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Wu C, Chao Y, Shu L, Qiu R. Interactions between soil protists and pollutants: An unsolved puzzle. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 429:128297. [PMID: 35077968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soil protists are essential but often overlooked in soils, although they play crucial functional roles in the terrestrial ecosystem. While soil protists have drawn increased attention to their functional role in soils, their interaction with soil pollutants remains unresolved. This review provides a first overview of the current understanding of interactions between soil protists and major pollutants (heavy metals, organic pollutants, nanoparticles, and soil pathogens). We summarize how soil pollutants affect protists and vice versa, showing that we are just beginning to understand their complex interactions. In addition, we identify five research gaps, including hidden diversity, adaptive mechanisms, species interactions, soil bioindicators and environmental applications, and we hope that our review will help promote and build research guidelines for the future. In conclusion, a better understanding of soil pollutant-protist interactions will significantly increase our knowledge of the pollution ecology in the soil and how soil organisms respond and adapt to environmental pollution, which will contribute to the bioremediation and environmental applications of protists in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyuan Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yuanqing Chao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Longfei Shu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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2
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Fassiano AV, March H, Santos M, Juárez ÁB, Ríos de Molina MDC. Toxicological effects of active and inert ingredients of imazethapyr formulation Verosil® against Scenedesmus vacuolatus (Chlorophyta). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:31384-31399. [PMID: 35001267 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17962-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Imazethapyr, a selective systemic herbicide, is widely used in agriculture and it is frequently detected in water bodies close to application areas. Like other agrochemicals, imazethapyr is commercialized in formulations containing a mixture of additives that increase the effectiveness of the active ingredient. These complex mixtures may cause adverse effects on non-target primary producers, such as microalgae, when they reach freshwater bodies. The aim of this study was to assess the effects, separately, of the formulation Verosil®, the formulation additives, and technical-grade imazethapyr, in the acidic form or as ammonium salt, on the microalga Scenedesmus vacuolatus (Chlorophyta). Verosil®, formulation additives, and acid imazethapyr significantly inhibited the growth of S. vacuolatus (Verosil® > formulation additives > acid imazethapyr) and caused morphological alterations from 2 mg L-1, 4 mg L-1, and 60 mg L-1 onwards, respectively. Verosil® and formulation additives caused the most adverse effect including membrane disorganization, cytoplasm contraction, cell wall thickening, thylakoidal membrane disaggregation, and starch granule accumulation. In addition, Verosil® and formulation additives increased the chl a/chl b ratio, indicating possible alterations in photosystems as a stress response. The carotene/chl a ratio was also increased in microalgae exposed to both Verosil® and formulation additives, suggesting an antioxidant response to these toxic compounds. All these results support the hypothesis that the formulation additives contribute significantly to the toxicity and alterations caused by the commercial formulation Verosil® on S. vacuolatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabella Victoria Fassiano
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Int. Guiraldes, 2160, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
- Instituto de Química Biológica de La Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Int. Guiraldes, 2160, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Hugo March
- Agrofina S. A. Joaquín V, González 4977, C1419AYK, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Marina Santos
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Industrial (INTI), Av. General Paz 5445, B1650KNA, Buenos Aires, San Martín, Argentina
| | - Ángela Beatriz Juárez
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Int. Guiraldes, 2160, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina.
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad Y Biología Experimental, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biodiversidad Y Biología Experimental Y Aplicada (IBBEA), Int. Guiraldes 2160, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina.
| | - María Del Carmen Ríos de Molina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Int. Guiraldes, 2160, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina.
- Instituto de Química Biológica de La Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Int. Guiraldes, 2160, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina.
