bsAb formats.
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12
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Immunotherapeutic potential of CD4 and CD8 single-positive T cells in thymic epithelial tumors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4064. [PMID: 32132638 PMCID: PMC7055333 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61053-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Indications for current immune checkpoint inhibitors are expanding and now include thymic epithelial tumors (TETs). Although clinical trials on immune checkpoint inhibitors for TETs are ongoing, a rationale has not yet been established for immunotherapy for TETs. Therefore, we herein performed phenotypic and functional analyses of T cells in surgically resected TET tissues with a focus on the anti-tumor properties of T cells to TETs as a step towards establishing a rationale for immunotherapy for TETs. We examined T-cell profiles in surgically resected TET tissues, particularly CD4 and CD8 single-positive T cells, using flow cytometry. In the functional analysis of T cells in TETs, we investigated not only cytokine production by T cells, but also their cytotoxicity using bispecific T-cell engager technology. The cluster analysis of T-cell profiles based on flow cytometric data revealed that type B3 thymoma and thymic carcinoma (B3/C) belonged to the hot cluster characterized by a high proportion of Tim-3+ and CD103+ in CD4 and CD8 single-positive T cells. Enhancements in cytokine production and the cytotoxicity of T cells by the anti-PD-1 antibody were significantly greater in B3/C. These results indicate the potential of immunotherapy for patients with B3/C.
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13
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Iwahori K. Cytotoxic CD8 + Lymphocytes in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1224:53-62. [PMID: 32036604 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35723-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment, CD8+ T cells play a major role in tumor immunity. CD8+ T cells differentiate to cytotoxic T cells, traffic into the tumor microenvironment, and exhibit cytotoxicity against tumor cells. These processes have both positive and negative effects. Enhancements in the cytotoxic activity of tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells in the tumor microenvironment are crucial for the development of cancer immunotherapy. To achieve this, several immunotherapies, including cancer vaccines, T cells engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CAR T cells), and bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTEs), have been developed. In contrast to cancer vaccines, CAR T cells, and BiTEs, immune checkpoint inhibitors enhance the activity of cytotoxic T cells by inhibiting the negative regulators of T cells.The total number, type, and activity of tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells in the tumor microenvironment need to be clarified, particularly for the development of companion diagnostics to identify patients for whom these therapies are effective. Therefore, technologies including TCR repertoire, single-cell, and T-cell cytotoxicity analyses using BiTEs have been developed.Based on these and future innovations, the generation of effective cancer immunotherapies is anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Iwahori
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. .,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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14
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Qi J, Hymel D, Nelson CG, Burke TR, Rader C. Conventional and Chemically Programmed Asymmetric Bispecific Antibodies Targeting Folate Receptor 1. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1994. [PMID: 31497024 PMCID: PMC6712926 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell engaging bispecific antibodies (biAbs) can mediate potent and specific tumor cell eradication in liquid cancers. Substantial effort has been invested in expanding this concept to solid cancers. To explore their utility in the treatment of ovarian cancer, we built a set of asymmetric biAbs in IgG1-like format that bind CD3 on T cells with a conventional scFv arm and folate receptor 1 (FOLR1) on ovarian cancer cells with a conventional or a chemically programmed Fab arm. For avidity engineering, we also built an asymmetric biAb format with a tandem Fab arm. We show that both conventional and chemically programmed CD3 × FOLR1 biAbs exert specific in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity toward FOLR1-expressing ovarian cancer cells by recruiting and activating T cells. While the conventional T-cell engaging biAb was curative in an aggressive mouse model of human ovarian cancer, the potency of the chemically programmed biAb was significantly boosted by avidity engineering. Both conventional and chemically programmed CD3 × FOLR1 biAbs warrant further investigation for ovarian cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Qi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - David Hymel
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Christopher G Nelson
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Terrence R Burke
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Christoph Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States
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15
