1
|
Zhang L, Yu R, Wang L, Zhang Z, Lu Y, Zhou P, Wang Y, Guo H, Pan L, Liu X. Serial cell culture passaging in vitro led to complete attenuation and changes in the characteristic features of a virulent porcine deltacoronavirus strain. J Virol 2024; 98:e0064524. [PMID: 39012141 PMCID: PMC11334472 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00645-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an important enteric coronavirus that has caused enormous economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. However, no commercial vaccine is currently available. Therefore, developing a safe and efficacious live-attenuated vaccine candidate is urgently needed. In this study, the PDCoV strain CH/XJYN/2016 was continuously passaged in LLC-PK cells until passage 240, and the virus growth kinetics in cell culture, pathogenicity in neonatal piglets, transcriptome differences after LLC-PK infection, changes in the functional characteristics of the spike (S) protein in the high- and low-passage strains, genetic variation of the virus genome, resistance to pepsin and acid, and protective effects of this strain when used as a live-attenuated vaccine were examined. The results of animal experiments demonstrated that the virulent PDCoV strain CH/XJYN/2016 was completely attenuated and not pathogenic in piglets following serial cell passage. Genome sequence analysis showed that amino acid mutations in nonstructural proteins were mainly concentrated in Nsp3, structural protein mutations were mainly concentrated in the S protein, and the N, M, and E genes were conserved. Transcriptome comparison revealed that compared with negative control cells, P10-infected LLC-PK cells had the most differentially expressed genes (DEGs), while P0 and P240 had the least number of DEGs. Analysis of trypsin dependence and related structural differences revealed that the P10 S protein interacted more strongly with trypsin and that the P120 S protein interacted more strongly with the APN receptor. Moreover, the infectivity of P240 was not affected by pepsin but was significantly decreased after exposure to low pH. Furthermore, the P240-based live-attenuated vaccine provided complete protection to piglets against the challenge of virulent PDCoV. In conclusion, we showed that a PDCoV strain was completely attenuated through serial passaging in vitro. These results provide insights into the potential molecular mechanisms of PDCoV attenuation and the development of a promising live-attenuated PDCoV vaccine.IMPORTANCEPorcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is one of the most important enteropathogenic pathogens that cause diarrhea in pigs of various ages, especially in suckling piglets, and causes enormous economic losses in the global commercial pork industry. There are currently no effective measures to prevent and control PDCoV. As reported in previous porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus studies, inactivated vaccines usually elicit less robust protective immune responses than live-attenuated vaccines in native sows. Therefore, identifying potential attenuation mechanisms, gene evolution, pathogenicity differences during PDCoV passaging, and immunogenicity as live-attenuated vaccines is important for elucidating the mechanism of attenuation and developing safe and effective vaccines for virulent PDCoV strains. In this study, we demonstrated that the virulence of the PDCoV strain CH/XJYN/2016 was completely attenuated following serial cell passaging in vitro, and changes in the biological characteristics and protection efficacy of the strain were evaluated. Our results help elucidate the mechanism of PDCoV attenuation and support the development of appropriate designs for the study of live PDCoV vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Disease and Biosafety Control, National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruiming Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Disease and Biosafety Control, National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lianshun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Disease and Biosafety Control, National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhongwang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Disease and Biosafety Control, National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanzhen Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Disease and Biosafety Control, National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Disease and Biosafety Control, National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yonglu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Disease and Biosafety Control, National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Disease and Biosafety Control, National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Disease and Biosafety Control, National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xinsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Disease and Biosafety Control, National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rao CH, Huang R, Bai YZ, Yu C, Chen M, Peng JM, Xu SJ, Sun MX, Wang SJ, Yang YB, An TQ, Tian ZJ, Lyu C, Cai XH, Zheng C, Meng F, Tang YD. MARCH8 inhibits pseudorabies virus replication by trapping the viral cell-to-cell fusion complex in the trans-Golgi network. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133463. [PMID: 38944094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
The membrane-associated RING-CH 8 protein (MARCH8), a member of the E3 ubiquitin ligase family, has broad-spectrum antiviral activity. However, some viruses hijack MARCH8 to promote virus replication, highlighting its dual role in the viral lifecycle. Most studies on MARCH8 have focused on RNA viruses, leaving its role in DNA viruses largely unexplored. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a large DNA virus that poses a potential threat to humans. In this study, we found that MARCH8 inhibited PRV replication at the cell-to-cell fusion stage. Interestingly, our findings proved that MARCH8 blocks gB cleavage by recruiting furin but this activity does not inhibit viral infection in vitro. Furthermore, we confirmed that MARCH8 inhibits cell-to-cell fusion independent of its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity but dependent on the interaction with the cell-to-cell fusion complex (gB, gD, gH, and gL). Finally, we discovered that the distribution of the cell-to-cell fusion complex is significantly altered and trapped within the trans-Golgi network. Overall, our results indicate that human MARCH8 acts as a potent antiviral host factor against PRV via trapping the cell-to-cell fusion complex in the trans-Golgi network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Hong Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Rui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yuan-Zhe Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Changqing Yu
- Engineering Center of Agricultural Biosafety Assessment and Biotechnology, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Yibin Vocational and Technical College, Yibin, China
| | - Meng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jin-Mei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Shi-Jia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ming-Xia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Research Center for Veterinary Biomedicine, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
| | - Shu-Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yong-Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Tong-Qing An
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chuang Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Livestock & Poultry Pathogen Biotechnology, Qingdao Jiazhi Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xue-Hui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Research Center for Veterinary Biomedicine, Harbin, China
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infection Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Fandan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Research Center for Veterinary Biomedicine, Harbin, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Livestock & Poultry Pathogen Biotechnology, Qingdao Jiazhi Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang R, Rao CH, Bai YZ, Yu C, Chen M, Peng JM, Xu SJ, Sun Y, Fandan M, Lyu C, Khan M, An TQ, Tian ZJ, Cai XH, Wang G, Tang YD. MARCH1 and MARCH2 inhibit pseudorabies virus replication by trapping the viral cell-to-cell fusion complex in trans-Golgi network. Vet Microbiol 2024; 295:110164. [PMID: 38936155 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) family of proteins are members of the E3 ubiquitin ligase family and are essential for a variety of biological functions. Currently, MARCH proteins are discovered to execute antiviral functions by directly triggering viral protein degradation or blocking the furin cleavage of viral class I fusion proteins. Here, we report a novel antiviral mechanism of MARCH1 and MARCH2 (MARCH1/2) in the replication of Pseudorabies virus (PRV), a member of the Herpesviridae family. We discovered MARCH1/2 restrict PRV replication at the cell-to-cell fusion step. Furthermore, MARCH1/2 block gB cleavage, and this is dependent on their E3 ligase activity. Interestingly, the blocking of gB cleavage by MARCH1/2 does not contribute to their antiviral activity in vitro. We discovered that MARCH1/2 are associated with the cell-to-cell fusion complex of gB, gD, gH, and gL and trap these viral proteins in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) rather than degrading them. Overall, we conclude that MARCH1/2 inhibit PRV by trapping the viral cell-to-cell fusion complex in TGN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Cui-Hong Rao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan-Zhe Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Changqing Yu
- Engineering Center of Agricultural Biosafety Assessment and Biotechnology, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Yibin Vocational and Technical College, Yibin, China
| | - Meng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Research Center for Veterinary Biomedicine, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
| | - Jin-Mei Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shi-Jia Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Meng Fandan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chuang Lyu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Livestock & Poultry Pathogen Biotechnology, Qingdao Jiazhi Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Mirwaise Khan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Tong-Qing An
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xue-Hui Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Research Center for Veterinary Biomedicine, Harbin, China.
| | - Gang Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China.
