An in vitro examination of the antioxidant, cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties of chrysin-loaded nanofibrous mats for potential wound healing applications

Tissue Engineering Scaffolds Loaded With a Variety of Plant Extracts: Novel Model in Breast Cancer Therapy

Despite recent improvements in detecting and managing breast cancer (BC), it continues to be a major worldwide health concern that annually affects millions of people. Exploring the anti-BC potentials of natural compounds has received a lot of scientific attention due to their multi-target mode of action and good safety profiles because of these unmet needs. Drugs made from herbs are secure and have a lot fewer negative effects than those made from synthetic materials. Early stage patients benefit from breast-conserving surgery, but the risk of local recurrence remains, necessitating implanted scaffolds. These scaffolds provide residual cancer cell killing and tailored drug delivery. This review looks at plant extract-infused tissue engineering scaffolds, which provide a novel approach to treating BC. By offering patient individualized, safer treatments, these scaffolds could completely change how BC is treated.

Effect of Mexican Propolis on Wound Healing in a Murine Model of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus (DM) affects the wound healing process, resulting in impaired healing or aberrant scarring. DM increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, fibroblast senescence and angiogenesis abnormalities, causing exacerbated inflammation accompanied by low levels of TGF-β and an increase in Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Propolis has been proposed as a healing alternative for diabetic patients because it has antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and proliferative effects and important properties in the healing process. An ethanolic extract of Chihuahua propolis (ChEEP) was obtained and fractionated, and the fractions were subjected to High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with diode-array (HPLC-DAD), High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses and 46 compounds were detected. Deep wounds were made in a murine DM model induced by streptozotocin, and the speed of closure and the wound tensile strength were evaluated by the tensiometric method, which showed that ChEEP had similar activity to Recoveron, improving the speed of healing and increasing the wound tensile strength needed to open the wound again. A histological analysis of the wounds was performed using H&E staining, and when Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and α-actin were quantified by immunohistochemistry, ChEEP was shown to be associated with improved histological healing, as indicated by the reduced MMP9 and α-actin expression. In conclusion, topical ChEEP application enhances wound healing in diabetic mice.

Synthesis, Characterization, Acute Dermal Toxicity, Anti-inflammatory, and Wound Healing Potential of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles in Balb C Mice

AIM

The current study aimed to develop an economic plant-based therapeutic agent to improve the treatment strategies for diseases at the nano-scale.

METHODS

In the current research, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using Trillium govanianum aqueous extract. Characterizations were done using UV-visible spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In vivo biological activities such as acute dermal toxicity, wound healing, and anti-inflammatory were done on Balb C mice. Absorbance at 295 nm corresponds to the out-of-plane quadrupole Plasmonresonance while at 350 nm corresponds to in-plane dipole resonance. SEM images showed the morphology of TGAgNPs is not exactly spherical while XRD analysis shows that highly crystalline TGAgNPs with an average size of 27.94 nm. The FTIR spectrum represents sharp peaks of aldehyde, amide I, aromatic rings, and polysaccharides. The microscopic assessment did not find any epidermal and dermal layer abnormalities in Blab C mice when exposed to TGAgNPs during acute dermal toxicity.

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

Results revealed that 1000 mg/kg is not a lethal dose. In the wound healing activity, no mortality and no abnormal signs were observed when petroleum jelly, nitrofuranose, TGaqu, and TGAgNPs-based ointments were applied. Enhanced epithelization was recorded in TGaqu and TGAgNPs treated mice (p≤0.001). The wound contraction percentage was higher in nitrofuranose-treated mice (74%) followed by TGAgNPs (71%), and TGaqu (69%) compared to vehicle-treated and open-wounded mice. The paw edema model proved the potential use of TGAgNPs and TGaqu as anti-inflammatory agents.

CONCLUSION

Hence, the results proved that both TGaqu and TGAgNPs are not toxic and possessed strong anti-inflammatory and wound-healing effects due to the presence of phytochemical constituents and could be used in various drug production as a therapeutic agent.

Preparation and in vitro evaluation of biological agents based on Zinc-laponite- curcumin incorporated in alginate hydrogel

Due to their outstanding structures and properties, three-dimensional (3D) hydrogels and nanoparticles have been widely studied and indicated a very high potential for medical, therapeutic, and diagnostic applications. However, hydrogels and nanoparticles systems have particular drawbacks that limit their widespread applications. In recent years, the incorporation of nanostructured systems into hydrogel has been developed as a novel way for the formation of new biomaterials with various functions to solve biomedical challenges. In this study, alginate-loaded Zinc- laponite-curcumin (Zn/La/Cur) nanocomposites were fabricated via ionic cross-linking. The prepared nanocomposite hydrogels were characterized via FTIR and FE-SEM. Moreover, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was used to study the elements of the Zn/La/Cur nanocomposite. The NIH3T3 fibroblast cell line was utilized for the MTT assay to determine the cell viability of the fabricated alginate-loaded Zn/La/Cur nanocomposites. MTT results demonstrated that there was no evidence of toxicity in the samples. These outcomes suggest that applying Al/Zn/La/Cur nanocomposite as a biological agent could be a novel tissue engineering strategy for treating soft tissue disorders.