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Coeshott C, Vang B, Jones M, Nankervis B. Large-scale expansion and characterization of CD3 + T-cells in the Quantum ® Cell Expansion System. J Transl Med 2019; 17:258. [PMID: 31391068 PMCID: PMC6686483 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-2001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rapid evolution of cell-based immunotherapies such as chimeric antigen receptor T-cells for treatment of hematological cancers has precipitated the need for a platform to expand these cells ex vivo in a safe, efficient, and reproducible manner. In the Quantum® Cell Expansion System (Quantum system) we evaluated the expansion of T-cells from healthy donors in a functionally-closed environment that reduces time and resources needed to produce a therapeutic dose. Methods Mononuclear cells from leukapheresis products from 5 healthy donors were activated with anti-CD3/CD28 Dynabeads® and expanded in the Quantum system for 8–9 days using xeno-free, serum-free medium and IL-2. Harvested cells were phenotyped by flow cytometry and evaluated for cytokine secretion by multiplex assays. Results From starting products of 30 or 85 × 106 mononuclear cells, CD3+ T-cell populations expanded over 500-fold following stimulation to provide yields up to 25 × 109 cells within 8 days. T-cell yields from all donors were similar in terms of harvest numbers, viability and doubling times. Functionality (secretion of IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α) was retained in harvested T-cells upon restimulation in vitro and T-cells displayed therapeutically-relevant less-differentiated phenotypes of naïve and central memory T-cells, with low expression of exhaustion markers LAG-3 and PD-1. Conclusions The Quantum system has been successfully used to produce large quantities of functional T-cells at clinical dosing scale and within a short timeframe. This platform could have wide applicability for autologous and allogeneic cellular immunotherapies for the treatment of cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-019-2001-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Coeshott
- Terumo BCT, Inc., 10810 West Collins Avenue, Lakewood, CO, 80215, USA.
| | - Boah Vang
- Terumo BCT, Inc., 10810 West Collins Avenue, Lakewood, CO, 80215, USA
| | - Mark Jones
- Terumo BCT, Inc., 10810 West Collins Avenue, Lakewood, CO, 80215, USA
| | - Brian Nankervis
- Terumo BCT, Inc., 10810 West Collins Avenue, Lakewood, CO, 80215, USA
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16
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O'Brien SM, Klampatsa A, Thompson JC, Martinez MC, Hwang WT, Rao AS, Standalick JE, Kim S, Cantu E, Litzky LA, Singhal S, Eruslanov EB, Moon EK, Albelda SM. Function of Human Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Early-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:896-909. [PMID: 31053597 PMCID: PMC6548666 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer progression is marked by dysfunctional tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) with high inhibitory receptor (IR) expression. Because IR blockade has led to clinical responses in some patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we investigated how IRs influenced CD8+ TIL function from freshly digested early-stage NSCLC tissues using a killing assay and intracellular cytokine staining after in vitro T-cell restimulation. Early-stage lung cancer TIL function was heterogeneous with only about one third of patients showing decrements in cytokine production and lytic function. TIL hypofunction did not correlate with clinical factors, coexisting immune cells (macrophages, neutrophils, or CD4+ T regulatory cells), nor with PD-1, TIGIT, TIM-3, CD39, or CTLA-4 expression. Instead, we found that the presence of the integrin αeβ7 (CD103), characteristic of tissue-resident memory cells (TRM), was positively associated with cytokine production, whereas expression of the transcription factor Eomesodermin (Eomes) was negatively associated with TIL function. These data suggest that the functionality of CD8+ TILs from early-stage NSCLCs may be influenced by competition between an antitumor CD103+ TRM program and an exhaustion program marked by Eomes expression. Understanding the mechanisms of T-cell function in the progression of lung cancer may have clinical implications for immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biological Variation, Population
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/mortality
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Cause of Death
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory
- Immunophenotyping
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/mortality
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Staging
- Prognosis
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M O'Brien
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Astero Klampatsa
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey C Thompson
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marina C Martinez
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Wei-Ting Hwang
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Abishek S Rao
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason E Standalick
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Edward Cantu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Leslie A Litzky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sunil Singhal
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Evgeniy B Eruslanov
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Edmund K Moon
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven M Albelda
