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Deshayes TA, Sodabi DGA, Dubord M, Gagnon D. Shifting focus: Time to look beyond the classic physiological adaptations associated with human heat acclimation. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:335-349. [PMID: 37885125 PMCID: PMC10988689 DOI: 10.1113/ep091207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Planet Earth is warming at an unprecedented rate and our future is now assured to be shaped by the consequences of more frequent hot days and extreme heat. Humans will need to adapt both behaviorally and physiologically to thrive in a hotter climate. From a physiological perspective, countless studies have shown that human heat acclimation increases thermoeffector output (i.e., sweating and skin blood flow) and lowers cardiovascular strain (i.e., heart rate) during heat stress. However, the mechanisms mediating these adaptations remain understudied. Furthermore, several possible benefits of heat acclimation for other systems and functions involved in maintaining health and performance during heat stress remain to be elucidated. This review summarizes recent advances in human heat acclimation, with emphasis on recent studies that (1) advanced our understanding of the mechanisms mediating improved thermoeffector output and (2) investigated adaptations that go beyond those classically associated with heat acclimation. We highlight that these studies have contributed to a better understanding of the integrated physiological responses underlying human heat acclimation while leaving key unanswered questions that will need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Deshayes
- Montreal Heart InstituteMontréalCanada
- School of Kinesiology and Exercise ScienceUniversité de MontréalMontréalCanada
| | - Dèwanou Gilles Arnaud Sodabi
- Montreal Heart InstituteMontréalCanada
- School of Kinesiology and Exercise ScienceUniversité de MontréalMontréalCanada
| | - Marianne Dubord
- Montreal Heart InstituteMontréalCanada
- School of Kinesiology and Exercise ScienceUniversité de MontréalMontréalCanada
| | - Daniel Gagnon
- Montreal Heart InstituteMontréalCanada
- School of Kinesiology and Exercise ScienceUniversité de MontréalMontréalCanada
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2
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Wang J, Zhang Y, Liu X, Li X, Zhao Q, Zhao J, Ni Y, Guo Y, Cui Z, Zhang W, Li C. Impact of ambient temperature, diurnal temperature range on hyperventilation syndrome emergency admission: a time-series analysis in Beijing, China. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e080318. [PMID: 38388503 PMCID: PMC10884205 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-080318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the association between ambient temperature and diurnal temperature range (DTR) on emergency admissions for hyperventilation syndrome (HVS). DESIGN Distributed lag non-linear model design was used with a lag time to 5 days. SETTING Emergency admission data used were from the Beijing Red Cross Emergency Centre (2017-2018). PARTICIPANTS AND EXPOSURE Cases were those with emergency visits to the Beijing Emergency Center during the period 2017-2018 and who were given the primary outcome indicator defined as HVS according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition code F45.303. Ambient temperature and DTR were used as exposure factors with adjustments for relative humidity, wind speed, precipitation, seasonality long-term trend and day of the week. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE We used the minimum emergency visits temperature as a reference to indicate the relative risk with 95% CI of exposure-response for the risk of HVS visits at different temperatures. RESULTS A u-shape was described between ambient temperature and HVS visits, with a minimum risk at 12°C. Moderate heat (23°C) at lag (0-3) days, extreme heat at lag 0 days, had greatest relative risks on HVS visits, with 2.021 (95% CI 1.101 to 3.71) and 1.995 (95% CI 1.016 to 3.915), respectively. A stronger association between HVS visits and temperature was found in women and aged ≤44 years. Notably, the relationship between DTR and HVS visits appeared a reverse u-shaped. Low DTR (4°C) effect appeared at lag (0-1) days with 0.589 (95% CI 0.395 to 0.878), lasting until lag (0-3) days with 0.535 (95% CI 0.319 to 0.897) and was associated with a reduced risk of HVS visits in women and those aged ≤44 years. CONCLUSIONS Ambient temperature and DTR were associated with HVS visits, appearing a differentiation in gender and age groups. Timely prevention strategies during high temperatures and control mild changes in temperature might reduce the risk of HVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Wang
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Heping, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongming Zhang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Heping, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuan Li
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Heping, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Jinan, China
| | - Jinhua Zhao
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Heping, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Ni
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Heping, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhuang Cui
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Heping, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Changping Li
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Heping, Tianjin, China
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James TJ, Corbett J, Cummings M, Allard S, Shute JK, Belcher H, Mayes H, Gould AAM, Piccolo DD, Tipton M, Perissiou M, Saynor ZL, Shepherd AI. The effect of repeated hot water immersion on insulin sensitivity, heat shock protein 70, and inflammation in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E755-E763. [PMID: 37938179 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00222.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Repeated hot water immersion (HWI) can improve glycemic control in healthy individuals but data are limited for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The present study investigated whether repeated HWI improves insulin sensitivity and inflammatory status and reduces plasma ([extracellular heat shock protein 70]) [eHSP70] and resting metabolic rate (RMR). Fourteen individuals with T2DM participated in this pre- versus postintervention study, with outcome measures assessed in fasted (≥12 h) and postprandial (2-h post-75 g glucose ingestion) states. HWI consisted of 1 h in 40°C water (target rectal temperature 38.5°C-39°C) repeated 8-10 times within a 14-day period. Outcome measures included insulin sensitivity, plasma [glucose], [insulin], [eHSP70], inflammatory markers, RMR, and substrate utilization. The HWI intervention increased fasted insulin sensitivity (QUICKI; P = 0.03) and lowered fasted plasma [insulin] (P = 0.04), but fasting plasma [glucose] (P = 0.83), [eHSP70] (P = 0.08), [IL-6] (P = 0.55), [IL-10] (P = 0.59), postprandial insulin sensitivity (P = 0.19), plasma [glucose] (P = 0.40), and [insulin] (P = 0.47) were not different. RMR was reduced by 6.63% (P < 0.05), although carbohydrate (P = 0.43) and fat oxidation (P = 0.99) rates were unchanged. This study shows that 8-10 HWIs within a 14-day period improved fasting insulin sensitivity and plasma [insulin] in individuals with T2DM, but not when glucose tolerance is challenged. HWI also improves metabolic efficiency (i.e., reduced RMR). Together these results could be clinically important and have implications for metabolic health outcomes and well-being in individuals with T2DM.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to investigate repeated HWI to raise deep body temperature on insulin sensitivity, inflammation, eHSP70, and substrate utilization in individuals with T2DM. The principal novel findings were improvements in fasting insulin sensitivity and fasting plasma [insulin] but no change in fasting plasma [glucose], postprandial insulin sensitivity, plasma [insulin], or [glucose]. There was also no change in eHSP70, inflammatory status, or substrate utilization but there were reductions in RMR and oxygen consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J James
- Faculty of Science and Health, Physical Activity, Health and Rehabilitation Theme, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Science and Health, Extreme Environments Theme, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Corbett
- Faculty of Science and Health, Extreme Environments Theme, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Cummings
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Department, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Allard
