1
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Jin Choi S, Lee W, Cheol Kim S, Jo HY, Park HY, Bin Kim H, Park WY, Ho Park S, Ko JH, Seok Lee J. Longitudinal multiomic profiling and corticosteroid modulation of the immediate innate immune response to an adenovirus-vector vaccine. Vaccine 2024:S0264-410X(24)00774-6. [PMID: 39025696 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Among new vaccine technologies contributed to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, a chimpanzee adenovirus (ChAd)-vector vaccine expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, could be administered globally owing to its low production cost and lack of a requirement for frozen storage. Despite its benefits, most recipients have reported immediate inflammatory reactions after the initial dose vaccination. We comprehensively examined the immune landscape following ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination based on the single-cell transcriptomes of immune cells and epigenomic profiles of monocytes. Monocyte and innate-like activated T cell populations expressing interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) increased 1 day post-vaccination with appearance of distinct subtype of ISG-activated cells, returning to baseline by day 14. Pre-treatment with oral corticosteroids effectively curtailed these ISG-associated inflammatory responses by decreasing chromatin accessibility of major ISGs, without hampering vaccine immunogenicity. Our findings provide insights into the human immune response following ChAd-based vaccination and propose a method to reduce inflammatory side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Jin Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonhyo Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Cheol Kim
- Division of Healthcare and Artificial Intelligence, Department of Precision Medicine, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Yeong Jo
- Division of Healthcare and Artificial Intelligence, Department of Precision Medicine, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Young Park
- Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Bin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Yang Park
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea; Geninus Inc, Seoul 05836, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Park
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Hoon Ko
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong Seok Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Inocras Inc., San Diego 92121, CA, United States.
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2
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Jiang Y, Sun L, Qiao N, Wang X, Zhu C, Xing M, Liu H, Zhou P, Zhou D. A quadrivalent norovirus vaccine based on a chimpanzee adenovirus vector induces potent immunity in mice. Virol Sin 2024:S1995-820X(24)00112-3. [PMID: 38997087 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) infection is a major cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. The virus poses great challenges in developing vaccines with broad immune protection due to its genetic and antigenic diversity. To date, there are no approved NoV vaccines for clinical use. Here, we aimed to develop a broad-acting quadrivalent NoV vaccine based on a chimpanzee adenovirus vector, AdC68, carrying the major capsid protein (VP1) of noroviral GI and GII genotypes. Compared to intramuscular (i.m.), intranasal (i.n.), or other prime-boost immunization regimens (i.m. + i.m., i.m. + i.n., i.n. + i.m.), AdC68-GI.1-GII.3 (E1)-GII.4-GII.17 (E3), administered via i.n. + i.n. induced higher titers of serum IgG antibodies and higher IgA antibodies in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and saliva against the four homologous VP1s in mice. It also significantly stimulated the production of blocking antibodies against the four genotypes. In response to re-stimulation with virus-like particles (VLP)-GI.1, VLP-GII.3, VLP-GII.4, and VLP-GII.17, the quadrivalent vaccine administered according to the i.n. + i.n. regimen effectively triggered specific cell-mediated immune responses, primarily characterized by IFN-γ secretion. Furthermore, the preparation of this novel quadrivalent NoV vaccine requires only a single recombinant adenovirus to provide broad preventive immunity against the major GI/GII epidemic strains, making it a promising vaccine candidate for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Jiang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Lingjin Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Nan Qiao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Caihong Zhu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Man Xing
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China; Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Hui Liu
- R&D Centre, Chengdu Kanghua Biological Products Co., Ltd, Chengdu, 610000, China.
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China; Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China; Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
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3
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Zhang Z, Guo X, Hou W, Zou X, Wang Y, Liu S, Lu Z. User-Friendly Replication-Competent MAdV-1 Vector System with a Cloning Capacity of 3.3 Kilobases. Viruses 2024; 16:761. [PMID: 38793642 PMCID: PMC11126015 DOI: 10.3390/v16050761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mouse adenoviruses (MAdV) play important roles in studying host-adenovirus interaction. However, easy-to-use reverse genetics systems are still lacking for MAdV. An infectious plasmid pKRMAV1 was constructed by ligating genomic DNA of wild-type MAdV-1 with a PCR product containing a plasmid backbone through Gibson assembly. A fragment was excised from pKRMAV1 by restriction digestion and used to generate intermediate plasmid pKMAV1-ER, which contained E3, fiber, E4, and E1 regions of MAdV-1. CMV promoter-controlled GFP expression cassette was inserted downstream of the pIX gene in pKMAV1-ER and then transferred to pKRMAV1 to generate adenoviral plasmid pKMAV1-IXCG. Replacement of transgene could be conveniently carried out between dual BstZ17I sites in pKMAV1-IXCG by restriction-assembly, and a series of adenoviral plasmids were generated. Recombinant viruses were rescued after transfecting linearized adenoviral plasmids to mouse NIH/3T3 cells. MAdV-1 viruses carrying GFP or firefly luciferase genes were characterized in gene transduction, plaque-forming, and replication in vitro or in vivo by observing the expression of reporter genes. The results indicated that replication-competent vectors presented relevant properties of wild-type MAdV-1 very well. By constructing viruses bearing exogenous fragments with increasing size, it was found that MAdV-1 could tolerate an insertion up to 3.3 kb. Collectively, a replication-competent MAdV-1 vector system was established, which simplified procedures for the change of transgene or modification of E1, fiber, E3, or E4 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Zhang
- School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014040, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Xiaojuan Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Wenzhe Hou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Xiaohui Zou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Yongjin Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Shuqing Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Zhuozhuang Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
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4
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Chen J, Guo X, Zou X, Wang M, Yang C, Hou W, Sprindzuk MV, Lu Z. The Biodistribution of Replication-Defective Simian Adenovirus 1 Vector in a Mouse Model. Viruses 2024; 16:550. [PMID: 38675893 PMCID: PMC11054548 DOI: 10.3390/v16040550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The administration route affects the biodistribution of a gene transfer vector and the expression of a transgene. A simian adenovirus 1 vector carrying firefly luciferase and GFP reporter genes (SAdV1-GFluc) were constructed, and its biodistribution was investigated in a mouse model by bioluminescence imaging and virus DNA tracking with real-time PCR. Luciferase activity and virus DNA were mainly found in the liver and spleen after the intravenous administration of SAdV1-GFluc. The results of flow cytometry illustrated that macrophages in the liver and spleen as well as hepatocytes were the target cells. Repeated inoculation was noneffective because of the stimulated serum neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against SAdV-1. A transient, local expression of low-level luciferase was detected after intragastric administration, and the administration could be repeated without compromising the expression of the reporter gene. Intranasal administration led to a moderate, constant expression of a transgene in the whole respiratory tract and could be repeated one more time without a significant increase in the NAb titer. An immunohistochemistry assay showed that respiratory epithelial cells and macrophages in the lungs were transduced. High luciferase activity was restricted at the injection site and sustained for a week after intramuscular administration. A compromised transgene expression was observed after a repeated injection. When these mice were intramuscularly injected for a third time with the human adenovirus 5 (HAdV-5) vector carrying a luciferase gene, the luciferase activity recovered and reached the initial level, suggesting that the sequential use of SAdV-1 and HAdV-5 vectors was practicable. In short, the intranasal inoculation or intramuscular injection may be the preferred administration routes for the novel SAdV-1 vector in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China; (J.C.); (X.G.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (C.Y.); (W.H.)
- School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014040, China
| | - Xiaojuan Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China; (J.C.); (X.G.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (C.Y.); (W.H.)
| | - Xiaohui Zou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China; (J.C.); (X.G.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (C.Y.); (W.H.)
| | - Min Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China; (J.C.); (X.G.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (C.Y.); (W.H.)
| | - Chunlei Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China; (J.C.); (X.G.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (C.Y.); (W.H.)
- Henan Chemical Technician College, Kaifeng 475008, China
| | - Wenzhe Hou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China; (J.C.); (X.G.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (C.Y.); (W.H.)
| | - Matvey V. Sprindzuk
- United Institute of Informatics Problems, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220012 Minsk, Belarus;
| | - Zhuozhuang Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China; (J.C.); (X.G.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (C.Y.); (W.H.)
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5
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Minskaia E, Galieva A, Egorov AD, Ivanov R, Karabelsky A. Viral Vectors in Gene Replacement Therapy. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:2157-2178. [PMID: 38462459 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923120179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Throughout the years, several hundred million people with rare genetic disorders have been receiving only symptom management therapy. However, research and development efforts worldwide have led to the development of long-lasting, highly efficient, and safe gene therapy for a wide range of hereditary diseases. Improved viral vectors are now able to evade the preexisting immunity and more efficiently target and transduce therapeutically relevant cells, ensuring genome maintenance and expression of transgenes at the relevant levels. Hematological, ophthalmological, neurodegenerative, and metabolic therapeutic areas have witnessed successful treatment of hemophilia and muscular dystrophy, restoration of immune system in children with immunodeficiencies, and restoration of vision. This review focuses on three leading vector platforms of the past two decades: adeno-associated viruses (AAVs), adenoviruses (AdVs), and lentiviruses (LVs). Special attention is given to successful preclinical and clinical studies that have led to the approval of gene therapies: six AAV-based (Glybera® for lipoprotein lipase deficiency, Luxturna® for retinal dystrophy, Zolgensma® for spinal muscular atrophy, Upstaza® for AADC, Roctavian® for hemophilia A, and Hemgenix® for hemophilia B) and three LV-based (Libmeldy® for infantile metachromatic leukodystrophy, Zynteglo® for β-thalassemia, and Skysona® for ALD). The review also discusses the problems that arise in the development of gene therapy treatments, which, nevertheless, do not overshadow the successes of already developed gene therapies and the hope these treatments give to long-suffering patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Minskaia
- Scientific Center of Translational Medicine, Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, 354530, Russia.
