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Titaley IA, Khattak J, Dong J, Olivares CI, DiGuiseppi B, Lutes CC, Field JA. Neutral Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances, Butyl Carbitol, and Organic Corrosion Inhibitors in Aqueous Film-Forming Foams: Implications for Vapor Intrusion and the Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:10785-10797. [PMID: 35852516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), butyl carbitol, and corrosion inhibitors are components of aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs). Volatile (neutral) fluorotelomerization (FT)- and electrochemical fluorination (ECF)-based PFAS, butyl carbitol, and organic corrosion inhibitors were quantified in 39 military specification (MilSpec), non-MilSpec, and alcohol resistant-AFFF concentrates (undiluted) from 1974 to 2010. Fluorotelomer alcohols were found only in FT-based AFFFs and N-methyl- and N-ethyl-perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides, and sulfonamido ethanols were found only in ECF-based AFFFs. Neutral PFAS and benzotriazole, 4-methylbenzotriazole, and 5-methybenzotriazole occurred at mg/L levels in the AFFFs, while butyl carbitol occurred at g/L levels. Neutral PFAS concentrations in indoor air due to vapor intrusion of a nearby undiluted AFFF release are estimated to be anywhere from 2 to >10 orders of magnitude higher than documented background indoor air concentrations. Estimated butyl carbitol and organic corrosion inhibitor concentrations were lower than and comparable to indoor concentrations recently measured, respectively. The wide range of neutral PFAS concentrations and Henry's law constants indicate that field, soil-gas measurements are needed to validate the estimations. Co-discharged butyl carbitol likely contributes to oxygen depletion in AFFF-impacted aquifers and may hinder the natural PFAS aerobic biotransformation. Organic corrosion inhibitors in AFFFs indicate that these are another source of corrosion inhibitors in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Titaley
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | | | - Jialin Dong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Christopher I Olivares
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | | | | | - Jennifer A Field
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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Bigott Y, Gallego S, Montemurro N, Breuil MC, Pérez S, Michas A, Martin-Laurent F, Schröder P. Fate and impact of wastewater-borne micropollutants in lettuce and the root-associated bacteria. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154674. [PMID: 35318055 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The reuse of water for agricultural practices becomes progressively more important due to increasing demands for a transition to a circular economy. Treated wastewater can be an alternative option of blue water used for the irrigation of crops but its risks need to be evaluated. This study assesses the uptake and metabolization of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) derived from treated wastewater into lettuce as well as the impact on root-associated bacteria under a realistic and worst-case scenario. Lettuce was grown in a controlled greenhouse and irrigated with water or treated wastewater spiked with and without a mixture of fourteen different PPCPs at 10 μg/L or 100 μg/L. After harvesting the plants, the same soil was reused for a consecutive cultivation campaign to test for the accumulation of PPCPs. Twelve out of fourteen spiked PPCPs were detected in lettuce roots, and thirteen in leaves. In roots, highest concentrations were measured for sucralose, sulfamethoxazole and citalopram, while sucralose, acesulfame and carbamazepine were the highest in leaves. Higher PPCP concentrations were found in lettuce roots irrigated with spiked treated wastewater than in those irrigated with spiked water. The absolute bacterial abundance remained stable over both cultivation campaigns and was not affected by any of the treatments (type of irrigation water (water vs. wastewater) nor concentration of PPCPs). However, the irrigation of lettuce with treated wastewater had a significant effect on the microbial α-diversity indices at the end of the second cultivation campaign, and modified the structure and community composition of root-associated bacteria at the end of both campaigns. Five and fourteen bacterial families were shown to be responsible for the observed changes at the end of the first and second cultivation campaign, respectively. Relative abundance of Haliangium and the clade Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium was significantly affected in response to PCPPs exposure. Caulobacter, Cellvibrio, Hydrogenophaga and Rhizobacter were significantly affected in microcosms irrigated with wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Bigott
- Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sara Gallego
- AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agroécologie, Dijon, France
| | - Nicola Montemurro
- ENFOCHEM, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, (Spain)
| | - Marie-Christine Breuil
- AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agroécologie, Dijon, France
| | - Sandra Pérez
- ENFOCHEM, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, (Spain)
| | - Antonios Michas
- Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fabrice Martin-Laurent
- AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agroécologie, Dijon, France
| | - Peter Schröder
- Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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Preparation, Property Characterization of Gd2YSbO7/ZnBiNbO5 Heterojunction Photocatalyst for Photocatalytic Degradation of Benzotriazole under Visible Light Irradiation. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gd2YSbO7/ZnBiNbO5 heterojunction photocatalyst was synthesized for the first time by the facile in situ precipitation method. The structural properties of a Gd2YSbO7/ZnBiNbO5 heterojunction photocatalyst were characterized by X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope-X ray energy dispersive spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectrograph and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer. The band gap energy (BGE) of Gd2YSbO7 or ZnBiNbO5 was found to be 2.396 eV or 2.696 eV, respectively. The photocatalytic property of Gd2YSbO7 or ZnBiNbO5 or Gd2YSbO7/ZnBiNbO5 heterojunction photocatalyst (GZHP) was reported. After a visible-light irradiation of 145 minutes (VLI-145 min), the removal rate (RER) of benzotriazole reached 99.05%, 82.45%, 78.23% or 47.30% with Gd2YSbO7/ZnBiNbO5 heterojunction (GZH), Gd2YSbO7, ZnBiNbO5 or N-doped TiO2 (NTO) as photocatalyst. In addition, the kinetic constant k, derived from the dynamic curve toward benzotriazole concentration and visible light irradiation time with GZH as a photocatalyst, reached 0.0213 min−1. Compared with Gd2YSbO7 or ZnBiNbO5 or NTO, GZHP showed maximal photocatalytic activity (PHA) for the photocatalytic degradation of benzotriazole under visible-light irradiation. The RER of total organic carbon during the photocatalytic degradation of benzotriazole reached 90.18%, 74.35%, 70.73% or 42.15% with GZH as a photocatalyst or with Gd2YSbO7, ZnBiNbO5 or NTO as a photocatalyst after VLI-145 min. Moreover, the kinetic constant k, which came from the dynamic curve toward total organic carbon concentration and visible light irradiation time with GZH as a photocatalyst, reached 0.0110 min−1. Based on above results, GZHP showed the maximal mineralization percentage ratio when GZHP degraded benzotriazole. The results showed that hydroxyl radicals was the main oxidation radical during the degradation of benzotriazole. The photocatalytic degradation of benzotriazole with GZH as a photocatalyst conformed to the first-order reaction kinetics. Our research aimed to improve the photocatalytic properties of the single photocatalyst.