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Department, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Janis K Shute
- Faculty of Science and Health, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Harvey Belcher
- Faculty of Science and Health, Physical Activity, Health and Rehabilitation Theme, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Science and Health, Extreme Environments Theme, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Mayes
- Faculty of Science and Health, Extreme Environments Theme, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Alex A M Gould
- Faculty of Science and Health, Extreme Environments Theme, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel D Piccolo
- Faculty of Science and Health, Physical Activity, Health and Rehabilitation Theme, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Science and Health, Extreme Environments Theme, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Tipton
- Faculty of Science and Health, Extreme Environments Theme, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Perissiou
- Faculty of Science and Health, Physical Activity, Health and Rehabilitation Theme, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Zoe L Saynor
- Faculty of Science and Health, Physical Activity, Health and Rehabilitation Theme, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony I Shepherd
- Faculty of Science and Health, Physical Activity, Health and Rehabilitation Theme, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Science and Health, Extreme Environments Theme, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
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Fennel ZJ, Amorim FT, Deyhle MR, Hafen PS, Mermier CM. The Heat Shock Connection: Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy and Atrophy. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R133-R148. [PMID: 35536704 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00048.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is an integral tissue system that plays a crucial role in the physical function of all vertebrates and is a key target for maintaining or improving health and performance across the lifespan. Based largely on cellular and animal models, there is some evidence that various forms of heat stress with or without resistance exercise may enhance skeletal muscle growth or reduce its loss. It is not clear whether these stimuli are similarly effective in humans or meaningful in comparison to exercise alone across various heating methodologies. Furthermore, the magnitude by which heat stress may influence whole body thermoregulatory responses and the connection to skeletal muscle adaptation remains ambiguous. Finally, the underlying mechanisms, which may include interaction between relevant heat shock proteins and intracellular hypertrophy and atrophy related factors, remain unclear. In this narrative mini-review we examine the relevant literature regarding heat stress alone or in combination with resistance exercise emphasizing skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy across cellular and animal models, as well as human investigations. Additionally, we present working mechanistic theories for heat shock protein mediated signaling effects regarding hypertrophy and atrophy related signaling processes. Importantly, continued research is necessary to determine the practical effects and mechanisms of heat stress with and without resistance exercise on skeletal muscle function via growth and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul Samuel Hafen
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Indiana University School of Medicine Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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5
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Fiedler J, Šmite Z, Suvi S, Timpmann S, Mooses M, Medijainen L, Unt E, Ööpik V. Impact of sodium citrate ingestion during recovery after strenuous exercise in the heat on heart rate variability: A randomized, crossover study. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15280. [PMID: 35510322 PMCID: PMC9069164 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in hydration status influence plasma volume (PV) which is associated with post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation. The present study hypothesized that, after dehydrating cycling exercise in the heat (DE), stimulation of PV expansion with sodium citrate (CIT) supplementation would promote heart rate variability (HRV) recovery in endurance-trained men. Twelve participants lost 4% of body mass during DE. During subsequent 16-h recovery, participants consumed water ad libitum (CIT =5.5-L, PLC =5.1-L) and ate prescribed food supplemented with CIT or placebo in a randomized, double-blind, crossover manner. Relative changes in PV were assessed across DE and 16-h recovery. HRV was analyzed before and 16 h after DE in three conditions for altogether four 5-min periods: supine in a thermoneutral environment, supine in the heat (32°C, 46% relative humidity; 2 periods), and standing in the heat. A larger expansion of PV across 16-h recovery occurred in CIT compared to placebo trial (p < 0.0001). However, no between-trial differences appeared in HRV parameters (lnRMSSD, lnSDNN, lnLF/HF) in any 5-min period analyzed before or 16 h after DE (in all cases p > 0.05). Increases in HR (p < 0.001) and lnLF/HF (p = 0.005) and decreases in lnRMSSD (p < 0.001) and lnSDNN (p < 0.001) occurred following DE in both trials. Larger PV expansion induced by CIT supplementation after DE does not improve recovery of HRV at rest and has no influence on HRV responsiveness in endurance-trained men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Fiedler
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Zane Šmite
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Human and Animal Physiology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Silva Suvi
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Saima Timpmann
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martin Mooses
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Luule Medijainen
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eve Unt
- Department of Sports, Medicine, and Rehabilitation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vahur Ööpik
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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6
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Schweiker M. Combining adaptive and heat balance models for thermal sensation prediction: A new approach towards a theory and data-driven adaptive thermal heat balance model. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13018. [PMID: 35347785 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive thermal heat balance (ATHB) framework introduced a method to account for the three adaptive principals, namely physiological, behavioral, and psychological adaptation, individually within existing heat balance models. This work presents a more detailed theoretical framework together with a theory-driven empirical determination toward a new formulation of the ATHBPMV . The empirical development followed a rigor statistical process known from machine learning approaches including training, validation, and test phase and makes use of a subset (N = 57 084 records) of the ASHRAE Global Thermal Comfort Database. Results show an increased predictive performance among a wide range of outdoor climates, building types, and cooling strategies of the buildings. Furthermore, individual findings question the common believe that psychological adaptation is highest in naturally ventilated buildings. The framework offers further opportunities to include a variety of context-related variables as well as personal characteristics into thermal prediction models, while keeping mathematical equations limited and enabling further advancements related to the understanding of influences on thermal perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Schweiker
- Healthy Living Spaces lab, Institute for Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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7