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Research Center for Veterinary Biomedicine, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Padín JF, Pérez-Ortiz JM, Redondo-Calvo FJ. Aprotinin (I): Understanding the Role of Host Proteases in COVID-19 and the Importance of Pharmacologically Regulating Their Function. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7553. [PMID: 39062796 PMCID: PMC11277036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteases are produced and released in the mucosal cells of the respiratory tract and have important physiological functions, for example, maintaining airway humidification to allow proper gas exchange. The infectious mechanism of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), takes advantage of host proteases in two ways: to change the spatial conformation of the spike (S) protein via endoproteolysis (e.g., transmembrane serine protease type 2 (TMPRSS2)) and as a target to anchor to epithelial cells (e.g., angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)). This infectious process leads to an imbalance in the mucosa between the release and action of proteases versus regulation by anti-proteases, which contributes to the exacerbation of the inflammatory and prothrombotic response in COVID-19. In this article, we describe the most important proteases that are affected in COVID-19, and how their overactivation affects the three main physiological systems in which they participate: the complement system and the kinin-kallikrein system (KKS), which both form part of the contact system of innate immunity, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). We aim to elucidate the pathophysiological bases of COVID-19 in the context of the imbalance between the action of proteases and anti-proteases to understand the mechanism of aprotinin action (a panprotease inhibitor). In a second-part review, titled "Aprotinin (II): Inhalational Administration for the Treatment of COVID-19 and Other Viral Conditions", we explain in depth the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and use of aprotinin as an antiviral drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fernando Padín
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine at Ciudad Real, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13971 Ciudad Real, Spain;
| | - José Manuel Pérez-Ortiz
- Facultad HM de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Camilo José Cela, 28692 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HM Hospitales, 28015 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Redondo-Calvo
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine at Ciudad Real, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13971 Ciudad Real, Spain;
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University General Hospital, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Translational Research Unit, University General Hospital and Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang HM, Qiao YY, Liu YG, Cai BY, Yang YL, Lu H, Tang YD. The N-glycosylation at positions 652 and 661 of viral spike protein negatively modulates porcine deltacoronavirus entry. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1430113. [PMID: 38872801 PMCID: PMC11169894 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1430113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
N-glycosylation is a highly conserved glycan modification that plays crucial roles in various physiological processes, including protein folding, trafficking, and signal transduction. Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) poses a newly emerging threat to the global porcine industry. The spike protein of PDCoV exhibits a high level of N-glycosylation; however, its role in viral infection remains poorly understood. In this study, we applied a lentivirus-based entry reporter system to investigate the role of N-glycosylation on the viral spike protein during PDCoV entry stage. Our findings demonstrate that N-glycosylation at positions 652 and 661 of the viral spike protein significantly reduces the infectivity of PDCoV pseudotyped virus. Overall, our results unveil a novel function of N-glycosylation in PDCoV infection, highlighting its potential for facilitating the development of antiviral strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ming Wang
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, China
| | - Yang-Yang Qiao
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, China
| | - Yong-Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Bing-Yan Cai
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, China
| | - Yue-Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Lu
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Research Center for Veterinary Biomedicine, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shan X, Li R, Ma X, Qiu G, Xiang Y, Zhang X, Wu D, Wang L, Zhang J, Wang T, Li W, Xiang Y, Song H, Niu D. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, immune evasion mechanism and vaccine development of porcine Deltacoronavirus. Funct Integr Genomics 2024; 24:79. [PMID: 38653845 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-024-01346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Coronaviruses have been identified as pathogens of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in humans and various animal species. In recent years, the global spread of new coronaviruses has had profound influences for global public health and economies worldwide. As highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses, coronaviruses have become the focus of current research. Porcine Deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), an enterovirus belonging to the family of coronaviruses, has emerged on a global scale in the past decade and significantly influenced the swine industry. Moreover, PDCoV infects not only pigs but also other species, including humans, chickens and cattles, exhibiting a broad host tropism. This emphasizes the need for in-depth studies on coronaviruses to mitigate their potential threats. In this review, we provided a comprehensive summary of the current studies on PDCoV. We first reviewed the epidemiological investigations on the global prevalence and distribution of PDCoV. Then, we delved into the studies on the pathogenesis of PDCoV to understand the mechanisms how the virus impacts its hosts. Furthermore, we also presented some exploration studies on the immune evasion mechanisms of the virus to enhance the understanding of host-virus interactions. Despite current limitations in vaccine development for PDCoV, we highlighted the inhibitory effects observed with certain substances, which offers a potential direction for future research endeavors. In conclusion, this review summarized the scientific findings in epidemiology, pathogenesis, immune evasion mechanisms and vaccine development of PDCoV. The ongoing exploration of potential vaccine candidates and the insights gained from inhibitory substances have provided a solid foundation for future vaccine development to prevent and control diseases associated with PDCoV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Shan
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco- Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, 666 Wusu street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco- Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, 666 Wusu street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco- Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, 666 Wusu street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
- Jinhua Jinfan Feed Co., Ltd, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoqiang Qiu
- Deqing County Ecological Forestry Comprehensive Service Center, Deqing, 313200, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Xiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco- Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, 666 Wusu street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
- The Central Hospital of Jinhua City, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - De Wu
- Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinhua Development Zone, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Wang
- The Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau of Jinhua City, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianhong Zhang
- The Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau of Jinhua City, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Nanjing Kgene Genetic Engineering Co., Ltd, Nanjing, 211300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weifen Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yun Xiang
- Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Houhui Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco- Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, 666 Wusu street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Dong Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco- Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, 666 Wusu street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bai YZ, Sun Y, Liu YG, Zhang HL, An TQ, Wang Q, Tian ZJ, Qiao X, Cai XH, Tang YD. Minor envelope proteins from GP2a to GP4 contribute to the spread pattern and yield of type 2 PRRSV in MARC-145 cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1376725. [PMID: 38590440 PMCID: PMC10999527 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1376725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In China, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccines are widely used. These vaccines, which contain inactivated and live attenuated vaccines (LAVs), are produced by MARC-145 cells derived from the monkey kidney cell line. However, some PRRSV strains in MARC-145 cells have a low yield. Here, we used two type 2 PRRSV strains (CH-1R and HuN4) to identify the genes responsible for virus yield in MARC-145 cells. Our findings indicate that the two viruses have different spread patterns, which ultimately determine their yield. By replacing the viral envelope genes with a reverse genetics system, we discovered that the minor envelope proteins, from GP2a to GP4, play a crucial role in determining the spread pattern and yield of type 2 PRRSV in MARC-145 cells. The cell-free transmission pattern of type 2 PRRSV appears to be more efficient than the cell-to-cell transmission pattern. Overall, these findings suggest that GP2a to GP4 contributes to the spread pattern and yield of type 2 PRRSV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Zhe Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yong-Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Tong-Qing An
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xinyuan Qiao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xue-Hui Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Heilongjiang Provincial Research Center for Veterinary Biomedicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Heilongjiang Provincial Research Center for Veterinary Biomedicine, Harbin, China
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li S, Xiao D, Zhang L, Chen R, Song D, Wen Y, Wu R, Zhao Q, Du S, Yan Q, Cao S, Huang X. Porcine deltacoronavirus enters ST cells by clathrin-mediated endocytosis and does not require Rab5, Rab7, or Rab11. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0255323. [PMID: 37962380 PMCID: PMC10714841 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02553-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a newly emerged enteric virus threatening pig industries worldwide. Our previous work showed that PDCoV enters porcine kidney (PK-15) cells through a caveolae-dependent pathway, but the entry mechanism for PDCoV into swine testicle (ST) cells remains unclear. Mechanisms of virus entry can be different with different virus isolates and cell types. Here, we determined that PDCoV enters ST cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Additionally, we found that PDCoV entry does not require Rab5, Rab7, or Rab11. These findings provide additional understanding of the entry mechanisms of PDCoV and possible antiviral targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiqian Li
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dai Xiao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Luwen Zhang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Daili Song
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiping Wen
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Senyan Du
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qigui Yan
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sanjie Cao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Science-Observation Experimental Station for Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
- National Animal Experiments Teaching Demonstration Center, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Science-Observation Experimental Station for Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
- National Animal Experiments Teaching Demonstration Center, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang TY, Meng FD, Sang GJ, Zhang HL, Tian ZJ, Zheng H, Cai XH, Tang YD. A novel viral vaccine platform based on engineered transfer RNA. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2157339. [PMID: 36482724 PMCID: PMC9769134 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2157339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing number of emerging and remerging virus outbreaks have occurred and the rapid development of vaccines against these viruses has been crucial. Controlling the replication of premature termination codon (PTC)-containing viruses is a promising approach to generate live but replication-defective viruses that can be used for potent vaccines. Here, we used anticodon-engineered transfer RNAs (ACE-tRNAs) as powerful precision switches to control the replication of PTC-containing viruses. We showed that ACE-tRNAs display higher potency of reading through PTCs than genetic code expansion (GCE) technology. Interestingly, ACE-tRNA has a site preference that may influence its read-through efficacy. We further attempted to use ACE-tRNAs as a novel viral vaccine platform. Using a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pseudotyped virus as an RNA virus model, we found that ACE-tRNAs display high potency for read-through viral PTCs and precisely control their production. Pseudorabies virus (PRV), a herpesvirus, was used as a DNA virus model. We found that ACE-tRNAs display high potency for reading through viral PTCs and precisely controlling PTC-containing virus replication. In addition, PTC-engineered PRV completely attenuated and lost virulence in mice in vivo, and immunization with PRV containing a PTC elicited a robust immune response and provided complete protection against wild-type PRV challenge. Overall, replication-controllable PTC-containing viruses based on ACE-tRNAs provide a new strategy to rapidly attenuate virus infection and prime robust immune responses. This technology can be used as a platform for rapidly developing viral vaccines in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan-Dan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Ju Sang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,Hao Zheng Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai150001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-Hui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, People's Republic of China,Heilongjiang Provincial Research Center for Veterinary Biomedicine, Harbin, People's Republic of China,Xue-Hui Cai State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People’s Republic of China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin150001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, People's Republic of China, Yan-Dong Tang
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen Y, Liu X, Zheng JN, Yang LJ, Luo Y, Yao YL, Liu MQ, Xie TT, Lin HF, He YT, Zhou P, Hu B, Tian RJ, Shi ZL. N-linked glycoproteins and host proteases are involved in swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus entry. J Virol 2023; 97:e0091623. [PMID: 37772826 PMCID: PMC10617469 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00916-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Gaining insight into the cell-entry mechanisms of swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is critical for investigating potential cross-species infections. Here, we demonstrated that pretreatment of host cells with tunicamycin decreased SADS-CoV attachment efficiency, indicating that N-linked glycosylation of host cells was involved in SADS-CoV entry. Common N-linked sugars Neu5Gc and Neu5Ac did not interact with the SADS-CoV S1 protein, suggesting that these molecules were not involved in SADS-CoV entry. Additionally, various host proteases participated in SADS-CoV entry into diverse cells with different efficiencies. Our findings suggested that SADS-CoV may exploit multiple pathways to enter cells, providing insights into intervention strategies targeting the cell entry of this virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang-Nan Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li-Jun Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yun Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Lin Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei-Qin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ting-ting Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao-Feng Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Tong He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ben Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui-Jun Tian