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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17
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Iwahori K, Shintani Y, Funaki S, Yamamoto Y, Matsumoto M, Yoshida T, Morimoto-Okazawa A, Kawashima A, Sato E, Gottschalk S, Okumura M, Kumanogoh A, Wada H. Peripheral T cell cytotoxicity predicts T cell function in the tumor microenvironment. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2636. [PMID: 30796310 PMCID: PMC6385254 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39345-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, exerts beneficial effects in cancer patients. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors are only advantageous for a limited population of cancer patients. Therefore, companion diagnostics are needed in order to identify patients for whom these therapies are effective. In the present study, we evaluated detailed immunological aspects in clinical specimens from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. We analyzed the immune profiles, T cell cytotoxicity, and TCR repertoire of peripheral blood, normal lung tissue, and tumor tissue from NSCLC patients. By using bispecific T-cell engager technology to assess the cytotoxicity of T cells, we found that the cytotoxicity of tumor-infiltrated T cells closely correlated with that of peripheral T cells. This correlation was supported by the immune profiles, cytokine production, and results of the TCR repertoire analysis from these specimens. We also found that the cytotoxicity of peripheral T cells has potential as a predictor of the effects of nivolumab in the tumor microenvironment. These results imply further applications to blood-based immune monitoring systems and predictive biomarkers for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Iwahori
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan. .,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Shintani
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Soichiro Funaki
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoko Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsunobu Matsumoto
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yoshida
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Frontier Research in Tumor Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akiko Morimoto-Okazawa
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsunari Kawashima
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiichi Sato
- Department of Pathology (Medical Research Center), Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplant and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Meinoshin Okumura
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisashi Wada
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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18
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Farran B, Pavitra E, Kasa P, Peela S, Rama Raju GS, Nagaraju GP. Folate-targeted immunotherapies: Passive and active strategies for cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 45:45-52. [PMID: 30770191 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The glycoprotein FRα is a membrane-attached transport protein that is shielded from the immune system in healthy cells. However, it is upregulated in various malignancies, involved in cancer development and is also immunogenic. Furthermore, FRα is a tumor-associated antigen endowed with unique properties, thus rendering it a suitable target for immunotherapeutic development in cancer. Various anti- FRα immunotherapeutic strategies are thus currently being developed and clinically assessed for the treatment of various solid tumors. These approaches include passive anti-FRα immunotherapies, such as monoclonal antibodies, or active immunotherapies, such as CART, folate haptens and vaccines. In this review, we will explore the advances in the field of FRα-based immune therapies and discuss both their successes and shortcomings in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batoul Farran
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Eluri Pavitra
- Department of Biological Engineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Prameswari Kasa
- Dr. LV Prasad Diagnostics and Research Laboratory, Khairtabad, Hyderabad, 500004, India
| | - Sujatha Peela
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh, 532410, India
| | - Ganji Seeta Rama Raju
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Ganji Purnachandra Nagaraju
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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19
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Kobold S, Pantelyushin S, Rataj F, Vom Berg J. Rationale for Combining Bispecific T Cell Activating Antibodies With Checkpoint Blockade for Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2018; 8:285. [PMID: 30090763 PMCID: PMC6068270 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells have been established as core effectors for cancer therapy; this has moved the focus of therapeutic endeavors to effectively enhance or restore T cell tumoricidal activity rather than directly target cancer cells. Both antibodies targeting the checkpoint inhibitory molecules programmed death receptor 1 (PD1), PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and cytotoxic lymphocyte activated antigen 4 (CTLA4), as well as bispecific antibodies targeting CD3 and CD19 are now part of the standard of care. In particular, antibodies to checkpoint molecules have gained broad approval in a number of solid tumor indications, such as melanoma or non-small cell lung cancer based on their