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Gallego S, Montemurro N, Béguet J, Rouard N, Philippot L, Pérez S, Martin-Laurent F. Ecotoxicological risk assessment of wastewater irrigation on soil microorganisms: Fate and impact of wastewater-borne micropollutants in lettuce-soil system. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 223:112595. [PMID: 34390984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of the new Water Reuse regulation in the European Union brings to the forefront the need to evaluate the risks of using wastewater for crop irrigation. Here, a two-tier ecotoxicological risk assessment was performed to evaluate the fate of wastewater-borne micropollutants in soil and their ecotoxicological impact on plants and soil microorganisms. To this end, two successive cultivation campaigns of lettuces were irrigated with wastewater (at agronomical dose (not spiked) and spiked with a mixture of 14 pharmaceuticals at 10 and 100 µg/L each) in a controlled greenhouse experiment. Over the two cultivation campaigns, an accumulation of PPCPs was observed in soil microcosms irrigated with wastewater spiked with 100 μg/L of PPCPs with the highest concentrations detected for clarithromycin, hydrochlorothiazide, citalopram, climbazole and carbamazepine. The abundance of bacterial and fungal communities remained stable over the two cultivation campaigns and was not affected by any of the irrigation regimes applied. Similarly, no changes were observed in the abundance of ammonium oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB), nor in clade A of commamox no matter the cultivation campaign or the irrigation regime considered. Only a slight increase was detected in clade B of commamox bacteria after the second cultivation campaign. Sulfamethoxazole-resistant and -degrading bacteria were not impacted either. The irrigation regimes had only a limited effect on the bacterial evenness. However, in response to wastewater irrigation the structure of soil bacterial community significantly changed the relative abundance of Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Verrucomicrobia, Beta-, Gamma- and Deltaprotebacteria. Twenty-eight operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified as responsible for the changes observed within the bacterial communities of soils irrigated with wastewater or with water. Interestingly, the relative abundance of these OTUs was similar in soils irrigated with either spiked or non-spiked irrigation solutions. This indicates that under both agronomical and worst-case scenario the mixture of fourteen PPCPs had no effect on soil bacterial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gallego
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Agroécologie, Dijon, France
| | - Nicola Montemurro
- ENFOCHEM, Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jérémie Béguet
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Agroécologie, Dijon, France
| | - Nadine Rouard
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Agroécologie, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Philippot
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Agroécologie, Dijon, France
| | - Sandra Pérez
- ENFOCHEM, Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Wu L, Suchana S, Flick R, Kümmel S, Richnow H, Passeport E. Carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen stable isotope fractionation allow characterizing the reaction mechanisms of 1H-benzotriazole aqueous phototransformation. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 203:117519. [PMID: 34391022 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
1H-benzotriazole is part of a larger family of benzotriazoles, which are widely used as lubricants, polymer stabilizers, corrosion inhibitors, and anti-icing fluid components. It is frequently detected in urban runoff, wastewater, and receiving aquatic environments. 1H-benzotriazole is typically resistant to biodegradation and hydrolysis, but can be transformed via direct photolysis and photoinduced mechanisms. In this study, the phototransformation mechanisms of 1H-benzotriazole were characterized using multi-element compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA). The kinetics, transformation products, and isotope fractionation results altogether revealed that 1H-benzotriazole direct photolysis and indirect photolysis induced by OH radicals involved two alternative pathways. In indirect photolysis, aromatic hydroxylation dominated and was associated with small carbon (εC = -0.65 ± 0.03‰), moderate hydrogen (εH = -21.6‰), and negligible nitrogen isotope enrichment factors and led to hydroxylated forms of benzotriazole. In direct photolysis of 1H-benzotriazole, significant nitrogen (εN = -8.4 ± 0.4 to -4.2 ± 0.3‰) and carbon (εC = -4.3 ± 0.2 to -1.64 ± 0.04‰) isotope enrichment factors indicated an initial N-N bond cleavage followed by nitrogen elimination with a C-N bond cleavage. The results of this study highlight the potential for multi-element CSIA application to track 1H-benzotriazole degradation in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Langping Wu
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Shamsunnahar Suchana
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Robert Flick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Steffen Kümmel
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Hans Richnow
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Elodie Passeport
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada.