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zheng-Li Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yamazaki E, Yazawa S, Shimada T, Tamura K, Saga Y, Itamochi M, Inasaki N, Hasegawa S, Morinaga Y, Oishi K, Tani H. Activation of SARS-CoV-2 by trypsin-like proteases in the clinical specimens of patients with COVID-19. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11632. [PMID: 37468582 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38757-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 enters host cells through the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and/or transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2). In this study, we investigated whether proteases increased SARS-CoV-2 infectivity using pseudotyped viruses and clinical specimens from patients with COVID-19. First, we investigated how trypsin increased infectivity using the pseudotyped virus. Our findings revealed that trypsin increased infectivity after the virus was adsorbed on the cells, but no increase in infectivity was observed when the virus was treated with trypsin. We examined the effect of trypsin on SARS-CoV-2 infection in clinical specimens and found that the infectivity of the SARS-CoV-2 delta variant increased 36,000-fold after trypsin treatment. By contrast, the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant increased to less than 20-fold in the clinical specimens. Finally, using five clinical specimens containing delta variants, enhancement of viral infectivity was evaluated in the presence of the culture supernatant of several anaerobic bacteria. As a result, viral infectivities of all the clinical specimens containing culture supernatants of Fusobacterium necrophorum were significantly increased from several- to tenfold. Because SARS-CoV-2 infectivity increases in the oral cavity, which may contain anaerobic bacteria, keeping the oral cavities clean may help prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Yamazaki
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu-Shi, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yazawa
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu-Shi, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan
| | - Takahisa Shimada
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu-Shi, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tamura
- Department of Research Planning, Toyama Institute of Health, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saga
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu-Shi, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan
| | - Masae Itamochi
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu-Shi, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan
| | - Noriko Inasaki
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu-Shi, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan
| | - Sumiyo Hasegawa
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu-Shi, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Morinaga
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | | | - Hideki Tani
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu-Shi, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xia S, Xiao W, Zhu X, Liao S, Guo J, Zhou J, Xiao S, Fang P, Fang L. Porcine deltacoronavirus resists antibody neutralization through cell-to-cell transmission. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2207688. [PMID: 37125733 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2207688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging enteric coronavirus that has been reported to infect a variety of animals and even humans. Cell-cell fusion has been identified as an alternative pathway for the cell-to-cell transmission of certain viruses, but the ability of PDCoV to exploit this transmission model, and the relevant mechanisms, have not been fully elucidated. Herein, we provide evidence that cell-to-cell transmission is the main mechanism supporting PDCoV spread in cell culture and that this efficient spread model is mediated by spike glycoprotein-driven cell-cell fusion. We found that PDCoV efficiently spread to non-susceptible cells via cell-to-cell transmission, and demonstrated that functional receptor porcine aminopeptidase N and cathepsins in endosomes are involved in the cell-to-cell transmission of PDCoV. Most importantly, compared with non-cell-to-cell infection, the cell-to-cell transmission of PDCoV was resistant to neutralizing antibodies and immune sera that potently neutralized free viruses. Taken together, our study revealed key characteristics of the cell-to-cell transmission of PDCoV and provided new insights into the mechanism of PDCoV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijin Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wenwen Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xuerui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shusen Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junwei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Puxian Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jiang L, Tang A, Song L, Tong Y, Fan H. Advances in the development of antivirals for rotavirus infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1041149. [PMID: 37006293 PMCID: PMC10063883 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1041149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) causes 200,000 deaths per year and imposes a serious burden to public health and livestock farming worldwide. Currently, rehydration (oral and intravenous) remains the main strategy for the treatment of rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE), and no specific drugs are available. This review discusses the viral replication cycle in detail and outlines possible therapeutic approaches including immunotherapy, probiotic-assisted therapy, anti-enteric secretory drugs, Chinese medicine, and natural compounds. We present the latest advances in the field of rotavirus antivirals and highlights the potential use of Chinese medicine and natural compounds as therapeutic agents. This review provides an important reference for rotavirus prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lihua Song
- *Correspondence: Huahao Fan, ; Yigang Tong, ; Lihua Song,
| | - Yigang Tong
- *Correspondence: Huahao Fan, ; Yigang Tong, ; Lihua Song,
| | - Huahao Fan
- *Correspondence: Huahao Fan, ; Yigang Tong, ; Lihua Song,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chicken or Porcine Aminopeptidase N Mediates Cellular Entry of Pseudoviruses Carrying Spike Glycoprotein from the Avian Deltacoronaviruses HKU11, HKU13, and HKU17. J Virol 2023; 97:e0194722. [PMID: 36656013 PMCID: PMC9973037 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01947-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of deltacoronavirus (DCoV) have mostly been identified in diverse avian species as natural reservoirs, though the porcine DCoV (PDCoV) is a major swine enteropathogenic virus with global spread. The important role of aminopeptidase N (APN) orthologues from various mammalian and avian species in PDCoV cellular entry and interspecies transmission has been revealed recently. In this study, comparative analysis indicated that three avian DCoVs, bulbul DCoV HKU11, munia DCoV HKU13, and sparrow DCoV HKU17 (Chinese strain), and PDCoV in the subgenera Buldecovirus are grouped together at whole-genome levels; however, the spike (S) glycoprotein and its S1 subunit of HKU17 are more closely related to night heron DCoV HKU19 in Herdecovirus. Nevertheless, the S1 protein of HKU11, HKU13, or HKU17 bound to or interacted with chicken APN (chAPN) or porcine APN (pAPN) by flow cytometry analysis of cell surface expression of APN and by coimmunoprecipitation in APN-overexpressing cells. Expression of chAPN or pAPN allowed entry of pseudotyped lentiviruses with the S proteins from HKU11, HKU13 and HKU17 into nonsusceptible cells and natural avian and porcine cells, which could be inhibited by the antibody against APN or anti-PDCoV-S1. APN knockdown by siRNA or knockout by CRISPR/Cas9 in chicken or swine cell lines significantly or almost completely blocked infection of these pseudoviruses. Hence, we demonstrate that HKU11, HKU13, and HKU17 with divergent S genes likely engage chAPN or pAPN to enter the cells, suggesting a potential interspecies transmission from wild birds to poultry and from birds to mammals by certain avian DCoVs. IMPORTANCE The receptor usage of avian deltacoronaviruses (DCoVs) has not been investigated thus far, though porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) has been shown to utilize aminopeptidase N (APN) as a cell receptor. We report here that chicken or porcine APN also mediates cellular entry by three avian DCoV (HKU11, HKU13, and HKU17) spike pseudoviruses, and the S1 subunit of three avian DCoVs binds to APN in vitro and in the surface of avian and porcine cells. The results fill the gaps in knowledge about the avian DCoV receptor and elucidate important insights for the monitoring and prevention of potential interspecies transmission of certain avian DCoVs. In view of the diversity of DCoVs, whether this coronavirus genus will cause novel virus to emerge in other mammals from birds, are worthy of further surveillance and investigation.
