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Zhang Q, Huang T, Li X, Liu G, Xian L, Mao X, Lin T, Fu C, Chen X, Liang W, Zheng Y, Zhao Y, Lin Q, Xu X, Lin Y, Bu J, Wu C, Zhou M, Shen E. Prognostic impact of enhanced CD96 expression on NK cells by TGF-β1 in AML. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 141:112958. [PMID: 39159564 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the most common types of blood cancer in adults and is associated with a poor survival rate. NK cells play a crucial role in combating AML, and alterations in immune checkpoint expression can impair NK cell function against AML. Targeting certain checkpoints may restore this function. CD96, an inhibitory immune checkpoint, has unclear expression and roles on NK cells in AML patients. In this study, we initially evaluated CD96 expression and compared CD96+ NK with the inhibitory receptor and stimulatory receptors on NK cells from AML patients at initial diagnosis. We observed increased CD96 expression on NK cells with dysfunctional phenotype. Further analysis revealed that CD96+ NK cells had lower IFN-γ production than CD96- NK cells. Blocking CD96 enhanced the cytotoxicity of primary NK and cord blood-derived NK (CB-NK) cells against leukemia cells. Notably, patients with a high frequency of CD96+ NK cells at initial diagnosis exhibited poorer clinical outcomes. Additionally, TGF-β1 was found to enhance CD96 expression on NK cells via SMAD3 signaling. These findings suggest that CD96 is invovled in NK dysfunction against AML blast, and might be a potential target for restoring NK cell function in the fight against AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China; The 903 RD Hospital of PLA, 14 Lingyin Road, Hangzhou 310017,China
| | - Ting Huang
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Guanfang Liu
- Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luhua Xian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueying Mao
- Clifford Hospital Clinical Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Fu
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Xiangming Chen
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Wenting Liang
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Yanling Zheng
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Yuyang Zhao
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Qiwen Lin
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Yu Lin
- Shenzhen Withsum Technology Limited, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jin Bu
- National Center for STD Control, Hospital for Skin Disease (Institute of Dermatology), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changyou Wu
- Clifford Hospital Clinical Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Maohua Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Panyu Central Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Erxia Shen
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China; Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China.
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Sun J, Tian Y, Yang C. Target therapy of TIGIT; a novel approach of immunotherapy for the treatment of colorectal cancer. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03346-7. [PMID: 39158733 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
The T cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domain (TIGIT), a newly discovered checkpoint, is characterized by its elevated expression on CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Research to date has been shown that TIGIT has been linked to exhaustion of NK cell both and T cells in numerous cancers. CD155, being the specific ligand of TIGIT in humans, emerges as a key target for immunotherapy owing to its crucial interaction with TIGIT. Furthermore, numerous studies have demonstrated that the combination of TIGIT with other immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and/or traditional treatments elicits a potent antitumor response in colorectal cancer (CRC). This review provides an overview of the structure, function, and signaling pathways associated with TIGIT across multiple immune system cell types. Additionally, focusing on the role of TIGIT in the progression of CRC, this study reviewed various studies exploring TIGIT-based immunotherapy in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, 046000, China
| | - Yan Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, 046000, China
| | - Changqing Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, 046000, China.
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Yadav R, Hakobyan N, Wang JC. Role of Next Generation Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor (ICI) Therapy in Philadelphia Negative Classic Myeloproliferative Neoplasm (MPN): Review of the Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12502. [PMID: 37569880 PMCID: PMC10420159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Philadelphia chromosome-negative (Ph-) myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), which include essential thrombocythemia (ET), polycythemia vera (PV), and myelofibrosis (MF), are enduring and well-known conditions. These disorders are characterized by the abnormal growth of one or more hematopoietic cell lineages in the body's stem cells, leading to the enlargement of organs and the manifestation of constitutional symptoms. Numerous studies have provided evidence indicating that the pathogenesis of these diseases involves the dysregulation of the immune system and the presence of chronic inflammation, both of which are significant factors. Lately, the treatment of cancer including hematological malignancy has progressed on the agents aiming for the immune system, cytokine environment, immunotherapy agents, and targeted immune therapy. Immune checkpoints are the molecules that regulate T cell function in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The first line of primary immune checkpoints are programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4). Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy (ICIT) exerts its anti-tumor actions by blocking the inhibitory pathways in T cells and has reformed cancer treatment. Despite the impressive clinical success of ICIT, tumor internal resistance poses a challenge for oncologists leading to a low response rate in solid tumors and hematological malignancies. A Phase II trial on nivolumab for patients with post-essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis, primary myelofibrosis, or post-polycythemia myelofibrosis was performed (Identifier: NCT02421354). This trial tested the efficacy of a PD-1 blockade agent, namely nivolumab, but was terminated prematurely due to adverse events and lack of efficacy. A multicenter, Phase II, single-arm open-label study was conducted including pembrolizumab in patients with primary thrombocythemia, post-essential thrombocythemia or post-polycythemia vera myelofibrosis that were ineligible for or were previously treated with ruxolitinib. This study showed that pembrolizumab treatment did not have many adverse events, but there were no pertinent clinical responses hence it was terminated after the first stage was completed. To avail the benefits from immunotherapy, the paradigm has shifted to new immune checkpoints in the TME such as lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3), T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT), V-domain immunoglobulin-containing suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), and human endogenous retrovirus-H long terminal repeat-associating protein 2 (HHLA2) forming the basis of next-generation ICIT. The primary aim of this article is to underscore and elucidate the significance of next-generation ICIT in the context of MPN. Specifically, we aim to explore the potential of monoclonal antibodies as targeted immunotherapy and the development of vaccines targeting specific MPN epitopes, with the intent of augmenting tumor-related immune responses. It is anticipated that these therapeutic modalities rooted in immunotherapy will not only expand but also enhance the existing treatment regimens for patients afflicted with MPN. Preliminary studies from our laboratory showed over-expressed MDSC and over-expressed VISTA in MDSC, and in progenitor and immune cells directing the need for more clinical trials using next-generation ICI in the treatment of MPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Yadav
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11212, USA; (R.Y.); (N.H.)
| | - Narek Hakobyan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11212, USA; (R.Y.); (N.H.)
| | - Jen-Chin Wang
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11212, USA
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Zhu X, Li S. Nanomaterials in tumor immunotherapy: new strategies and challenges. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:94. [PMID: 37312116 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01797-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor immunotherapy exerts its anti-tumor effects by stimulating and enhancing immune responses of the body. It has become another important modality of anti-tumor therapy with significant clinical efficacy and advantages compared to chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted therapy. Although various kinds of tumor immunotherapeutic drugs have emerged, the challenges faced in the delivery of these drugs, such as poor tumor permeability and low tumor cell uptake rate, had prevented their widespread application. Recently, nanomaterials had emerged as a means for treatment of different diseases due to their targeting properties, biocompatibility and functionalities. Moreover, nanomaterials possess various characteristics that overcome the defects of traditional tumor immunotherapy, such as large drug loading capacity, precise tumor targeting and easy modification, thus leading to their wide application in tumor immunotherapy. There are two main classes of novel nanoparticles mentioned in this review: organic (polymeric nanomaterials, liposomes and lipid nanoparticles) and inorganic (non-metallic nanomaterials and metallic nanomaterials). Besides, the fabrication method for nanoparticles, Nanoemulsions, was also introduced. In summary, this review article mainly discussed the research progress of tumor immunotherapy based on nanomaterials in the past few years and offers a theoretical basis for exploring novel tumor immunotherapy strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110042, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenglong Li
- Second Ward of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Surgery, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110042, People's Republic of China.