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Zhang S, Zhu N. Gender differences in thermal responses to temperature ramps in moderate environments. J Therm Biol 2022; 103:103158. [PMID: 35027194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Some studies revealed that steady-uniform thermal environments are not the optimal environmental state to ensure thermal comfort, and temperature ramps offer potential advantages over traditional air conditioning methods. Moreover, when exposed to the same environmental conditions, gender differences in thermal responses were often observed, but the gender differences in the ramped conditions and causal relationships remain unclear. Therefore, an experimental research was conducted in a chamber by controlling the rates and directions to study the gender differences in thermal responses to temperature ramps. Three temperature ramps conditions (A: 26 °C-24 °C-26 °C; B: 26 °C-28 °C-26 °C; C: 26 °C-30 °C-26 °C) were investigated with 60 healthy participants (30 females and 30 males) recruited. The main conclusions indicated that women are more sensitive to temperature ramp-down environments than those of their male counterparts. Direction of temperature ramps had a significant effect on human responses in cool environments but no effect was observed in warm environments. Moreover, there was no significant differences in subjective responses between genders in a 2 °C ramp-up environment from 26 °C to 28 °C. Due to psychological differences, men have a wider range of temperature acceptability than women. Furthermore, the relationships between thermal sensation and thermal comfort, thermal sensation and thermal acceptability were also established, indicating that thermal sensation had significant impacts on other psychological responses. This paper has reference value for related researchers and designers to take temperature ramps and gender differences account in the design of indoor thermal environments, which benefits to improve thermal comfort, health and energy efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Built Environment and Energy Application, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Neng Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Built Environment and Energy Application, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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8
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Luo W, Kramer R, de Kort Y, Rense P, van Marken Lichtenbelt W. The effects of a novel personal comfort system on thermal comfort, physiology and perceived indoor environmental quality, and its health implications - Stimulating human thermoregulation without compromising thermal comfort. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e12951. [PMID: 34724246 PMCID: PMC9298036 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The classical textbook interpretation of thermal comfort is that it occurs when the thermoregulatory effort is minimized. However, stimulating human thermoregulatory systems may benefit health and increase body thermal resilience. To address this gap, we tested a novel personal comfort system (PCS) that targets only the extremities and the head, leaving the rest of the body exposed to a moderately drifting temperature (17-25°C). A randomized, cross-over study was conducted under controlled laboratory conditions, mimicking an office setting. Eighteen participants completed two scenarios, one with a PCS and another one without a PCS in 17-25°C ambient conditions. The results indicate that the PCS improved thermal comfort in 17-23°C and retained active thermoregulatory control. The torso skin temperature, underarm-finger temperature gradients, energy expenditure, substrate oxidations and physical activity were not affected by the PCS in most cases. Only slight changes in cardiovascular responses were observed between the two scenarios. Moreover, the PCS boosted pleasure and arousal. At 25°C, the PCS did not improve thermal comfort, but significantly improved air quality perceptions and mitigated eye strain. These findings suggest that human physiological thermoregulation can be stimulated without compromising thermal comfort by using a PCS that only targets the extremities in cold conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Department of Nutrition and Movement SciencesSchool of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Rick Kramer
- Department of Nutrition and Movement SciencesSchool of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Department of the Built EnvironmentEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Yvonne de Kort
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation SciencesEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Pascal Rense
- Department of Nutrition and Movement SciencesSchool of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Wouter van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement SciencesSchool of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
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Bartolomé I, Siquier-Coll J, Pérez-Quintero M, Robles-Gil MC, Grijota FJ, Muñoz D, Maynar-Mariño M. 3-Week passive acclimation to extreme environmental heat (100± 3 °C) in dry sauna increases physical and physiological performance among young semi-professional football players. J Therm Biol 2021; 100:103048. [PMID: 34503795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript aims to evaluate the influence of a novel passive heat acclimation program among human participants in the physical performance, as well as in several physiological parameters. 36 male football players were acclimated using a dry sauna bath to extreme hot (100 ± 3 °C), performing a total of nine sauna sessions with a weekly frequency of three sessions. The players were randomly into the sauna group (SG; n = 18; age: 20.69 ± 2.09 years) and the control group (CG; n = 18; age: 20.23 ± 1.98 years). All participants performed maximal effort test until exhaustion as well as hamstring flexibility test before and after the acclimation program. Anthropometric, respiratory, circulatory, hematological and physiological variables were evaluated at the beginning and at the end of the survey. Statistical analysis consisted of a Mann-Whitney U test to determine differences between groups at the beginning and at the end of the survey and a Wilcoxon test for paired samples to compare the differences for each group separately. Additionally, size effects of the pre-post acclimation changes were calculated. After the acclimation program SG participants experienced a diminution in body weight (p < 0.01), body mass index (p < 0.01), body fat (p < 0.05) and fat percentage (p < 0.05) decreased. Hamstring flexibility (p < 0.05) and work capacity (p < 0.05) increased. External basal temperature decreased (p < 0.05) as well as post-exercise systolic and diastolic blood pressures (p < 0.05). Finally, maximal oxygen uptake (ml Kg-1 min-1) (p < 0.05), maximal minute ventilation (p < 0.05) and maximal breath frequency (p < 0.05) increased at the end of the intervention. There were no significant changes in the CG in any variable. Favorable adaptations have been observed in this survey, suggesting a beneficial effect of extreme heat acclimation on physical performance. Several of the observed responses seem interesting for sport performance and health promotion as well. However, this is a novel, extreme protocol which requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bartolomé
- Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - J Siquier-Coll
- Movement, Brain and Health Research Group (MOBhE), Center of Higher Education Alberta Giménez (Comillas Pontifical University), Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - M Pérez-Quintero
- Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - M C Robles-Gil
- Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - F J Grijota
- Faculty of Language and Education, University of Nebrija, Campus La Berzosa, Calle del Hostal, 28248, Hoyo de Manzanares, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Muñoz
- Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - M Maynar-Mariño
- Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
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10
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Hoffmann C, Liebers U, Humbsch P, Drozdek M, Bölke G, Hoffmann P, Holzgreve A, Donaldson GC, Witt C. An adaptation strategy to urban heat: hospital rooms with radiant cooling accelerate patient recovery. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7:00881-2020. [PMID: 34476248 PMCID: PMC8405870 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00881-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with respiratory diseases are vulnerable to the effects of heat. Therefore, it is important to develop adaptation strategies for heat exposure. One option is to optimise the indoor environment. To this end, we equipped hospital patient rooms with radiant cooling. We performed a prospective randomised clinical trial to investigate potentially beneficial effects of the hospitalisation in rooms with radiant cooling on patients with a respiratory disease exacerbation. Methods Recruitment took place in June, July and August 2014 to 2016 in the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany. We included patients with COPD, asthma, pulmonary hypertension, interstitial lung disease and pneumonia. 62 patients were allocated to either a standard patient room without air conditioning or a room with radiant cooling set to 23°C (73°F). We analysed the patients’ length of stay with a Poisson regression. Physiological parameters, fluid intake and daily step counts were tested with mixed regression models. Results Patients hospitalised in a room with radiant cooling were discharged earlier than patients in standard rooms (p=0.003). The study participants in chambers with radiant cooling had a lower body temperature (p=0.002), lower daily fluid intake (p<0.001), higher systolic blood pressure (p<0.001) and an increased daily step count (p<0.001). Conclusion The results indicate that a radiant cooling system in hospital patient rooms provides clinical benefits for patients with respiratory disease exacerbations during the warm summer months, which may contribute to an earlier mobilisation. Radiant cooling is commended as a suitable adaptation strategy to reduce the clinical impact of climate warming. A radiant cooling system in hospital patient rooms provides clinical benefits for patients with respiratory disease exacerbations during summertime. Patients hospitalised in rooms with air convection free radiant cooling are discharged earlier.https://bit.ly/3p9Fkqm