Collapse
|
15
|
Genome-Wide CRISPR/Cas9 Screen Reveals a Role for SLC35A1 in the Adsorption of Porcine Deltacoronavirus. J Virol 2022; 96:e0162622. [PMID: 36453883 PMCID: PMC9769367 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01626-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus, not only causes diarrhea in piglets but also possesses the potential to infect humans. To better understand host-virus genetic dependencies and find potential therapeutic targets for PDCoV, we used a porcine single-guide RNA (sgRNA) lentivirus library to screen host factors related to PDCoV infection in LLC-PK1 cells. The solute carrier family 35 member A1 (SLC35A1), a key molecule in the sialic acid (SA) synthesis pathway, was identified as a host factor required for PDCoV infection. A knockout of SLC35A1 caused decreases in the amounts of cell surface sialic acid (SA) and viral adsorption; meanwhile, trypsin promoted the use of SA in PDCoV infection. By constructing and assessing a series of recombinant PDCoV strains with the deletion or mutation of possible critical domain or amino acid residues for SA binding in the S1 N-terminal domain, we found that S T182 might be a PDCoV SA-binding site. However, the double knockout of SLC35A1 and amino peptidase N (APN) could not block PDCoV infection completely. Additionally, we found that different swine enteric coronaviruses, including transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus, are differentially dependent on SA. Overall, our study uncovered a collection of host factors that can be exploited as drug targets against PDCoV infection and deepened our understanding of the relationship between PDCoV and SA. IMPORTANCE Identifying the host factors required for replication will be helpful to uncover the pathogenesis mechanisms and develop antivirals against the emerging coronavirus porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV). Herein, we performed a genome-wide clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 knockout screen, the results of which revealed that the solute carrier family 35 member A1 (SLC35A1) is a host factor required for PDCoV infection that acts by regulating cell surface sialic acid (SA). We also identified the T182 site in the N-terminal domain of PDCoV S1 subunit as being associated with the SA-binding site and found that trypsin promotes the use of cell surface SA by PDCoV. Furthermore, different swine enteric coronaviruses use SLC35A1 differently for infection. This is the first study to screen host factors required for PDCoV replication using a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 functional knockout, thereby providing clues for developing antiviral drugs against PDCoV infection.
Collapse
|
16
|
Neuropilin-1 Facilitates Pseudorabies Virus Replication and Viral Glycoprotein B Promotes Its Degradation in a Furin-Dependent Manner. J Virol 2022; 96:e0131822. [PMID: 36173190 PMCID: PMC9599266 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01318-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV), which is extremely infectious and can infect numerous mammals, has a risk of spillover into humans. Virus-host interactions determine viral entry and spreading. Here, we showed that neuropilin-1 (NRP1) significantly potentiates PRV infection. Mechanistically, NRP1 promoted PRV attachment and entry, and enhanced cell-to-cell fusion mediated by viral glycoprotein B (gB), gD, gH, and gL. Furthermore, through in vitro coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays, NRP1 was found to physically interact with gB, gD, and gH, and these interactions were C-end Rule (CendR) motif independent, in contrast to currently known viruses. Remarkably, we illustrated that the viral protein gB promotes NRP1 degradation via a lysosome-dependent pathway. We further demonstrate that gB promotes NRP1 degradation in a furin-cleavage-dependent manner. Interestingly, in this study, we generated gB furin cleavage site (FCS)-knockout PRV (Δfurin PRV) and evaluated its pathogenesis; in vivo, we found that Δfurin PRV virulence was significantly attenuated in mice. Together, our findings demonstrated that NRP1 is an important host factor for PRV and that NRP1 may be a potential target for antiviral intervention. IMPORTANCE Recent studies have shown accelerated PRV cross-species spillover and that PRV poses a potential threat to humans. PRV infection in humans always manifests as a high fever, tonic-clonic seizures, and encephalitis. Therefore, understanding the interaction between PRV and host factors may contribute to the development of new antiviral strategies against PRV. NRP1 has been demonstrated to be a receptor for several viruses that harbor CendR, including SARS-CoV-2. However, the relationships between NRP1 and PRV are poorly understood. Here, we found that NRP1 significantly potentiated PRV infection by promoting PRV attachment and enhanced cell-to-cell fusion. For the first time, we demonstrated that gB promotes NRP1 degradation via a lysosome-dependent pathway. Last, in vivo, Δfurin PRV virulence was significantly attenuated in mice. Therefore, NRP1 is an important host factor for PRV, and NRP1 may be a potential target for antiviral drug development.
Collapse
|
17
|
More‐Bayona JA, Ramirez‐Velasquez M, Hause B, Nelson E, Rivera‐Geronimo H. First isolation and whole genome characterization of porcine deltacoronavirus from pigs in Peru. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1561-e1573. [PMID: 35184388 PMCID: PMC9790302 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus is a newly emergent enteric pathogen affecting swine farms worldwide. It has been detected in several countries in Europe, Asia and North America; yet, it has not been reported in South America. In November 2019, an enteric disease outbreak in a pig farm located in San Martin, Peru, was reported along with submission of three intestinal samples from pigs who succumbed to the disease. Samples were processed for molecular detection by qRT-PCR, viral isolation and further sequencing analysis. A taqman-based RT-PCR was performed to differentiate among the most relevant swine enteric coronaviruses described to date. All samples were positive to porcine deltacoronavirus with a cycle threshold (Ct) value between 9 and 14, revealing a high viral load, while testing negative to porcine epidemic diarrhea and transmissible gastroenteritis viruses. Following detection, viral isolation was performed using PK-15 and Vero cell lines. After 5 days of inoculation, no cytopathic effect was observed. A second blind passage allowed the observation of cytopathic effect on PK-15 cells, while it remained absent in Vero cells. A fluorescence test using an anti-N monoclonal antibody confirmed viral replication. One sample was processed for whole genome sequencing (WGS). In short, raw reads were imported into CLC genomics and assembled de novo. Out of 479k reads generated from the sample, 436k assembled into a 25,501 bp contig which was 99.5% identical to a reference porcine deltacoronavirus strain from the USA within the North American phylogroup. Yet, there are relevant differences at the nucleotide and amino acid levels compared with previously described porcine deltacoronavirus strains. Altogether, our findings represent the first report of porcine deltacoronavirus in South America, which provides information of its evolutionary origin. Thus, this study offers new insights into the molecular epidemiology of porcine deltacoronavirus infections in the swine industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. More‐Bayona
- Laboratory of VirologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversidad Nacional Mayor de San MarcosLimaPeru
| | - Mercy Ramirez‐Velasquez
- Laboratory of VirologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversidad Nacional Mayor de San MarcosLimaPeru
| | - Ben Hause
- Cambridge TechnologiesWorthingtonMinnesotaUSA
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical SciencesSouth Dakota State UniversityBrookingsSouth DakotaUSA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
SARS-CoV-2 hijacks macropinocytosis to facilitate its entry and promote viral spike-mediated cell-to-cell fusion. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102511. [PMID: 36259516 PMCID: PMC9484108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Revealing the mechanisms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) entry and cell-to-cell spread might provide insights for understanding the underlying mechanisms of viral pathogenesis, tropism, and virulence. The signaling pathways involved in SARS-CoV-2 entry and viral spike–mediated cell-to-cell fusion remain elusive. In the current study, we found that macropinocytosis inhibitors significantly suppressed SARS-CoV-2 infection at both the entry and viral spike–mediated cell-to-cell fusion steps. We demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 entry required the small GTPase Rac1 and its effector kinase p21-activated kinase 1 by dominant-negative and RNAi assays in human embryonic kidney 293T–angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 cells and that the serine protease transmembrane serine protease 2 reversed the decrease in SARS-CoV-2 entry caused by the macropinocytosis inhibitors. Moreover, in the cell-to-cell fusion assay, we confirmed that macropinocytosis inhibitors significantly decreased viral spike–mediated cell-to-cell fusion. Overall, we provided evidence that SARS-CoV-2 utilizes a macropinocytosis pathway to enter target cells and to efficiently promote viral spike–mediated cell-to-cell fusion.