Co-electrospun PCL-collagen nanofibers containing saffron-synthesized gold nanoparticles as an antioxidant wound dressing

Oxidant environment and inflammation are the leading cause of chronic wounds such as diabetic ulcers. A dressing containing antioxidants would ensure accelerated wound healing. In this study, electrospun gold nanoparticle (GNP)-embedded nanofibers were developed. GNPs (about 7 nm) were synthesized using saffron extract as a reducing and capping agent (GNP-EXT). For comparison, nanoparticles of the same size were also synthesized using citrate (GNP-CIT). Nanoparticle colloids showed a zeta potential of -27 mV. FTIR confirmed the presence of the extract molecules on the nanoparticles. DPPH assay demonstrated the significant radical scavenging properties of the GNP-EXT. The effect of nanoparticles on the viability of NIH3T3 mouse fibroblast cells was evaluated with an MTT assay that showed no significant toxicity of nanoparticles even in the highest concentration of 250 ppm. Then poly (ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL)- Collagen nanofibers containing GNPs were electrospun. By using SEM, TEM, ATR-FTIR, and contact angle measurement, the nanofibers were characterized. Proper cell adhesion and spreading was observed on nanofibers by SEM and Alamar blue assay illustrated appropriate cyto-compatibility on the obtained nanofibers after 5 days of cell seeding. Wound healing assay also confirmed the cell supporting properties and biocompatibility. The results suggest that saffron-synthesized GNP-loaded nanofibers would be considered as potential wound dressings.

Dietary Polyphenols Decrease Chemokine Release by Human Primary Astrocytes Responding to Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines

Astrocytes are considered to be the dominant cell fraction of the central nervous system. They play a supportive and protective role towards neurons, and regulate inflammatory processes; they thus make suitable targets for drugs and supplements, such as polyphenolic compounds. However, due to their wide range, knowledge of their anti-inflammatory potential remains relatively incomplete. The aim of this study was therefore to determine whether myricetin and chrysin are able to decrease chemokine release in reactive astrocytes. To assess the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of polyphenols, human primary astrocytes were cultured in the presence of a reactive and neurotoxic astrocyte-inducing cytokine mixture (TNF-α, IL-1a, C1q), either alone or in the presence of myricetin or chrysin. The examined polyphenols were able to modify the secretion of chemokines by human cortical astrocytes, especially CCL5 (chrysin), CCL1 (myricetin) and CCL2 (both), while cell viability was not affected. Surprisingly, the compounds did not demonstrate any antioxidant properties in the astrocyte cultures.

Propolis Enhances 5-Fluorouracil Mediated Antitumor Efficacy and Reduces Side Effects in Colorectal Cancer: An in Vitro and in Vivo Study

In this study, we investigated the combined treatment of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and Anatolian propolis extract (PE) on colorectal cancer (CRC)using in vitro and in vivo studies. We exposed luciferase-transfected (Lovo-Luc CRC) cells and healthy colon cells (CCD-18Co) to varying concentrations of 5-FU and PE to assess their genotoxic, apoptotic, and cytotoxic effects, as well as their intracellular reactive oxygen species (iROS) levels. We also developed a xenograft model in nude mice and evaluated the anti-tumor effects of PE and 5-FU using various methods. Our findings showed that the combination of PE and 5-FU had selectivity against cancer cells, particularly at higher doses, and enhanced the anti-tumor effectiveness of 5-FU against colon CRC. The results suggest that PE can reduce side effects and increase the effectiveness of 5-FU through iROS generation in a dose-dependent manner.

A Brief Review on the Electrohydrodynamic Techniques Used to Build Antioxidant Delivery Systems from Natural Sources

Extracts from plants have been one of the main sources of antioxidants, namely polyphenols. The associated drawbacks, such as instability against environmental factors, low bioavailability, and loss of activity, must be considered during microencapsulation for a better application. Electrohydrodynamic processes have been investigated as promising tools to fabricate crucial vectors to minimize these limitations. The developed microstructures present high potential to encapsulate active compounds and for controlling their release. The fabricated electrospun/electrosprayed structures present different benefits when compared with structures developed by other techniques; they present a high surface-area-to-volume ratio as well as porosity, great materials handling, and scalable production-among other advantages-which make them able to be widely applied in different fields, namely in the food industry. This review presents a summary of the electrohydrodynamic processes, main studies, and their application.

Biodegradable Electrospun Scaffolds as an Emerging Tool for Skin Wound Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review

Skin is designed to protect various tissues, and because it is the largest and first human bodily organ to sustain damage, it has an incredible ability to regenerate. On account of extreme injuries or extensive surface loss, the normal injury recuperating interaction might be inadequate or deficient, bringing about risky and disagreeable circumstances that request the utilization of fixed adjuvants and tissue substitutes. Due to their remarkable biocompatibility, biodegradability, and bioactive abilities, such as antibacterial, immunomodulatory, cell proliferative, and wound mending properties, biodegradable polymers, both synthetic and natural, are experiencing remarkable progress. Furthermore, the ability to convert these polymers into submicrometric filaments has further enhanced their potential (e.g., by means of electrospinning) to impersonate the stringy extracellular grid and permit neo-tissue creation, which is a basic component for delivering a mending milieu. Together with natural biomaterial, synthetic polymers are used to solve stability problems and make scaffolds that can dramatically improve wound healing. Biodegradable polymers, commonly referred to as biopolymers, are increasingly used in other industrial sectors to reduce the environmental impact of material and energy usage as they are fabricated using renewable biological sources. Electrospinning is one of the best ways to fabricate nanofibers and membranes that are very thin and one of the best ways to fabricate continuous nanomaterials with a wide range of biological, chemical, and physical properties. This review paper concludes with a summary of the electrospinning (applied electric field, needle-to-collector distance, and flow rate), solution (solvent, polymer concentration, viscosity, and solution conductivity), and environmental (humidity and temperature) factors that affect the production of nanofibers and the use of bio-based natural and synthetic electrospun scaffolds in wound healing.