| | - Alima Galieva
- Scientific Center of Translational Medicine, Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, 354530, Russia
| | - Alexander D Egorov
- Scientific Center of Translational Medicine, Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, 354530, Russia
| | - Roman Ivanov
- Scientific Center of Translational Medicine, Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, 354530, Russia
| | - Alexander Karabelsky
- Scientific Center of Translational Medicine, Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, 354530, Russia
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6
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Liu Y, Sánchez-Ovando S, Carolan L, Dowson L, Khvorov A, Jessica Hadiprodjo A, Tseng YY, Delahunty C, Khatami A, Macnish M, Dougherty S, Hagenauer M, Riley KE, Jadhav A, Harvey J, Kaiser M, Mathew S, Hodgson D, Leung V, Subbarao K, Cheng AC, Macartney K, Koirala A, Marshall H, Clark J, Blyth CC, Wark P, Kucharski AJ, Sullivan SG, Fox A. Superior immunogenicity of mRNA over adenoviral vectored COVID-19 vaccines reflects B cell dynamics independent of anti-vector immunity: Implications for future pandemic vaccines. Vaccine 2023; 41:7192-7200. [PMID: 37903679 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Both vector and mRNA vaccines were an important part of the response to the COVID-19 pandemic and may be required in future outbreaks and pandemics. The aim of this study was to validate whether immunogenicity differs for adenoviral vectored (AdV) versus mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, and to investigate how anti-vector immunity and B cell dynamics modulate immunogenicity. We enrolled SARS-CoV-2 infection-naïve health care workers who had received two doses of either AdV AZD1222 (n = 184) or mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine (n = 274) between April and October 2021. Blood was collected at least once, 10-48 days after vaccine dose 2 for antibody and B cell analyses. Median ages were 42 and 39 years, for AdV and mRNA vaccinees, respectively. Surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) and spike binding antibody titres were a median of 4.2 and 2.2 times lower, respectively, for AdV compared to mRNA vaccinees (p < 0.001). Median percentages of memory B cells that recognized fluorescent-tagged spike and RBD were 2.9 and 8.3 times lower, respectively for AdV compared to mRNA vaccinees. Titres of IgG reactive with human adenovirus type 5 hexon protein rose a median of 2.2-fold after AdV vaccination but were not correlated with anti-spike antibody titres. Together the results show that mRNA induced substantially more sVNT antibody than AdV vaccine, which reflected greater B cell expansion and targeting of the RBD rather than an attenuating effect of anti-vector antibodies. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05110911.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephany Sánchez-Ovando
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Louise Carolan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Leslie Dowson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Arseniy Khvorov
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A Jessica Hadiprodjo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yeu Yang Tseng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Catherine Delahunty
- Immune Health Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute and School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Ameneh Khatami
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marion Macnish
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Sonia Dougherty
- Queensland Children's Hospital, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michelle Hagenauer
- Alfred Health, Monash Health and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kathryn E Riley
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Division of Paediatric Medicine, Women's and Children's Health Network, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ajay Jadhav
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joanne Harvey
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Marti Kaiser
- Alfred Health, Monash Health and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Suja Mathew
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Division of Paediatric Medicine, Women's and Children's Health Network, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David Hodgson
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Vivian Leung
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Allen C Cheng
- Alfred Health, Monash Health and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kristine Macartney
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Archana Koirala
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Helen Marshall
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Division of Paediatric Medicine, Women's and Children's Health Network, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Julia Clark
- Queensland Children's Hospital, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christopher C Blyth
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth Children's Hospital, and Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, QEII medical centre, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter Wark
- Immune Health Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute and School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Adam J Kucharski
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sheena G Sullivan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Annette Fox
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
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7
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Wei-Zhang S, Cui B, Xing M, Liu J, Guo Y, He K, Bai T, Dong X, Lei Y, Zhou W, Zhou H, Liu S, Wang X, Zhou D, Yan H. Chimpanzee adenovirus-mediated multiple gene therapy for age-related macular degeneration. iScience 2023; 26:107939. [PMID: 37810255 PMCID: PMC10550724 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neovascular age-related macular degeneration AMD (nAMD) is characterized by choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and could lead to irreversible blindness. However, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy has limited efficacy. Therefore, we generated a chimpanzee adenoviral vector (AdC68-PFC) containing three genes, pigment endothelial-derived factor (PEDF), soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), and soluble forms of CD59 (sCD59), to treat nAMD. The results showed that AdC68-PFC mediated a strong onset of PEDF, sFlt-1, and sCD59 expression both in vivo and in vitro. AdC68-PFC showed preventive and therapeutic effects following intravitreal (IVT) injection in the laser-induced CNV model and very low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (Vldlr-/-) mouse model. In vitro assessment indicated that AdC68-PFC had a strong inhibitory effect on endothelial cells. Importantly, the safety test showed no evidence of in vivo toxicity of adenovirus in murine eyes. Our findings suggest that AdC68-PFC may be a long-acting and safe gene therapy vector for future nAMD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena Wei-Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ocular Trauma, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bohao Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ocular Trauma, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Man Xing
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiaojiao Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingying Guo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ocular Trauma, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Tinghui Bai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ocular Trauma, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ocular Trauma, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yi Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ocular Trauma, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ocular Trauma, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ocular Trauma, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shengnan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ocular Trauma, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ocular Trauma, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ocular Trauma, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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8
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Abay Z, Sadikalieva S, Shorayeva K, Yespembetov B, Sarmykova M, Jekebekov K, Tokkarina G, Absatova Z, Kalimolda E, Shayakhmetov Y, Moldagulova S, Issabek A, Kopeyev S, Omurtay A, Barakbayev K, Kassenov M, Syrym N, Abduraimov Y, Zakarya K, Nurpeisova A. Phylogenetic analysis of prospective M. bovis antigens with the aim of developing candidate vaccines for bovine tuberculosis. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:99. [PMID: 37823960 PMCID: PMC10570230 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00552-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine Tuberculosis is a respiratory disease caused by the pathogen Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) that infects cattle. Though rare, this disease can also affect humans, as well as domestic and wild animals, making it a serious concern. Therefore, searching for alternative and new vaccines with high efficiency and safety is the main goal in bovine tuberculosis prophylaxis. New vaccines, known as vector vaccines, have the potential to become safe and effective alternatives to the traditional BCG vaccine. In this study, two major immunodominant proteins of M. bovis Esat-6 and TB10.4 were utilized to create a vector vaccine for bovine tuberculosis. METHODS The Esat-6 and TB10.4 genes were amplified by PCR. The amplified and purified PCR products were sequenced by the Sanger method. Assembly and multiple alignments of amplicon nucleotides were carried out in the MEGA 11 software. RESULT Two genes of the local strain 0078-M. bovis-8/RIBSP were sequenced. The nucleotide sequences were deposited in the GenBank database. Comparative analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the ESAT-6 and TB10.4 genes established 100% identity of the compared strains of Mycobacterium. CONCLUSION Through the use of phylogenetic analysis, it has been confirmed that the amplified genes are related to the mycobacteria genus. This discovery allows the development of a vector vaccine against bovine tuberculosis utilising these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhandos Abay
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeysky, 080409, Kazakhstan
- al-Farabi Kazakh National university, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Kamshat Shorayeva
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeysky, 080409, Kazakhstan.
| | - Bolat Yespembetov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeysky, 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Makpal Sarmykova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeysky, 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Kuanish Jekebekov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeysky, 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Gaukhar Tokkarina
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeysky, 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Zharkinay Absatova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeysky, 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Elina Kalimolda
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeysky, 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Yeraly Shayakhmetov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeysky, 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Sabina Moldagulova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeysky, 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Aisha Issabek
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeysky, 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Syrym Kopeyev
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeysky, 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Alisher Omurtay
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeysky, 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Kainar Barakbayev
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeysky, 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Markhabat Kassenov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeysky, 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Nazym Syrym
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeysky, 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Yergali Abduraimov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeysky, 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Kunsulu Zakarya
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeysky, 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Ainur Nurpeisova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeysky, 080409, Kazakhstan
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9
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Abay Z, Nurpeisova A, Shorayeva K, Sadikaliyeva S, Yespembetov B, Syrym N, Sarmykova M, Jekebekov K, Abitayev R, Tokkarina G, Kalimolda E, Absatova Z, Moldagulova S, Yoo HS, Kassenov M, Zakarya K, Abduraimov Y. Safety and Protective Efficacy of a Candidate Vector-Based Vaccine for Bovine Tuberculosis. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1199. [PMID: 37515015 PMCID: PMC10385609 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study presents the results of a survey of the safety and protective efficacy of a candidate vector-based vaccine for bovine tuberculosis, using an influenza vector with the NS1 mutation and expressing M. bovis protective antigens ESAT-6 and TB10.4. We vaccinated Balb/c outbred mice two times at 21 days apart. Our experimental design includes mice immunised with the candidate vaccine with or without adjuvant 15% Montanide Gel. The candidate vaccine's safety was determined by biometric analysis, and protective efficacy was assessed by bacteriological and histological experiments following a virulent M. bovis-8 strain challenge. Our data indicated that the adjuvant-free version of the vaccine ensured complete protection from the M. bovis-8 infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhandos Abay
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
- Department of Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Ainur Nurpeisova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Kamshat Shorayeva
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Bolat Yespembetov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Nazym Syrym
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Makhpal Sarmykova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Kuanysh Jekebekov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Ruslan Abitayev
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Gaukhar Tokkarina
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Elina Kalimolda
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Zharkinay Absatova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Sabina Moldagulova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Markhabat Kassenov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Kunsulu Zakarya
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Yergali Abduraimov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
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10
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Liu Y, Sánchez-Ovando S, Carolan L, Dowson L, Khvorov A, Hadiprodjo J, Tseng YY, Delahunty C, Khatami A, Macnish M, Dougherty S, Hagenauer M, Riley KE, Jadhav A, Harvey J, Kaiser M, Mathew S, Hodgson D, Leung V, Subbarao K, Cheng AC, Macartney K, Koirala A, Marshall H, Clark J, Blyth CC, Wark P, Kucharski AJ, Sullivan SG, Fox A. Comparative B cell and antibody responses induced by adenoviral vectored and mRNA vaccines against COVID-19. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.06.02.23290871. [PMID: 37333329 PMCID: PMC10275006 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.02.23290871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Both vector and mRNA vaccines were an important part of the response to the COVID-19 pandemic and may be required in future outbreaks and pandemics. However, adenoviral vectored (AdV) vaccines may be less immunogenic than mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. We assessed anti-spike and anti-vector immunity among infection-naïve Health Care Workers (HCW) following two doses of AdV (AZD1222) versus mRNA (BNT162b2) vaccine. 183 AdV and 274 mRNA vaccinees enrolled between April and October 2021. Median ages were 42 and 39 years, respectively. Blood was collected at least once, 10-48 days after vaccine dose 2. Surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) and spike binding antibody titres were a median of 4.2 and 2.2 times lower, respectively, for AdV compared to mRNA vaccinees (p<0.001). Median percentages of memory B cells that recognized fluorescent-tagged spike and RBD were 2.9 and 8.3 times lower, respectively for AdV compared to mRNA vaccinees. Titres of IgG reactive with human Adenovirus type 5 hexon protein rose a median of 2.2-fold after AdV vaccination but were not correlated with anti-spike antibody titres. Together the results show that mRNA induced substantially more sVNT antibody than AdV vaccine due to greater B cell expansion and targeting of the RBD. Pre-existing AdV vector cross-reactive antibodies were boosted following AdV vaccination but had no detectable effect on immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephany Sánchez-Ovando
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Louise Carolan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Leslie Dowson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Arseniy Khvorov
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jessica Hadiprodjo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yeu Yang Tseng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Catherine Delahunty
- Immune Health Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute and School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Ameneh Khatami
- The Children’s Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Children’s Hospital Network; National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney; and National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marion Macnish
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Sonia Dougherty
- Queensland Children’s Hospital, Children’s Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service; and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Kathryn E. Riley
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Division of Paediatric Medicine, Women’s and Children’s Health Network, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ajay Jadhav
- The Children’s Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Children’s Hospital Network; National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joanne Harvey
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Marti Kaiser
- Alfred Health and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Suja Mathew
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Division of Paediatric Medicine, Women’s and Children’s Health Network, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David Hodgson
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Vivian Leung
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Allen C. Cheng
- Alfred Health and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kristine Macartney
- The Children’s Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Children’s Hospital Network; National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney; and National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Sydney, Australia
| | - Archana Koirala
- The Children’s Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Children’s Hospital Network; National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney; and National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Sydney, Australia
| | - Helen Marshall
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Division of Paediatric Medicine, Women’s and Children’s Health Network, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Julia Clark
- Queensland Children’s Hospital, Children’s Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service; and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christopher C. Blyth
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia; Perth Children’s Hospital; and Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, QEII medical centre, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter Wark
- Immune Health Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute and School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Adam J. Kucharski
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sheena G. Sullivan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Annette Fox
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
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11
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Wang S, Liang B, Wang W, Li L, Feng N, Zhao Y, Wang T, Yan F, Yang S, Xia X. Viral vectored vaccines: design, development, preventive and therapeutic applications in human diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:149. [PMID: 37029123 PMCID: PMC10081433 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human diseases, particularly infectious diseases and cancers, pose unprecedented challenges to public health security and the global economy. The development and distribution of novel prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines are the prioritized countermeasures of human disease. Among all vaccine platforms, viral vector vaccines offer distinguished advantages and represent prominent choices for pathogens that have hampered control efforts based on conventional vaccine approaches. Currently, viral vector vaccines remain one of the best strategies for induction of robust humoral and cellular immunity against human diseases. Numerous viruses of different families and origins, including vesicular stomatitis virus, rabies virus, parainfluenza virus, measles virus, Newcastle disease virus, influenza virus, adenovirus and poxvirus, are deemed to be prominent viral vectors that differ in structural characteristics, design strategy, antigen presentation capability, immunogenicity and protective efficacy. This review summarized the overall profile of the design strategies, progress in advance and steps taken to address barriers to the deployment of these viral vector vaccines, simultaneously highlighting their potential for mucosal delivery, therapeutic application in cancer as well as other key aspects concerning the rational application of these viral vector vaccines. Appropriate and accurate technological advances in viral vector vaccines would consolidate their position as a leading approach to accelerate breakthroughs in novel vaccines and facilitate a rapid response to public health emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Liang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Weiqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ling Li
- China National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Na Feng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Feihu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.