unparalleled efficacy. In contrast, the efficacy of bispecific antibody-derivatives is much more limited and evidence is emerging that their activity is regulated through diverse checkpoint molecules. In either case, both types of compounds have their limitations and most patients will not benefit from them in the long run. A major aspect under investigation is the lack of baseline antigen-specific T cells in certain patient groups, which is thought to render responses to checkpoint inhibition less likely. On the other hand, bispecific antibodies are also restricted by induced T cell anergy. Based on these considerations, combination of bispecific antibody mediated on-target T cell activation and reversal of anergy bears high promise. Here, we will review current evidence for such combinatorial approaches, as well as ongoing clinical investigations in this area. We will also discuss potential evidence-driven future avenues for testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kobold
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Felicitas Rataj
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Vom Berg
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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A transcriptionally and functionally distinct PD-1 + CD8 + T cell pool with predictive potential in non-small-cell lung cancer treated with PD-1 blockade. Nat Med 2018; 24:994-1004. [PMID: 29892065 PMCID: PMC6110381 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 719] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from mouse chronic viral infection models suggests that CD8+ T cell subsets characterized by distinct expression levels of the receptor PD-1 diverge in their state of exhaustion and potential for reinvigoration by PD-1 blockade. However, it remains unknown whether T cells in human cancer adopt a similar spectrum of exhausted states based on PD-1 expression levels. We compared transcriptional, metabolic and functional signatures of intratumoral CD8+ T lymphocyte populations with high (PD-1T), intermediate (PD-1N) and no PD-1 expression (PD-1-) from non-small-cell lung cancer patients. PD-1T T cells showed a markedly different transcriptional and metabolic profile from PD-1N and PD-1- lymphocytes, as well as an intrinsically high capacity for tumor recognition. Furthermore, while PD-1T lymphocytes were impaired in classical effector cytokine production, they produced CXCL13, which mediates immune cell recruitment to tertiary lymphoid structures. Strikingly, the presence of PD-1T cells was strongly predictive for both response and survival in a small cohort of non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with PD-1 blockade. The characterization of a distinct state of tumor-reactive, PD-1-bright lymphocytes in human cancer, which only partially resembles that seen in chronic infection, provides potential avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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21
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Abstract
Therapeutic reinvigoration of tumor-specific T cells has greatly improved clinical outcome in cancer. Nevertheless, many patients still do not achieve durable benefit. Recent evidence from studies in murine and human cancer suggest that intratumoral T cells display a broad spectrum of (dys-)functional states, shaped by the multifaceted suppressive signals that occur within the tumor microenvironment. Here we discuss the current understanding of T cell dysfunction in cancer, the value of novel technologies to dissect such dysfunction at the single cell level, and how our emerging understanding of T cell dysfunction may be utilized to develop personalized strategies to restore antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S Thommen
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ton N Schumacher
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Tat-Tagged and Folate-Modified N-Succinyl-chitosan (Tat-Suc-FA) Self-assembly Nanoparticle for Therapeutic Delivery OGX-011 to A549 Cells. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1898-1905. [PMID: 28464609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a novel type of an antisense oligonucleotide (OGX-011) loaded Tat-tagged and folate-modified N-succinyl-chitosan (Tat-Suc-FA) nanoparticles (NPs) for improving tumor targetability. In this study, Tat-Suc-FA/OGX-011NPs were prepared and its physicochemical characterizations were also evaluated. The nanoparticles showed an average diameter of 73 ± 16.6 nm, the zeta potential of +23.6 ± 0.3 mV, and a high entrapment efficiency of 89.6 ± 6.6%. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed the nanoparticles were mostly spherical and well dispersed. The delivery efficiency of this system was investigated both in vitro and in vivo. In comparison with nontargeted Lipofectamin2000/OGX-011 and free OGX-011, Tat-Suc-FA/GOX-011 showed the highest apoptosis rate of 14.2% ± 1.8% and significant uptake in A549 cells. Tat-Suc-FA NPs loaded with GOX-011 induced significant down-regulation of s-CLU mRNA and protein levels in A549 cells. In A549 tumor-bearing mice model, Tat-Suc-FA/GOX-011 produced a more efficient down-regulation of s-CLU compared to Lipofectamin2000/OGX-011. Furthermore, the combined use of Tat-Suc-FA/OGX-011 with DDP chemotherapy showed a most significant inhibition of tumor growth and greatly enhanced the survival rate of A549 tumor-bearing mice. These findings suggested successful application of Tat-Suc-FA NPs for the high efficiency and specificity in therapeutic delivery of OGX-011 to A549 cells.