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Patel AJ, Middleton GW. TIGIT-based immunotherapeutics in lung cancer. IMMUNOTHERAPY ADVANCES 2023; 3:ltad009. [PMID: 37325585 PMCID: PMC10266577 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we explore the biology of the TIGIT checkpoint and its potential as a therapeutic target in lung cancer. We briefly review a highly selected set of clinical trials that have reported or are currently recruiting in non-small cell and small cell lung cancer, a disease transformed by the advent of PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. We explore the murine data underlying TIGIT blockade and further explore the reliance of effective anti-TIGIT therapy on DNAM-1(CD226)-positive activated effector CD8+ T cells. The synergism with anti-PD-1 therapy is also explored. Future directions in the realm of overcoming resistance to checkpoint blockade and extending the repertoire of other checkpoints are also briefly explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay J Patel
- Correspondence: Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Gary W Middleton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Wang T, Sun S, Zeng X, Li J. ICI-based therapies: A new strategy for oral potentially malignant disorders. Oral Oncol 2023; 140:106388. [PMID: 37054586 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2023.106388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are linked with an escalated risk of developing cancers, particularly oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Since prevailing therapies cannot effectively forestall the exacerbation and recurrence of OPMDs, halting their malignant progression is paramount. The immune checkpoint serves as a cardinal regulator of the immune response and the primary cause of adaptive immunological resistance. Although the exact mechanism remains elusive, elevated expression of multiple immune checkpoints in OPMDs and OSCC relative to healthy oral mucosa has been ascertained. This review delves into the immunosuppressive microenvironment of OPMDs, the expression of diverse immune checkpoints such as programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) and programmed death receptor-1 ligand (PD-L1) in OPMDs, and the potential application of corresponding inhibitors. In addition, synergistic strategies incorporating combined immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as cGAS-STING, costimulatory molecules, cancer vaccines, and hydrogels, are discussed to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the role and application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in oral carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Silu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
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Meermeier EW, Bergsagel PL. Revisiting checkpoint inhibitors for myeloma: maintenance after stem cell transplant. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:167346. [PMID: 36787254 PMCID: PMC9927926 DOI: 10.1172/jci167346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a hematologic malignancy of plasma cells that manifests with bone marrow tumors causing lytic bone lesions. Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) after high-dose chemotherapy and followed by prolonged maintenance therapy with lenalidomide (LEN) is an effective standard-of-care therapy for multiple myeloma. However, most patients ultimately relapse. Rational combination strategies that address immune dysfunction may prolong the durability of ASCT. In this issue of the JCI, Minnie and colleagues investigated the addition of a checkpoint inhibitor to LEN maintenance therapy after ASCT. They found that the immune checkpoint TIGIT was an optimal target in patient samples. In a syngeneic, immunocompetent multiple myeloma mouse model, blockade of TIGIT synergized with LEN maintenance by inducing immune protection, characterized in part by the expansion of polyfunctional T cells in the bone marrow. The treatment enhanced durable antimyeloma efficacy and has translatable implications.
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Farhangnia P, Akbarpour M, Yazdanifar M, Aref AR, Delbandi AA, Rezaei N. Advances in therapeutic targeting of immune checkpoints receptors within the CD96-TIGIT axis: clinical implications and future perspectives. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2022; 18:1217-1237. [PMID: 36154551 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2022.2128107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The development of therapeutic antibodies targeting immune checkpoint molecules (ICMs) that induce long-term remissions in cancer patients has revolutionized cancer immunotherapy. However, a major drawback is that relapse after an initial response may be attributed to innate and acquired resistance. Additionally, these treatments are not beneficial to all patients. Therefore, the discovery and targeting of novel ICMs and their combination with other immunotherapeutics are urgently needed. AREAS COVERED There has been increasing evidence of the CD96-TIGIT axis as ICMs in cancer immunotherapy in the last five years. This review will highlight and discuss the current knowledge about the role of CD96 and TIGIT in hematological and solid tumor immunotherapy in the context of empirical studies and clinical trials, and provide a comprehensive list of ongoing cancer clinical trials on the blockade of these ICMs, as well as the rationale behind combinational therapies with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents, chemotherapy drugs, and radiotherapy. Moreover, we share our perspectives on anti-CD96/TIGIT-related combination therapies. EXPERT OPINION CD96-TIGIT axis regulates anti-tumor immune responses. Thus, the receptors within this axis are the potential candidates for cancer immunotherapy. Combining the inhibition of CD96-TIGIT with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 mAbs and chemotherapy drugs has shown relatively effective results in the context of preclinical studies and tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooya Farhangnia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Immunology Board for Transplantation and Cell-Based Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahzad Akbarpour
- Immunology Board for Transplantation and Cell-Based Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Advanced Cellular Therapeutics Facility (ACTF), Hematopoietic Cellular Therapy Program, Section of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mahboubeh Yazdanifar
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ali-Akbar Delbandi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Evaluating Antibody Pharmacokinetics as Prerequisite for Determining True Efficacy as Shown by Dual Targeting of PD-1 and CD96. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092146. [PMID: 36140247 PMCID: PMC9495994 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One important prerequisite for developing a therapeutic monoclonal antibody is to evaluate its in vivo efficacy. We tested the therapeutic potential of an anti-CD96 antibody alone or in combination with an anti-PD-1 antibody in a mouse colon cancer model. Early anti-PD-1 treatment significantly decreased tumor growth and the combination with anti-CD96 further increased the therapeutic benefit, while anti-CD96 treatment alone had no effect. In late therapeutic settings, the treatment combination resulted in enhanced CD8+ T cell infiltration of tumors and an increased CD8/Treg ratio. Measured anti-PD-1 concentrations were as expected in animals treated with anti-PD-1 alone, but lower at later time points in animals receiving combination treatment. Moreover, anti-CD96 concentrations dropped dramatically after 10 days and were undetectable thereafter in most animals due to the occurrence of anti-drug antibodies that were increasing antibody clearance. Comparison of the anti-PD-1 concentrations with tumor growth showed that higher antibody concentrations in plasma correlated with better therapeutic efficacy. The therapeutic effect of anti-CD96 treatment could not be evaluated, because plasma concentrations were too low. Our findings strongly support the notion of measuring both plasma concentration and anti-drug antibody formation throughout in vivo studies, in order to interpret pharmacodynamic data correctly.