| | - Songtao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.
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12
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Natesan K, Isloor S, Vinayagamurthy B, Ramakrishnaiah S, Doddamane R, Fooks AR. Developments in Rabies Vaccines: The Path Traversed from Pasteur to the Modern Era of Immunization. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040756. [PMID: 37112668 PMCID: PMC10147034 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a disease of antiquity and has a history spanning millennia ever since the first interactions between humans and dogs. The alarming fatalities caused by this disease have triggered rabies prevention strategies since the first century BC. There have been numerous attempts over the past 100 years to develop rabies vaccineswith the goal of preventing rabies in both humans and animals. Thepre-Pasteurian vaccinologists, paved the way for the actual history of rabies vaccines with the development of first generation vaccines. Further improvements for less reactive and more immunogenic vaccines have led to the expansion of embryo vaccines, tissue culture vaccines, cell culture vaccines, modified live vaccines, inactivated vaccines, and adjuvanted vaccines. The adventof recombinant technology and reverse genetics have given insight into the rabies viral genome and facilitated genome manipulations, which in turn led to the emergence of next-generation rabies vaccines, such as recombinant vaccines, viral vector vaccines, genetically modified vaccines, and nucleic acid vaccines. These vaccines were very helpful in overcoming the drawbacks of conventional rabies vaccines with increased immunogenicity and clinical efficacies. The path traversed in the development of rabies vaccines from Pasteur to the modern era vaccines, though, faced numerous challenges;these pioneering works have formed the cornerstone for the generation of thecurrent successful vaccines to prevent rabies. In the future, advancements in the scientific technologies and research focus will definitely lay the path for much more sophisticated vaccine candidates for rabies elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krithiga Natesan
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, Karnataka, India
| | - Shrikrishna Isloor
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, Karnataka, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-9449992287
| | | | - Sharada Ramakrishnaiah
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, Karnataka, India
| | - Rathnamma Doddamane
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, Karnataka, India
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- APHA Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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13
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Adenovirus Vaccine Containing Truncated SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein S1 Subunit Leads to a Specific Immune Response in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020429. [PMID: 36851306 PMCID: PMC9968167 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of an efficient and safe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine is a crucial approach for managing the severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in light of current conditions. In this study, we produced a shortened segment of the optimized SARS-CoV-2 spike gene (2043 bp, termed S1) that was able to encode a truncated S1 protein. The protein was tested to determine if it could elicit efficient immunization in mice against SARS-CoV-2. The presence of the S1 protein was confirmed with immunofluorescence and Western blotting. An adenovirus vaccine bearing the S1 gene fragment (Ad-S1) was administered intramuscularly to mice four times over 4 weeks. SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein humoral immunity was demonstrated in all immunized mice. The serum from immunized mice demonstrated excellent anti-infection activity in vitro. A robust humoral immune response against SARS-CoV-2 was observed in the mice after vaccination with Ad-S1, suggesting that the adenovirus vaccine may aid the development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and other genetically distinct viruses.
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14
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Adenovirus vector system: construction, history and therapeutic applications. Biotechniques 2022; 73:297-305. [DOI: 10.2144/btn-2022-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the isolation of adenovirus (AdV) in 1953, AdVs have been used as vectors for various therapeutic purposes, such as gene therapy in cancers and other malignancies, vaccine development and delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 machinery. Over the years, several AdV vector modifications have been introduced, including fiber switching, incorporation of ligands in the viral capsid and hexon modification of the fiber, to improve the efficiency of AdV as a vector. CRISPR-Cas9 has recently been used for these modifications and is also used in other adeno-associated viruses. These modifications further allow the production of AdV libraries that display random peptides for the production of cancer-targeting AdV vectors. This review focuses on the common methods of AdV construction, changes in AdV tropism for the improvement of therapeutic efficiency and the role of AdV vectors in gene therapy, vaccine development and CRISPR-Cas9 delivery.
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15
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Wang WC, Sayedahmed EE, Mittal SK. Significance of Preexisting Vector Immunity and Activation of Innate Responses for Adenoviral Vector-Based Therapy. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122727. [PMID: 36560730 PMCID: PMC9787786 DOI: 10.3390/v14122727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An adenoviral (AdV)-based vector system is a promising platform for vaccine development and gene therapy applications. Administration of an AdV vector elicits robust innate immunity, leading to the development of humoral and cellular immune responses against the vector and the transgene antigen, if applicable. The use of high doses (1011-1013 virus particles) of an AdV vector, especially for gene therapy applications, could lead to vector toxicity due to excessive levels of innate immune responses, vector interactions with blood factors, or high levels of vector transduction in the liver and spleen. Additionally, the high prevalence of AdV infections in humans or the first inoculation with the AdV vector result in the development of vector-specific immune responses, popularly known as preexisting vector immunity. It significantly reduces the vector efficiency following the use of an AdV vector that is prone to preexisting vector immunity. Several approaches have been developed to overcome this problem. The utilization of rare human AdV types or nonhuman AdVs is the primary strategy to evade preexisting vector immunity. The use of heterologous viral vectors, capsid modification, and vector encapsulation are alternative methods to evade vector immunity. The vectors can be optimized for clinical applications with comprehensive knowledge of AdV vector immunity, toxicity, and circumvention strategies.
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16
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Fernandes Q, Inchakalody VP, Merhi M, Mestiri S, Taib N, Moustafa Abo El-Ella D, Bedhiafi T, Raza A, Al-Zaidan L, Mohsen MO, Yousuf Al-Nesf MA, Hssain AA, Yassine HM, Bachmann MF, Uddin S, Dermime S. Emerging COVID-19 variants and their impact on SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, therapeutics and vaccines. Ann Med 2022; 54:524-540. [PMID: 35132910 PMCID: PMC8843115 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2031274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of novel and evolving variants of SARS-CoV-2 has fostered the need for change in the form of newer and more adaptive diagnostic methods for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infections. On the other hand, developing rapid and sensitive diagnostic technologies is now more challenging due to emerging variants and varying symptoms exhibited among the infected individuals. In addition to this, vaccines remain the major mainstay of prevention and protection against infection. Novel vaccines and drugs are constantly being developed to unleash an immune response for the robust targeting of SARS-CoV-2 and its associated variants. In this review, we provide an updated perspective on the current challenges posed by the emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 mutants/variants and the evolution of diagnostic techniques to enable their detection. In addition, we also discuss the development, formulation, working mechanisms, advantages, and drawbacks of some of the most used vaccines/therapeutic drugs and their subsequent immunological impact.Key messageThe emergence of novel variants of the SARS-CoV-2 in the past couple of months, highlights one of the primary challenges in the diagnostics, treatment, as well as vaccine development against the virus.Advancements in SARS-CoV-2 detection include nucleic acid based, antigen and immuno- assay-based and antibody-based detection methodologies for efficient, robust, and quick testing; while advancements in COVID-19 preventive and therapeutic strategies include novel antiviral and immunomodulatory drugs and SARS-CoV-2 targeted vaccines.The varied COVID-19 vaccine platforms and the immune responses induced by each one of them as well as their ability to battle post-vaccination infections have all been discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Queenie Fernandes
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Varghese Philipose Inchakalody
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maysaloun Merhi
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sarra Mestiri
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nassiba Taib
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Dina Moustafa Abo El-Ella
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Takwa Bedhiafi
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Afsheen Raza
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Lobna Al-Zaidan
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mona O Mohsen
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Biomedical Research, Immunology RIA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Ali Ait Hssain
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Martin F Bachmann
- Department of Biomedical Research, Immunology RIA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute and Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Said Dermime
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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de Jong R, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Bonsing J, Wang KF, Vandepaer S, Bouzya B, Toussaint JF, Dieussaert I, Song H, Steff AM. ChAd155-RSV vaccine is immunogenic and efficacious against bovine RSV infection-induced disease in young calves. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6142. [PMID: 36253363 PMCID: PMC9575635 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33649-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection causes a substantial lower-respiratory-tract disease burden in infants, constituting a global priority for vaccine development. We evaluated immunogenicity, safety and efficacy of a chimpanzee adenovirus (ChAd)-based vaccine candidate, ChAd155-RSV, in a bovine RSV (bRSV) challenge model. This model closely reproduces the pathogenesis/clinical manifestations of severe pediatric RSV disease. In seronegative calves, ChAd155-RSV elicits robust neutralizing antibody responses against human RSV. Two doses protect calves from clinical symptoms/lung pathological changes, and reduce nasal/lung virus loads after both a short (4-week) and a long (16-week) interval between last immunization and subsequent bRSV challenge. The one-dose regimen confers near-complete or significant protection after short-term or long-term intervals before challenge, respectively. The presence of pre-existing bRSV-antibodies does not affect short-term efficacy of the two-dose regimen. Immunized calves present no clinical signs of enhanced respiratory disease. Collectively, this supports the development of ChAd155-RSV as an RSV vaccine candidate for infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rineke de Jong
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Norbert Stockhofe-Zurwieden
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Bonsing
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Kai-Fen Wang
- grid.418019.50000 0004 0393 4335GSK, 14200 Shady Grove Road, Rockville, MD 20850 USA ,grid.508098.c0000 0004 7413 1708Present Address: Atara Biotherapeutics, Inc., 2380 Conejo Spectrum St Suite 200, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 USA
| | - Sarah Vandepaer
- CONSULTYS Benelux S.A, 73D Rue de Namur, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Badiaa Bouzya
- grid.425090.a0000 0004 0468 9597GSK, Rue de l’Institut 89, 1330 Rixensart, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Toussaint
- grid.425090.a0000 0004 0468 9597GSK, Rue de l’Institut 89, 1330 Rixensart, Belgium ,Present Address: Sanofi-Pasteur, 14 Espace Henry Vallée, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Ilse Dieussaert
- grid.425090.a0000 0004 0468 9597GSK, Rue de l’Institut 89, 1330 Rixensart, Belgium
| | - Haifeng Song
- grid.418019.50000 0004 0393 4335GSK, 14200 Shady Grove Road, Rockville, MD 20850 USA ,Present Address: Suzhou Abogen Bioscience Ltd, Suzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Ann-Muriel Steff
- grid.418019.50000 0004 0393 4335GSK, 14200 Shady Grove Road, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
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18
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Baldassarri S, Benati D, D’Alessio F, Patrizi C, Cattin E, Gentile M, Raggioli A, Recchia A. Engineered Sleeping Beauty Transposon as Efficient System to Optimize Chimp Adenoviral Production. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147538. [PMID: 35886882 PMCID: PMC9316264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleeping Beauty (SB) is the first DNA transposon employed for efficient transposition in vertebrate cells, opening new applications for genetic engineering and gene therapies. A transposon-based gene delivery system holds the favourable features of non-viral vectors and an attractive safety profile. Here, we employed SB to engineer HEK293 cells for optimizing the production of a chimpanzee Adenovector (chAd) belonging to the Human Mastadenovirus C species. To date, chAd vectors are employed in several clinical settings for infectious diseases, last but not least COVID-19. A robust, efficient and quick viral vector production could advance the clinical application of chAd vectors. To this aim, we firstly swapped the hAd5 E1 with chAd-C E1 gene by using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. We demonstrated that in the absence of human Ad5 E1, chimp Ad-C E1 gene did not support HEK293 survival. To improve chAd-C vector production, we engineered HEK293 cells to stably express the chAd-C precursor terminal protein (ch.pTP), which plays a crucial role in chimpanzee Adenoviral DNA replication. The results indicate that exogenous ch.pTP expression significantly ameliorate the packaging and amplification of recombinant chAd-C vectors thus, the engineered HEK293ch.pTP cells could represent a superior packaging cell line for the production of these vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Baldassarri
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy; (S.B.); (D.B.); (C.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Daniela Benati
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy; (S.B.); (D.B.); (C.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Federica D’Alessio
- ReiThera S.r.l., 00128 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (M.G.); (A.R.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Clarissa Patrizi
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy; (S.B.); (D.B.); (C.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Eleonora Cattin
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy; (S.B.); (D.B.); (C.P.); (E.C.)