Collapse
|
19
|
Ren Z, Yu Y, Zhang X, Wang Q, Deng J, Chen C, Shi R, Wei Z, Hu H. Exploration of PDCoV-induced apoptosis through mitochondrial dynamics imbalance and the antagonistic effect of SeNPs. Front Immunol 2022; 13:972499. [PMID: 36081520 PMCID: PMC9446457 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.972499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine Deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), an enveloped positive-strand RNA virus that causes respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases, is widely spread worldwide, but there is no effective drug or vaccine against it. This study investigated the optimal Selenium Nano-Particles (SeNPs) addition concentration (2 - 10 μg/mL) and the mechanism of PDCoV effect on ST (Swine Testis) cell apoptosis, the antagonistic effect of SeNPs on PDCoV. The results indicated that 4 μg/mL SeNPs significantly decreased PDCoV replication on ST cells. SeNPs relieved PDCoV-induced mitochondrial division and antagonized PDCoV-induced apoptosis via decreasing Cyt C release and Caspase 9 and Caspase 3 activation. The above results provided an idea and experimental basis associated with anti-PDCoV drug development and clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yueru Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiuxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junliang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chaoxi Chen
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Riyi Shi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Zhanyong Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhanyong Wei,
| | - Hui Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Generation of Premature Termination Codon (PTC)-Harboring Pseudorabies Virus (PRV) via Genetic Code Expansion Technology. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030572. [PMID: 35336979 PMCID: PMC8950157 DOI: 10.3390/v14030572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite many efforts and diverse approaches, developing an effective herpesvirus vaccine remains a great challenge. Traditional inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines always raise efficacy or safety concerns. This study used Pseudorabies virus (PRV), a swine herpes virus, as a model. We attempted to develop a live but replication-incompetent PRV by genetic code expansion (GCE) technology. Premature termination codon (PTC) harboring PRV was successfully rescued in the presence of orthogonal system MbpylRS/tRNAPyl pair and unnatural amino acids (UAA). However, UAA incorporating efficacy seemed extremely low in our engineered PRV PTC virus. Furthermore, we failed to establish a stable transgenic cell line containing orthogonal translation machinery for PTC virus replication, and we demonstrated that orthogonal tRNAPyl is a key limiting factor. This study is the first to demonstrate that orthogonal translation system-mediated amber codon suppression strategy could precisely control PRV-PTC engineered virus replication. To our knowledge, this is the first reported PTC herpesvirus generated by GCE technology. Our work provides a proof-of-concept for generating UAAs-controlled PRV-PTC virus, which can be used as a safe and effective vaccine.
Collapse
|
21
|
Porcine Deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) Entry into PK-15 Cells by Caveolae-Mediated Endocytosis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030496. [PMID: 35336903 PMCID: PMC8950576 DOI: 10.3390/v14030496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a newly emerged enteric virus affecting pig breeding industries worldwide, and its pathogenic mechanism remains unclear. (2) Methods: In this study, we preliminarily identified the endocytic pathway of PDCoV in PK-15 cells, using six chemical inhibitors (targeting clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolae-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis pathway and endosomal acidification), overexpression of dominant-negative (DN) mutants to treat PK-15 cells and proteins knockdown. (3) Results: The results revealed that PDCoV entry was not affected after treatment with chlorpromazine (CPZ), 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA)or ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), indicating that the entry of PDCoV into PK-15 cells were clathrin-, micropinocytosis-, PH-independent endocytosis. Conversely, PDCoV infection was sensitive to nystatin, dynasore and methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) with reduced PDCoV internalization, indicating that entry of PDCoV into PK-15 cells was caveolae-mediated endocytosis that required dynamin and cholesterol; indirect immunofluorescence and shRNA interference further validated these results. (4) Conclusions: In conclusion, PDCoV entry into PK-15 cells depends on caveolae-mediated endocytosis, which requires cholesterol and dynamin. Our finding is the first initial identification of the endocytic pathway of PDCoV in PK-15 cells, providing a theoretical basis for an in-depth understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of PDCoV and the design of new antiviral targets.
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang YY, Sun MX, Lian Y, Wang TY, Jia MY, Leng C, Chen M, Bai YZ, Meng F, Cai XH, Tang YD. CRISPR-Cas13d Exhibits Robust Antiviral Activity Against Seneca Valley Virus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:835040. [PMID: 35237251 PMCID: PMC8882862 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.835040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, Seneca Valley virus (SVV) as a newly identified pathogen of porcine vesicular disease spread quickly and has posed a potential threat to the swine industry in several countries resulting in economic losses. Considering the evolution of SVV, attention should be given to controlling SVV epidemics. So far there are no commercial vaccines or drugs available to combat SVV. Therefore, development of strategies for preventing and controlling SVV infection should be taken into account. In the current study, we evaluated whether the CRISPR-Cas13d system could be used as a powerful tool against SVV infection. Besides, selected crRNAs showed different capacity against SVV infection. Our study suggests the CRISPR-Cas13d system significantly inhibited SVV replication and exhibited potent anti-SVV activity. This knowledge may provide a novel alternative strategy to control epidemics of SVV in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ming-Xia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuexiao Lian
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Mei-Yu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chaoliang Leng
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Animal Disease Diagnosis and Integrated Control, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Meng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan-Zhe Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Fandan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Fandan Meng,
| | - Xue-Hui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Xue-Hui Cai,