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Kuzevanova A, Apanovich N, Mansorunov D, Korotaeva A, Karpukhin A. The Features of Checkpoint Receptor—Ligand Interaction in Cancer and the Therapeutic Effectiveness of Their Inhibition. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092081. [PMID: 36140182 PMCID: PMC9495440 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, certain problems have been identified in cancer immunotherapy using the inhibition of immune checkpoints (ICs). Despite the excellent effect of cancer therapy in some cases when blocking the PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1) ligand and the immune cell receptors PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1) and CTLA4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4) with antibodies, the proportion of patients responding to such therapy is still far from desirable. This situation has stimulated the exploration of additional receptors and ligands as targets for immunotherapy. In our article, based on the analysis of the available data, the TIM-3 (T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3), LAG-3 (lymphocyte-activation gene 3), TIGIT (T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) domains), VISTA (V-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation), and BTLA (B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator) receptors and their ligands are comprehensively considered. Data on the relationship between receptor expression and the clinical characteristics of tumors are presented and are analyzed together with the results of preclinical and clinical studies on the therapeutic efficacy of their blocking. Such a comprehensive analysis makes it possible to assess the prospects of receptors of this series as targets for anticancer therapy. The expression of the LAG-3 receptor shows the most unambiguous relationship with the clinical characteristics of cancer. Its inhibition is the most effective of the analyzed series in terms of the antitumor response. The expression of TIGIT and BTLA correlates well with clinical characteristics and demonstrates antitumor efficacy in preclinical and clinical studies, which indicates their high promise as targets for anticancer therapy. At the same time, the relationship of VISTA and TIM-3 expression with the clinical characteristics of the tumor is contradictory, and the results on the antitumor effectiveness of their inhibition are inconsistent.
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CD96 as a Potential Diagnostic Biomarker and New Target for Skin Cutaneous Melanoma. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2022; 2022:6409376. [PMID: 36043142 PMCID: PMC9377941 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6409376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Skin cutaneous melanoma has high morbidity and mortality. Identification of reliable and quantitative melanoma biomarkers could facilitate an early diagnosis and improve survival and morbidity rates. CD96 has a significant role in adjusting immune function. Although the abnormal expression of CD96 has been reported to participate in carcinogenesis in many human types of cancer, the bioinformatics role of the CD96 in melanoma is unknown. Expression degrees and their underlying functions were first studied by this study. According to TCGA, GTEx, and gene expression profile interaction analysis dataset in this paper, compared with normal skin tissues, CD96 was expressed at higher levels in human cutaneous melanoma skin tissues. Meanwhile, we detected the relative CD96 expression levels by immunohistochemistry. Gene functional enrichment analyses were applied through cBioPortal database analysis. CD96 was clearly upregulated in skin cutaneous melanoma patients and carried out its effects through regulating several signaling pathways, containing the JAK-STAT, PI3K-Akt, and MAPK. Taken together, the analysis results indicated that CD96 could be used as a new clinical bioindicator as well as an underlying medicinal target for cutaneous melanoma.
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CD155 in tumor progression and targeted therapy. Cancer Lett 2022; 545:215830. [PMID: 35870689 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
CD155, also known as the poliovirus receptor (PVR), has received considerable attention in recent years because of its intrinsic and extrinsic roles in tumor progression. Although barely expressed in host cells, CD155 is upregulated in tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells. High expression of CD155 in tumor cells across multiple cancer types is common and associated with poor patient outcomes. The intrinsic functions of CD155 in tumor cells promote tumor progression and metastasis, whereas its extrinsic immunoregulatory functions in the tumor microenvironment (TME) involve interaction with the upregulated inhibitory immune cell receptor and checkpoint TIGIT, suggesting that CD155 and CD155 pathways are promising tumor immunotherapy targets. Preclinical studies demonstrate that targeting CD155 and its receptor (anti-TIGIT) using a single treatment or in combination with anti-PD-1 can improve immune-mediated tumor control. However, there is still a limited understanding of CD155 and its associated targeting strategies, especially antibody and immune cell editing-related strategies of CD155 in cancer. Here, we review the role of CD155 in host and tumor cells in controlling tumor progression and discuss the potential of targeting CD155 for tumor therapy.
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Conner M, Hance KW, Yadavilli S, Smothers J, Waight JD. Emergence of the CD226 Axis in Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:914406. [PMID: 35812451 PMCID: PMC9263721 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.914406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a set of immune receptors that interact with members of the nectin/nectin-like (necl) family has garnered significant attention as possible points of manipulation in cancer. Central to this axis, CD226, TIGIT, and CD96 represent ligand (CD155)-competitive co-stimulatory/inhibitory receptors, analogous to the CTLA-4/B7/CD28 tripartite. The identification of PVRIG (CD112R) and CD112 has introduced complexity and enabled additional nodes of therapeutic intervention. By virtue of the clinical progression of TIGIT antagonists and emergence of novel CD96- and PVRIG-based approaches, our overall understanding of the 'CD226 axis' in cancer immunotherapy is starting to take shape. However, several questions remain regarding the unique characteristics of, and mechanistic interplay between, each receptor-ligand pair. This review provides an overview of the CD226 axis in the context of cancer, with a focus on the status of immunotherapeutic strategies (TIGIT, CD96, and PVRIG) and their underlying biology (i.e., cis/trans interactions). We also integrate our emerging knowledge of the immune populations involved, key considerations for Fc gamma (γ) receptor biology in therapeutic activity, and a snapshot of the rapidly evolving clinical landscape.