| | | | | | - Alessandra Recchia
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy; (S.B.); (D.B.); (C.P.); (E.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world, which is the second after heart diseases. Adenoviruses (Ads) have become the promise of new therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. The objective of this review is to discuss current advances in the applications of adenoviral vectors in cancer therapy. Adenoviral vectors can be engineered in different ways so as to change the tumor microenvironment from cold tumor to hot tumor, including; 1. by modifying Ads to deliver transgenes that codes for tumor suppressor gene (p53) and other proteins whose expression result in cell cycle arrest 2. Ads can also be modified to express tumor specific antigens, cytokines, and other immune-modulatory molecules. The other strategy to use Ads in cancer therapy is to use oncolytic adenoviruses, which directly kills tumor cells. Gendicine and Advexin are replication-defective recombinant human p53 adenoviral vectors that have been shown to be effective against several types of cancer. Gendicine was approved for treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck by the Chinese Food and Drug Administration (FDA) agency in 2003 as a first-ever gene therapy product. Oncorine and ONYX-015 are oncolytic adenoviral vectors that have been shown to be effective against some types of cancer. The Chiness FDA agency has also approved Oncorin for the treatment of head and neck cancer. Ads that were engineered to express immune-stimulatory cytokines and other immune-modulatory molecules such as TNF-α, IL-2, BiTE, CD40L, 4-1BBL, GM-CSF, and IFN have shown promising outcome in treatment of cancer. Ads can also improve therapeutic efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapy (Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells). In addition, different replication-deficient adenoviral vectors (Ad5-CEA, Ad5-PSA, Ad-E6E7, ChAdOx1-MVA and Ad-transduced Dendritic cells) that were tested as anticancer vaccines have been demonstrated to induce strong antitumor immune response. However, the use of adenoviral vectors in gene therapy is limited by several factors such as pre-existing immunity to adenoviral vectors and high immunogenicity of the viruses. Thus, innovative strategies must be continually developed so as to overcome the obstacles of using adenoviral vectors in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sintayehu Tsegaye Tseha
- Lecturer of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Therapeutic Vaccines Targeting Neoantigens to Induce T-Cell Immunity against Cancers. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040867. [PMID: 35456701 PMCID: PMC9029780 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has achieved multiple clinical benefits and has become an indispensable component of cancer treatment. Targeting tumor-specific antigens, also known as neoantigens, plays a crucial role in cancer immunotherapy. T cells of adaptive immunity that recognize neoantigens, but do not induce unwanted off-target effects, have demonstrated high efficacy and low side effects in cancer immunotherapy. Tumor neoantigens derived from accumulated genetic instability can be characterized using emerging technologies, such as high-throughput sequencing, bioinformatics, predictive algorithms, mass-spectrometry analyses, and immunogenicity validation. Neoepitopes with a higher affinity for major histocompatibility complexes can be identified and further applied to the field of cancer vaccines. Therapeutic vaccines composed of tumor lysates or cells and DNA, mRNA, or peptides of neoantigens have revoked adaptive immunity to kill cancer cells in clinical trials. Broad clinical applicability of these therapeutic cancer vaccines has emerged. In this review, we discuss recent progress in neoantigen identification and applications for cancer vaccines and the results of ongoing trials.
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21
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Potency, toxicity and protection evaluation of PastoCoAd candidate vaccines: Novel preclinical mix and match rAd5 S, rAd5 RBD-N and SOBERANA dimeric-RBD protein. Vaccine 2022; 40:2856-2868. [PMID: 35393148 PMCID: PMC8977851 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite substantial efforts, no effective treatment has been discovered for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Therefore, vaccination to reach herd immunity is the ultimate solution to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study aimed to evaluate the potency, toxicity, and protection of candidate PastoCoAd vaccines as novel mix and match of recombinant adenovirus type 5 (rAd5) containing the full-length spike protein (rAd5-S), rAd5 containing the receptor-binding domain of S protein and nucleoprotein (rAd5 RBD-N), and SOBERANA dimeric RBD protein of SARS-CoV-2. Three vaccine candidates were developed against SARS-CoV-2 using adenoviral vectors, including the prime-boost (rAd5-S/rAd5 RBD-N), heterologous prime-boost (rAd5-S/ SOBERANA vaccine), and prime only (mixture of rAd5-S and rAd5 RBD-N). The rAd5-S and rAd5 RBD-N were produced with a Cytomegalovirus promoter and the human tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) leader sequence. The immunogenicity of vaccine candidates was also evaluated in mouse, rabbit, and hamster models and protection was evaluated in a hamster model. Following the injection of vaccine candidates, no significant toxicity was observed in the tissues of animal models. The immunogenicity studies of mice, rabbits, and hamsters showed that responses of total IgG antibodies were significantly higher with the prime-only and heterologous prime-boost vaccines as compared to the other groups (P < 0.009). Virus neutralizing antibodies were detected, and the level of cytokines related to humoral and cellular immunity increased significantly in all vaccinated models. A high cellular immunity response was found in the vaccinated groups compared to the controls. On the other hand, the vaccine challenge test showed that the virus titers significantly decreased in the pharynx and lung tissues of vaccinated hamsters compared to the control group. These successful findings suggest the safety and protection produced by the heterologous prime-boost vaccine (adenovector/ SOBERANA RBD), as well as a single dose of adenovector vaccine in animal models.
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22
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Guo X, Sun Y, Chen J, Zou X, Hou W, Tan W, Hung T, Lu Z. Restriction-Assembly: A Solution to Construct Novel Adenovirus Vector. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030546. [PMID: 35336953 PMCID: PMC8954691 DOI: 10.3390/v14030546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy and vaccine development need more novel adenovirus vectors. Here, we attempt to provide strategies to construct adenovirus vectors based on restriction-assembly for researchers with little experience in this field. Restriction-assembly is a combined method of restriction digestion and Gibson assembly, by which the major part of the obtained plasmid comes from digested DNA fragments instead of PCR products. We demonstrated the capability of restriction-assembly in manipulating the genome of simian adenovirus 1 (SAdV-1) in this study. A PCR product of the plasmid backbone was combined with SAdV-1 genomic DNA to construct an infectious clone, plasmid pKSAV1, by Gibson assembly. Restriction-assembly was performed repeatedly in the steps of intermediate plasmid isolation, modification, and restoration. The generated adenoviral plasmid was linearized by restriction enzyme digestion and transfected into packaging 293 cells to rescue E3-deleted replication-competent SAdV1XE3-CGA virus. Interestingly, SAdV1XE3-CGA could propagate in human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells. The E1 region was similarly modified to generate E1/E3-deleted replication-defective virus SAdV1-EG. SAdV1-EG had a moderate gene transfer ability to adherent mammalian cells, and it could efficiently transduce suspension cells when compared with the human adenovirus 5 control vector. Restriction-assembly is easy to use and can be performed without special experimental materials and instruments. It is highly effective with verifiable outcomes at each step. More importantly, restriction-assembly makes the established vector system modifiable, upgradable and under sustainable development, and it can serve as the instructive method or strategy for the synthetic biology of adenoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China; (X.G.); (Y.S.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (W.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Yangyang Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China; (X.G.); (Y.S.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (W.H.); (T.H.)
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Juan Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China; (X.G.); (Y.S.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (W.H.); (T.H.)
- School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014040, China
| | - Xiaohui Zou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China; (X.G.); (Y.S.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (W.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Wenzhe Hou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China; (X.G.); (Y.S.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (W.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Wenjie Tan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China; (X.G.); (Y.S.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (W.H.); (T.H.)
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (W.T.); Tel.: +86-10-63511368 (Z.L.)
| | - Tao Hung
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China; (X.G.); (Y.S.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (W.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Zhuozhuang Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China; (X.G.); (Y.S.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (W.H.); (T.H.)
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention–Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Joint Research Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosafety, Wuhan 430071, China
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (W.T.); Tel.: +86-10-63511368 (Z.L.)