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3
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Molina-Grima E, García-Camacho F, Acién-Fernández FG, Sánchez-Mirón A, Plouviez M, Shene C, Chisti Y. Pathogens and predators impacting commercial production of microalgae and cyanobacteria. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 55:107884. [PMID: 34896169 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Production of phytoplankton (microalgae and cyanobacteria) in commercial raceway ponds and other systems is adversely impacted by phytoplankton pathogens, including bacteria, fungi and viruses. In addition, cultures are susceptible to productivity loss, or crash, through grazing by contaminating zooplankton such as protozoa, rotifers and copepods. Productivity loss and product contamination are also caused by otherwise innocuous invading phytoplankton that consume resources in competition with the species being cultured. This review is focused on phytoplankton competitors, pathogens and grazers of significance in commercial culture of microalgae and cyanobacteria. Detection and identification of these biological contaminants are discussed. Operational protocols for minimizing contamination, and methods of managing it, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Molina-Grima
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Maxence Plouviez
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carolina Shene
- Center for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Center of Food Biotechnology and Bioseparations, BIOREN and Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de La Frontera, Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Yusuf Chisti
- School of Engineering, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Ukhurebor KE, Aigbe UO, Onyancha RB, Adetunji CO. Climate Change and Pesticides: Their Consequence on Microorganisms. MICROBIAL REJUVENATION OF POLLUTED ENVIRONMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-7459-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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5
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Wang X, Zhu X, Chen X, Lv B, Wang X, Wang D. Phenanthrene and pyrene disturbed the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa as co-cultured with Chlorella pyrenoidosa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:45957-45964. [PMID: 33067791 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10979-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Significant levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected in lakes. The competition between algae would be disturbed by PAHs resulted in variations of algal growth. For controlling the cyanobacterial blooms, it is important to understand this disturbed competition between Microcystis aeruginosa and other algae. A 6-day cultivation experiment was designed to investigate the responses of M. aeruginosa to PAHs in presence of green algae. A popular green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa was used as a representative of green algae, and phenanthrene and pyrene were selected as representatives of PAHs. The results showed that M. aeruginosa outcompeted C. pyrenoidosa under PAH contamination, and PAHs and M. aeruginosa significantly inhibited the survival of C. pyrenoidosa. PAHs disturbed the growth of algae by influencing photosynthetic pigments and phycobiliproteins, and the different alteration of Fv/Fm ratios implied that shifted algal community composition would be induced by PAHs. The Fv/Fm of the two algal mixture and individual C. pyrenoidosa was significantly negatively correlated with phenanthrene levels. However, there were no significant correlations between the Fv/Fm of M. aeruginosa and the exposure levels of phenanthrene or pyrene. Remarkably, the Fv/Fm significantly increased in M. aeruginosa at 0.15 mg L-1 pyrene, suggesting that PSII resistance to pyrene was enhanced in M. aeruginosa. Our results pointed out an increasing frequency and intensity of cyanobacterial blooms could be induced by PAHs in contaminated waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiucui Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuezhu Zhu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuemei Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Baitao Lv
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Danqin Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
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Crouzet O, Consentino L, Pétraud JP, Marrauld C, Aguer JP, Bureau S, Le Bourvellec C, Touloumet L, Bérard A. Soil Photosynthetic Microbial Communities Mediate Aggregate Stability: Influence of Cropping Systems and Herbicide Use in an Agricultural Soil. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1319. [PMID: 31258520 PMCID: PMC6587365 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Edaphic cyanobacteria and algae have been extensively studied in dryland soils because they play key roles in the formation of biological soil crusts and the stabilization of soil surfaces. Yet, in temperate agricultural crop soils, little is understood about the functional significance of indigenous photosynthetic microbial communities for various soil processes. This study investigated how indigenous soil algae and cyanobacteria affected topsoil aggregate stability in cereal cropping systems. Topsoil aggregates from conventional and organic cropping systems were incubated in microcosms under dark or photoperiodic conditions with or without a treatment with an herbicide (isoproturon). Physicochemical parameters (bound exopolysaccharides, organic carbon) and microbial parameters (esterase activity, chlorophyll a biomass, and pigment profiles) were measured for incubated aggregates. Aggregate stability were analyzed on the basis of aggregate size distribution and the mean weight diameter (MWD) index, resulting from disaggregation tests. Soil photosynthetic microbial biomass (chl a) was strongly and positively correlated with aggregate stability indicators. The development of microalgae crusts in photoperiodic conditions induced a strong increase of the largest aggregates (>2 mm), as compared to dark conditions (up to 10.6 fold and 27.1 fold, in soil from organic and conventional cropping systems, respectively). Concomitantly, the MWD significantly increased by 2.4 fold and 4.2 fold, for soil from organic and conventional cropping systems. Soil microalgae may have operated directly via biochemical mechanisms, by producing exopolymeric matrices surrounding soil aggregates (bound exopolysaccharides: 0.39-0.45 μg C g-1 soil), and via biophysical mechanisms, where filamentous living microbiota enmeshed soil aggregates. In addition, they may have acted indirectly by stimulating heterotrophic microbial communities, as revealed by the positive effect of microalgal growth on total microbial activity. The herbicide treatment negatively impacted soil microalgal