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14
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Annese T, Tamma R, Ribatti D. Update in TIGIT Immune-Checkpoint Role in Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:871085. [PMID: 35656508 PMCID: PMC9152184 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.871085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The in-depth characterization of cross-talk between tumor cells and T cells in solid and hematological malignancies will have to be considered to develop new therapeutical strategies concerning the reactivation and maintenance of patient-specific antitumor responses within the patient tumor microenvironment. Activation of immune cells depends on a delicate balance between activating and inhibitory signals mediated by different receptors. T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT) is an inhibitory receptor expressed by regulatory T cells (Tregs), activated T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. TIGIT pathway regulates T cell-mediated tumor recognition in vivo and in vitro and represents an exciting target for checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. TIGIT blockade as monotherapy or in combination with other inhibitor receptors or drugs is emerging in clinical trials in patients with cancer. The purpose of this review is to update the role of TIGIT in cancer progression, looking at TIGIT pathways that are often upregulated in immune cells and at possible therapeutic strategies to avoid tumor aggressiveness, drug resistance, and treatment side effects. However, in the first part, we overviewed the role of immune checkpoints in immunoediting, the TIGIT structure and ligands, and summarized the key immune cells that express TIGIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Annese
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Libera Università del Mediterraneo (LUM) Giuseppe Degennaro University, Bari, Italy.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Tamma
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
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15
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Wang Y, Wang C, Qiu J, Qu X, Peng J, Lu C, Zhang M, Zhang M, Qi X, Li G, Hua K. Targeting CD96 overcomes PD-1 blockade resistance by enhancing CD8+ TIL function in cervical cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-003667. [PMID: 35288463 PMCID: PMC8921917 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel therapies are needed to treat recurrent and advanced cervical cancer (CC), as their prognosis remains very poor. Although therapies targeting the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) pathway have been approved for CC, a large subset of patients exhibit innate resistance. Using checkpoint inhibitors in combination could enhance their efficacy. METHODS Blood samples, tumor specimens, and peritumorous (PT) tissues were obtained from patients with CC. The inhibitory receptor expression and phenotypical analysis of CD8+ T cells in CC specimens were analyzed by flow cytometry. The ligands of CD96 expressed by tumor cells were measured by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Sensitivity to pembrolizumab was evaluated by an ex vivo treatment assay based on the single-cell culture of CC specimens. The efficacies of PD-1 and/or CD96 blockades were explored using an ex vivo treatment assay and an human papillomavirus-positive TC-1 xenograft mouse model in vivo. RESULTS We found that CD96 expression was elevated on CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from patients with CC who were insensitive to the PD-1 blockade. These CD96-expressing CD8+ TILs often coexpressed PD-1. The ratio of the CD96+CD8+/CD96-CD8+ T-cell gene signature from the scRNA-seq data was significantly associated with the poor survival of patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma. The costimulatory receptor CD226, which competes with CD96, was downregulated in tumors compared with blood and PT tissue. CD96 and T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT) were upregulated on intratumoral CD8+ T cells. The CD226/CD96/TIGIT signaling ligands were widely expressed in CC tumor tissues. Phenotypical profiling showed that PD-1+CD96+CD8+ TILs exhibited a terminally exhausted effector phenotype with high levels of T-cell immunoglobulin mucin receptor 3 (TIM-3) and granzyme B (GZMB) and extremely low levels of proinflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic molecules. PD-1+CD96 cells exhibited a precursor exhausted phenotype with TCF-1 positivity. CD96 was further upregulated by CD8+ TILs on PD-1 blockade. Treatment with the CD96 blockade significantly enhanced the PD-1 blockade to blunt tumor growth and improve the function of CD8+ TILs in both mouse and CC specimen models. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed that CD96 and PD-1 cooperatively and negatively regulate the function of CD8+ TILs, and CD96 blockade has promise for use in combination with PD-1 blockade for the treatment of CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Congwen Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Integration of Western and Traditional Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjun Qiu
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Qu
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Integration of Western and Traditional Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Integration of Western and Traditional Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Integration of Western and Traditional Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingxing Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Integration of Western and Traditional Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingling Qi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Integration of Western and Traditional Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guiling Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China .,Department of Integration of Western and Traditional Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Keqin Hua
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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16
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A reporter gene assay for determining the biological activity of therapeutic antibodies targeting TIGIT. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3925-3934. [PMID: 35024316 PMCID: PMC8727920 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT) is a novel immune checkpoint that has been considered as a target in cancer immunotherapy. Current available bioassays for measuring the biological activity of therapeutic antibodies targeting TIGIT are restricted to mechanistic investigations because donor primary T cells are highly variable. Here, we designed a reporter gene assay comprising two cell lines, namely, CHO-CD112-CD3 scFv, which stably expresses CD112 (PVRL2, nectin-2) and a membrane-bound anti-CD3 single-chain fragment variable (scFv) as the target cell, and Jurkat-NFAT-TIGIT, which stably expresses TIGIT as well as the nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) response element-controlled luciferase gene, as the effector cell. The anti-CD3 scFv situated on the target cells activates Jurkat-NFAT-TIGIT cells through binding and crosslinking CD3 molecules of the effector cell, whereas interactions between CD112 and TIGIT prevent activation. The presence of anti-TIGIT mAbs disrupts their interaction, which in turn reverses the inactivation and luciferase expression. Optimization and validation studies have demonstrated that this assay is superior in terms of specificity, accuracy, linearity, and precision. In summary, this reliable and effective reporter gene assay may potentially be utilized in lot release control, stability assays, screening, and development of novel TIGIT-targeted therapeutic antibodies.
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17
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Pisibon C, Ouertani A, Bertolotto C, Ballotti R, Cheli Y. Immune Checkpoints in Cancers: From Signaling to the Clinic. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184573. [PMID: 34572799 PMCID: PMC8468441 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is known to help fight cancers. Ten years ago, the first immune checkpoint inhibitor targeting CTLA4 was approved by the FDA to treat patients with metastatic melanoma. Since then, immune checkpoint therapies have revolutionized the field of oncology and the treatment of cancer patients. Numerous immune checkpoint inhibitors have been developed and tested, alone or in combination with other treatments, in melanoma and other cancers, with overall clear benefits to patient outcomes. However, many patients fail to respond or develop resistance to these treatments. It is therefore essential to decipher the mechanisms of action of immune checkpoints and to understand how immune cells are affected by signaling to be able to understand and overcome resistance. In this review, we discuss the signaling and effects of each immune checkpoint on different immune cells and their biological and clinical relevance. Restoring the functionality of T cells and their coordination with other immune cells is necessary to overcome resistance and help design new clinical immunotherapy strategies. In this respect, NK cells have recently been implicated in the resistance to anti-PD1 evoked by a protein secreted by melanoma, ITGBL1. The complexity of this network will have to be considered to improve the efficiency of future immunotherapies and may lead to the discovery of new immune checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Pisibon
- Université Côte d’Azur, 06103 Nice, France; (C.P.); (A.O.); (C.B.); (R.B.)
- INSERM, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Biology and Pathologies of Melanocytes, Team1, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Amira Ouertani
- Université Côte d’Azur, 06103 Nice, France; (C.P.); (A.O.); (C.B.); (R.B.)
- INSERM, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Biology and Pathologies of Melanocytes, Team1, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Corine Bertolotto
- Université Côte d’Azur, 06103 Nice, France; (C.P.); (A.O.); (C.B.); (R.B.)
- INSERM, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Biology and Pathologies of Melanocytes, Team1, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Robert Ballotti
- Université Côte d’Azur, 06103 Nice, France; (C.P.); (A.O.); (C.B.); (R.B.)
- INSERM, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Biology and Pathologies of Melanocytes, Team1, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Yann Cheli
- Université Côte d’Azur, 06103 Nice, France; (C.P.); (A.O.); (C.B.); (R.B.)