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Yan-Dong Tang, ;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Trypsin enhances SARS-CoV-2 infection by facilitating viral entry. Arch Virol 2022; 167:441-458. [PMID: 35079901 PMCID: PMC8789370 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses infect cells by cytoplasmic or endosomal membrane fusion, driven by the spike (S) protein, which must be primed by proteolytic cleavage at the S1/S2 furin cleavage site (FCS) and the S2′ site by cellular proteases. Exogenous trypsin as a medium additive facilitates isolation and propagation of several coronaviruses in vitro. Here, we show that trypsin enhances severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in cultured cells and that SARS-CoV-2 enters cells via either a non-endosomal or an endosomal fusion pathway, depending on the presence of trypsin. Interestingly, trypsin enabled viral entry at the cell surface and led to more efficient infection than trypsin-independent endosomal entry, suggesting that trypsin production in the target organs may trigger a high level of replication of SARS-CoV-2 and cause severe tissue injury. Extensive syncytium formation and enhanced growth kinetics were observed only in the presence of exogenous trypsin when cell-adapted SARS-CoV-2 strains were tested. During 50 serial passages without the addition of trypsin, a specific R685S mutation occurred in the S1/S2 FCS (681PRRAR685) that was completely conserved but accompanied by several mutations in the S2 fusion subunit in the presence of trypsin. These findings demonstrate that the S1/S2 FCS is essential for proteolytic priming of the S protein and fusion activity for SARS-CoV-2 entry but not for viral replication. Our data can potentially contribute to the improvement of SARS-CoV-2 production for the development of vaccines or antivirals and motivate further investigations into the explicit functions of cell-adaptation-related genetic drift in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
24
|
Duan C. An Updated Review of Porcine Deltacoronavirus in Terms of Prevalence, Pathogenicity, Pathogenesis and Antiviral Strategy. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:811187. [PMID: 35097055 PMCID: PMC8792470 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.811187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent experience with SARS-COV-2 has raised our alarm about the cross-species transmissibility of coronaviruses and the emergence of new coronaviruses. Knowledge of this family of viruses needs to be constantly updated. Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), a newly emerging member of the genus Deltacoronavirus in the family Coronaviridae, is a swine enteropathogen that causes diarrhea in pigs and may lead to death in severe cases. Since PDCoV diarrhea first broke out in the United States in early 2014, PDCoV has been detected in many countries, such as South Korea, Japan and China. More importantly, PDCoV can also infect species other than pigs, and infections have even been reported in children, highlighting its potential for cross-species transmission. A thorough and systematic knowledge of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of PDCoV will not only help us control PDCoV infection, but also enable us to discover the common cellular pathways and key factors of coronaviruses. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the prevalence, pathogenicity and infection dynamics, pathogenesis and immune evasion strategies of PDCoV. The existing anti-PDCoV strategies and corresponding mechanisms of PDCoV infection are also introduced, aiming to provide suggestions for the prevention and treatment of PDCoV and zoonotic diseases.
Collapse
|
25
|
Aminopeptidase N Is an Entry Co-factor Triggering Porcine Deltacoronavirus Entry via an Endocytotic Pathway. J Virol 2021; 95:e0094421. [PMID: 34406863 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00944-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a recently discovered coronavirus that poses a potential threat to the global swine industry. Although we know that aminopeptidase N (APN) is important for PDCoV replication, it is unclear whether it is the primary functional receptor, and the mechanism by which it promotes viral replication is not fully understood. Here, we systematically investigated the roles of porcine APN (pAPN) during PDCoV infection of nonsusceptible cells, including in viral attachment and internalization. Using a viral entry assay, we found that PDCoV can enter nonsusceptible cells but then fails to initiate efficient replication. pAPN and PDCoV virions clearly colocalized with the endocytotic markers RAB5, RAB7, and LAMP1, suggesting that pAPN mediates PDCoV entry by an endocytotic pathway. Most importantly, our study shows that regardless of which receptor PDCoV engages, only entry by an endocytotic route ultimately leads to efficient viral replication. This knowledge should contribute to the development of efficient antiviral treatments, which are especially useful in preventing cross-species transmission. IMPORTANCE PDCoV is a pathogen with the potential for transmission across diverse species, although the mechanism of such host-switching events (from swine to other species) is poorly understood. Here, we show that PDCoV enters nonsusceptible cells but without efficient replication. We also investigated the key role played by aminopeptidase N in mediating PDCoV entry via an endocytotic pathway. Our results demonstrate that viral entry via endocytosis is a major determinant of efficient PDCoV replication. This knowledge provides a basis for future studies of the cross-species transmissibility of PDCoV and the development of appropriate antiviral drugs.
Collapse
|
26
|
Porcine deltacoronavirus enters porcine IPI-2I intestinal epithelial cells via macropinocytosis and clathrin-mediated endocytosis dependent on pH and dynamin. J Virol 2021; 95:e0134521. [PMID: 34586858 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01345-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus, causes serious diarrhoea in suckling piglets and has the potential for cross-species transmission. Although extensive studies have been reported on the biology and pathogenesis of PDCoV, the mechanisms by which PDCoV enters cells are not well characterized. In this study, we investigated how PDCoV enters IPI-2I cells, a line of porcine intestinal epithelial cells derived from pig ileum. Immunofluorescence assays, siRNA interference, specific pharmacological inhibitors and dominant-negative mutation results revealed that PDCoV entry into IPI-2I cells depended on clathrin, dynamin and a low-pH environment, but was independent of caveolae. Specific inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) revealed that PDCoV entry involves macropinocytosis and depends on NHE rather than on PI3K. Additionally, Rab5 and Rab7, but not Rab11, regulated PDCoV endocytosis. This is the first study to demonstrate that PDCoV uses clathrin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis as alternative endocytic pathways to enter porcine intestinal epithelial cells. We also discussed the entry pathways of PDCoV into other porcine cell lines. Our findings reveal the entry mechanisms of PDCoV and provide new insight into the PDCoV life cycle. IMPORTANCE An emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus, PDCoV has the potential for cross-species transmission, attracting extensive attenuation. Characterizing the detailed process of PDCoV entry into cells will deepen our understanding of the viral infection and pathogenesis, and provide the clues for therapeutic intervention against PDCoV. With the objective, we used complementary approaches to dissect the process in PDCoV-infected IPI-2I cells, a line of more physiologically relevant intestinal epithelial cells to PDCoV infection in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that PDCoV enters IPI-2I cells via macropinocytosis that does not require a specific receptor and clathrin-mediated endocytosis that requires a low-pH environment and dynamin, while a caveola-mediated endocytic pathway is used by PDCoV to enter swine testicular (ST) cells and porcine kidney (LLC-PK1) cells. These findings provide a molecular detail of the cellular entry pathways of PDCoV and may direct us toward novel antiviral drug development.