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Hoffmann
- Dept of Outpatient Pneumology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uta Liebers
- Dept of Outpatient Pneumology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Humbsch
- Dept of Outpatient Pneumology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marija Drozdek
- Dept of Outpatient Pneumology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Bölke
- Dept of Outpatient Pneumology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hoffmann
- Dept of Outpatient Pneumology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adrien Holzgreve
- Dept of Outpatient Pneumology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Dept of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Gavin C Donaldson
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christian Witt
- Dept of Outpatient Pneumology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Pokora I, Sadowska-Krępa E, Wolowski Ł, Wyderka P, Michnik A, Drzazga Z. The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6906. [PMID: 34199101 PMCID: PMC8297353 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The influence of a series of ten sauna baths (MPHA) on thermophysiological and selected hematological responses in 14 elite cross-country skiers to a submaximal endurance exercise test performed under thermoneutral environmental conditions was studied. Thermal and physiological variables were measured before and after the exercise test, whereas selected hematological indices were studied before, immediately after, and during recovery after a run, before (T1) and after sauna baths (T2). MPHA did not influence the baseline internal, body, and skin temperatures. There was a decrease in the resting heart rate (HR: p = 0.001) and physiological strain (PSI: p = 0.052) after MPHA and a significant effect of MPHA on systolic blood pressure (p = 0.03), hematological indices, and an exercise effect but no combined effect of treatments and exercise on the tested variables. A positive correlation was reported between PSI and total protein (%ΔTP) in T2 and a negative between plasma volume (%ΔPV) and mean red cellular volume (%ΔMCV) in T1 and T2 in response to exercise and a positive one during recovery. This may suggest that MPHA has a weak influence on body temperatures but causes a moderate decrease in PSI and modifications of plasma volume restoration in response to exercise under temperate conditions in elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Pokora
- Department of Physiological-Medical Sciences, Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Ewa Sadowska-Krępa
- Department of Physiological-Medical Sciences, Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Wolowski
- Doctoral Studies, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (Ł.W.); (P.W.)
| | - Piotr Wyderka
- Doctoral Studies, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (Ł.W.); (P.W.)
| | - Anna Michnik
- The Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland; (A.M.); (Z.D.)
| | - Zofia Drzazga
- The Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland; (A.M.); (Z.D.)
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12
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Ivanova YM, Pallubinsky H, Kramer R, van Marken Lichtenbelt W. The influence of a moderate temperature drift on thermal physiology and perception. Physiol Behav 2021; 229:113257. [PMID: 33232739 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Humans spend approximately 80-90% of their time indoors. In current practice, indoor temperatures in many buildings are controlled very tightly. However, allowing more variation in indoor temperature results in more energy-efficient buildings and could potentially improve human metabolic and cardiovascular health. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of a drifting ambient temperature versus a fixed ambient temperature on thermal physiological parameters and subjective perception. A cross-over intervention design was conducted in 16 healthy men (age 26 ± 4 y; BMI 23.0 ± 1.7 kg/m2) between July 2018 and May 2019. All participants underwent two whole-day (8:30-17:00) experimental sessions, during which they were exposed to a drifting (17-25°C with a morning ramp of 2.58°C/h and afternoon ramp of -2.58°C/h) or constant ambient temperature (21°C) in randomized order. The experiments took place in respiratory chambers, which simulated a typical office environment and in which temperature conditions can be controlled accurately. Throughout the experimental sessions core and skin temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, energy expenditure as well as activity levels were measured. Subjective thermal perception, such as thermal comfort and sensation, was assessed by questionnaires every 30 min. Results reveal that energy expenditure was higher in the morning during the drifting session, which was accompanied by an increase in activity levels. Both drifting and fixed sessions were judged as comfortable although during the drift thermal comfort was lower in the morning and afternoon and higher during midday. The results indicate that a drifting ambient temperature can be applied in practice, and as such, can contribute to a healthier and more sustainable built environment. More research is needed to understand the role of a drifting temperature on the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoanna M Ivanova
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Hannah Pallubinsky
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Rick Kramer
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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13
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Muscle temperature kinetics and thermoregulatory responses to 42 °C hot-water immersion in healthy males and females. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2611-2624. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04482-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Effects of passive heating intervention on muscle hypertrophy and neuromuscular function: A preliminary systematic review with meta-analysis. J Therm Biol 2020; 93:102684. [PMID: 33077110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Passive heating has been therapeutically used to treat a range of health conditions. Further, this intervention presents as a potential exercise mimetic strategy showing acute and chronic effects on skeletal muscle adaptation and neuromuscular systems. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesise the existing evidence on the effects of passive heating on muscle hypertrophy and neuromuscular function. Seven databases were searched (i.e., PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane, and SPORTDiscus) from 1937 to October 2019. Eligible studies included original papers using healthy animals or human samples (≥18 years; both sexes) that have used a control group or condition. Ten original articles were included in this review and four in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis detected an increase in muscle mass in animal samples seven days after passive heating (I2 = 65%, P < 0.01). The systematic review showed preliminary evidence that repeated passive heating exposures may promote muscle hypertrophy in animals and humans. Moreover, augmented muscle strength (involuntary and voluntary) may be observed after long-term passive heating (animals and humans) and increases in corticospinal excitability in humans after a single passive heating session. Passive heating has shown some potential benefits for skeletal muscle mass gain and muscle force improvement. Therefore, it is plausible to suggest that passive heating might be a worthwhile alternative to be recommended as an exercise mimetic for those people who lack or are unable to complete sufficient exercise.