- INSERM, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Biology and Pathologies of Melanocytes, Team1, 06200 Nice, France
- Correspondence:
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18
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Choucair K, Radford M, Bansal A, Park R, Saeed A. Advances in immune therapies for the treatment of microsatellite instability‑high/deficient mismatch repair metastatic colorectal cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2021; 59:74. [PMID: 34396449 PMCID: PMC8360619 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite instability-high/deficient mismatch repair colorectal cancer (MSI-H/dMMR CRC) is a molecular subtype characterized by high-frequency mutations within DNA mismatch repair genes. Defects in the DNA mismatch repair machinery lead to subsequent frame-shift mutations, resulting in the generation of frame-shift peptides that serve as neoantigens. This has translated into exquisite sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and a significant clinical benefit from immune therapies in this patient population. The present article provides a comprehensive review of the advances in the field of immune therapies for MSI-H/dMMR metastatic CRC, with a focus on the major randomized clinical trials that led to Food and Drug Administration approval of specific ICIs for this population, a detailed review of the molecular background responsible for tumor response, as well as the mechanisms of resistance to ICI therapy. Finally, ongoing investigations of other immunotherapeutic strategies to address and overcome the challenges that currently limit response and long-term response to ICIs were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Choucair
- Department of Medicine, Kansas University School of Medicine, Wichita, KS 67214, USA
| | - Maluki Radford
- Department of Medicine, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66205, USA
| | - Ajay Bansal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Kansas Medical Center and Kansas Cancer Institute, Kansas City, KS 66205, USA
| | - Robin Park
- Department of Medicine, MetroWest Medical Center/Tufts University School of Medicine, Framingham, Massachusetts, MA 01702, USA
| | - Anwaar Saeed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Kansas University Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66205, USA
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19
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Alteber Z, Kotturi MF, Whelan S, Ganguly S, Weyl E, Pardoll DM, Hunter J, Ophir E. Therapeutic Targeting of Checkpoint Receptors within the DNAM1 Axis. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:1040-1051. [PMID: 33687987 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-1248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies targeting the CTLA4/PD-1 pathways have revolutionized cancer immunotherapy by eliciting durable remission in patients with cancer. However, relapse following early response, attributable to primary and adaptive resistance, is frequently observed. Additional immunomodulatory pathways are being studied in patients with primary or acquired resistance to CTLA4 or PD-1 blockade. The DNAM1 axis is a potent coregulator of innate and adaptive immunity whose other components include the immunoglobulin receptors TIGIT, PVRIG, and CD96, and their nectin and nectin-like ligands. We review the basic biology and therapeutic relevance of this family, which has begun to show promise in cancer clinical trials. SIGNIFICANCE: Recent studies have outlined the immuno-oncologic ascendancy of coinhibitory receptors in the DNAM1 axis such as TIGIT and PVRIG and, to a lesser extent, CD96. Biological elucidation backed by ongoing clinical trials of single-agent therapy directed against TIGIT or PVRIG is beginning to provide the rationale for testing combination regimens of DNAM1 axis blockers in conjunction with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah Whelan
- Compugen USA, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Sudipto Ganguly
- Bloomberg Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Drew M Pardoll
- Bloomberg Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John Hunter
- Compugen USA, Inc., South San Francisco, California
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20
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Wen Z, Rajagopalan A, Flietner ED, Yun G, Chesi M, Furumo Q, Burns RT, Papadas A, Ranheim EA, Pagenkopf AC, Morrow ZT, Finn R, Zhou Y, Li S, You X, Jensen J, Yu M, Cicala A, Menting J, Mitsiades CS, Callander NS, Bergsagel PL, Wang D, Asimakopoulos F, Zhang J. Expression of NrasQ61R and MYC transgene in germinal center B cells induces a highly malignant multiple myeloma in mice. Blood 2021; 137:61-74. [PMID: 32640012 PMCID: PMC7808014 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
NRAS Q61 mutations are prevalent in advanced/relapsed multiple myeloma (MM) and correlate with poor patient outcomes. Thus, we generated a novel MM model by conditionally activating expression of endogenous NrasQ61R and an MYC transgene in germinal center (GC) B cells (VQ mice). VQ mice developed a highly malignant MM characterized by a high proliferation index, hyperactivation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and AKT signaling, impaired hematopoiesis, widespread extramedullary disease, bone lesions, kidney abnormalities, preserved programmed cell death protein 1 and T-cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif domain immune-checkpoint pathways, and expression of human high-risk MM gene signatures. VQ MM mice recapitulate most of the biological and clinical features of human advanced/high-risk MM. These MM phenotypes are serially transplantable in syngeneic recipients. Two MM cell lines were also derived to facilitate future genetic manipulations. Combination therapies based on MEK inhibition significantly prolonged the survival of VQ mice with advanced-stage MM. Our study provides a strong rationale to develop MEK inhibition-based therapies for treating advanced/relapsed MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wen
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research and
| | | | - Evan D Flietner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Grant Yun
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research and
| | - Marta Chesi
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ
| | | | | | - Athanasios Papadas
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UW Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Erik A Ranheim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Adam C Pagenkopf
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UW Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Zachary T Morrow
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UW Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | - Yun Zhou
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research and
| | - Shuyi Li
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research and
| | - Xiaona You
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research and
| | - Jeffrey Jensen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UW Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Mei Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI; and
| | - Alexander Cicala
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UW Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - James Menting
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UW Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Constantine S Mitsiades
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Natalie S Callander
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UW Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | - Demin Wang
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI; and
| | - Fotis Asimakopoulos
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UW Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Jing Zhang
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research and
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21
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Mediratta K, El-Sahli S, D’Costa V, Wang L. Current Progresses and Challenges of Immunotherapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3529. [PMID: 33256070 PMCID: PMC7761500 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With improved understanding of the immunogenicity of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), immunotherapy has emerged as a promising candidate to treat this lethal disease owing to the lack of specific targets and effective treatments. While immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) has been effectively used in immunotherapy for several types of solid tumor, monotherapies targeting programmed death 1 (PD-1), its ligand PD-L1, or cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) have shown little efficacy for TNBC patients. Over the past few years, various therapeutic candidates have been reviewed, attempting to improve ICI efficacy on TNBC through combinatorial treatment. In this review, we describe the clinical limitations of ICI and illustrate candidates from an immunological, pharmacological, and metabolic perspective that may potentiate therapy to improve the outcomes of TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Mediratta
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (K.M.); (S.E.-S.)
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Sara El-Sahli
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (K.M.); (S.E.-S.)
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Vanessa D’Costa
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (K.M.); (S.E.-S.)
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (K.M.); (S.E.-S.)