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Patidar R, Srivastava VC. Evaluation of the sono-assisted photolysis method for the mineralization of toxic pollutants. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Minella M, De Laurentiis E, Pellegrino F, Prozzi M, Dal Bello F, Maurino V, Minero C. Photocatalytic Transformations of 1H-Benzotriazole and Benzotriazole Derivates. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1835. [PMID: 32937945 PMCID: PMC7560172 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazoles are a new class of organic emerging pollutants ubiquitously found in the environment. The increase of their concentration to detectable values is the consequence of the inability of the Conventional Waste Water Plants (CWWPs) to abate these products. We subjected 1H-benzotriazole (BTz), tolyltriazole (TTz), and Tinuvin P (TP, a common UV plastic stabilizer) to photocatalytic degradation under UV-irradiated TiO2 in different conditions. The principal photoformed intermediates, the relationship between the degradation rate and the pH, the degree of mineralization, and the fate of the organic nitrogen were investigated. Under the adopted experimental conditions, all the studied substrates were rapidly photocatalytically transformed (the maximum degradation rates for BTz and TTz were (3.88 ± 0.05) × 10-2 and (2.11 ± 0.09) × 10-2 mM min-1, respectively) and mineralized (the mineralization rate for BTz and TTz was 4.0 × 10-3 mM C min-1 for both substrates). Different from the 1,2,4-triazole rings that are not completely mineralized under photocatalytic conditions, 1H-benzotriazole and tolyltriazole were completely mineralized with a mechanism that involved a partial conversion of organic nitrogen to N2. The photocatalytic process activated by UV-irradiated TiO2 is an efficient tool to abate 1H-benzotriazole and its derivatives, avoiding their release in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Minella
- Chemistry Department and NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (E.D.L.); (F.P.); (M.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Elisa De Laurentiis
- Chemistry Department and NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (E.D.L.); (F.P.); (M.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Francesco Pellegrino
- Chemistry Department and NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (E.D.L.); (F.P.); (M.P.); (C.M.)
- JointLAB UniTo-ITT Automotive, Via Quarello 15/A, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Prozzi
- Chemistry Department and NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (E.D.L.); (F.P.); (M.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Federica Dal Bello
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy;
| | - Valter Maurino
- Chemistry Department and NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (E.D.L.); (F.P.); (M.P.); (C.M.)
- JointLAB UniTo-ITT Automotive, Via Quarello 15/A, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Minero
- Chemistry Department and NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (E.D.L.); (F.P.); (M.P.); (C.M.)
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Hintze S, Glauser G, Hunkeler D. Influence of surface water - groundwater interactions on the spatial distribution of pesticide metabolites in groundwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 733:139109. [PMID: 32447077 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In groundwater, pesticide metabolites tend to occur more frequently and at higher concentrations than their parent pesticides, due to their higher mobility and persistence. These properties might also favor their transfer across surface water - groundwater interfaces. However, the effect of surface water - groundwater interactions on the metabolite occurrence in groundwater and pumping wells has so far received little attention. We investigated the spatial distribution of metabolites in an unconsolidated aquifer, which interacts with two surface water bodies originating from catchments with contrasting land use. We focused on metabolites of the herbicide chloridazon, namely desphenyl-chloridazon (DPC) and methyl-desphenyl-chloridazon (MDPC) and characterized surface water - groundwater interactions with various environmental tracers (e.g. electrical conductivity, stable water isotopes, wastewater tracers). In zones influenced by a river from a mountainous area, metabolite concentrations were low (median values ≤0.50 μg L-1 for DPC, ≤0.19 μg L-1 for MDPC). In contrast, high concentrations occurred in areas dominated by recharge from agricultural fields and/or influenced by a stream from an adjacent intensely farmed catchment (median values up to 1.9 μg L-1 for DPC and up to 0.75 μg L-1 for MDPC). An endmember analysis using hydro-chemical data suggested that about 20% of the DPC mass in a pumping well originated from the neighboring catchment and on its own would cause a concentration above 0.1 μg L-1 for DPC. Our findings highlight that the mobile metabolites can be imported from zones with intense agriculture outside of the exploited aquifer via surface-water groundwater interactions influencing the metabolite concentration level and long-term dynamics in the aquifer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Hintze
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry (NPAC), University of Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Hunkeler
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Li Y, Chen L, Li H, Peng F, Zhou X, Yang Z. Occurrence, distribution, and health risk assessment of 20 personal care products in indoor and outdoor swimming pools. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126872. [PMID: 32957284 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of 20 personal care products (PCPs), including seven preservatives, six UV filters, five anticorrosion agents, and two antimicrobials, were determined in 40 swimming pools using solid phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Among 14 targets detected, 1H-benzotriazole and triclocarban were observed in all samples. The detected concentrations of preservatives, UV filters, anticorrosion agents, and antimicrobials were in the ranges of not detected (nd)-179 ng L-1, nd-289 ng L-1, nd-58.4 ng L-1, and nd-56.9 ng L-1, respectively. The presence of preservatives, UV filters and antimicrobials in pool waters might be mainly brought in by human activities while anticorrosion agents were mainly from the source water. Furthermore, the concentrations of methylparaben, ethylparaben, 1H-benzotriazole, 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole, 5-chloro-1H-benzotriazole, and 5,6-dimethyl-1H-benzotriazole in indoor pools were found higher than those in outdoor pools. The longer opening time and weaker light intensity for indoor pools might cause the difference. The redundancy analysis showed significantly negative correlations between the concentrations of parabens and the contents of residual chlorine in the pool waters. A higher chlorine residue may promote the decomposition of parabens. Health risk assessment showed that skin penetration would be the main approach for the intake of PCPs by swimmers while swimming. Compared with the non-athletic swimmers, the athletic swimmers might be more sensitive, but the health risks for both groups of swimmers could be negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China; Center for Environment and Water Resources, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Leilei Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China; Center for Environment and Water Resources, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Haipu Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China; Center for Environment and Water Resources, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, PR China.