Wound healing and antibacterial capability of electrospun polyurethane nanofibers incorporating Calendula officinalis and Propolis extracts

In order to produce a healing accelerator antibacterial wound dressing, different electrospun polyurethane (PU)-based nanofibers inclusive Calendula officinalis and Propolis ethanolic extracts were fabricated. The measurement of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) determined the concentrations of incorporating extracts. Then the morphological properties of the produced polyurethane (PU), polyurethane/C. officinalis (PU/CO), polyurethane/Propolis (PU/PR), polyurethane/C. officinalis/Propolis (PU/CO/PR) were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The physicochemical features and biological characteristics of the fabricated nanofibers were evaluated. Subsequently, the antibacterial and wound-healing efficiency of electrospun wound dressings were tested under in vivo situation. The electrospun PU/CO/PR nanofiber illustrated the most degree of antibacterial, antioxidant, and cell proliferation efficiencies. In vivo examination and histological analysis confirmed significant improvement in the complete, well-organized wound-healing process in MRSA-infected wounds treated with PU/CO/PR. These outcomes described PU/CO/PR electrospun nanofibers as a wound dressing that can significantly facilitate wound healing with notable antibacterial, antioxidant, and cell proliferation properties.

LC-TOF-MS/MS and GC-MS based phytochemical profiling and evaluation of wound healing activity of Oroxylum Indicum (L.) Kurz (Beka)

Background: Beka (Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz) has been used as a culinary herb and natural remedy by the local communities in Malaysia. The leaf of O. indicum is traditionally used for the treatment of diarrhea, high blood pressure, and improving digestive health. Objectives: The present study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemical constituents and wound healing properties (in vitro and in vivo models) of aqueous and ethanol extracts of O. indicum leaves. Methods: The total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) contents in the plant extracts were determined by the spectrophotometric methods. Further, the extract was characterized by Liquid Chromatography Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS/MS) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The wound healing activity was assessed using the in vitro scratch wound-healing assay and in vivo excisional wound model. Results: The results show the ethanol leaves extract had the higher TPC (164 mg GAE/g) when compared with the aqueous leaves extract (30 mg gallic acid equivalents/g). The ethanol leaves extract was also found to have higher TFC (101 mg Catechin equivalents/g) than the aqueous leaves extract (76 mg Catechin equivalents/g). The ethanol leaves extract was then used for further chemical analysis. The LC-TOF-MS/MS analysis showed that the leaves extracts of O. indicum contains many important compounds such as Orientin, Chrysin, Pinoquercetin, Cupressuflavone, Puerarin xyloside, Forsythiaside and Paederoside. In GC-MS analysis, 19 compounds were identified in ethanolic leaves extract. The wound healing studies shows that O. indicum has promising wound healing activity by increasing the rate of wound contraction significantly (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, the present study showed that O. indicum leaf contains important phytochemicals and the wound healing potential of the O. indicum extract may probably be as a result of the presence of various phytoconstituents.

Electrospinning of botanicals for skin wound healing

Being the first barrier between the human body and external environments, our skin is highly vulnerable to injuries. As one of the conventional therapies, botanicals prepared in different topical formulations have been applied as medical care for centuries. With the current increase of clinical requirements, applications of botanicals are heading towards nanotechnologies, typically fused with electrospinning that forms nanofibrous membranes suitable for skin wound healing. In this review, we first introduced the main process of wound healing, and then presented botanicals integrated into electrospun matrices as either loaded drugs, or carriers, or membrane coatings. In addition, by addressing functional features of individual botanicals in the healing of injured skin, we further discussed the bioactivity of botanical electrospun membranes in relevant to the medical issues solved in the process of wound healing. As achieved by pioneer studies, due to infrequent adverse effects and the diversity in resources of natural plants, the development of electrospun products based on botanicals is gaining greater attention. However, investigations in this field have mainly focused on different methodologies used in the preparation of nanofibrous membranes containing botanicals, their translation into clinical practices remains unaddressed. Accordingly, we propose that potential clinical applications of botanical electrospun membranes require not only the further expansion and understanding of botanicals, but also an establishment of standard criteria for the evaluation of wound healing and evolutions of technologies to support the large-scale manufacturing industry.

An update of Nrf2 activators and inhibitors in cancer prevention/promotion

NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein is a basic-region leucine zipper transcription factor that defends against endogenous or exogenous stressors. By inducing several cytoprotective and detoxifying gene expressions, Nrf2 can increase the sensitivity of the cells to oxidants and electrophiles. Transient Nrf2 activation, by its specific activators, has protective roles against carcinogenesis and cancer development. However, permanent activation of Nrf2 promotes various cancer properties, comprising malignant progression, chemo/radio resistance, and poor patient prognosis. Taken together, these findings suggest that reaching an optimal balance between paradoxical functions of Nrf2 in malignancy may render a selective improvement to identify therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment. In this review, we describe lately discovered Nrf2 inducers and inhibitors, and their chemopreventive and/or anticancer activities.