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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22
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Molgora M, Esaulova E, Vermi W, Hou J, Chen Y, Luo J, Brioschi S, Bugatti M, Omodei AS, Ricci B, Fronick C, Panda SK, Takeuchi Y, Gubin MM, Faccio R, Cella M, Gilfillan S, Unanue ER, Artyomov MN, Schreiber RD, Colonna M. TREM2 Modulation Remodels the Tumor Myeloid Landscape Enhancing Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy. Cell 2020; 182:886-900.e17. [PMID: 32783918 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoint immunotherapy unleashes T cell control of tumors, but is undermined by immunosuppressive myeloid cells. TREM2 is a myeloid receptor that transmits intracellular signals that sustain microglial responses during Alzheimer's disease. TREM2 is also expressed by tumor-infiltrating macrophages. Here, we found that Trem2-/- mice are more resistant to growth of various cancers than wild-type mice and are more responsive to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Furthermore, treatment with anti-TREM2 mAb curbed tumor growth and fostered regression when combined with anti-PD-1. scRNA-seq revealed that both TREM2 deletion and anti-TREM2 are associated with scant MRC1+ and CX3CR1+ macrophages in the tumor infiltrate, paralleled by expansion of myeloid subsets expressing immunostimulatory molecules that promote improved T cell responses. TREM2 was expressed in tumor macrophages in over 200 human cancer cases and inversely correlated with prolonged survival for two types of cancer. Thus, TREM2 might be targeted to modify tumor myeloid infiltrates and augment checkpoint immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Molgora
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ekaterina Esaulova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - William Vermi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Jinchao Hou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jingqin Luo
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Siteman Cancer Center Biostatistics Core, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Simone Brioschi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mattia Bugatti
- Department of Pathology, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | | | - Biancamaria Ricci
- Department of Orthopedics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Catrina Fronick
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Santosh K Panda
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yoshiko Takeuchi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthew M Gubin
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roberta Faccio
- Department of Orthopedics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Shriners Children's Hospital in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marina Cella
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emil R Unanue
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert D Schreiber
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Zhang Q, Zhong H, Fan Y, Liu Q, Song J, Yao S, Cao F. Immune and Clinical Features of CD96 Expression in Glioma by in silico Analysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:592. [PMID: 32695752 PMCID: PMC7338376 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune checkpoints target regulatory pathways in T cells that enhance antitumor immune responses and elicit durable clinical responses. As a novel immune checkpoint, CD96 is an attractive key target for cancer immunotherapy. However, there has been no integrative investigation of CD96 in glioma. Our study explored the relationship between CD96 expression and clinical prognosis in glioma. Methods RNA and clinical data for a total of 1,001 samples were included in this study, including 325 samples from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) database and 676 samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. The R programming language was employed to perform statistical analysis and draw figures. Results CD96 had a consistently positive relationship with glioblastoma and was highly enriched in IDH-wildtype and mesenchymal subtype glioma. Gene ontology enrichment and gene set variation analysis analyses suggested that CD96 was mostly involved in immune functions and was especially related to T cell-mediated immune response in glioma. Subsequent immune infiltration analysis showed that CD96 was positively correlated with infiltrating levels of CD4 + T and CD8 + T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and DCs in glioblastoma multiforme and low-grade glioma. Additionally, CD96 was tightly associated with other immune checkpoints, including PD-1, CTLA-4, TIGIT, and TIM-3. Univariate and multivariate Cox analysis demonstrated that CD96 acts as an independent indicator of poor prognosis in glioma. Conclusion CD96 expression was increased in malignant phenotype and negatively associated with overall survival in glioma. CD96 also showed a positive correlation with other immune checkpoints, immune response, and inflammatory activity. Our findings indicate that CD96 is a promising clinical target for further immunotherapeutic use in glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Hua Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinchun Fan
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Jiancheng Song
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Shengtao Yao
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Fang Cao
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
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24
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The immune suppressive factors CD155 and PD-L1 show contrasting expression patterns and immune correlates in ovarian and other cancers. Gynecol Oncol 2020; 158:167-177. [PMID: 32446718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.04.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We recently showed that tumors with an immunologically 'cold' phenotype are enriched for expression of stemness-associated genes and PVR/CD155, the ligand of the immunosuppressive molecule TIGIT. To explore the therapeutic implications of this finding, we investigated the relationship between PVR/CD155 expression, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), and prognosis in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) and other cancers. METHODS Expression of CD155, TIGIT, PD-1, PD-L1, and other immune markers in HGSC was assessed by high-dimensional flow cytometry, multi-color histological imaging, and/or gene expression profiling. The prognostic significance of PVR/CD155 and CD274/PD-L1 expression was assessed bioinformatically in HGSC and 32 other cancers in The Cancer Genome Atlas. RESULTS T cells from HGSC frequently co-expressed TIGIT and PD-1, and the ratio of TIGIT to PD-1 expression increased markedly after in vitro expansion with a clinically relevant protocol. CD155 was commonly expressed on malignant epithelium in HGSC and showed a negative or non-significant association with TIL. In contrast, PD-L1 was predominantly expressed by tumor-associated macrophages and positively associated with TIL. These contrasts between CD155 and PD-L1 were seen across HGSC patients, across metastatic sites within individual patients, and even within individual tumor deposits. PVR/CD155 and CD274/PD-L1 exhibited divergent prognostic associations across diverse cancer types in TCGA, including HGSC. CONCLUSIONS CD155 and PD-L1 exhibit contrasting expression patterns, TIL associations and prognostic significance, suggesting they represent non-redundant immunosuppressive mechanisms. The CD155/TIGIT pathway represents a compelling immunotherapeutic target for HGSC and for immunologically cold tumors in general.
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25
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O'Donnell JS, Madore J, Li XY, Smyth MJ. Tumor intrinsic and extrinsic immune functions of CD155. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 65:189-196. [PMID: 31883911 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD155 (PVR/necl5/Tage4), a member of the nectin-like family of adhesion molecules, is highly upregulated on tumor cells across multiple cancer types and has been associated with worse patient outcomes. In addition to well described cell-intrinsic roles promoting tumor progression and metastasis, CD155 has now been implicated in immune regulation. The role of CD155 as a potent immune ligand with diverse cell-extrinsic functions is now being defined. CD155 signaling to immune cells is mediated through interactions with the co-stimulatory immune receptor CD226 (DNAM-1) and the inhibitory checkpoint receptors TIGIT and CD96, which are differentially regulated at the cell surface on T cells and NK cells. The integration of signals from CD155 cognate receptors modifies the activity of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in a context-dependent manner, making CD155 an attractive target for immune-oncology. Preclinical studies suggest that targeting this axis can improve immune-mediated tumor control, particularly when combined with existing anti-PD-1 checkpoint therapies. In this review, we discuss the roles of CD155 on host and tumor cells in controlling tumor progression and discuss the possibility of targeting CD155 for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake S O'Donnell
- Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, QLD, Australia
| | - Jason Madore
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Xian-Yang Li
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia.