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Zhao Z, Anselmo AC, Mitragotri S. Viral vector-based gene therapies in the clinic. Bioeng Transl Med 2022; 7:e10258. [PMID: 35079633 PMCID: PMC8780015 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapies are currently one of the most investigated therapeutic modalities in both the preclinical and clinical settings and have shown promise in treating a diverse spectrum of diseases. Gene therapies aim at introducing a gene material in target cells and represent a promising approach to cure diseases that were thought to be incurable by conventional modalities. In many cases, a gene therapy requires a vector to deliver gene therapeutics into target cells; viral vectors are among the most widely studied vectors owing to their distinguished advantages such as outstanding transduction efficiency. With decades of development, viral vector-based gene therapies have achieved promising clinical outcomes with many products approved for treating a range of diseases including cancer, infectious diseases and monogenic diseases. In addition, a number of active clinical trials are underway to further expand their therapeutic potential. In this review, we highlight the diversity of viral vectors, review approved products, and discuss the current clinical landscape of in vivo viral vector-based gene therapies. We have reviewed 13 approved products and their clinical applications. We have also analyzed more than 200 active trials based on various viral vectors and discussed their respective therapeutic applications. Moreover, we provide a critical analysis of the major translational challenges for in vivo viral vector-based gene therapies and discuss possible strategies to address the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongmin Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of PharmacyUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Aaron C. Anselmo
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of PharmacyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
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王 齐, 王 一, 黎 鹰, 邢 嫚, 周 东. [Anti-Tumor Effect of a Novel Oncolytic Virus Based on Chimpanzee Adenovirus Type 6]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2022; 53:71-76. [PMID: 35048603 PMCID: PMC10408869 DOI: 10.12182/20220160504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To construct, with chimpanzee adenovirus serotype 6 (AdC6) as the vector, a novel oncolytic adenovirus, enabling it to selectively replicate intratumorally, to test its tumor suppressive effect in vitro and in vivo, and to study its oncolytic mechanism. METHODS Based on the AdC6 vector, the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) promoter was used to drive the expression of E1A, the adenovirus replication-related gene, and the recombinant oncolytic virus AdC6-htertΔE1A-ΔE3 was thus obtained. The oncolytic virus AdC6-htertE1A-ΔE3 (CSF 2) expressing granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF/CSF 2) and replication-deficient adenovirus AdC6-ΔE1-ΔE3 were constructed by homologous recombination, respectively. The recombinant adenovirus was packaged in HEK293 cells, purified and then identified with restriction enzyme digestion. Different types of tumor cells, including RD, SW-620, HeLa, Huh7, RM-1 and MC-38 were infected with the three adenoviruses. Twenty-four hours after infection, Western blot was used to determine the expression of CSF 2 24 hours after infection. CCK8 assay was used to determine the survival rate of tumor cells 72 hours after infection. HeLa cells were infected with the three adenoviruses, and the expression levels of apoptosis signaling pathway proteins were examined with Western blot at 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h. C57BL/6 mice were subcutaneously injected with cell suspension containing 1×10 6 MC38 murine colon cancer cells and RM-1 murine prostate cancer cells to construct two tumor-bearing mice models. The tumor-bearing mice were divided into 4 groups, receiving intratumoral injection of 50 μL of PBS, AdC6-ΔE1-ΔE3 (1×10 8 PFU), AdC6-htertE1A-ΔE3 (1×10 8PFU), and AdC6-htertE1A-ΔE3 (CSF 2) (1×10 8 PFU), respectively. When the tumor size of PBS group reached 2 500 mm 3, all the mice were sacrificed and the tumor tissue was collected for TUNEL staining. Then, apoptosis-positive cells were observed and counted under a microscope. RESULTS Restriction digestion revealed that the oncolytic viruses AdC6-htertE1A-ΔE3, AdC6-htertE1A-ΔE3 (CSF 2) and AdC6-ΔE1-ΔE3 were successfully constructed. Western blot confirmed that AdC6-htertE1A-ΔE3 (CSF 2) could infect different tumor cells and stably express CSF 2, the exogenous gene. CCK8 results showed that AdC6-htertE1A-ΔE3 and AdC6-htertE1A-ΔE3 (CSF 2) had obvious killing effects on RD, SW-620, HeLa, Huh7, RM-1and MC-38. Compared with the replication-deficient adenovirus AdC6-ΔE1-ΔE3, AdC6-htertE1A-ΔE3 and AdC6-htertE1A-ΔE3 (CSF 2) at a multiplicity of infection of 100 MOI had extremely obvious killing effects on tumor cells ( P<0.05). Western blot showed that AdC6-htertE1A-ΔE3 and AdC6-htertE1A-ΔE3 (CSF 2) induced tumor cell apoptosis by activating the P53-dependent pathway. Injection of oncolytic virus in tumor-bearing mouse models of prostate cancer and colorectal cancer could significantly inhibit the tumor growth and even clear the tumor. CONCLUSION Oncolytic virus based on AdC6 could eliminate tumor in vivoand in vitro through mechanisms that induced apoptosis, showing great potential for the treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- 齐 王
- 天津医科大学基础医学院 病原生物学系 (天津 300070)Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - 一涵 王
- 天津医科大学基础医学院 病原生物学系 (天津 300070)Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - 鹰 黎
- 天津医科大学基础医学院 病原生物学系 (天津 300070)Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - 嫚 邢
- 天津医科大学基础医学院 病原生物学系 (天津 300070)Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - 东明 周
- 天津医科大学基础医学院 病原生物学系 (天津 300070)Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
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Liu J, Xu K, Xing M, Zhuo Y, Guo J, Du M, Wang Q, An Y, Li J, Gao P, Wang Y, He F, Guo Y, Li M, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Gao GF, Dai L, Zhou D. Heterologous prime-boost immunizations with chimpanzee adenoviral vectors elicit potent and protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell Discov 2021; 7:123. [PMID: 34923570 PMCID: PMC8684349 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-021-00360-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A safe and effective vaccine for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is urgently needed to tackle the COVID-19 global pandemic. Here, we describe the development of chimpanzee adenovirus serotypes 6 and 68 (AdC6 and AdC68) vector-based vaccine candidates expressing the full-length transmembrane spike glycoprotein. We assessed the vaccine immunogenicity, protective efficacy, and immune cell profiles using single-cell RNA sequencing in mice. Mice were vaccinated via the intramuscular route with the two vaccine candidates using prime-only regimens or heterologous prime-boost regimens. Both chimpanzee adenovirus-based vaccines elicited strong and long-term antibody and T cell responses, balanced Th1/Th2 cell responses, robust germinal center responses, and provided effective protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in mouse lungs. Strikingly, we found that heterologous prime-boost immunization induced higher titers of protective antibodies, and more spike-specific memory CD8+ T cells in mice. Potent neutralizing antibodies produced against the highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7 lineage (also known as N501Y.V1) and B.1.351 lineage (also known as N501Y.V2) were detectable in mouse sera over 6 months after prime immunization. Our results demonstrate that the heterologous prime-boost strategy with chimpanzee adenovirus-based vaccines is promising for further development to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Man Xing
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Zhuo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingao Guo
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Du
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaling An
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhe Li
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Gao
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yihan Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Furong He
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingying Guo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingxi Li
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine and Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linqi Zhang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine and Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - George F Gao
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China.
| | - Lianpan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Xu K, An Y, Li Q, Huang W, Han Y, Zheng T, Fang F, Liu H, Liu C, Gao P, Xu S, Liu X, Zhang R, Zhao X, Liu WJ, Bi Y, Wang Y, Zhou D, Wang Q, Hou W, Xia Q, Gao GF, Dai L. Recombinant chimpanzee adenovirus AdC7 expressing dimeric tandem-repeat spike protein RBD protects mice against COVID-19. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1574-1588. [PMID: 34289779 PMCID: PMC8366625 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1959270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A safe and effective vaccine is urgently needed to control the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic. Four adenovirus-vectored vaccines expressing spike (S) protein have been approved for use. Here, we generated several recombinant chimpanzee adenovirus (AdC7) vaccines expressing S, receptor-binding domain (RBD), or tandem-repeat dimeric RBD (RBD-tr2). We found vaccination via either intramuscular or intranasal route was highly immunogenic in mice to elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses. AdC7-RBD-tr2 showed higher antibody responses compared to either AdC7-S or AdC7-RBD. Intranasal administration of AdC7-RBD-tr2 additionally induced mucosal immunity with neutralizing activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Either single-dose or two-dose mucosal administration of AdC7-RBD-tr2 protected mice against SARS-CoV-2 challenge, with undetectable subgenomic RNA in lung and relieved lung injury. AdC7-RBD-tr2-elicted sera preserved the neutralizing activity against the circulating variants, especially the Delta variant. These results support AdC7-RBD-tr2 as a promising COVID-19 vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaling An
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qunlong Li
- Chengdu Kanghua Biological Products Co., Ltd, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxuan Han
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianyi Zheng
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Fang
- Chengdu Kanghua Biological Products Co., Ltd, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- Chengdu Kanghua Biological Products Co., Ltd, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuanyu Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Gao
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Senyu Xu
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueyuan Liu
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - William J. Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinghan Wang
- Chengdu Kanghua Biological Products Co., Ltd, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenli Hou
- Chengdu Kanghua Biological Products Co., Ltd, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianfeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - George F. Gao
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lianpan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Elkashif A, Alhashimi M, Sayedahmed EE, Sambhara S, Mittal SK. Adenoviral vector-based platforms for developing effective vaccines to combat respiratory viral infections. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1345. [PMID: 34667600 PMCID: PMC8510854 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the development of the first vaccine against smallpox over two centuries ago, vaccination strategies have been at the forefront of significantly impacting the incidences of infectious diseases globally. However, the increase in the human population, deforestation and climate change, and the rise in worldwide travel have favored the emergence of new viruses with the potential to cause pandemics. The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic is a cruel reminder of the impact of novel pathogens and the suboptimal capabilities of conventional vaccines. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new vaccine strategies that allow the production of billions of doses in a short duration and are broadly protective against emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Extensive knowledge of the molecular biology and immunology of adenoviruses (Ad) has favored Ad vectors as platforms for vaccine design. The Ad-based vaccine platform represents an attractive strategy as it induces robust humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and can meet the global demand in a pandemic situation. This review describes the status of Ad vector-based vaccines in preclinical and clinical studies for current and emerging respiratory viruses, particularly coronaviruses, influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elkashif
- Department of Comparative PathobiologyPurdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, and Purdue University Center for Cancer ResearchCollege of Veterinary MedicinePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Marwa Alhashimi
- Department of Comparative PathobiologyPurdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, and Purdue University Center for Cancer ResearchCollege of Veterinary MedicinePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Ekramy E Sayedahmed
- Department of Comparative PathobiologyPurdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, and Purdue University Center for Cancer ResearchCollege of Veterinary MedicinePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | | | - Suresh K Mittal
- Department of Comparative PathobiologyPurdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, and Purdue University Center for Cancer ResearchCollege of Veterinary MedicinePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lentiviral vectors have emerged as powerful vectors for vaccination, due to their high efficiency to transduce dendritic cells and to induce long-lasting humoral immunity, CD8+ T cells, and effective protection in numerous preclinical animal models of infection and oncology. AREAS COVERED Here, we reviewed the literature, highlighting the relevance of lentiviral vectors in vaccinology. We recapitulated both their virological and immunological aspects of lentiviral vectors. We compared lentiviral vectors to the gold standard viral vaccine vectors, i.e. adenoviral vectors, and updated the latest results in lentiviral vector-based vaccination in preclinical models. EXPERT OPINION Lentiviral vectors are non-replicative, negligibly inflammatory, and not targets of preexisting immunity in human populations. These are major characteristics to consider in vaccine development. The potential of lentiviral vectors to transduce non-dividing cells, including dendritic cells, is determinant in their strong immunogenicity. Notably, lentiviral vectors can be engineered to target antigen expression to specific host cells. The very weak inflammatory properties of these vectors allow their use in mucosal vaccination, with particular interest in infectious diseases that affect the lungs or brain, including COVID-19. Recent results in various preclinical models have reinforced the interest of these vectors in prophylaxis against infectious diseases and in onco-immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Wen Ku
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Charneau
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Paris, France
| | - Laleh Majlessi
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Paris, France