The Nrf2 pathway signifies one of the most significant cell defense procedures against exogenous or endogenous stressors. Certainly, by increasing the expression of several cytoprotective genes, the transcription factor Nrf2 can shelter cells and tissues from multiple sources of damage including electrophilic, xenobiotic, metabolic, and oxidative stress. Notably, the aberrant activation or accumulation of Nrf2, a common event in many tumors, confers a selective advantage to cancer cells and is connected to malignant progression, therapy resistance, and poor prognosis. Therefore, lately, Nrf2 has arisen as a hopeful target in treatment of cancer, and many struggles have been made to detect therapeutic strategies intended at disrupting its pro-oncogenic role. By summarizing the outcomes from past and recent studies, this review provided an overview concerning the Nrf2 pathway and the molecular mechanisms causing Nrf2 hyperactivation in cancer cells. Finally, this paper also described some of the most promising therapeutic approaches that have been successfully employed to counteract Nrf2 activity in tumors, with a particular emphasis on the development of natural compounds and the adoption of drug repurposing strategies.

Spotlight on therapeutic efficiency of mesenchymal stem cells in viral infections with a focus on COVID-19

The SARS-COV-2 virus has infected the world at a very high rate by causing COVID-19 disease. Nearly 507 million individuals have been infected with this virus, with approximately 1.2% of these patients being dead, indicating that this virus has been out of control in many countries. While researchers are investigating how to develop efficient drugs and vaccines versus the COVID-19 pandemic, new superseded treatments have the potential to reduce mortality. The recent application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in a subgroup of COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress has created potential benefits as supportive therapy for this viral contagion in patients with acute conditions and aged patients with severe pneumonia. Consequently, within this overview, we discuss the role and therapeutic potential of MSCs and the challenges ahead in using them to treat viral infections, with highlighting on COVID-19 infection.

Chrysin, which targets PLAU, protects PC12 cells from OGD/R-stimulated damage through repressing the NF-κB signaling pathway

Cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury (CIRI) is a great challenge for the patients with brain ischemia, but its pathophysiological mechanism has not been clearly explored. This study aims to decipher the effect of chrysin and plasminogen activator urokinase (PLAU) in CIRI. The immune-related genes were collected from the ImmPort website, and the differentially expressed genes were determined based on the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. PC12 cells were used to establish an ischemic stroke model under the condition of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R). Small interfering RNA strategy was employed to knock down the PLAU expression of PC12 cells. The proliferation and apoptosis rates of PC12 cells treated by OGD/R or/and chrysin were detected with Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK-8) and flow cytometry. The protein and mRNA expressions were measured using western blotting and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). PLAU was identified as a candidate for CIRI treatment and expressed at higher levels in CIRI tissues compared with that in normal controls. Chrysin was determined as a crucial agent that could decrease the expression of PLAU. Chrysin significantly promoted the cell proliferation, inhibited the protein levels of PLAU, p–NF–κB, and p-IKκB in PC12 cells after OGD/R. Silencing of PLAU strengthened the protective effect of chrysin on PC12 cells treated by OGD/R, including the improvement of cell viability and suppression of apoptosis. Chrysin inactivated the NF-κB pathway via targeting PLAU in OGD/R-stimulated PC12 cells. Chrysin prevented PC12 cells from OGD/R-stimulated damage via decreasing PLAU expression and inactivating the NF-κB signaling pathway.

Application of decellularized bone matrix as a bioscaffold in bone tissue engineering

Autologous bone grafts are commonly used as the gold standard to repair and regenerate diseased bones. However, they are strongly associated with postoperative complications, especially at the donor site, and increased surgical costs. In an effort to overcome these limitations, tissue engineering (TE) has been proposed as an alternative to promote bone repair. The successful outcome of tissue engineering depends on the microstructure and composition of the materials used as scaffold. Decellularized bone matrix-based biomaterials have been applied as bioscaffolds in bone tissue engineering. These biomaterials play an important role in providing the mechanical and physical microenvironment needed by cells to proliferate and survive. Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) can be used as a powder, hydrogel and electrospun scaffolds. These bioscaffolds mimic the native microenvironment due to their structure similar to the original tissue. The aim of this review is to highlight the bone decellularization techniques. Herein we discuss: (1) bone structure; (2) properties of an ideal scaffold; (3) the potential of decellularized bone as bioscaffolds; (4) terminal sterilization of decellularized bone; (5) cell removing confirmation in decellularized tissues; and (6) post decellularization procedures. Finally, the improvement of bone formation by dECM and the immunogenicity aspect of using the decellularized bone matrix are presented, to illustrate how novel dECM-based materials can be used as bioscaffold in tissue engineering. A comprehensive understanding of tissue engineering may allow for better incorporation of therapeutic approaches in bone defects allowing for bone repair and regeneration.

In vitro expansion of human adipose-derived stem cells with delayed senescence through dual stage release of curcumin from mesoporous silica nanoparticles/electrospun nanofibers

Electrospun nanofibers (NFs) were utilized to realize the dual-stage release of curcumin (Curc) to fully support the attachment, viability and proliferation of adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) with a delay in cellular senescence. For this purpose, both free Curc and Curc-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (Curc@MSNs) were integrated into the electrospun polycaprolactone/gelatin (PCL/GEL) nanofibrous scaffolds and characterized via FTIR, BET, FE-SEM and TEM. In vitro drug release results demonstrated strong dual stage-discharge of Curc from the Curc/Curc@MSNs-NFs. Because of the combination of initial rapid release and late extended drug release, hADSCs cultured on the Curc/Curc@MSNs-NFs showed the greatest adhesion, metabolic activity and proliferation rate with a fibroblastic phenotype after 28 days of culture. Besides, a significant reduction in senescence-associated lysosomal α-L-fucosidase (SA-α-Fuc) expression and activity was also measured in hADSCs cultured on the Curc/Curc@MSNs-NFs. Moreover, not only the expression of hTERT in mRNA and protein levels was considerably increased in hADSCs seeded on the Curc/Curc@MSNs-NFs, but also the telomerase activity and telomere length were significantly enhanced in the scaffolds compared to the other types of scaffolds and control group. These results uncovered the potential of the two-stage discharge profile of Curc from Curc/Curc@MSNs-NFs to provide the biofunctionality of long-term cultured hADSCs for efficient stem cell-based regenerative therapies.