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26
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Harjunpää H, Guillerey C. TIGIT as an emerging immune checkpoint. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 200:108-119. [PMID: 31828774 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT) is an inhibitory receptor expressed on lymphocytes that was recently propelled under the spotlight as a major emerging target in cancer immunotherapy. TIGIT interacts with CD155 expressed on antigen-presenting cells or tumour cells to down-regulate T cell and natural killer (NK) cell functions. TIGIT has emerged as a key inhibitor of anti-tumour responses that can hinder multiple steps of the cancer immunity cycle. Pre-clinical studies indicated that TIGIT blockade may protect against various solid and haematological cancers. Several monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that block the inhibitory activity of human TIGIT have been developed. Clinical trials are ongoing, investigating TIGIT blockade as a monotherapy or in combination with anti-PD1/PD-L1 mAbs for the treatment of patients with advanced solid malignancies. In this review, we cover our current knowledge on TIGIT, from its discovery in 2009 to its current status as a clinical target.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Harjunpää
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, The University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C Guillerey
- Cancer Immunotherapies Laboratory, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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27
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Wu L, Mao L, Liu JF, Chen L, Yu GT, Yang LL, Wu H, Bu LL, Kulkarni AB, Zhang WF, Sun ZJ. Blockade of TIGIT/CD155 Signaling Reverses T-cell Exhaustion and Enhances Antitumor Capability in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:1700-1713. [PMID: 31387897 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppression is common in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In previous studies, the TIGIT/CD155 pathway was identified as an immune-checkpoint signaling pathway that contributes to the "exhaustion" state of infiltrating T cells. Here, we sought to explore the clinical significance of TIGIT/CD155 signaling in HNSCC and identify the therapeutic effect of the TIGIT/CD155 pathway in a transgenic mouse model. TIGIT was overexpressed on tumor-infiltrating CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in both HNSCC patients and mouse models, and was correlated with immune-checkpoint molecules (PD-1, TIM-3, and LAG-3). TIGIT was also expressed on murine regulatory T cells (Treg) and correlated with immune suppression. Using a human HNSCC tissue microarray, we found that CD155 was expressed in tumor and tumor-infiltrating stromal cells, and also indicated poor overall survival. Multispectral IHC indicated that CD155 was coexpressed with CD11b or CD11c in tumor-infiltrating stromal cells. Anti-TIGIT treatment significantly delayed tumor growth in transgenic HNSCC mouse models and enhanced antitumor immune responses by activating CD8+ T-cell effector function and reducing the population of Tregs. In vitro coculture studies showed that anti-TIGIT treatment significantly abrogated the immunosuppressive capacity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), by decreasing Arg1 transcripts, and Tregs, by reducing TGFβ1 secretion. In vivo depletion studies showed that the therapeutic efficacy by anti-TIGIT mainly relies on CD8+ T cells and Tregs. Blocking PD-1/PD-L1 signaling increased the expression of TIGIT on Tregs. These results present a translatable method to improve antitumor immune responses by targeting TIGIT/CD155 signaling in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Mao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Feng Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guang-Tao Yu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei-Lei Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Wu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin-Lin Bu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ashok B Kulkarni
- Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wen-Feng Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
Anticancer immunotherapies involving the use of immune-checkpoint inhibitors or adoptive cellular transfer have emerged as new therapeutic pillars within oncology. These treatments function by overcoming or relieving tumour-induced immunosuppression, thereby enabling immune-mediated tumour clearance. While often more effective and better tolerated than traditional and targeted therapies, many patients have innate or acquired resistance to immunotherapies. Cancer immunoediting is the process whereby the immune system can both constrain and promote tumour development, which proceeds through three phases termed elimination, equilibrium and escape. Throughout these phases, tumour immunogenicity is edited, and immunosuppressive mechanisms that enable disease progression are acquired. The mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapy seem to broadly overlap with those used by cancers as they undergo immunoediting to evade detection by the immune system. In this Review, we discuss how a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying the cancer immunoediting process can provide insight into the development of resistance to immunotherapies and the strategies that can be used to overcome such resistance.
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29
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Sun H, Huang Q, Huang M, Wen H, Lin R, Zheng M, Qu K, Li K, Wei H, Xiao W, Sun R, Tian Z, Sun C. Human CD96 Correlates to Natural Killer Cell Exhaustion and Predicts the Prognosis of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Hepatology 2019; 70:168-183. [PMID: 30411378 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade has become a promising therapeutic approach to reverse immune cell exhaustion. Coinhibitory CD96 and T-cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT), together with costimulatory CD226, bind to common ligand CD155. The balancing between three receptors fine-tunes immune responses against tumors. In this study, we investigated the expression of CD96, TIGIT, and CD226 in 55 fresh human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) samples, 236 paraffin-embedded HCC samples, and 20 normal human livers. The cumulative percentage, absolute count, and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD96+ NK cells are significantly increased in the intratumoral tissues of HCC and break the balance between three receptors. Human CD96+ NK cells are functionally exhausted with impaired interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production, high gene expression of interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), and low gene expression of T-bet, IL-15, perforin, and granzyme B. In addition, blocking CD96-CD155 interaction specifically increases lysis of HepG2 cells by NK cells. HCC patients with a high level of CD96 or CD155 expression within tumor are strongly associated with deteriorating disease condition and shorter disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival times. Patients with a higher cumulative percentage of CD96+ NK cells within tumor also exhibit shorter DFS. High plasma level of TGF-β1 in HCC patients up-regulates CD96 expression and dynamically shifts the balance between CD96, TIGIT, and CD226 in NK cells. Blocking TGF-β1 specifically restores normal CD96 expression and reverses the dysfunction of NK cells. Conclusion: These findings indicate that human intratumoral CD96+ NK cells are functionally exhausted and patients with higher intratumoral CD96 expression exhibit poorer clinical outcomes. Blocking CD96-CD155 interaction or TGF-β1 restores NK cell immunity against tumors by reversing NK cell exhaustion, suggesting a possible therapeutic role of CD96 in fighting liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Sun
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Mei Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hao Wen
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Renyong Lin
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Meijuan Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Kun Qu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Kun Li
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Weihua Xiao
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Sun
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Organ Transplant Center & Immunology Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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30
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Guo Q, Huang F, Goncalves C, Del Rincón SV, Miller WH. Translation of cancer immunotherapy from the bench to the bedside. Adv Cancer Res 2019; 143:1-62. [PMID: 31202357 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The tremendous success of immune checkpoint blockades has revolutionized cancer management. Our increased understanding of the cell types that compose the tumor microenvironment (TME), including those of the innate and adaptive immune system, has helped to shape additional immune modulatory strategies in cancer care. Pre-clinical and clinical investigations targeting novel checkpoint interactions and key pathways that regulate cancer immunity continue to increase rapidly. Various combinatorial drug regimens are being tested in attempt to achieve durable response and survival rates of patients with cancer. This review provides an overview of specific components of the TME, an introduction to novel immune checkpoints, followed by a survey of present day and future combination immune modulatory therapies. The idea that the immune system can recognize and destroy tumor cells was first described in the cancer immunosurveillance hypothesis of Burnet and Thomas. However, early experimental evidence failed to support the concept. It was not until the late 1990s when seminal papers clearly showed the existence of cancer immunosurveillance, leading to the cancer immunoediting hypothesis. In this century, progress in the understanding of negative regulators of the immune response led to the discovery that inhibition of these regulators in patients with cancer could lead to dramatic and durable remissions. Drs. Tasuku Honjo and James P. Allison were awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018 for their pioneering work in this field. We now see rapid advances in cancer immunology and emerging effective therapies revolutionizing cancer care across tumor types in the clinic, while pre-clinical research is moving from a focus on the malignant cells themselves to dissect the highly heterogenic and complex multi-cellular tumor microenvironment (TME).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Guo