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15
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Pallubinsky H, Phielix E, Dautzenberg B, Schaart G, Connell NJ, Wit‐Verheggen V, Havekes B, Baak MA, Schrauwen P, Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Passive exposure to heat improves glucose metabolism in overweight humans. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 229:e13488. [PMID: 32359193 PMCID: PMC7379279 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM Heat exposure has been indicated to positively affect glucose metabolism. An involvement of heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) in the enhancement of insulin sensitivity upon heat exposure has been previously suggested. Here, we performed an intervention study exploring the effect of passive heat acclimation (PHA) on glucose metabolism and intracellular (a) HSP72 concentrations in overweight humans. METHODS Eleven non-diabetic overweight (BMI 27-35 kg/m2 ) participants underwent 10 consecutive days of PHA (4-6 h/day, 34.4 ± 0.2°C, 22.8 ± 2.7%RH). Before and after PHA, whole-body insulin sensitivity was assessed using a one-step hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp, skeletal muscle biopsies were taken to measure intracellular iHSP72, energy expenditure and substrate oxidation were measured using indirect calorimetry and blood samples were drawn to assess markers of metabolic health. Thermophysiological adaptations were measured during a temperature ramp protocol before and after PHA. RESULTS Despite a lack of change in iHSP72, 10 days of PHA reduced basal (9.7 ± 1.4 pre- vs 8.4 ± 2.1 μmol · kg-1 · min-1 post-PHA, P = .038) and insulin-stimulated (2.1 ± 0.9 pre- vs 1.5 ± 0.8 μmol · kg-1 · min-1 post-PHA, P = .005) endogenous glucose production (EGP) and increased insulin suppression of EGP (78.5 ± 9.7% pre- vs 83.0 ± 7.9% post-PHA, P = .028). Consistently, fasting plasma glucose (6.0 ± 0.5 pre- vs 5.8 ± 0.4 mmol/L post-PHA, P = .013) and insulin concentrations (97 ± 55 pre- vs 84 ± 49 pmol/L post-PHA, P = .026) decreased significantly. Moreover, fat oxidation increased, and free fatty acids as well as cholesterol concentrations and mean arterial pressure decreased after PHA. CONCLUSION Our results show that PHA for 10 days improves glucose metabolism and enhances fat metabolism, without changes in iHSP72. Further exploration of the therapeutic role of heat in cardio-metabolic disorders should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Pallubinsky
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Esther Phielix
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Bas Dautzenberg
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Gert Schaart
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Niels J. Connell
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Vera Wit‐Verheggen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Bas Havekes
- Department of Internal Medicine Division of Endocrinology Maastricht University Medical Centre+ Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Marleen A. Baak
- Department of Human Biology NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Wouter D. Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University Maastricht the Netherlands
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16
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Ko Y, Seol SH, Kang J, Lee JY. Adaptive changes in physiological and perceptual responses during 10-day heat acclimation training using a water-perfused suit. J Physiol Anthropol 2020; 39:10. [PMID: 32290869 PMCID: PMC7158155 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-020-00217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While active heat acclimation strategies have been robustly explored, not many studies highlighted passive heat acclimation strategies. Particularly, little evidence demonstrated advantages of utilizing a water-perfused suit as a passive heating strategy. This study aimed to explore heat adaptive changes in physiological and perceptual responses during 10-day heat acclimation training using a water-perfused suit. Methods Nineteen young males were divided into three experimental groups: exercise condition (N = 6, HAEXE, 1-h exercise at 6 km h−1 followed by 1-h rest in a sitting position), exercise and passive heating condition (N = 6, HAEXE+SUIT, 1-h exercise at 6 km h−1 followed 1-h passive heating in a sitting position), and passive heating condition (N = 7, HASUIT, 2-h passive heating in a sitting position). All heating programs were conducted for 10 consecutive days in a climatic chamber maintained at 33 °C with 60% relative humidity. The passive heating was conducted using a newly developed water-perfused suit with 44 °C water. Results Greater whole-body sweat rate and alleviated perceptual strain were found in HASUIT and HAEXE+SUIT after 5 and/or 10 days (P < 0.05) but not in the exercise-only condition (HAEXE). Lower rectal temperature and heart rate were found in all conditions after the training (P < 0.05). Heat adaptive changes appeared earlier in HASUIT except for sweat responses. Conclusions For heat acclimation in hot humid environments, passive and post-exercise heat acclimation training using the suit (water inflow temperature 44 °C) were more effective than the mild exercise (1-h walking at 6 km h−1). This form of passive heating (HASUIT) may be an especially effective strategy for the elderly and the disabled who are not able to exercise in hot environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelin Ko
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, COMFORT Laboratory, Bld. # 222-Rm. # 306, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Seon-Hong Seol
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, COMFORT Laboratory, Bld. # 222-Rm. # 306, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Juho Kang
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, COMFORT Laboratory, Bld. # 222-Rm. # 306, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea.,Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo-Young Lee
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, COMFORT Laboratory, Bld. # 222-Rm. # 306, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea. .,Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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17
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Zapara MA, Dudnik EN, Samartseva VG, Kryzhanovskaya SY, Susta D, Glazachev OS. Passive Whole-Body Hyperthermia Increases Aerobic Capacity and Cardio-Respiratory Efficiency in Amateur Athletes. Health (London) 2020. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2020.121002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Gibson OR, James CA, Mee JA, Willmott AG, Turner G, Hayes M, Maxwell NS. Heat alleviation strategies for athletic performance: A review and practitioner guidelines. Temperature (Austin) 2019; 7:3-36. [PMID: 32166103 PMCID: PMC7053966 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2019.1666624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