| | - Fangyuan Peng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China; Center for Environment and Water Resources, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Xinyi Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China; Center for Environment and Water Resources, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Zhaoguang Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China; Center for Environment and Water Resources, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, PR China.
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Müller ME, Werneburg M, Glaser C, Schwientek M, Zarfl C, Escher BI, Zwiener C. Influence of Emission Sources and Tributaries on the Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Micropollutant Mixtures and Associated Effects in a Small River. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:1382-1391. [PMID: 32347587 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic micropollutants of anthropogenic origin in river waters may impair aquatic ecosystem health and drinking water quality. To evaluate micropollutant fate and turnover on a catchment scale, information on input source characteristics as well as spatial and temporal variability is required. The influence of tributaries from agricultural and urban areas and the input of wastewater were investigated by grab and Lagrangian sampling under base flow conditions within a 7.7-km-long stretch of the Ammer River (southwest Germany) using target screening for 83 organic micropollutants and 4 in vitro bioassays with environmentally relevant modes of action. In total, 9 pesticides and transformation products, 13 pharmaceuticals, and 6 industrial and household chemicals were detected. Further, aryl hydrocarbon receptor induction, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activity, estrogenicity, and oxidative stress response were measured in the river. The vast majority of the compounds and mixture effects were introduced by the effluent of a wastewater-treatment plant, which contributed 50% of the total flow rate of the river on the sampling day. The tributaries contributed little to the overall load of organic micropollutants and mixture effects because of their relatively low discharge but showed a different chemical and toxicological pattern from the Ammer River, though a comparison to effect-based trigger values pointed toward unacceptable surface water quality in the main stem and in some of the tributaries. Chemical analysis and in vitro bioassays covered different windows of analyte properties but reflected the same picture. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1382-1391. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian E Müller
- Center for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martina Werneburg
- Center for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Clarissa Glaser
- Center for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc Schwientek
- Center for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Zarfl
- Center for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Beate I Escher
- Center for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Zwiener
- Center for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Díaz-Cruz MS, Molins-Delgado D, Serra-Roig MP, Kalogianni E, Skoulikidis NT, Barceló D. Personal care products reconnaissance in EVROTAS river (Greece): Water-sediment partition and bioaccumulation in fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:3079-3089. [PMID: 30463158 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-six common ingredients of personal care products (PCPs) in water, sediment and fish from the Evrotas River (Greece) were investigated. Water sample analysis revealed the occurrence of twenty PCPs at concentrations ranging from 2.8 to 2031.0 ng l-1, the maximum corresponding to the endocrine disrupting UV filter benzophenone 3 (BP3). In sediment samples, six compounds were found to be adsorbed, the highest concentration being that of 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4MBC, 1400.4 ng g-1 dw). Evrotas cyprinid fish (Squalius keadicus) showed a high accumulation potential for these chemicals, 100% detection frequency with maximum concentration that of benzophenone 2 (BP2, 41.9 ng g-1 dw). These data allowed estimating the distribution coefficients sediment-water (DCs-w) and the bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of the pollutants investigated. Calculated rates revealed that benzophenone 1 (BP1), 4-hydroxybenzophenone (4HB) and ethyl-4-(dimethyl-amino)benzoate (EtPABA) have a strong tendency to adsorb onto the sediments, showing high DCs-w, i.e. 8.2E + 4 l g-1, 6.7E + 4 l g-1 and 5.7E + 3 l g-1, respectively. BFAs were only estimated for 5-methyl benzotriazole (MeBT), the compound having paired data from fish and water. The obtained values (range 2.0E + 2 l g-1-3.8E + 3 l g-1), indicated MeBT's strong bioaccumulation. Risk assessment of the investigated compounds for several aquatic organisms indicated a high ecological risk (HQ > 1) for BP3 and medium ecological risk (HQ ~ 0.5) for ODPABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Silvia Díaz-Cruz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Daniel Molins-Delgado
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Pau Serra-Roig
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eleni Kalogianni
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, 46.7 km Athens-Sounio Ave., Anavyssos 19013, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Th Skoulikidis
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, 46.7 km Athens-Sounio Ave., Anavyssos 19013, Greece
| | - Damià Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, C/Emili Grahit, 101 Edifici H2O, 17003 Girona, Spain
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12
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Comparison of two encapsulation systems of UV stabilizers on the UV protection efficiency of wood clear coats. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2018-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
One of the major issues in the wood industry is the durability of clear coatings. The addition of organic ultraviolet absorbers (UVAs) improves coating resistance by the absorption and conversion of UV radiation into harmless heat. Organic UVAs are, however, easily degraded by free radicals produced by photodegradation inside the polymer matrix and are prone to migration in the coating. In this study, commercial UVAs and hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) entrapped into poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microspheres and CaCO3 templates coated with UV-responsive polymers were added into clear acrylic water-based coating formulation. Artificial accelerated weathering experiments were performed on each formulation. Raman spectroscopy mapping was performed to visualize the concentration and distribution of UVAs and HALS. This study also presents a comparison of the mechanical properties of coatings obtained by dynamic mechanical analysis. Results showed that coating mechanical properties were improved when using encapsulated UVAs and HALS inside PMMA microspheres. The color change of the wood and coating system was minimized and the production of photo-oxidation compounds in the binder was also limited.