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Guo J, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Zhu C, Xing M, Wang X, Zhou D. A bivalent live-attenuated vaccine candidate elicits protective immunity against human adenovirus types 4 and 7. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1947-1959. [PMID: 34520320 PMCID: PMC8477930 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1981157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human adenovirus types 4 (HAdV4) and 7 (HAdV7) often lead to severe respiratory diseases and occur epidemically in children, adults, immune deficiency patients, and other groups, leading to mild or severe symptoms and even death. However, no licensed adenovirus vaccine has been approved in the market for general use. E3 genes of adenovirus are generally considered nonessential for virulence and replication; however, a few studies have demonstrated that the products of these genes are also functional. In this study, most of the E3 genes were deleted, and two E3-deleted recombinant adenoviruses (ΔE3-rAdVs) were constructed as components of the vaccine. After E3 deletion, the replication efficiencies and cytopathogenicity of ΔE3-rAdVs were reduced, indicating that ΔE3-rAdVs were attenuated after E3 genes deletion. Furthermore, single immunization with live-attenuated bivalent vaccine candidate protects mice against challenge with wild-type human adenovirus types 4 and 7, respectively. Vaccinated mice demonstrated remarkably decreased viral loads in the lungs and less lung pathology compared to the control animals. Taken together, our study confirms the possibility of the two live-attenuated viruses as a vaccine for clinic use and illustrates a novel strategy for the construction of an adenovirus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingao Guo
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Youbin Zhang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Caihong Zhu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Xing
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Rojas JM, Sevilla N, Martín V. A New Look at Vaccine Strategies Against PPRV Focused on Adenoviral Candidates. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:729879. [PMID: 34568477 PMCID: PMC8455998 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.729879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a virus that mainly infects goats and sheep causing significant economic loss in Africa and Asia, but also posing a serious threat to Europe, as recent outbreaks in Georgia (2016) and Bulgaria (2018) have been reported. In order to carry out the eradication of PPRV, an objective set for 2030 by the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), close collaboration between governments, pharmaceutical companies, farmers and researchers, among others, is needed. Today, more than ever, as seen in the response to the SARS-CoV2 pandemic that we are currently experiencing, these goals are feasible. We summarize in this review the current vaccination approaches against PPRV in the field, discussing their advantages and shortfalls, as well as the development and generation of new vaccination strategies, focusing on the potential use of adenovirus as vaccine platform against PPRV and more broadly against other ruminant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Verónica Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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Damasceno DHP, Amaral AA, Silva CA, Simões E Silva AC. The impact of Vaccination worldwide on SARS-CoV-2 infection: A Review on Vaccine Mechanisms, Results of Clinical Trials, Vaccinal Coverage and Interactions with Novel Variants. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2673-2690. [PMID: 34473613 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210902094254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic demanded a global effort towards quickly developing safe and effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to discuss the main vaccines available, their mechanisms of action, results of clinical trials and epidemiological behavior. The implications of viral variants were also debated. METHODS A non-systematic literature review was performed between February and March 2021 by searching the Pubmed, Scopus, and SciELO databases, using different combinations of the following terms: "vaccines", "clinical trials" , "SARS-CoV-2", "Coronavirus", "COVID-19", "mechanisms of action". Data regarding clinical trials of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and epidemiological information were also searched. RESULTS The mechanisms of action included vector-virus, mRNA and inactivated virus vaccines. The vaccines showed positive results in phases 2/3 clinical trials. The efficacy of the mRNA 1273 and of mRNA BNT 162b2 vaccines were 94.1% and 95%, respectively. The effectiveness of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine varied according to the scheme, with an overall value of 70.4%. The Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine had an efficacy of 91.6%. Regarding the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine, 99% or more of seroconversion was observed in all subgroups 29 days after vaccination. The CoronaVac vaccine induced an immune response in 92% of the volunteers receiving 3ug and in 98% with 6ug, in comparison to 3% in the placebo group. CONCLUSION Global efforts have resulted in vaccines available in record time, with good safety and immunogenicity profile. However, only long-term studies can provide more information on duration of immunity and the need for additional doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Henrique Pereira Damasceno
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG. Brazil
| | - Arthur Aguiar Amaral
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG. Brazil
| | - Cecília Andrade Silva
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG. Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Simões E Silva
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG. Brazil
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Mendonça SA, Lorincz R, Boucher P, Curiel DT. Adenoviral vector vaccine platforms in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:97. [PMID: 34354082 PMCID: PMC8342436 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral vectors have been explored as vaccine agents for a range of infectious diseases, and their ability to induce a potent and balanced immune response made them logical candidates to apply to the COVID-19 pandemic. The unique molecular characteristics of these vectors enabled the rapid development of vaccines with advanced designs capable of overcoming the biological challenges faced by early adenoviral vector systems. These successes and the urgency of the COVID-19 situation have resulted in a flurry of candidate adenoviral vector vaccines for COVID-19 from both academia and industry. These vaccines represent some of the lead candidates currently supported by Operation Warp Speed and other government agencies for rapid translational development. This review details adenoviral vector COVID-19 vaccines currently in human clinical trials and provides an overview of the new technologies employed in their design. As these vaccines have formed a cornerstone of the COVID-19 global vaccination campaign, this review provides a full consideration of the impact and development of this emerging platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Andrade Mendonça
- Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Radiation Oncology Department. 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Reka Lorincz
- Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Radiation Oncology Department. 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul Boucher
- Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Radiation Oncology Department. 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Radiation Oncology Department. 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Antigen Presentation of mRNA-Based and Virus-Vectored SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080848. [PMID: 34451973 PMCID: PMC8402319 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has reached pandemic proportions. A number of effective vaccines have been produced, including mRNA vaccines and viral vector vaccines, which are now being implemented on a large scale in order to control the pandemic. The mRNA vaccines are composed of viral Spike S1 protein encoding mRNA incorporated in a lipid nanoparticle and stabilized by polyethylene glycol (PEG). The mRNA vaccines are novel in many respects, including cellular uptake and the intracellular routing, processing, and secretion of the viral protein. Viral vector vaccines have incorporated DNA sequences, encoding the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein into (attenuated) adenoviruses. The antigen presentation routes in MHC class I and class II, in relation to the induction of virus-neutralizing antibodies and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, will be reviewed. In rare cases, mRNA vaccines induce unwanted immune mediated side effects. The mRNA-based vaccines may lead to an anaphylactic reaction. This reaction may be triggered by PEG. The intracellular routing of PEG and potential presentation in the context of CD1 will be discussed. Adenovirus vector-based vaccines have been associated with thrombocytopenic thrombosis events. The anti-platelet factor 4 antibodies found in these patients could be generated due to conformational changes of relevant epitopes presented to the immune system.
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Alhashimi M, Elkashif A, Sayedahmed EE, Mittal SK. Nonhuman Adenoviral Vector-Based Platforms and Their Utility in Designing Next Generation of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases. Viruses 2021; 13:1493. [PMID: 34452358 PMCID: PMC8402644 DOI: 10.3390/v13081493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Several human adenoviral (Ad) vectors have been developed for vaccine delivery owing to their numerous advantages, including the feasibility of different vector designs, the robustness of elicited immune responses, safety, and scalability. To expand the repertoire of Ad vectors for receptor usage and circumvention of Ad vector immunity, the use of less prevalent human Ad types or nonhuman Ads were explored for vector design. Notably, many nonhuman Ad vectors have shown great promise in preclinical and clinical studies as vectors for vaccine delivery. This review describes the key features of several nonhuman Ad vector platforms and their implications in developing effective vaccines against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Suresh K. Mittal
- Immunology and Infectious Disease, and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Inflammation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2027, USA; (M.A.); (A.E.); (E.E.S.)
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35
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Intranasal vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: From challenges to potential in COVID-19 management. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2619-2636. [PMID: 34332100 PMCID: PMC8319039 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Unlike conventional Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, intranasal vaccines display a superior advantage because the nasal mucosa is often the initial site of infection. Preclinical and clinical studies concerning intranasal immunization elicit high neutralizing antibody generation and mucosal IgA and T cell responses that avoid severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in both; the upper and lower respiratory tract. A nasal formulation is non-invasive with high appeal to patients. Intranasal vaccines enable self-administration and can be designed to survive at ambient temperatures, thereby simplifying logistical aspects of transport and storage. In this review, we provide an overview of nasal vaccines with a focus on formulation development as well as ongoing preclinical and clinical studies for SARS-CoV-2 intranasal vaccine products.
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36
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Li M, Guo J, Lu S, Zhou R, Shi H, Shi X, Cheng L, Liang Q, Liu H, Wang P, Wang N, Wang Y, Fu L, Xing M, Wang R, Ju B, Liu L, Lau SY, Jia W, Tong X, Yuan L, Guo Y, Qi H, Zhang Q, Huang Z, Chen H, Zhang Z, Chen Z, Peng X, Zhou D, Zhang L. Single-Dose Immunization With a Chimpanzee Adenovirus-Based Vaccine Induces Sustained and Protective Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:697074. [PMID: 34262569 PMCID: PMC8273614 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.697074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a safe and effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of pandemic coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), is a global priority. Here, we aim to develop novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines based on a derivative of less commonly used rare adenovirus serotype AdC68 vector. Three vaccine candidates were constructed expressing either the full-length spike (AdC68-19S) or receptor-binding domain (RBD) with two different signal sequences (AdC68-19RBD and AdC68-19RBDs). Single-dose intramuscular immunization induced robust and sustained binding and neutralizing antibody responses in BALB/c mice up to 40 weeks after immunization, with AdC68-19S being superior to AdC68-19RBD and AdC68-19RBDs. Importantly, immunization with AdC68-19S induced protective immunity against high-dose challenge with live SARS-CoV-2 in a golden Syrian hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Vaccinated animals demonstrated dramatic decreases in viral RNA copies and infectious virus in the lungs, as well as reduced lung pathology compared to the control animals. Similar protective effects were also found in rhesus macaques. Taken together, these results confirm that AdC68-19S can induce protective immune responses in experimental animals, meriting further development toward a human vaccine against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxi Li
- NexVac Research Center, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingao Guo
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuaiyao Lu
- National Kunming High-Level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Runhong Zhou
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongyang Shi
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuanling Shi
- NexVac Research Center, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qingtai Liang
- NexVac Research Center, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongqi Liu
- National Kunming High-Level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Pui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Fu
- NexVac Research Center, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Man Xing
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruoke Wang
- NexVac Research Center, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Ju
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Liu
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siu-Ying Lau
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenxu Jia
- NexVac Research Center, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Teaching Center for Writing and Communication, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Tong
- Walvax Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Walvax Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- NexVac Research Center, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Walvax Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- National Kunming High-Level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linqi Zhang
- NexVac Research Center, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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37
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Daussy CF, Pied N, Wodrich H. Understanding Post Entry Sorting of Adenovirus Capsids; A Chance to Change Vaccine Vector Properties. Viruses 2021; 13:1221. [PMID: 34202573 PMCID: PMC8310329 DOI: 10.3390/v13071221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus vector-based genetic vaccines have emerged as a powerful strategy against the SARS-CoV-2 health crisis. This success is not unexpected because adenoviruses combine many desirable features of a genetic vaccine. They are highly immunogenic and have a low and well characterized pathogenic profile paired with technological approachability. Ongoing efforts to improve adenovirus-vaccine vectors include the use of rare serotypes and non-human adenoviruses. In this review, we focus on the viral capsid and how the choice of genotypes influences the uptake and subsequent subcellular sorting. We describe how understanding capsid properties, such as stability during the entry process, can change the fate of the entering particles and how this translates into differences in immunity outcomes. We discuss in detail how mutating the membrane lytic capsid protein VI affects species C viruses' post-entry sorting and briefly discuss if such approaches could have a wider implication in vaccine and/or vector development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Harald Wodrich
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, MFP CNRS UMR 5234, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Leo Saignat, CEDEX, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (C.F.D.); (N.P.)