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23
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Bispecific Antibodies as a Development Platform for New Concepts and Treatment Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:ijms18010048. [PMID: 28036020 PMCID: PMC5297683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of molecular cloning technology and the deep understanding of antibody engineering, there are diverse bispecific antibody formats from which to choose to pursue the optimal biological activity and clinical purpose. The single-chain-based bispecific antibodies usually bridge tumor cells with immune cells and form an immunological synapse because of their relatively small size. Bispecific antibodies in the IgG format include asymmetric bispecific antibodies and homodimerized bispecific antibodies, all of which have an extended blood half-life and their own crystalline fragment (Fc)-mediated functions. Besides retargeting effector cells to the site of cancer, new applications were established for bispecific antibodies. Bispecific antibodies that can simultaneously bind to cell surface antigens and payloads are a very ideal delivery system for therapeutic use. Bispecific antibodies that can inhibit two correlated signaling molecules at the same time can be developed to overcome inherent or acquired resistance and to be more efficient angiogenesis inhibitors. Bispecific antibodies can also be used to treat hemophilia A by mimicking the function of factor VIII. Bispecific antibodies also have broad application prospects in bone disorders and infections and diseases of the central nervous system. The latest developments of the formats and application of bispecific antibodies will be reviewed. Furthermore, the challenges and perspectives are summarized in this review.
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Walseng E, Nelson CG, Qi J, Nanna AR, Roush WR, Goswami RK, Sinha SC, Burke TR, Rader C. Chemically Programmed Bispecific Antibodies in Diabody Format. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:19661-73. [PMID: 27445334 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.745588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemically programmed bispecific antibodies (biAbs) endow target cell-binding small molecules with the ability to recruit and activate effector cells of the immune system. Here we report a platform of chemically programmed biAbs aimed at redirecting cytotoxic T cells to eliminate cancer cells. Two different antibody technologies were merged together to make a novel chemically programmed biAb. This was achieved by combining the humanized anti-hapten monoclonal antibody (mAb) h38C2 with the humanized anti-human CD3 mAb v9 in a clinically investigated diabody format known as Dual-Affinity Re-Targeting (DART). We show that h38C2 × v9 DARTs can readily be equipped with tumor-targeting hapten-derivatized small molecules without causing a systemic response harming healthy tissues. As a proof of concept, we chemically programmed h38C2 × v9 with hapten-folate and demonstrated its selectivity and potency against folate receptor 1 (FOLR1)-expressing ovarian cancer cells in vitro and in vivo Unlike conventional biAbs, chemically programmed biAbs in DART format are highly modular with broad utility in terms of both target and effector cell engagement. Most importantly, they provide tumor-targeting compounds access to the power of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher G Nelson
- the Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | | | - Alex R Nanna
- From the Departments of Cancer Biology, Chemistry, and
| | | | - Rajib K Goswami
- the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, and
| | - Subhash C Sinha
- the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, and
| | - Terrence R Burke
- the Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Christoph Rader
- From the Departments of Cancer Biology, Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458,
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