The Antimicrobial, Antioxidative, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Polycaprolactone/Gelatin Scaffolds Containing Chrysin for Regenerative Endodontic Purposes

The appropriate endodontic material should eliminate the infection and inflammation to provide a situation for regeneration and healing of pulp tissue besides biomineralization. Chrysin is one of the active ingredients of plant flavonoids, which has significant anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. In the present study, this natural substance was evaluated for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and mineralization properties on dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). SEM, FTIR, and TGA tests were used to determine the successful synthesize of chrysin-loaded scaffolds. The antimicrobial effects of the synthesized scaffold against Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis were assessed by the agar diffusion test and live/dead assay. The proliferation of DPSCs on these scaffolds was determined by the MTT assay, DAPI staining, and DNA extraction. Moreover, the antioxidant and anti-inflammation activity of chrysin-loaded scaffolds on inflamed DPSCs was evaluated. Alkaline phosphatase activity and Alizarin Red S Stain tests were done to evaluate the mineralization of DPSCs seeded on these scaffolds. The chrysin-loaded scaffolds reported antimicrobial effects against evaluated bacterial strains. The proliferation of DPSCs seeded on these scaffolds was increased significantly (p < 0.05). The TNFα and DCF levels in inflamed DPSCs showed a significant decrease in the presence of chrysin-loaded scaffolds (p < 0.05). The ALP activity and formation of mineralized nodules of DPSCs on these scaffolds were significantly increased compared with the control group (p < 0.05). These results indicated that chrysin as an ancient therapeutic agent can accelerate the healing and regeneration of damaged pulp tissue, and this active ingredient can be a potential natural substance for regenerative endodontic procedures.

Fabrication and characterization of Chrysin - A plant polyphenol loaded alginate -chitosan composite for wound healing application

The present study explores the therapeutic efficacy of sodium alginate-chitosan scaffolds loaded with Chrysin (ALG-CS-CHY) for dermal wound management. Scaffolds were prepared by the vacuum freeze-drying method. The physiochemical characterization was done through Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR), which revealed the interactions between the scaffold's functional groups and the drug. Surface Electron microscopy (SEM) showed a porous architecture varying from 200-400 μm. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) showed an ionic interaction between ALG-CS leading to their excellent compatibility. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) results suggest increased ALG-CS scaffold's thermal stability. In-vitro biodegradation behavior demonstrated controlled degradation with lysozyme. The swelling ratio was highest in the first hour and decreased slowly with time, and the porosity analysis showed a high degree of porosity. The ALG-CS scaffold showed sustained drug availability and minimized re-application, which contributes to effective healing and treatment. The blood compatibility and whole blood clotting ability of the scaffold significantly improved after incorporating the drug. Calcein AM, Propidium iodide, was used for live and dead cell staining, which confirmed that fabricated ALG-CS-CHY scaffolds are biocompatible and facilitate cell growth and cell proliferation. In-vivo and in-vitro observations show that the experimental group treated using the ALG-CS-CHY reduces the period of re-epithelization, accelerated fibroblast cell migration, and contracted wound significantly (p < 0.001) compared to other groups. ALG-CS-CHY scaffolds also increased collagen deposition, hexosamine synthesis, accelerates angiogenesis, and recruiting immune cells at the site of a wound. These results suggest ALG-CS-CHY scaffold serves as an effective dressing for dermal wound management.

Emerging cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying anticancer indications of chrysin

Chrysin has been shown to exert several beneficial pharmacological activities. Chrysin has anti-cancer, anti-viral, anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and renoprotective as well as gastrointestinal, respiratory, reproductive, ocular, and skin protective effects through modulating signaling pathway involved in apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. In the current review, we discussed the emerging cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying therapeutic indications of chrysin in various cancers. Online databases comprising Scopus, PubMed, Embase, ProQuest, Science Direct, Web of Science, and the search engine Google Scholar were searched for available and eligible research articles. The search was conducted by using MeSH terms and keywords in title, abstract, and keywords. In conclusion, experimental studies indicated that chrysin could ameliorate cancers of the breast, gastrointestinal tract, liver and hepatocytes, bladder, male and female reproductive systems, choroid, respiratory tract, thyroid, skin, eye, brain, blood cells, leukemia, osteoblast, and lymph. However, more studies are needed to enhance the bioavailability of chrysin and evaluate this agent in clinical trial studies.