International competition inevitably presents logistical challenges for athletes. Events such as the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games require further consideration given historical climate data suggest athletes will experience significant heat stress. Given the expected climate, athletes face major challenges to health and performance. With this in mind, heat alleviation strategies should be a fundamental consideration. This review provides a focused perspective of the relevant literature describing how practitioners can structure male and female athlete preparations for performance in hot, humid conditions. Whilst scientific literature commonly describes experimental work, with a primary focus on maximizing magnitudes of adaptive responses, this may sacrifice ecological validity, particularly for athletes whom must balance logistical considerations aligned with integrating environmental preparation around training, tapering and travel plans. Additionally, opportunities for sophisticated interventions may not be possible in the constrained environment of the athlete village or event arenas. This review therefore takes knowledge gained from robust experimental work, interprets it and provides direction on how practitioners/coaches can optimize their athletes' heat alleviation strategies. This review identifies two distinct heat alleviation themes that should be considered to form an individualized strategy for the athlete to enhance thermoregulatory/performance physiology. First, chronic heat alleviation techniques are outlined, these describe interventions such as heat acclimation, which are implemented pre, during and post-training to prepare for the increased heat stress. Second, acute heat alleviation techniques that are implemented immediately prior to, and sometimes during the event are discussed. Abbreviations: CWI: Cold water immersion; HA: Heat acclimation; HR: Heart rate; HSP: Heat shock protein; HWI: Hot water immersion; LTHA: Long-term heat acclimation; MTHA: Medium-term heat acclimation; ODHA: Once-daily heat acclimation; RH: Relative humidity; RPE: Rating of perceived exertion; STHA: Short-term heat acclimation; TCORE: Core temperature; TDHA: Twice-daily heat acclimation; TS: Thermal sensation; TSKIN: Skin temperature; V̇O2max: Maximal oxygen uptake; WGBT: Wet bulb globe temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R. Gibson
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation (CHPER), Division of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Carl A. James
- Institut Sukan Negara (National Sports Institute), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jessica A. Mee
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - Ashley G.B. Willmott
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gareth Turner
- Bisham Abbey National High-Performance Centre, English Institute of Sport, EIS Performance Centre, Marlow, UK
| | - Mark Hayes
- Environmental Extremes Laboratory, School of Sport and Service Management, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Neil S. Maxwell
- Environmental Extremes Laboratory, School of Sport and Service Management, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
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19
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Heathcote SL, Hassmén P, Zhou S, Stevens CJ. Passive Heating: Reviewing Practical Heat Acclimation Strategies for Endurance Athletes. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1851. [PMID: 30618849 PMCID: PMC6306444 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat acclimation protocols—both active and passive—have been employed by athletes in an effort to attenuate the detrimental effects of heat stress on physical capacities and sports performance. Active strategies have been extensively reviewed, but have various practical and economic limitations. The purpose of this review was therefore to provide an overview of the passive strategies that have received less attention, yet may be more practical or economically viable; recommendations for athletes are also provided. With a systematic search of the relevant databases ending in June 2018, 16 articles on passive heat acclimation that met the inclusion criteria were included in the review. The review highlighted that passive heat acclimation strategies can successfully induce heat adaptations, evident by reports of improved exercise performance, thermoregulatory, cardiovascular, and perceptual responses accompanying such interventions. Based on the review it is apparent that the use of sauna, hot-water immersion and environmental chambers may be used to provide heat stress under passive conditions, for the purpose of acclimation. To maximize the thermoregulatory-adaptive responses, exercise bouts should be employed prior to passive heat stress, rather than passive heating alone, with a minimal delay between exercise and the application of heat stress. Heating bouts should have a minimum duration of 30 min per session and be employed on consecutive days, when possible, with a minimum of 6–7 exposures to induce adaptation. This review identified that information regarding the magnitude of performance changes that can occur, as well as the perceptual responses to passive heating protocols is limited. Future research should investigate the use of passive heat exposures before and/or after repeated heat training sessions, to assess if a further boost to heat adaptation can be achieved with this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Storme L Heathcote
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Athlete Development, Experience & Performance, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Hassmén
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Shi Zhou
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher J Stevens
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Athlete Development, Experience & Performance, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia
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20
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Pallubinsky H, Schellen L, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Exploring the human thermoneutral zone - A dynamic approach. J Therm Biol 2018; 79:199-208. [PMID: 30612680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To date, the position and shape of the human thermoneutral zone (TNZ) remain uncertain. Indications exist that the individual TNZ might be influenced by age, body composition and level of acclimatisation. The objective of the present study was to explore the individual metabolic TNZ, using dynamic thermal conditions to assess both metabolic lower and upper critical temperatures (LCT and UCT) and, secondly, to test the effect of passive mild heat acclimation on the human metabolic TNZ. A dynamic protocol consisting of two experimental conditions was designed: starting from a thermoneutral condition (28.8 ± 0.3 °C), temperature gradually increased to 37.5 ± 0.6 °C during warming (UP) or decreased to 17.8 ± 0.6 °C during cooling (DOWN). For six participants, temperature increased further to 41.6 ± 1.0 °C during UP. Eleven healthy men (19-31 y) underwent UP and DOWN twice, i.e. before and after passive mild heat acclimation (PMHA, 7 days at ~33 °C for 6 h/day). Energy expenditure, body temperatures and heart rate were measured during UP and DOWN. We show that the generally assumed LCT of approximately 28 °C for an average male person does not match the dynamically assessed LCTs in this study, as those were considerably lower in most cases (23.3 ± 3.2 °C pre-acclimation; 23.4 ± 2.0 °C post-acclimation). Distinct inter-individual variation of the dynamic LCT was evident (range pre-PMHA:9.7 °C; post-PMHA:5.4 °C). Regarding the metabolic response to increasing temperatures, only minor or no increases in energy metabolism occurred. PMHA did not significantly change the positioning of the LCTs, but lowered Tcore (pre-PMHA: -0.13 ± 0.13 °C, P = 0.011; post-PMHA: -0.14 ± 0.15 °C, P = 0.026) and affected skin temperature distribution. The applied method allowed for the determination of individual dynamic LCTs, however, distinct metabolic UCTs were not evident in humans. For a better understanding of the human UCT, future studies should incorporate individualised temperature ranges and also a measurement of evaporative heat loss, to allow for a two-factor analysis of both metabolic and evaporative human UCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pallubinsky
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.