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhao Z, Qin P, Huang YW. Lysosomal ion channels involved in cellular entry and uncoating of enveloped viruses: Implications for therapeutic strategies against SARS-CoV-2. Cell Calcium 2021; 94:102360. [PMID: 33516131 PMCID: PMC7825922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ion channels are necessary for correct lysosomal function including degradation of cargoes originating from endocytosis. Almost all enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses (CoVs), enter host cells via endocytosis, and do not escape endosomal compartments into the cytoplasm (via fusion with the endolysosomal membrane) unless the virus-encoded envelope proteins are cleaved by lysosomal proteases. With the ongoing outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2, endolysosomal two-pore channels represent an exciting and emerging target for antiviral therapies. This review focuses on the latest knowledge of the effects of lysosomal ion channels on the cellular entry and uncoating of enveloped viruses, which may aid in development of novel therapies against emerging infectious diseases such as SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangzhuang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Pan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhang HL, Li YM, Sun J, Zhang YY, Wang TY, Sun MX, Wang MH, Yang YL, Hu XL, Tang YD, Zhao J, Cai X. Evaluating angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-mediated SARS-CoV-2 entry across species. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100435. [PMID: 33610551 PMCID: PMC7892319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic represents a global threat, and the interaction between the virus and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the primary entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2, is a key determinant of the range of hosts that can be infected by the virus. However, the mechanisms underpinning ACE2-mediated viral entry across species remains unclear. Using infection assay, we evaluated SARS-CoV-2 entry mediated by ACE2 of 11 different animal species. We discovered that ACE2 of Rhinolophus sinicus (Chinese rufous horseshoe bat), Felis catus (domestic cat), Canis lupus familiaris (dog), Sus scrofa (wild pig), Capra hircus (goat), and Manis javanica (Malayan pangolin) facilitated SARS-CoV-2 entry into nonsusceptible cells. Moreover, ACE2 of the pangolin also mediated SARS-CoV-2 entry, adding credence to the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 may have originated from pangolins. However, the ACE2 proteins of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (greater horseshoe bat), Gallus gallus (red junglefowl), Notechis scutatus (mainland tiger snake), or Mus musculus (house mouse) did not facilitate SARS-CoV-2 entry. In addition, a natural isoform of the ACE2 protein of Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) with the Y217N mutation was resistant to SARS-CoV-2 infection, highlighting the possible impact of this ACE2 mutation on SARS-CoV-2 studies in rhesus monkeys. We further demonstrated that the Y217 residue of ACE2 is a critical determinant for the ability of ACE2 to mediate SARS-CoV-2 entry. Overall, these results clarify that SARS-CoV-2 can use the ACE2 receptors of multiple animal species and show that tracking the natural reservoirs and intermediate hosts of SARS-CoV-2 is complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yu-Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu-Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Tong-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ming-Xia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Meng-Hang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yue-Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiao-Liang Hu
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Yibin, China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Qin P, Luo WT, Su Q, Zhao P, Zhang Y, Wang B, Yang YL, Huang YW. The porcine deltacoronavirus accessory protein NS6 is expressed in vivo and incorporated into virions. Virology 2021; 556:1-8. [PMID: 33515858 PMCID: PMC7825830 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is one of the emerged coronaviruses posing a significant threat to the swine industry. Previous work showed the presence of a viral accessory protein NS6 in PDCoV-infected cells. In this study, we detected the expression of the NS6 protein in small intestinal tissues of PDCoV-infected piglets. In addition, SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis of sucrose gradient-purified virions showed the presence of a 13-kDa NS6 protein. Further evidences of the presence of NS6 in the PDCoV virions were obtained by immunogold staining of purified virions with anti-NS6 antiserum, and by immunoprecipitation of NS6 from purified virions. Finally, the anti-NS6 antibody was not able to neutralize PDCoV in cultured cells. These data establish for the first time that the accessory protein NS6 is expressed during infection in vivo and incorporated into PDCoV virions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Qin
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wen-Ting Luo
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Quan Su
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Pengwei Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yong-Le Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dorward DA, Russell CD, Um IH, Elshani M, Armstrong SD, Penrice-Randal R, Millar T, Lerpiniere CEB, Tagliavini G, Hartley CS, Randle NP, Gachanja NN, Potey PMD, Dong X, Anderson AM, Campbell VL, Duguid AJ, Al Qsous W, BouHaidar R, Baillie JK, Dhaliwal K, Wallace WA, Bellamy COC, Prost S, Smith C, Hiscox JA, Harrison DJ, Lucas CD. Tissue-Specific Immunopathology in Fatal COVID-19. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 203:192-201. [PMID: 33217246 PMCID: PMC7874430 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202008-3265oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: In life-threatening coronavirus disease (COVID-19), corticosteroids reduce mortality, suggesting that immune responses have a causal role in death. Whether this deleterious inflammation is primarily a direct reaction to the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or an independent immunopathologic process is unknown.Objectives: To determine SARS-CoV-2 organotropism and organ-specific inflammatory responses and the relationships among viral presence, inflammation, and organ injury.Methods: Tissue was acquired from 11 detailed postmortem examinations. SARS-CoV-2 organotropism was mapped by using multiplex PCR and sequencing, with cellular resolution achieved by in situ viral S (spike) protein detection. Histologic evidence of inflammation was quantified from 37 anatomic sites, and the pulmonary immune response was characterized by using multiplex immunofluorescence.Measurements and Main Results: Multiple aberrant immune responses in fatal COVID-19 were found, principally involving the lung and reticuloendothelial system, and these were not clearly topologically associated with the virus. Inflammation and organ dysfunction did not map to the tissue and cellular distribution of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and protein between or within tissues. An arteritis was identified in the lung, which was further characterized as a monocyte/myeloid-rich vasculitis, and occurred together with an influx of macrophage/monocyte-lineage cells into the pulmonary parenchyma. In addition, stereotyped abnormal reticuloendothelial responses, including excessive reactive plasmacytosis and iron-laden macrophages, were present and dissociated from viral presence in lymphoid tissues.Conclusions: Tissue-specific immunopathology occurs in COVID-19, implicating a significant component of the immune-mediated, virus-independent immunopathologic process as a primary mechanism in severe disease. Our data highlight novel immunopathologic mechanisms and validate ongoing and future efforts to therapeutically target aberrant macrophage and plasma-cell responses as well as promote pathogen tolerance in COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Dorward
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, and
- Department of Pathology
| | - Clark D Russell
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, and
- Regional Infectious Diseases Unit
| | - In Hwa Um
- School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Mustafa Elshani
- School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart D Armstrong
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rebekah Penrice-Randal
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Tracey Millar
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chris E B Lerpiniere
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Tagliavini
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, and
| | - Catherine S Hartley
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine P Randle
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi N Gachanja
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, and
| | - Philippe M D Potey
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, and
| | - Xiaofeng Dong
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Wael Al Qsous
- Department of Pathology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - J Kenneth Baillie
- Intensive Care Unit, and
- Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Dhaliwal
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, and
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Christopher O C Bellamy
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, and
- Department of Pathology
| | - Sandrine Prost
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, and
| | - Colin Smith
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathology
| | - Julian A Hiscox
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; and
- Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, National Institute for Health Research, United Kingdom
| | - David J Harrison
- Department of Pathology
- School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher D Lucas
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, and
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|