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13
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Photophysical and Photocatalytic Properties of BiSnSbO₆ under Visible Light Irradiation. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11040491. [PMID: 29587420 PMCID: PMC5951337 DOI: 10.3390/ma11040491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BiSnSbO₆ with strong photocatalytic activity was first fabricated by a high-temperature, solid-state sintering method. The resulting BiSnSbO₆ was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that BiSnSbO₆, with a pyrochlore structure and a cubic crystal system by a space group Fd3m, was well crystallized. The lattice parameter or the band gap of BiSnSbO₆ was 10.234594 Å or 2.83 eV. Compared with N-doped TiO₂, BiSnSbO₆ showed higher photocatalytic activity in the degradation of benzotriazole and rhodamine B. The apparent first-order rate constant for BiSnSbO₆ in the degradation of benzotriazole and rhodamine B was 0.0182 min-1 and 0.0147 min-1, respectively. On the basis of the scavenger experiment, during the photocatalytic process, the main active species were arranged in order of increasing photodegradation rate: •OH < •O₂- < h⁺. The removal rate of benzotriazole or rhodamine B was approximately estimated to be 100% with BiSnSbO₆ as a photocatalyst after 200 min visible-light irradiation. Plentiful CO₂ produced by the experiment indicated that benzotriazole or rhodamine B was continuously mineralized during the photocatalytic process. Finally, the possible photodegradation pathways of benzotriazole and rhodamine B were deduced.
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14
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Molins-Delgado D, Távora J, Silvia Díaz-Cruz M, Barceló D. UV filters and benzotriazoles in urban aquatic ecosystems: The footprint of daily use products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 601-602:975-986. [PMID: 28582743 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The increased use of beauty and other daily use products, in particular those containing UV filters (UV-Fs) and benzotriazoles, results in their introduction in significant amounts into the aquatic environment. In this study, we aim to assess the occurrence and impact of UV-Fs and benzotriazoles in aquatic ecosystems in the metropolitan area of Barcelona, Spain. River water samples from the Llobregat and Besòs Rivers were analysed together with sediment, suspended particulate matter, and wastewater samples from 6 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) along their basins. The analysis of 6 UV-Fs and 2 benzotriazoles in water samples was performed using an automatized on-line solid phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-HPLC-MS/MS) method. The analysis of the target compounds in the suspended solids and in the sediments was performed by HPLC-MS/MS. The analysis of the water samples showed the ubiquitous presence of UV-Fs. Benzotriazole (BZT; partition coefficient octanol-water Log Kow=1.23) and methylbenzotriazole (MeBZT; Log Kow=1.89) had the highest levels in both river water and wastewater. Removal rates in the selected WWTPs were highly variable (4-100%). Concentrations of lipophilic UV-Fs (Log Kow 4.95-7.53) in suspended particulate matter from wastewaters were high (up to 1,031,868.2ngg-1dry weight (dw)), whereas in sediment the concentrations were always below 300ng g-1 dw. The risk assessment expressed in terms of hazard quotients (HQs) revealed that most UV-Fs were not likely to produce adverse ecotoxicological effects against the living organisms assayed in river waters and influent wastewaters at the concentrations observed. However, HQs above 1 were obtained for BZT and MeBZT in effluent wastewaters discharged to the river.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Molins-Delgado
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - João Távora
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Silvia Díaz-Cruz
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona. C/ Emili Grahit, 101 Edifici H2O, 17003 Girona, Spain
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15
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Ahmadi M, Rahmani K, Rahmani A, Rahmani H. Removal of benzotriazole by Photo-Fenton like process using nano zero-valent iron: response surface methodology with a Box-Behnken design. POLISH JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/pjct-2017-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In this paper, the removal of benzotriazole (BTA) was investigated by a Photo-Fenton process using nano zero valent iron (NZVI) and optimization by response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken method. Effect of operating parameters affecting removal efficiency such as H2O2, NZVI, and BTA concentrations as well as pH was studied. All the experiments were performed in the presence of ultraviolet radiation. Predicted levels and BTA removal were found to be in good agreement with the experimental levels (R2 = 0. 9500). The optimal parameters were determined at 60 min reaction time, 15 mg L-1 BTA, 0.10 g L-1 NZVI, and 1.5 mmol L-1 H2O2 for Photo-Fenton-like reaction. NZVI was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) images, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ahmadi
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran (Islamic Republic of)
- Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health , Ahvaz , Iran (Islamic Republic of)
| | - Kurosh Rahmani
- Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health , Ardabil , Iran (Islamic Republic of)
| | - Ayat Rahmani
- Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health , Semnan , Iran (Islamic Republic of)
| | - Hasan Rahmani
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran (Islamic Republic of)
- Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health , Ahvaz , Iran (Islamic Republic of)
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan , Ahvaz , Iran (Islamic Republic of)
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16
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Bianco A, Fabbri D, Minella M, Brigante M, Mailhot G, Maurino V, Minero C, Vione D. Photochemical transformation of benzotriazole, relevant to sunlit surface waters: Assessing the possible role of triplet-sensitised processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:712-721. [PMID: 27239714 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Bianco
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Debora Fabbri
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy(1)
| | - Marco Minella
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy(1)
| | - Marcello Brigante
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6296, ICCF, BP 80026, F-63177 Aubière, France.