| | - L Schellen
- School for the Built Environment and Infrastructure, Gilde Opleidingen, Roermond, the Netherlands
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21
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van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Pallubinsky H, Te Kulve M. Modulation of thermogenesis and metabolic health: a built environment perspective. Obes Rev 2018; 19 Suppl 1:94-101. [PMID: 30511507 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lifestyle interventions, obviating the increasing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, generally focus on nutrition and physical activity. Environmental factors are hardly covered. Because we spend on average more that 90% of our time indoors, it is, however, relevant to address these factors. In the built environment, the attention has been limited to the (assessment and optimization of) building performance and occupant thermal comfort for a long time. Only recently well-being and health of building occupants are also considered to some extent, but actual metabolic health aspects are not generally covered. In this review, we draw attention to the potential of the commonly neglected lifestyle factor 'indoor environment'. More specifically, we review current knowledge and the developments of new insights into the effects of ambient temperature, light and the interaction of the two on metabolic health. The literature shows that the effects of indoor environmental factors are important additional factors for a healthy lifestyle and have an impact on metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - H Pallubinsky
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M Te Kulve
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,BBA Binnenmilieu, The Hague, The Netherlands
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22
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Schweiker M, Huebner GM, Kingma BRM, Kramer R, Pallubinsky H. Drivers of diversity in human thermal perception - A review for holistic comfort models. Temperature (Austin) 2018; 5:308-342. [PMID: 30574525 PMCID: PMC6298492 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2018.1534490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the drivers leading to individual differences in human thermal perception has become increasingly important, amongst other things due to challenges such as climate change and an ageing society. This review summarizes existing knowledge related to physiological, psychological, and context-related drivers of diversity in thermal perception. Furthermore, the current state of knowledge is discussed in terms of its applicability in thermal comfort models, by combining modelling approaches of the thermoneutral zone (TNZ) and adaptive thermal heat balance model (ATHB). In conclusion, the results of this review show the clear contribution of some physiological and psychological factors, such as body composition, metabolic rate, adaptation to certain thermal environments and perceived control, to differences in thermal perception. However, the role of other potential diversity-causing parameters, such as age and sex, remain uncertain. Further research is suggested, especially regarding the interaction of different diversity-driving factors with each other, both physiological and psychological, to help establishing a holistic picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Schweiker
- Building Science Group, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Boris R. M. Kingma
- Training and Performance Innovations, TNO Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Soesterberg, The Netherlands
- Department of Energy Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Kramer
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hannah Pallubinsky
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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23
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Pryor JL, Johnson EC, Roberts WO, Pryor RR. Application of evidence-based recommendations for heat acclimation: Individual and team sport perspectives. Temperature (Austin) 2018; 6:37-49. [PMID: 30906810 PMCID: PMC6422510 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2018.1516537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat acclimation or acclimatization (HA) occurs with repeated exposure to heat inducing adaptations that enhance thermoregulatory mechanisms and heat tolerance leading to improved exercise performance in warm-to-hot conditions. HA is an essential heat safety and performance enhancement strategy in preparation for competitions in warm-to-hot conditions for both individual and team sports. Yet, some data indicate HA is an underutilized pre-competition intervention in athletes despite the well-known benefits; possibly due to a lack of practical information provided to athletes and coaches. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide actionable evidence-based implementation strategies and protocols to induce and sustain HA. We propose the following suggestions to circumvent potential implementation barriers: 1) incorporate multiple induction methods during the initial acclimation period, 2) complete HA 1-3 weeks before competition in the heat to avoid training and logistical conflicts during the taper period, and 3) minimize adaptation decay through intermittent exercise-heat exposure or re-acclimating immediately prior to competition with 2-4 consecutive days of exercise-heat training. Use of these strategies may be desirable or necessary to optimize HA induction and retention around existing training or logistical requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Luke Pryor
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Evan C. Johnson
- Division of Kinesiology & Health, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - William O. Roberts
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Riana R. Pryor
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fresno, CA, USA
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24
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Malgoyre A, Tardo-Dino PE, Koulmann N, Lepetit B, Jousseaume L, Charlot K. Uncoupling psychological from physiological markers of heat acclimatization in a military context. J Therm Biol 2018; 77:145-156. [PMID: 30196894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Heat acclimatization may help personnel who travel to areas with a hot climate (WBGT > 27 °C), making them operationally more efficient and performant through improvements in physiological and psychological parameters. Their work-related physical activities may aid active heat acclimatization. However, it is unknown whether adding physical training to improve adaptation is effective, particularly if there is sufficient time for full acclimatization, classically reached after 15 days. Thirty French soldiers (Training group, T) performed a progressive and moderate (from three to five 8-min running sets at 50-60% of their speed at VO2max with 4-min periods of active recovery in between) aerobic training program upon arriving at their base in United Arab Emirates (~40 °C and 20% RH). A control group (30 soldiers; No Training, NT) continued to perform only their usual outdoor military activities (~5 h d-1). A field heat stress test (HST: three 8-min running sets at 50% of the speed at VO2max) was performed before (D0), during (D10), and after (D15) the heat acclimatization period to assess physiological and psychological changes. An 8-km trial in battledress was then performed at D17. Although physiological modifications were mostly similar (p < 0.001 for all) for both groups (rectal temperature at the end of the HST: -0.58 ± 0.51 vs -0.53 ± 0.40 °C, HR at the end of the HST: -21 ± 12 vs -19 ± 9 bpm, and sweat osmolality: -47 ± 30 vs -26 ± 32 mOsmol.l-1 between D15 and D0 for T and NT groups, respectively), thermal discomfort (-31 ± 4 vs -11 ± 5 mm between D15 and D0, p = 0.001) and rates of perceived exertion (-3.0 ± 0.4 vs -1.4 ± 0.3 D15 and D0, p = 0.001) were much lower in the T than NT group during the HST. HST-induced modifications in facial temperature only decreased in the T group (-1.08 ± 0.28 between D15 and D0, p < 0.001). Moreover, there was a difference in perceived thermal discomfort during the 8-km trial (40 ± 20 vs 55 ± 22 mm for the T and NT groups, respectively, p = 0.010). Thus, a 15-day, low-volume training regimen during a mission in a hot and dry environment has a modest impact on physiological adaptation but strongly decreases the perceived strain of exertion and climate potentially via greater reductions in facial temperature, even during a classical operational physical task in a military context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Malgoyre
- Département Environnements Opérationnels, Unité de Physiologie de l'Exercice et des Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 1 place Général Valérie André, 91223 Bretigny-Sur-Orge, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Tardo-Dino
- Département Environnements Opérationnels, Unité de Physiologie de l'Exercice et des Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 1 place Général Valérie André, 91223 Bretigny-Sur-Orge, France
| | - Nathalie Koulmann
- Département Environnements Opérationnels, Unité de Physiologie de l'Exercice et des Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 1 place Général Valérie André, 91223 Bretigny-Sur-Orge, France; Ecole du Val-de-Grâce, 1, place Alphonse Laveran, 75230 Paris cedex 5, France
| | - Benoît Lepetit
- Département Environnements Opérationnels, Unité de Physiologie de l'Exercice et des Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 1 place Général Valérie André, 91223 Bretigny-Sur-Orge, France
| | - Loïc Jousseaume
- Forces Françaises aux Émirats Arabes Unis, Centre Médical Interarmées, Zayed Military City, United Arab Emirates
| | - Keyne Charlot
- Département Environnements Opérationnels, Unité de Physiologie de l'Exercice et des Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 1 place Général Valérie André, 91223 Bretigny-Sur-Orge, France.