Evaluation of the anti-oxidative and ROS scavenging properties of biomaterials coated with epigallocatechin gallate for tissue engineering

In tissue engineering, excessively generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) during biomaterial implantation or cell transplantation is a one of major causes of diminishing therapeutic effects. In this study, we prepared biomaterial surfaces coated with antioxidant epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and metal ions, and evaluated their anti-oxidative and ROS scavenging properties. We revealed that EGCG-coating on polycaprolactone (PCL) film surface increased hydrophilicity and anti-oxidative properties as a function of total phenol content (TPC) potentially due to the increase in phenolic -OH and π-electrons from structural maintenance and directly removed the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) by resonance-stabilization. Furthermore, EGCG-coated PCL film increased attachment, spreading area, and viability of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) against H₂O₂ treatment while stimulated the cellular signaling to reduce apoptotic gene and enhance anti-oxidative enzyme expression. Further, we applied EGCG coating on the surface of poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) fibers. Spheroids incorporating EGCG-coated PLLA fibers were able to maintain their shape and showed improved viability and anti-oxidative activities in response to H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress than control spheroids. Therefore, metal-phenolic network (MPN) coating of EGCG is a suitable method to impart the anti-oxidative properties to biomaterials by evaluating the structural properties and biological effects.

Wound healing performance of PCL/chitosan based electrospun nanofiber electrosprayed with curcumin loaded chitosan nanoparticles

In this study, the electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)/Chitosan (CS)/curcumin (CUR) nanofiber was fabricated successfully with curcumin loaded chitosan nano-encapsulated particles (CURCSNPs). The morphology of the produced CURCSNPs, PCL, PCL/CS, PCL/CS/CUR, and PCL/CS/CUR electrosprayed with CURCSNPs were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The physicochemical properties and biological characteristics of fabricated nanofibers such as antibacterial, antioxidant, cell viability, and in vivo wound healing efficiency and histological assay were tested. The electrospraying of CURCSNPs on surface PCL/CS/CUR nanofiber resulted in the enhanced antibacterial, antioxidant, cell proliferation efficiencies and higher swelling and water vapor transition rates. In vivo examination and Histological analysis showed PCL/CS/CUR electrosprayed with CURCSNPs led to significant improvement of complete well-organized wound healing process in MRSA infected wounds. These results suggest that the application of PCL/CS/CUR electrosprayed with CURCSNPs as a wound dressing significantly facilitates wound healing with notable antibacterial, antioxidant, and cell proliferation properties.

Pathophysiological Effects of Sulfur Mustard on Skin and its Current Treatments: Possible Application of Phytochemicals

BACKGROUND

Sulfur-(SM) and nitrogen (NM)-based mustards are the mutagenic incapacitating compounds which are widely used in vesicating the chemical warfare and cause toxicity in many organs, especially skin. SM, as a potent vesicating agent, contributes to the destruction of skin in dermis and epidermis layers. The progression of the lesion depends on the concentration of SM and the duration of exposure. Body responses start with pruritus, erythema, edema and xerosis, which lead to the accumulation of immune cells in the target sites and recruitment of mast cells and paracrine-mediated activity. Pro-inflammatory effectors are accumulated in the epidermis, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands resulting in the destruction of the basement membrane beneath the epidermis. There is still no satisfactory countermeasure against SM-induced lesions in clinical therapy, and the symptomatic or supportive treatments are routine management approaches.

OBJECTIVE

The current review highlights the recent progression of herbal medicines application in SM-induced injuries through the illustrative examples and also demonstrates their efficacies, properties and mechanism of actions as therapeutic agents.

CONCLUSION

Phytochemicals and herbal extracts with anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties have been recently shown to hold therapeutic promise against the SM-induced cutaneous complications. The present review discusses the possible application of herbal medicines in the healing of SM-induced injuries.

Nanostructured Fibers Containing Natural or Synthetic Bioactive Compounds in Wound Dressing Applications

The interest in wound healing characteristics of bioactive constituents and therapeutic agents, especially natural compounds, is increasing because of their therapeutic properties, cost-effectiveness, and few adverse effects. Lately, nanocarriers as a drug delivery system have been actively investigated and applied in medical and therapeutic applications. In recent decades, researchers have investigated the incorporation of natural or synthetic substances into novel bioactive electrospun nanofibrous architectures produced by the electrospinning method for skin substitutes. Therefore, the development of nanotechnology in the area of dressings that could provide higher performance and a synergistic effect for wound healing is needed. Natural compounds with antimicrobial, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activity in combination with nanostructured fibers represent a future approach due to the increased wound healing process and regeneration of the lost tissue. This paper presents different approaches in producing electrospun nanofibers, highlighting the electrospinning process used in fabricating innovative wound dressings that are able to release natural and/or synthetic substances in a controlled way, thus enhancing the healing process.

Poly (vinylpyrrolidone)‑iodine engineered poly (ε-caprolactone) nanofibers as potential wound dressing materials

Facilitating the process of wound healing and effective treatment of wounds remains a serious challenge in healthcare. Wound dressing materials play a major role in the protection of wounds and in accelerating the natural healing process. In the present study, novel core/shell (c/s) nanofibrous mats of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)‑iodine (PVPI) and polycaprolactone (PCL) were fabricated using a co-axial electrospinning process followed by their surface modification with poly-l-lysine. The developed nanofibrous mats were extensively characterized for their physicochemical properties using various analytical techniques. The core/shell structure of the PVP-I/PCL nanofibers was confirmed using TEM analysis. The PVP-I release studies showed an initial burst phase followed by a sustained release pattern of PVP-I over a period of 30 days. The developed nanofibers exhibited higher BSA and fibrinogen adsorption as compared to pristine PCL. Cytotoxicity studies using MTT assay demonstrated that the PVP-I/PCL (c/s) nanofibers were cytocompatible at optimized PVP-I concentration (3 wt%). The PCL-poly-l-lysine and PVP-I/PCL-poly-l-lysine nanofibers exhibited higher cell viability (24.2% and 21.4% higher at day 7) when compared to uncoated PCL and PVP-I/PCL nanofibers. The PVP-I/PCL nanofibers showed excellent antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria. The inflammatory response of Mouse RAW 264.7 macrophage cells towards the nanofibers was studied using RT-PCR. It revealed that the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) were significantly upregulated on PCL nanofibers, while their expression was comparatively lower on poly-l-lysine coated PCL or PVP-I/PCL(c/s) nanofibers. Overall, the study highlights the ability of poly-l-lysine coated PVP-I/PCL (c/s) nanofibers as potential wound dressing materials effectively facilitating the early stage wound healing and repair process by virtue of their selective modulation of inflammation, cell adhesion and antimicrobial properties.