| | - Gilles Mailhot
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6296, ICCF, BP 80026, F-63177 Aubière, France
| | - Valter Maurino
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy(1)
| | - Claudio Minero
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy(1)
| | - Davide Vione
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy(1); Università degli Studi di Torino, Centro Interdipartimentale NatRisk, Via L. Da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy(2).
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17
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Kim DK, He Y, Jeon J, O'Shea KE. Irradiation of ultrasound to 5-methylbenzotriazole in aqueous phase: Degradation kinetics and mechanisms. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2016; 31:227-236. [PMID: 26964945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic irradiation (640 kHz) leads to the effective degradation of 5-methyl-benzotriazole (5-MBT) in O2 saturated aqueous solution. Up to 97% of 5-MBT is eliminated within 2h of treatment. Upon extended treatment of 6h, UV absorbance of the n→π(∗) and π→π(∗) transitions associated with aromatic and conjugated systems are completely removed, indicating complete destruction of the aromatic system in 5-MBT. The decomposition of 5-MBT follows pseudo-first order kinetics and the observed decomposition rate dropped significantly in the presence of tertiary butyl alcohol. Detailed product studies were performed employing a negative mode ESI LC-MS. Twenty eight intermediate products were detected during ultrasonic mediated degradation of 5-MBT. Reaction pathways are proposed based on the structures of products assigned to observed 28 masses from LC-MS and commonly accepted degradation pathways observed by thermal and hydroxyl radical mediated pathways often associated with ultrasonic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk K Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, AL 36117, United States.
| | - Yingxin He
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, University Park, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Junho Jeon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, University Park, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Kevin E O'Shea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, University Park, Miami, FL 33199, United States
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18
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Bahnmüller S, Loi CH, Linge KL, Gunten UV, Canonica S. Degradation rates of benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles under UV-C irradiation and the advanced oxidation process UV/H2O2. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 74:143-154. [PMID: 25725202 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazoles (BTs) and benzothiazoles (BTHs) are extensively used chemicals found in a wide range of household and industrial products. They are chemically stable and are therefore ubiquitous in the aquatic environment. The present study focuses on the potential of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, alone or in combination with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), to remove BTs and BTHs from contaminated waters. Six compounds, three out of each chemical class, were investigated using a low-pressure mercury lamp (main emission at 254 nm) as the radiation source. Initially, the direct phototransformation kinetics and quantum yield in dilute aqueous solution was studied over the pH range of 4-12. All BTs and BTHs, except for benzothiazole, exhibited pH-dependent direct phototransformation rate constants and quantum yields in accordance to their acid-base speciation (7.1 < pKa < 8.9). The direct phototransformation quantum yields (9.0 × 10(-4)-3.0 × 10(-2) mol einstein(-1)), as well as the photon fluence-based rate constants (1.2-48 m(2) einstein(-1)) were quite low. This suggests that UV irradiation alone is not an efficient method to remove BTs and BTHs from impacted waters. The second-order rate constants for the reaction of selected BTs and BTHs with the hydroxyl radical were also determined, and found to fall in the range of 5.1-10.8 × 10(9) M(-1) s(-1), which is typical for aromatic contaminants. Finally, the removal of BTs and BTHs was measured in wastewater and river water during application of UV irradiation or the advanced oxidation process UV/H2O2. The latter process provided an efficient removal, mostly due to the effect of the hydroxyl radical, that was comparable to other aromatic aquatic contaminants, in terms of energy requirement or treatment costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Bahnmüller
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Clara H Loi
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Kathryn L Linge
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Canonica
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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19
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Janssen EML, Marron E, McNeill K. Aquatic photochemical kinetics of benzotriazole and structurally related compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2015; 17:939-946. [PMID: 25816109 DOI: 10.1039/c5em00045a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazole corrosion inhibitors are not completely removed during wastewater treatment and are frequently detected in surface waters. Here, the photochemical kinetics of benzotriazoles and structurally related compounds were assessed for natural aqueous environments. The direct photochemical half-lives during exposure to simulated sunlight ranged from 1.3 to 1.8 days for benzotriazole and its derivatives (4-methyl-, 5-methyl-, 4-hydroxy-substituted benzotriazoles). Benzotriazole is more resistant to direct photodegradation than indazole (0.28 days) and indole (0.09 days), while benzimidazole showed no significant decay. Hydroxyl radicals (1.6 × 10(-16) M) and singlet oxygen (2.5 × 10(-13) M) are formed during simulated sunlight exposure in the presence of dissolved organic matter (13 mgC L(-1)). All tested compounds reacted rapidly with hydroxyl radicals near the diffusion-controlled limit (8.3 to 12 × 10(9) M(-1) s(-1)). Only 4-hydroxybenzotriazole and indole showed significant reactivity towards singlet oxygen and their photochemical half-lives in the presence of organic matter were shorter (0.1 days for both) than for benzotriazole and its methylated derivatives (1.4-1.5 days). The photochemical half-lives determined here are relatively long and support the persistence of benzotriazoles in the environment. At the same time, these results suggest that photochemical transformation can be supplementary to microbial degradation. While the presented study focused on environmental photodegradation kinetics, the relevance of transformation products remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M L Janssen