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25
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Willmott AGB, Gibson OR, James CA, Hayes M, Maxwell NS. Physiological and perceptual responses to exercising in restrictive heat loss attire with use of an upper-body sauna suit in temperate and hot conditions. Temperature (Austin) 2018; 5:162-174. [PMID: 30377634 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2018.1426949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to quantify physiological and perceptual responses to exercise with and without restrictive heat loss attire in hot and temperate conditions. Ten moderately-trained individuals (mass; 69.44±7.50 kg, body fat; 19.7±7.6%) cycled for 30-mins (15-mins at 2 W.kg-1 then 15-mins at 1 W.kg-1) under four experimental conditions; temperate (TEMP, 22°C/45%), hot (HOT, 45°C/20%) and, temperate (TEMPSUIT, 22°C/45%) and hot (HOTSUIT, 45°C/20%) whilst wearing an upper-body "sauna suit". Core temperature changes were higher (P<0.05) in TEMPSUIT (+1.7±0.4°C.hr-1), HOT (+1.9±0.5°C.hr-1) and HOTSUIT (+2.3±0.5°C.hr-1) than TEMP (+1.3±0.3°C.hr-1). Skin temperature was higher (P<0.05) in HOT (36.53±0.93°C) and HOTSUIT (37.68±0.68°C) than TEMP (33.50±1.77°C) and TEMPSUIT (33.41±0.70°C). Sweat rate was greater (P<0.05) in TEMPSUIT (0.89±0.24 L.hr-1), HOT (1.14±0.48 L.hr-1) and HOTSUIT (1.51±0.52 L.hr-1) than TEMP (0.56±0.27 L.hr-1). Peak heart rate was higher (P<0.05) in TEMPSUIT (155±23 b.min-1), HOT (163±18 b.min-1) and HOTSUIT (171±18 b.min-1) than TEMP (151±20 b.min-1). Thermal sensation and perceived exertion were greater (P<0.05) in TEMPSUIT (5.8±0.5 and 14±1), HOT (6.4±0.5 and 15±1) and HOTSUIT (7.1±0.5 and 16±1) than TEMP (5.3±0.5 and 14±1). Exercising in an upper-body sauna suit within temperate conditions induces a greater physiological strain and evokes larger sweat losses compared to exercising in the same conditions, without restricting heat loss. In hot conditions, wearing a sauna suit increases physiological and perceptual strain further, which may accelerate the stimuli for heat adaptation and improve HA efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver R Gibson
- Environmental Extremes Laboratory, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK.,Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Carl A James
- Environmental Extremes Laboratory, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK.,National Sports Institute, Institut Sukan Negara, National Sport Complex, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mark Hayes
- Environmental Extremes Laboratory, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Neil S Maxwell
- Environmental Extremes Laboratory, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
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26
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Leicht AS, Halliday A, Sinclair WH, D'Auria S, Buchheit M, Kenny GP, Stanley J. Heart rate variability responses to acute and repeated postexercise sauna in trained cyclists. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:704-710. [PMID: 29444412 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Short- to medium-term (i.e., 4-14 days) heating protocols induce physiological adaptations including improved cardiac autonomic modulations, as assessed using heart rate variability, which may contribute to greater exercise performance. Whether similar cardiac autonomic changes occur during an intense heating protocol (sauna) reported to increase plasma volume in athletes remains to be confirmed. This study examined changes in heart rate and its variability during a single extreme heat (sauna) exposure and repeated exposures in athletes. Six well-trained male cyclists undertook sauna bathing (30 min, 87 °C, 11% relative humidity) immediately after normal training over 10 consecutive days. Heart rate recordings were obtained during each sauna bout. Heart rate and its variability (natural logarithm of root mean square of successive differences, lnRMSSD) were analysed during 10-min periods within the first bout, and changes in heart rate and lnRMSSD were analysed during each bout via magnitude-based inferences. During the first sauna bout, heart rate was almost certainly increased (∼32%, effect size 1.68) and lnRMSSD was almost certainly reduced (∼62%, effect size -5.21) from the first to the last 10-min period, indicating reduced parasympathetic and (or) enhanced sympathetic modulations. Acute exposure to extreme heat stress via sauna produced alterations in heart rate and cardiac autonomic modulations with successive postexercise heat exposures producing unclear changes over a 10-day period. The physiological benefits of intense heating via sauna on cardiac control in athletes remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S Leicht
- a Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Australia
| | - Aaron Halliday
- a Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Australia
| | - Wade H Sinclair
- a Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Australia
| | - Shaun D'Auria
- b Performance Science, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, 4111, Australia
| | - Martin Buchheit
- c Sport Science Unit, Myorobie Association, Montvalezan, 73700, France
| | - Glen P Kenny
- d Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jamie Stanley
- e Physiology Department, South Australian Sports Institute, Adelaide, 5025, Australia
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