Applications of Electrospun Nanofibers with Antioxidant Properties: A Review

Antioxidants can be encapsulated to enhance their solubility or bioavailability or to protect them from external factors. Electrospinning has proven to be an excellent option for applications in nanotechnology, as electrospun nanofibers can provide the necessary environment for antioxidant encapsulation. Forty-nine papers related to antioxidants loaded onto electrospun nanofibers were categorized and reviewed to identify applications and new trends. Medical and food fields were commonly proposed for the newly obtained composites. Among the polymers used as a matrix for the electrospinning process, synthetic poly (lactic acid) and polycaprolactone were the most widely used. In addition, natural compounds and extracts were identified as antioxidants that help to inhibit free radical and oxidative damage in tissues and foods. The most recurrent active compounds used were tannic acid (polyphenol), quercetin (flavonoid), curcumin (polyphenol), and vitamin B6 (pyridoxine). The incorporation of active compounds in nanofibers often improves their bioavailability, giving them increased stability, changing the mechanical properties of polymers, enhancing nanofiber biocompatibility, and offering novel properties for the required field. Although most of the polymers used were synthetic, natural polymers such as silk fibroin, chitosan, cellulose, pullulan, polyhydroxybutyrate, and zein have proven to be proper matrices for this purpose.

Naringenin potentiated β-sitosterol healing effect on the scratch wound assay

In the present investigation scratch wound assay was used to study the ability of several combinations of each flavonoid (chrysin, naringenin or resveratrol) with β-sitosterol to heal wounds in vitro. MTT test was performed to determine if the combination of flavonoid with β-sitosterol was toxic to fibroblasts or not. Also, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) concentrations were measured. The best closure rates were obtained with β-sitosterol combined with naringenin and β-sitosterol combined with resveratrol. The combination that produced the best closure rate namely β-sitosterol with naringenin increased SOD activity significantly. However, this combination was not better than naringenin or β-sitosterol alone in reducing IL-β concentration. The results of MTT test indicated that the combination as well as β-sitosterol alone or naringenin alone has no toxic effect on fibroblasts. In conclusion, the combination of β-sitosterol and naringenin exerted a synergistic effect on wound closure without decreasing the viability of fibroblasts, increased antioxidant defense mechanism and decreased IL-β.

Large-Scale and Rapid Preparation of Nanofibrous Meshes and Their Application for Drug-Loaded Multilayer Mucoadhesive Patch Fabrication for Mouth Ulcer Treatment

Electrospinning provides a simple and convenient method to fabricate nanofibrous meshes. However, the nanofiber productivity is often limited to the laboratory scale, which cannot satisfy the requirements of practical application. In this study, we developed a novel needleless electrospinning spinneret based on a double-ring slit to fabricate drug-loaded nanofibrous meshes. In contrast to the conventional single-needle electrospinning spinneret, our needless spinneret can significantly improve nanofiber productivity due to the simultaneous formation of multiple jets during electrospinning. Curcumin-loaded poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) nanofiber meshes with various concentrations and on the large scale were manufactured by employing our developed needleless spinneret-based electrospinning device. We systematically investigated the drug release behaviors, antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory attributes, and cytotoxicity of the curcumin-loaded PLLA nanofibrous meshes. Furthermore, a bilayer nanofibrous composite mesh was successfully generated by electrospinning curcumin-loaded PLLA solution and diclofenac sodium loaded poly(ethylene oxide) solution in a predetermined time sequence, which revealed potent antibacterial properties. Subsequently, novel mucoadhesive patches were assembled by combining the bilayer composite nanofibrous meshes with (hydroxypropyl)methyl cellulose based mucoadhesive film. The multilayered mucoadhesive patch has excellent adhesion properties on the porcine buccal mucosa. Overall, our double-ring slit spinneret can provide a novel method to rapidly produce large-scale drug-loaded nanofibrous meshes to fabricate mucoadhesive patches. The multiple-layered mucoadhesive patches enable the incorporation of multiple drugs with different targets of action, such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial compounds, for mouth ulcer or other oral disease treatments.

Synergistic Antiproliferative Effects of Co-nanoencapsulated Curcumin and Chrysin on MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells Through Upregulating miR-132 and miR-502c

In this study, we explored whether co-nanoencapsulated Curcumin (Cur) and Chrysin (Chr), natural herbal compounds with antitumor activities, regulate miR-132 and miR-502c and their downstream targets, leading to the synergistic growth inhibition in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. For this purpose, Cur and Chr were co-encapsulated into PLGA-PEG nanoparticles (NPs) and characterized through DLS, FTIR and FE-SEM. MTT assay and cell cycle arrest analysis revealed that CurChr-loaded NPs had a considerable synergistic cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cells with more cell accumulation in G2/M phase compared to the other groups. In addition, highest percentage of cell apoptosis was acquired in cells treated with CurChr-loaded NPs according to apoptosis analysis. Real-time PCR findings revealed that co-encapsulated form of Cur and Chr than free combination could further upregulate miR-132 and miR-502c expression (P < 0.001). Also, the strong reduction was detected in the protein levels of HN1 and P65 at the cells co-nanodelivered with Cur and Chr. These findings demonstrated that the co-nanodelivery of Cur and Chr through targeting miR-132 and miR-205c might be a novel strategy for the treatment of breast cancer.