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Jewish General Hospital, Segal Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Fan Huang
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Jewish General Hospital, Segal Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christophe Goncalves
- Jewish General Hospital, Segal Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sonia V Del Rincón
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Jewish General Hospital, Segal Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Wilson H Miller
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Jewish General Hospital, Segal Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Montreal, QC, Canada; Rossy Cancer Network, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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31
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Mittal D, Lepletier A, Madore J, Aguilera AR, Stannard K, Blake SJ, Whitehall VLJ, Liu C, Bettington ML, Takeda K, Long GV, Scolyer RA, Lan R, Siemers N, Korman A, Teng MWL, Johnston RJ, Dougall WC, Smyth MJ. CD96 Is an Immune Checkpoint That Regulates CD8 + T-cell Antitumor Function. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:559-571. [PMID: 30894377 PMCID: PMC6445751 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CD96 is a novel target for cancer immunotherapy shown to regulate NK cell effector function and metastasis. Here, we demonstrated that blocking CD96 suppressed primary tumor growth in a number of experimental mouse tumor models in a CD8+ T cell-dependent manner. DNAM-1/CD226, Batf3, IL12p35, and IFNγ were also critical, and CD96-deficient CD8+ T cells promoted greater tumor control than CD96-sufficient CD8+ T cells. The antitumor activity of anti-CD96 therapy was independent of Fc-mediated effector function and was more effective in dual combination with blockade of a number of immune checkpoints, including PD-1, PD-L1, TIGIT, and CTLA-4. We consistently observed coexpression of PD-1 with CD96 on CD8+ T lymphocytes in tumor-infiltrating leukocytes both in mouse and human cancers using mRNA analysis, flow cytometry, and multiplex IHF. The combination of anti-CD96 with anti-PD-1 increased the percentage of IFNγ-expressing CD8+ T lymphocytes. Addition of anti-CD96 to anti-PD-1 and anti-TIGIT resulted in superior antitumor responses, regardless of the ability of the anti-TIGIT isotype to engage FcR. The optimal triple combination was also dependent upon CD8+ T cells and IFNγ. Overall, these data demonstrate that CD96 is an immune checkpoint on CD8+ T cells and that blocking CD96 in combination with other immune-checkpoint inhibitors is a strategy to enhance T-cell activity and suppress tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Mittal
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ailin Lepletier
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason Madore
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amelia Roman Aguilera
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kimberley Stannard
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen J Blake
- Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vicki L J Whitehall
- The Conjoint Gastroenterology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cheng Liu
- The Conjoint Gastroenterology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,Envoi Specialist Pathologists, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Kazuyoshi Takeda
- Division of Cell Biology, Biomedical Research Center, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biofunctional Microbiota, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruth Lan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Michele W L Teng
- Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - William C Dougall
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
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Kučan Brlić P, Lenac Roviš T, Cinamon G, Tsukerman P, Mandelboim O, Jonjić S. Targeting PVR (CD155) and its receptors in anti-tumor therapy. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 16:40-52. [PMID: 30275538 PMCID: PMC6318332 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-018-0168-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Poliovirus receptor (PVR, CD155) has recently been gaining scientific interest as a therapeutic target in the field of tumor immunology due to its prominent endogenous and immune functions. In contrast to healthy tissues, PVR is expressed at high levels in several human malignancies and seems to have protumorigenic and therapeutically attractive properties that are currently being investigated in the field of recombinant oncolytic virotherapy. More intriguingly, PVR participates in a considerable number of immunoregulatory functions through its interactions with activating and inhibitory immune cell receptors. These functions are often modified in the tumor microenvironment, contributing to tumor immunosuppression. Indeed, increasing evidence supports the rationale for developing strategies targeting these interactions, either in terms of checkpoint therapy (i.e., targeting inhibitory receptors) or in adoptive cell therapy, which targets PVR as a tumor marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Kučan Brlić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51 000, Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Tihana Lenac Roviš
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51 000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Guy Cinamon
- Nectin Therapeutics Ltd., Hi-Tech Campus Givat Ram, POB 39135, 91390, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Pini Tsukerman
- Nectin Therapeutics Ltd., Hi-Tech Campus Givat Ram, POB 39135, 91390, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Faculty of Medicine, IMRIC, The Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51 000, Rijeka, Croatia.
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Young A, Quandt Z, Bluestone JA. The Balancing Act between Cancer Immunity and Autoimmunity in Response to Immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:1445-1452. [PMID: 30510057 PMCID: PMC6281171 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The explosion in novel cancer immunotherapies has resulted in extraordinary clinical successes in the treatment of multiple cancers. Checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) that target negative regulatory molecules have become standard of care. However, with the growing use of CPIs, alone or in combination with chemotherapy, targeted therapies, or other immune modulators, a significant increase in immune-related adverse events (irAEs) has emerged. The wide-ranging and currently unpredictable spectrum of CPI-induced irAEs can lead to profound pathology and, in some cases, death. Growing evidence indicates that many irAEs are a consequence of a breakdown in self-tolerance, but the influence of genetics, the environment, and the mechanisms involved remains unclear. This review explores key questions in this emerging field, summarizing preclinical and clinical experiences with this new generation of cancer drugs, the growing understanding of the role of the immune response in mediating these toxicities, the relationship of CPI-induced autoimmunity to conventional autoimmune diseases, and insights into the mechanism of irAE development and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arabella Young
- Diabetes Center and Sean N. Parker Autoimmune Research Laboratory, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zoe Quandt
- Diabetes Center and Sean N. Parker Autoimmune Research Laboratory, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jeffrey A Bluestone
- Diabetes Center and Sean N. Parker Autoimmune Research Laboratory, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California
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Zhou XM, Li WQ, Wu YH, Han L, Cao XG, Yang XM, Wang HF, Zhao WS, Zhai WJ, Qi YM, Gao YF. Intrinsic Expression of Immune Checkpoint Molecule TIGIT Could Help Tumor Growth in vivo by Suppressing the Function of NK and CD8 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2821. [PMID: 30555485 PMCID: PMC6281988 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
TIGIT, an immune checkpoint molecule widely expressed on NK cells, activated T cells and Tregs, has been involved in delivering inhibitory signals through the interaction with PVR. The blockade of TIGIT/PVR interaction is a promising approach in cancer immunotherapy. Here, we unexpectedly discovered the expression of TIGIT in murine tumor cells. To elucidate the mechanism of such intrinsic expression, TIGIT knockout murine colorectal CT26 and MC38 cell lines were generated by using CRISPR/Cas9 system. Although TIGIT knockout showed no effects on proliferation and colony formation of tumor cells in vitro, the tumor growth in mice was considerably inhibited. TIGIT knockout led to the increase of IFN-γ secretion by NK and CD8+ T cells. Further, in BABL/c nude mice, CD8+ T cells depleting mice and NK cells depleting nude mice, the promotion of tumor growth was significantly diminished, suggesting that both NK cells and CD8+ T cells were involved in the tumor promoting process mediated by intrinsic TIGIT. In addition, blocking TIGIT/PVR interaction by the antibody or recombinant PVR protein could elicit anti-tumor effects by facilitating the tumor infiltration and restoring the function of CD8+ T cells, and the antibody-mediate TIGIT blockade could inhibit MC38 tumor growth through blocking TIGIT expressed on tumor cells. We therefore propose a novel TIGIT/PVR interaction mode that tumor intrinsic TIGIT delivers inhibitory signals to CD8+ T cells and NK cells by engaging with PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Man Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wan-Qiong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ya-Hong Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lu Han
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin-Guang Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuan-Ming Yang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Fei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wen-Shan Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wen-Jie Zhai
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Ming Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan-Feng Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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