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38
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An Overview of Nanocarrier-Based Adjuvants for Vaccine Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040455. [PMID: 33801614 PMCID: PMC8066039 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of vaccines is one of the most significant medical accomplishments which has helped to eradicate a large number of diseases. It has undergone an evolutionary process from live attenuated pathogen vaccine to killed whole organisms or inactivated toxins (toxoids), each of them having its own advantages and disadvantages. The crucial parameters in vaccination are the generation of memory response and protection against infection, while an important aspect is the effective delivery of antigen in an intelligent manner to evoke a robust immune response. In this regard, nanotechnology is greatly contributing to developing efficient vaccine adjuvants and delivery systems. These can protect the encapsulated antigen from the host’s in-vivo environment and releasing it in a sustained manner to induce a long-lasting immunostimulatory effect. In view of this, the present review article summarizes nanoscale-based adjuvants and delivery vehicles such as viral vectors, virus-like particles and virosomes; non-viral vectors namely nanoemulsions, lipid nanocarriers, biodegradable and non-degradable nanoparticles, calcium phosphate nanoparticles, colloidally stable nanoparticles, proteosomes; and pattern recognition receptors covering c-type lectin receptors and toll-like receptors.
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39
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Chung JY, Thone MN, Kwon YJ. COVID-19 vaccines: The status and perspectives in delivery points of view. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 170:1-25. [PMID: 33359141 PMCID: PMC7759095 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Due to the high prevalence and long incubation periods often without symptoms, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected millions of individuals globally, causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Even with the recent approval of the anti-viral drug, remdesivir, and Emergency Use Authorization of monoclonal antibodies against S protein, bamlanivimab and casirimab/imdevimab, efficient and safe COVID-19 vaccines are still desperately demanded not only to prevent its spread but also to restore social and economic activities via generating mass immunization. Recent Emergency Use Authorization of Pfizer and BioNTech’s mRNA vaccine may provide a pathway forward, but monitoring of long-term immunity is still required, and diverse candidates are still under development. As the knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and interactions with the immune system continues to evolve, a variety of drug candidates are under investigation and in clinical trials. Potential vaccines and therapeutics against COVID-19 include repurposed drugs, monoclonal antibodies, antiviral and antigenic proteins, peptides, and genetically engineered viruses. This paper reviews the virology and immunology of SARS-CoV-2, alternative therapies for COVID-19 to vaccination, principles and design considerations in COVID-19 vaccine development, and the promises and roles of vaccine carriers in addressing the unique immunopathological challenges presented by the disease.
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40
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Pushparajah D, Jimenez S, Wong S, Alattas H, Nafissi N, Slavcev RA. Advances in gene-based vaccine platforms to address the COVID-19 pandemic. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 170:113-141. [PMID: 33422546 PMCID: PMC7789827 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The novel betacoronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), has spread across the globe at an unprecedented rate since its first emergence in Wuhan City, China in December 2019. Scientific communities around the world have been rigorously working to develop a potent vaccine to combat COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), employing conventional and novel vaccine strategies. Gene-based vaccine platforms based on viral vectors, DNA, and RNA, have shown promising results encompassing both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in previous studies, supporting their implementation for COVID-19 vaccine development. In fact, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently authorized the emergency use of two RNA-based COVID-19 vaccines. We review current gene-based vaccine candidates proceeding through clinical trials, including their antigenic targets, delivery vehicles, and route of administration. Important features of previous gene-based vaccine developments against other infectious diseases are discussed in guiding the design and development of effective vaccines against COVID-19 and future derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Pushparajah
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St S, Kitchener N2G 1C5, Canada
| | - Salma Jimenez
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St S, Kitchener N2G 1C5, Canada; Theraphage, 151 Charles St W Suite # 199, Kitchener, ON, N2G 1H6, Canada
| | - Shirley Wong
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St S, Kitchener N2G 1C5, Canada
| | - Hibah Alattas
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St S, Kitchener N2G 1C5, Canada
| | - Nafiseh Nafissi
- Mediphage Bioceuticals, 661 University Avenue, Suite 1300, Toronto, ON, M5G 0B7, Canada
| | - Roderick A Slavcev
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St S, Kitchener N2G 1C5, Canada; Mediphage Bioceuticals, 661 University Avenue, Suite 1300, Toronto, ON, M5G 0B7, Canada; Theraphage, 151 Charles St W Suite # 199, Kitchener, ON, N2G 1H6, Canada.
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41
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Yoo JH. What We Do Know and Do Not Yet Know about COVID-19 Vaccines as of the Beginning of the Year 2021. J Korean Med Sci 2021; 36:e54. [PMID: 33559409 PMCID: PMC7870421 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which started at the end of 2019 and has spread worldwide, has remained unabated in 2021. Since non-pharmaceutical interventions including social distancing are facing limitations in controlling COVID-19, additional absolute means to change the trend are necessary. To this end, coronavirus-specific antiviral drugs and vaccines are urgently needed, but for now, the priority is to promote herd immunity through extensive nationwide vaccination campaign. In addition to the vaccines based on the conventional technology such inactivated or killed virus or protein subunit vaccines, several vaccines on the new technological platforms, for example, nucleic acids-based vaccines delivered by viral carriers, nanoparticles, or plasmids as a medium were introduced in this pandemic. In addition to achieving sufficient herd immunity with vaccination, the development of antiviral treatments that work specifically against COVID-19 will also be necessary to terminate the epidemic completely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hong Yoo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
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42
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Malik JA, Mulla AH, Farooqi T, Pottoo FH, Anwar S, Rengasamy KRR. Targets and strategies for vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111254. [PMID: 33550049 PMCID: PMC7843096 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2, previously called a novel coronavirus, that broke out in the Wuhan city of China caused a significant number of morbidity and mortality in the world. It is spreading at peak levels since the first case reported and the need for vaccines is in immense demand globally. Numerous treatment and vaccination strategies that were previously employed for other pathogens including coronaviruses are now being been adopted to guide the formulation of new SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Several vaccine targets can be utilized for the development of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. In this review, we highlighted the potential of various antigenic targets and other modes for formulating an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. There are a varying number of challenges encountered during developing the most effective vaccines, and measures for tackling such challenges will assist in fast pace development of vaccines. This review will give a concise overview of various aspects of the vaccine development process against SARS-CoV-2, including 1) potential antigen targets 2) different vaccination strategies from conventional to novel platforms, 3) ongoing clinical trials, 4) varying challenges encountered during developing the most effective vaccine and the futuristic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonaid Ahmad Malik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, Assam, India; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ropar, Punjab, India
| | | | - Tahmeena Farooqi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad Telangana, India
| | - Faheem Hyder Pottoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O.BOX 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sirajudheen Anwar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, 81442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kannan R R Rengasamy
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Viet Nam; Indigenous Knowledge Systems Centre, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2745, North West Province, South Africa.