Electrospun Gelatin Nanofibers Encapsulated with Peppermint and Chamomile Essential Oils as Potential Edible Packaging

Natural and edible materials have attracted increasing attention in food packaging, which could overcome the serious environmental issues caused by conventional non-biodegradable synthetic packaging. In this work, gelatin nanofibers incorporated with two kinds of essential oil (EO), peppermint essential oil (PO) and chamomile essential oil (CO), were fabricated by electrospinning for potential edible packaging application. Electron microscopy showed that smooth and uniform morphology of the gelatin/EOs was obtained, and the diameter of nanofibers was mostly enlarged with the increase of the EO content. The proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum confirmed the existence of PO and CO in nanofibers after electrospinning. The addition of EOs led to an enhancement of the water contact angle of nanofibers. The antioxidant activity was significantly improved for the nanofibers loaded with CO, while the antibacteria activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was better for the fibers with PO addition. The combination of half PO and half CO in nanofibers compensated for their respective limitations and exhibited optimum bioactivities. Finally, the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay with NIH-3T3 fibroblasts demonstrated the absence of cytotoxicity of the gelatin/EO nanofibers. Thus, our studies suggest that the developed gelatin/PO/CO nanofiber could be a promising candidate for edible packaging.

Spotlight on 17-AAG as an Hsp90 inhibitor for molecular targeted cancer treatment

Hsp90 is a ubiquitous chaperone with important roles in the organization and maturation of client proteins that are involved in the progression and survival of cancer cells. Multiple oncogenic pathways can be affected by inhibition of Hsp90 function through degradation of its client proteins. That makes Hsp90 a therapeutic target for cancer treatment. 17-allylamino-17-demethoxy-geldanamycin (17-AAG) is a potent Hsp90 inhibitor that binds to Hsp90 and inhibits its chaperoning function, which results in the degradation of Hsp90's client proteins. There have been several preclinical studies of 17-AAG as a single agent or in combination with other anticancer agents for a wide range of human cancers. Data from various phases of clinical trials show that 17-AAG can be given safely at biologically active dosages with mild toxicity. Even though 17-AAG has suitable pharmacological potency, its low water solubility and high hepatotoxicity could significantly restrict its clinical use. Nanomaterials-based drug delivery carriers may overcome these drawbacks. In this paper, we review preclinical and clinical research on 17-AAG as a single agent and in combination with other anticancer agents. In addition, we highlight the potential of using nanocarriers and nanocombination therapy to improve therapeutic effects of 17-AAG.

Chrysin protects against renal ischemia reperfusion induced tubular cell apoptosis and inflammation in mice

Renal ischemia reperfusion (IR) is a major cause of acute kidney injury with no effective treatment. Chrysin is an anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-cancer agent. However, the effect of chrysin on renal IR injury remains unknown. In this study, sham operation, IR and IR+chrysin group mice were treated with or without renal IR injury. For renal IR, bilateral renal pedicles were clamped for 30 min and then released for 48 h of reperfusion. Blood and kidney samples were collected for analysis. Results demonstrated that chrysin pretreatment remarkably decreased the levels of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen and attenuated morphological abnormalities in renal IR injury. Consistently, tubular cell apoptosis and inflammation were more attenuated in the chrysin pretreatment group compared with the IR group. Chrysin pretreatment decreased the expression of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 and increased the expression of Bcl-2 in renal IR injury. Furthermore, chrysin administration decreased the mRNA and protein levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. Furthermore, the IκBα/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway was more suppressed in the chrysin pretreatment group compared with the IR group. In conclusion, chrysin protects against tubular cell apoptosis and inflammation in renal IR injury.

Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity of polyherbal formulation

According to Ayurveda, individual herbs are insufficient to achieve a desired therapeutic effect. When it is optimized as multiple herbs composition in a particular ratio it will give a therapeutic effect in a better way with reduced toxicity. In order to develop such an intervention, the present study was intended to develop a polyherbal drug from methanolic extracts of Plumbago zeylanica Linn, Datura stramonium Linn and Argemone mexicana Linn. The study also aimed to evaluate the impact of polyherbalism on antimicrobial and antioxidant effect, thereafter the ratio of individual plant extracts was optimized accordingly to treat the wound. The poyherbal drug was put on preclinical trial to access the anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity as 2% and 5% polyherbal carbopol-940 gels. The antimicrobial activity was assessed by agar well diffusion and broth dilution method while wound healing activity was evaluated by excision and incision wound models. Topical anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by carrageenan induced paw oedema. The findings of the study revealed the synergistic antimicrobial potential of Polyherbal drug against gram-positive and negative strains. Polyherbal carbopol- 940 gels (2% and 5%w/w) promoted the wound healing and anti-inflammatory effect. The high rate of wound contraction (<0.0001), early epithelialization period (<0.0001) and increased wound breaking strength (<0.0001) were observed in 2% and 5% polyherbal gel treated group when compared to the normal control and negative control group. The antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effect of Polyherbal drug provoked and promoted the wound healing process through accelerated remodelling of damaged tissue.