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Careghini A, Mastorgio AF, Saponaro S, Sezenna E. Bisphenol A, nonylphenols, benzophenones, and benzotriazoles in soils, groundwater, surface water, sediments, and food: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:5711-41. [PMID: 25548011 PMCID: PMC4381092 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3974-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are not commonly monitored in the environment, but they can enter the environment from a variety of sources. The most worrying consequence of their wide use and environmental diffusion is the increase in the possible exposure pathways for humans. Moreover, knowledge of their behavior in the environment, toxicity, and biological effects is limited or not available for most CECs. The aim of this work is to edit the state of the art on few selected CECs having the potential to enter the soil and aquatic systems and cause adverse effects in humans, wildlife, and the environment: bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP), benzophenones (BPs), and benzotriazole (BT). Some reviews are already available on BPA and NP, reporting about their behavior in surface water and sediments, but scarce and scattered information is available about their presence in soil and groundwater. Only a few studies are available about BPs and BT in the environment, in particular in soil and groundwater. This work summarizes the information available in the literature about the incidence and behavior of these compounds in the different environmental matrices and food. In particular, the review focuses on the physical-chemical properties, the environmental fate, the major degradation byproducts, and the environmental evidence of the selected CECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessando Careghini
- DICA - Sezione Ambientale, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Filippo Mastorgio
- DICA - Sezione Ambientale, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Saponaro
- DICA - Sezione Ambientale, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Sezenna
- DICA - Sezione Ambientale, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
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21
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Ahmadi M, Ghanbari F, Moradi M. Photocatalysis assisted by peroxymonosulfate and persulfate for benzotriazole degradation: effect of pH on sulfate and hydroxyl radicals. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2015; 72:2095-2102. [PMID: 26606105 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, notable attempts have been devoted to removing emerging pollutants from water resources. Benzotriazole (BTA) as an emerging pollutant has widely been detected in the aquatic environment and water resources. In the current work, peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and persulfate (PS) were added to a TiO2/UV system for BTA degradation, as electron acceptors to overcome recombination of hole and electron. Additions of PMS and PS to the photocatalysis process considerably increased removal efficiency. The rate constants of UV/TiO2/PMS, UV/TiO2/PS and UV/TiO2 were 0.0217 min(-1), 0.0152 min(-1) and 0.0052 min(-1) respectively. The results showed that pH significantly affected the UV/TiO2/PMS system while it marginally affected UV/TiO2/PS. Scavenging experiments using alcohols indicated that in acidic pH, the dominant oxidant was sulfate radical in both systems. The contribution of hydroxyl radical in BTA degradation was boosted at alkaline and neutral conditions especially in the UV/TiO2/PMS system. Moreover, other scavenging experiments implied that reaction of radicals occurred at both the catalyst surface and in solution. The mineralization results showed that PMS and PS significantly increased chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon removal efficiencies. In general, presence of PMS in the photocatalysis process had a better performance compared to PS in terms of BTA removal and mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ahmadi
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran E-mail:
| | - Farshid Ghanbari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran E-mail:
| | - Mahsa Moradi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Paramedicine and Public Health, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran and Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Vetter W, Lorenz J. Determination of benzotriazoles in dishwasher tabs from Germany and estimation of the discharge into German waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:4435-4440. [PMID: 23247529 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1386-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A method was developed for the determination of benzotriazoles (BTs) in dishwasher tabs. BTs consist of 1H-benzotriazole and/or tolyltriazole, i.e., a technical mixture of the two isomers 4-methylbenzotriazole and 5-methylbenzotriazole (5-MBT). The method consisted of weighing of an aliquot of the tab, addition of the internal standard 5-MBT, precipitation of the soaps with CaCl2 and KOH, derivatization of the filtrate with acetic acid anhydride in a two-phase system, and analysis of the organic toluene layer by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode. Eleven of 12 different dishwasher tabs from the German market were tested positive with BTs ranging from 2 to 66 mg/tab. Dishwashing experiments were performed to show that at least 99% of the BT amount used in the dishwasher did not remain on the dishes but was released into the wastewater treatment system. The annual release of BTs into the water system was estimated to be ~80 tons. Since 70% or less of the BTs can be degraded in wastewater treatment plants, at least 24 tons are annually released into rivers in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, 70953 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Rossi L, Queloz P, Brovelli A, Margot J, Barry DA. Enhancement of micropollutant degradation at the outlet of small wastewater treatment plants. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58864. [PMID: 23484055 PMCID: PMC3590130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate low-cost and easy-to-operate engineering solutions that can be added as a polishing step to small wastewater treatment plants to reduce the micropollutant load to water bodies. The proposed design combines a sand filter/constructed wetland with additional and more advanced treatment technologies (UV degradation, enhanced adsorption to the solid phase, e.g., an engineered substrate) to increase the elimination of recalcitrant compounds. The removal of five micropollutants with different physico-chemical characteristics (three pharmaceuticals: diclofenac, carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, one pesticide: mecoprop, and one corrosion inhibitor: benzotriazole) was studied to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed system. Separate batch experiments were conducted to assess the removal efficiency of UV degradation and adsorption. The efficiency of each individual process was substance-specific. No process was effective on all the compounds tested, although elimination rates over 80% using light expanded clay aggregate (an engineered material) were observed. A laboratory-scale flow-through setup was used to evaluate interactions when removal processes were combined. Four of the studied compounds were partially eliminated, with poor removal of the fifth (benzotriazole). The energy requirements for a field-scale installation were estimated to be the same order of magnitude as those of ozonation and powdered activated carbon treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Rossi
- Institut d'ingénierie de l'environnement, Faculté de l'environnement naturel, architectural et construit, Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Durjava MK, Kolar B, Arnus L, Papa E, Kovarich S, Sahlin U, Peijnenburg W. Experimental Assessment of the Environmental Fate and Effects of Triazoles and Benzotriazole. Altern Lab Anim 2013; 41:65-75. [DOI: 10.1177/026119291304100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The environmental fate and effects of triazoles and benzotriazoles are of concern within the context of chemical regulation. As part of an intelligent testing strategy, experimental tests were performed on endpoints that are relevant for risk assessment. The experimental tests included the assessment of ecotoxicity to an alga, a daphnid and zebrafish embryos, and the assessment of ready biodegradability. Triazole and benzotriazole compounds were selected for testing, based on existing toxicity data for vertebrate and invertebrate species, as well as on the principal component analysis of molecular descriptors aimed at selecting the minimum number of test compounds in order to maximise the chemical domain spanned for both compound classes. The experimental results show that variation in the toxicities of triazoles and benzotriazole across species was relatively minor; in general, the largest factor was approximately 20. The study conducted indicated that triazoles are not readily biodegradable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Boris Kolar
- Public Health Institute Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Lovro Arnus
- Public Health Institute Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Ester Papa
- University of Insubria, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, QSAR Research Group in Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Varese, Italy
| | - Simona Kovarich
- University of Insubria, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, QSAR Research Group in Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Varese, Italy
| | - Ullrika Sahlin
- Linnaeus University, School of Natural Sciences, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Willie Peijnenburg
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment — RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- University of Leiden, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Ding Y, Yang C, Zhu L, Zhang J. Photoelectrochemical activity of liquid phase deposited TiO2 film for degradation of benzotriazole. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 175:96-103. [PMID: 19783090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
TiO(2) film deposited on glassy carbon electrode surface was prepared via the liquid phase deposition (LPD). The deposited TiO(2) film before and after calcination was characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Based on the high photoelectrochemical activity of calcined LPD TiO(2) film, the photoelectrocatalytic degradation of benzotriazole (BTA) was investigated. Compared with the electrochemical oxidation process, direct photolysis or photocatalysis for treatment of BTA, a synergetic photoelectrocatalytic degradation effect was observed using the LPD TiO(2) film-coated electrode. Various factors influencing the photoelectrocatalytic degradation of BTA such as film calcination, applied bias potential, pH value, supporting electrolyte concentration and initial concentration of BTA were investigated. The COD removal for BTA solution was analyzed to evaluate the mineralization of the PEC process. Based on the degradation experimental results, a possible photoelectrocatalytic degradation mechanism for BTA was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaobin Ding
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, PR China
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26
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Jia Y, Aagaard P, Breedveld GD. Sorption of triazoles to soil and iron minerals. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 67:250-8. [PMID: 17123582 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 10/01/2006] [Accepted: 10/08/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Triazoles, additives in runway de-icers, are found in soil and groundwater at airport sites. To better understand the fate and transport of benzotriazole (BTA) and methylbenzotriazole (MeBTA) and to assess possible remediation options of contaminated groundwater, sorption to various soils and ferrous sorbents has been studied. In batch experiments, limited non-linear sorption of BTA to mineral subsoil from the Oslo International Airport, Gardermoen was observed. The sorption to soil could be described using a Freundlich isotherm. pH affected sorption of BTA to subsoil, although the effect was not strong. Increased sorption was observed to zerovalent iron (Fe(0)). MeBTA showed similar sorption behaviour as BTA although the sorption coefficient was generally higher. Sorption to Fe(0) seems to be controlled by multi-layer coverage. Our data suggest that sorption of triazoles to Fe(2)O(3) is negligible. However BTA sorption to 2-line and 6-line ferrihydrites showed strong sorption. The results demonstrate that triazoles are highly mobile in the subsurface environment, however zerovalent iron can be an effective medium for groundwater remediation. Without remediation, wide distribution of triazoles in the environment can be expected due to its extensive application and limited degradability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jia
- Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1047, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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