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43
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Collignon C, Bol V, Chalon A, Surendran N, Morel S, van den Berg RA, Capone S, Bechtold V, Temmerman ST. Innate Immune Responses to Chimpanzee Adenovirus Vector 155 Vaccination in Mice and Monkeys. Front Immunol 2020; 11:579872. [PMID: 33329551 PMCID: PMC7734297 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication-deficient chimpanzee adenovirus (ChAd) vectors represent an attractive vaccine platform and are thus employed as vaccine candidates against several infectious diseases. Since inducing effective immunity depends on the interplay between innate and adaptive immunity, a deeper understanding of innate immune responses elicited by intramuscularly injected ChAd vectors in tissues can advance the platform’s development. Using different candidate vaccines based on the Group C ChAd type 155 (ChAd155) vector, we characterized early immune responses in injected muscles and draining lymph nodes (dLNs) from mice, and complemented these analyses by evaluating cytokine responses and gene expression patterns in peripheral blood from ChAd155-injected macaques. In mice, vector DNA levels gradually decreased post-immunization, but local transgene mRNA expression exhibited two transient peaks [at 6 h and Day (D)5], which were most obvious in dLNs. This dynamic pattern was mirrored by the innate responses in tissues, which developed as early as 1–3 h (cytokines/chemokines) or D1 (immune cells) post-vaccination. They were characterized by a CCL2- and CXCL9/10-dominated chemokine profile, peaking at 6 h (with CXCL10/CCL2 signals also detectable in serum) and D7, and clear immune-cell infiltration peaks at D1/D2 and D6/D7. Experiments with a green fluorescent protein-expressing ChAd155 vector revealed infiltrating hematopoietic cell subsets at the injection site. Cell infiltrates comprised mostly monocytes in muscles, and NK cells, T cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, and B cells in dLNs. Similar bimodal dynamics were observed in whole-blood gene signatures in macaques: most of the 17 enriched immune/innate signaling pathways were significantly upregulated at D1 and D7 and downregulated at D3, and clustering analysis revealed stronger similarities between D1 and D7 signatures versus the D3 signature. Serum cytokine responses (CXCL10, IL1Ra, and low-level IFN-α) in macaques were predominantly observed at D1. Altogether, the early immune responses exhibited bimodal kinetics with transient peaks at D1/D2 and D6/D7, mostly with an IFN-associated signature, and these features were remarkably consistent across most analyzed parameters in murine tissues and macaque blood. These compelling observations reveal a novel aspect of the dynamics of innate immunity induced by ChAd155-vectored vaccines, and contribute to ongoing research to better understand how adenovectors can promote vaccine-induced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanesa Bol
- Preclinical R&D, GSK, Rixensart, Belgium
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44
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Wang X, Zhou P, Wu M, Yang K, Guo J, Wang X, Li J, Fang Z, Wang G, Xing M, Zhou D. Adenovirus delivery of encoded monoclonal antibody protects against different types of influenza virus infection. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:57. [PMID: 32665862 PMCID: PMC7347565 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-0206-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high mutation and recombination rates of the influenza virus, current clinically licensed influenza vaccines and anti-influenza drugs provide limited protection against the emerging influenza virus epidemic. Therefore, universal influenza vaccines with high efficacy are urgently needed to ensure human safety and health. Passive immunization of influenza broadly neutralizing antibodies may become an ideal option for controlling influenza infection. CR9114 isolated from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy donors is a broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody that targets different types of influenza viruses. As the adenovirus vector is one of the most promising delivery vehicles, we employed the chimpanzee adenoviral vector, AdC68, to express CR9114 as a universal anti-influenza vaccine, termed AdC68-CR9114, and evaluated its antibody expression and its broad spectrum of prophylactic and therapeutic effects in animal models. Based on our findings, AdC68-CR9114-infected cell expressed the broadly neutralizing antibody at a high level in vitro and in vivo, exhibited biological functions, and protected mice from different types of influenza virus infection at different time points. The findings from this study shed light on a new strategy for controlling and preventing influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508 China
- Vaccine Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Mangteng Wu
- Vaccine Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Kaiyan Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jingao Guo
- Vaccine Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Xuchen Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jun Li
- Vaccine Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Zihao Fang
- Vaccine Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Guiqin Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Man Xing
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070 China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508 China
- Vaccine Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070 China
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45
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Ricobaraza A, Gonzalez-Aparicio M, Mora-Jimenez L, Lumbreras S, Hernandez-Alcoceba R. High-Capacity Adenoviral Vectors: Expanding the Scope of Gene Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3643. [PMID: 32455640 PMCID: PMC7279171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptation of adenoviruses as gene delivery tools has resulted in the development of high-capacity adenoviral vectors (HC-AdVs), also known, helper-dependent or "gutless". Compared with earlier generations (E1/E3-deleted vectors), HC-AdVs retain relevant features such as genetic stability, remarkable efficacy of in vivo transduction, and production at high titers. More importantly, the lack of viral coding sequences in the genomes of HC-AdVs extends the cloning capacity up to 37 Kb, and allows long-term episomal persistence of transgenes in non-dividing cells. These properties open a wide repertoire of therapeutic opportunities in the fields of gene supplementation and gene correction, which have been explored at the preclinical level over the past two decades. During this time, production methods have been optimized to obtain the yield, purity, and reliability required for clinical implementation. Better understanding of inflammatory responses and the implementation of methods to control them have increased the safety of these vectors. We will review the most significant achievements that are turning an interesting research tool into a sound vector platform, which could contribute to overcome current limitations in the gene therapy field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ruben Hernandez-Alcoceba
- Gene Therapy Program. University of Navarra-CIMA. Navarra Institute of Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.R.); (M.G.-A.); (L.M.-J.); (S.L.)
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Chinnakannan SK, Cargill TN, Donnison TA, Ansari MA, Sebastian S, Lee LN, Hutchings C, Klenerman P, Maini MK, Evans T, Barnes E. The Design and Development of a Multi-HBV Antigen Encoded in Chimpanzee Adenoviral and Modified Vaccinia Ankara Viral Vectors; A Novel Therapeutic Vaccine Strategy against HBV. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E184. [PMID: 32295168 PMCID: PMC7348829 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection affects 257 million people globally. Current therapies suppress HBV but viral rebound occurs on cessation of therapy; novel therapeutic strategies are urgently required. To develop a therapeutic HBV vaccine that can induce high magnitude T cells to all major HBV antigens, we have developed a novel HBV vaccine using chimpanzee adenovirus (ChAd) and modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) viral vectors encoding multiple HBV antigens. ChAd vaccine alone generated very high magnitude HBV specific T cell responses to all HBV major antigens. The inclusion of a shark Invariant (SIi) chain genetic adjuvant significantly enhanced the magnitude of T-cells against HBV antigens. Compared to ChAd alone vaccination, ChAd-prime followed by MVA-boost vaccination further enhanced the magnitude and breadth of the vaccine induced T cell response. Intra-cellular cytokine staining study showed that HBV specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were polyfunctional, producing combinations of IFNγ, TNF-α, and IL-2. In summary, we have generated genetically adjuvanted ChAd and MVA vectored HBV vaccines with the potential to induce high-magnitude T cell responses through a prime-boost therapeutic vaccination approach. These pre-clinical studies pave the way for new studies of HBV therapeutic vaccination in humans with chronic hepatitis B infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil K. Chinnakannan
- Peter Medawar Building, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK; (S.K.C.); (T.N.C.); (T.A.D.); (L.N.L.); (C.H.); (P.K.)
| | - Tamsin N. Cargill
- Peter Medawar Building, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK; (S.K.C.); (T.N.C.); (T.A.D.); (L.N.L.); (C.H.); (P.K.)
| | - Timothy A. Donnison
- Peter Medawar Building, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK; (S.K.C.); (T.N.C.); (T.A.D.); (L.N.L.); (C.H.); (P.K.)
| | - M. Azim Ansari
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK;
| | - Sarah Sebastian
- Vaccitech, The Oxford Science Park, The Schrodinger Building, Heatley Road, Oxford OX4 4GE, UK; (S.S.); (T.E.)
| | - Lian Ni Lee
- Peter Medawar Building, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK; (S.K.C.); (T.N.C.); (T.A.D.); (L.N.L.); (C.H.); (P.K.)
| | - Claire Hutchings
- Peter Medawar Building, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK; (S.K.C.); (T.N.C.); (T.A.D.); (L.N.L.); (C.H.); (P.K.)
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK; (S.K.C.); (T.N.C.); (T.A.D.); (L.N.L.); (C.H.); (P.K.)
| | - Mala K. Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK;
| | - Tom Evans
- Vaccitech, The Oxford Science Park, The Schrodinger Building, Heatley Road, Oxford OX4 4GE, UK; (S.S.); (T.E.)
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Peter Medawar Building, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK; (S.K.C.); (T.N.C.); (T.A.D.); (L.N.L.); (C.H.); (P.K.)
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Guo X, Mei L, Yan B, Zou X, Hung T, Lu Z. Site-directed modification of adenoviral vector with combined DNA assembly and restriction-ligation cloning. J Biotechnol 2019; 307:193-201. [PMID: 31751597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Commonly used and well accepted approaches are lacking for site-directed modification of adenoviral vectors. Here, we attempt to introduce an easy-to-implement strategy for such purpose with an example of establishing a replication competent adenoviral vector system from pKAd5 plasmid, an infectious clone of human adenovirus 5 (HAdV-5). PCR products of GFP expression cassette and plasmid backbone were fused with the EcoRI/NdeI-digested fragment of pKAd5 to generate a modified intermediate plasmid pMDXE3GA by DNA assembly. NdeI-digested fragment of pMDXE3GA was brought back to pKAd5 to form the adenoviral plasmid pKAd5XE3GA by restriction-ligation cloning. Recombinant adenovirus HAdV5-XE3GA was rescued, amplified and purified. The expression of GFP and the propagation of virus in adherent HEp-2 and suspension K562 cells were investigated. Expression of target gene was significantly enhanced in both cell lines infected with HAdV5-XE3GA due to virus replication. However, propagation of virus could not sustain in culture of K562 cells. Shuttle plasmid pSh5RC-GFP was constructed to facilitate exchange of transgene. In summary, the strategy of combined DNA assembly and restriction-ligation cloning is functional, cost-effective and suitable for genetic modification of adenovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Lingling Mei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China; School of Public Health and Management, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Bingyu Yan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China; College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Xiaohui Zou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Tao Hung
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Zhuozhuang Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China; Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention-Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Joint Research Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosafety, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Wang X, Fang Z, Xiong J, Yang K, Chi Y, Tang X, Ma L, Zhang R, Deng F, Lan K, Zhou D. A chimpanzee adenoviral vector-based rabies vaccine protects beagle dogs from lethal rabies virus challenge. Virology 2019; 536:32-38. [PMID: 31394410 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rabies continues to poses serious threats to the public health in many countries. The development of novel inexpensive, safe and effective vaccines has become a high priority for rabies control worldwide. We previously generated a novel recombinant rabies vaccine by cloning rabies virus glycoprotein into a chimpanzee adenoviral vector, termed ChAd68-Gp. The present study evaluated the immune responses and protection afforded by this vaccine in beagle dogs. The results demonstrated that intramuscular immunization with both low-dose and high-dose of ChAd68-Gp induced strong immune responses and provided complete protection in beagles even at low-dose. However, when administered orally, high-dose vaccination was protective while low-dose vaccination was ineffective. Further investigation indicated that the low-pH value of gastric juice in the stomach of beagles might decompose the adenovirus. Therefore, suitable formulation for adenovirus-based oral vaccine should be considered and developed. The chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored rabies vaccine ChAd68-Gp warrants extensive test for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zihao Fang
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jun Xiong
- Chengdu Farwits Biotechbology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Kaiyan Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yudan Chi
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xinying Tang
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Li Ma
- Chengdu Farwits Biotechbology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Renhuai Zhang
- Chengdu Farwits Biotechbology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Fei Deng
- Chengdu Farwits Biotechbology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ke Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei Province, China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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Characterization of a replication-competent vector encoding DsRed based on a human adenovirus type 4 a-like strain. Virus Res 2019; 270:197662. [PMID: 31301331 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human adenovirus type 4 (HAdV4) is an etiological agent of acute respiratory disease (ARD) in pediatric and adult patients. HAdV4 strains can be divided into two major genomic clusters, namely prototype (p)-like viruses and a-like viruses. Here, the complete genome sequence of HAdV4 strain GZ01, isolated from a child with ARD in southern China, is first reported and analyzed. This strain was determined to be of the 4a1 genome-type based on in silico restriction profiles. Then, a replication-competent rAd4DsRed virus, containing the HAdV4 GZ01 infectious genome and expressing the reporter molecule DsRed, was generated and characterized. Recombinant rAd4DsRed can infect AD293, hamster, and mouse cells in which DsRed protein was expressed. No changes in antigenicity and genome replication were detected for rAd4DsRed and wild-type HAdV4. Mice immunized with rAd4DsRed was elicited a marked antibody response to DsRed. A rapid method of testing neutralizing antibodies against HAdV3 and HAdV4 was also established using a mixture of rAd4DsRed and rAd3EGFP. Our results provide the foundation to develop HAdV4 vaccines, potential vector platforms for vaccine and gene therapy, and rapid methods for serological and antiviral screening.
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50
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Liu H, Lu Z, Zhang X, Guo X, Mei L, Zou X, Zhong Y, Wang M, Hung T. Single Plasmid-Based, Upgradable, and Backward-Compatible Adenoviral Vector Systems. Hum Gene Ther 2019; 30:777-791. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Counter Measures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhuozhuang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
- School of Public Health and Management, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lingling Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
- School of Public Health and Management, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yuxu Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Counter Measures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Tao Hung
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
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