community, resulting in significant decreases of the MWD of the conventional soil aggregates (up to -42% of the value in light treatment). This study underscores that indigenous edaphic algae and cyanobacteria can promote aggregate formation, by forming photosynthetic microbiotic crusts, thus improving the structural stability of topsoil, in temperate croplands. However, the herbicide uses can impair the functional abilities of algal and cyanobacterial communities in agricultural soils. Originality/Significance Edaphic algal and cyanobacterial communities are known to form photosynthetic microbial crusts in arid soils, where they drive key ecosystem functions. Although less well characterized, such communities are also transiently abundant in temperate and mesic cropped soils. This microcosm study investigated the communities' functional significance in topsoil aggregate formation and stabilization in two temperate cropping systems. Overall, our results showed that the development of indigenous microalgal communities under our experimental conditions drove higher structural stability in topsoil aggregates in temperate cropland soils. Also, herbicide use affected photosynthetic microbial communities and consequently impaired soil aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Crouzet
- UMR ECOSYS (Ecologie et Ecotoxicologie des Agroécosystèmes), INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Laurent Consentino
- UMR ECOSYS (Ecologie et Ecotoxicologie des Agroécosystèmes), INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Pétraud
- UMR ECOSYS (Ecologie et Ecotoxicologie des Agroécosystèmes), INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Christelle Marrauld
- UMR ECOSYS (Ecologie et Ecotoxicologie des Agroécosystèmes), INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | | | - Sylvie Bureau
- UMR 408 SQPOV, INRA, Avignon Université, Avignon, France
| | | | - Line Touloumet
- UMR 408 SQPOV, INRA, Avignon Université, Avignon, France
| | - Annette Bérard
- UMR 1114 EMMAH (Environnement Méditerranéen et Modélisation des Agro-Hydrosystèmes), INRA, Avignon Université, Avignon, France
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7
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Ghanbarzadeh M, Niknam V, Soltani N, Ebrahimzadeh H. Leptolyngbya fragilis ISC 108 is the most effective strain for dodecane biodegradation in contaminated soils. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2019; 21:908-920. [PMID: 30931581 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2019.1583635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the major environmental problems nowadays is petroleum hydrocarbons contamination. Bioremediation is widely used for cleaning ecosystems contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. This study was carried out to investigate the response of five microalgae strains isolated from different regions in Iran for 1% n-dodecane (DOD) degradation. The results revealed that Leptolyngbya fragilis ISC 108 is the most effective strain to utilize n-DOD as growth substrate under a mixotrophic condition. Currently, there is little information about mechanisms involved in microalgae response against DOD. The activity of antioxidant enzymes and total lipid and carbohydrate contents were observed to be greater in DOD-treated L. fragilis ISC 108. Lower values of lipid peroxidation and H2O2 along with an increase of dry weight and specific growth rate in L. fragilis ISC 108 under DOD treatment shows that at the cellular level this strain is better equipped with an efficient oxygen radical scavenging system. In conclusion, this study proposes that L. fragilis ISC 108 can be considered an ideal candidate for use in bioremediation of DOD contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobe Ghanbarzadeh
- a Department of Plant Biology, School of Biology, College of Science , University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Vahid Niknam
- a Department of Plant Biology, School of Biology, College of Science , University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Neda Soltani
- b Department of Petroleum Microbiology , Research Institute of Applied Science, ACECR , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hasan Ebrahimzadeh
- a Department of Plant Biology, School of Biology, College of Science , University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran
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Martínez-Aguilar K, Pérez-Legaspi IA, Ramírez-Fuentes E, Trujillo-Tapia MN, Alfredo Ortega-Clemente L. Growth, photosynthesis and removal responses of the cyanobacteria Chroococcus sp. to malathion and malaoxon. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2018; 53:771-776. [PMID: 30199345 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2018.1505070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Malathion is an organophosphorus pesticide widely used in agricultural crops, despite its toxicity. In addition, malaoxon occurs by oxidation of malathion being more toxic. The toxic effects of malathion and malaoxon in humans include hepatoxicity, breast cancer, genetic damage and endocrine disruption. The aim of this study involved assessing the effect of malathion commercial grade on Chroococcus sp., and its potential as an alternative to the removal of this pesticide and its transformation product such as malaoxon. We evaluated the effect of malathion at different concentrations (1, 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm) on the biomass of the cyanobacteria Chroococcus sp. grown in medium BG-11; also, we analyse its ability to degrade both malathion and malaoxon into a temperature of 28 ± 2 °C and at pH 6. The results showed that 50 ppm of malathion the cyanobacteria Chroococcus sp. reached the highest removal efficiency of malathion and malaoxon (69 and 65%, respectively); also, the growth rate of Chroococcus sp. increased without inhibiting the production of chlorophyll "a", this can be explained by the hormesis phenomenon. Therefore, we consider that the cyanobacteria Chroococcus sp. may be a good candidate for bioremediation of aquatic systems contaminated with organophosphorus pesticides such as malathion and its transformation product such as malaoxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Martínez-Aguilar
- a Distrito de San Pedro Pochutla , Instituto de Recursos Ciudad Universitaria Universidad del Mar , Puerto Ángel México
| | - Ignacio Alejandro Pérez-Legaspi
- b División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación , Instituto Tecnológico de Boca del Río, Tecnológico Nacional de México Boca del Río México
| | - Eustacio Ramírez-Fuentes
- a Distrito de San Pedro Pochutla , Instituto de Recursos Ciudad Universitaria Universidad del Mar , Puerto Ángel México
| | - Ma Nieves Trujillo-Tapia
- a Distrito de San Pedro Pochutla , Instituto de Recursos Ciudad Universitaria Universidad del Mar , Puerto Ángel México
| | - Luis Alfredo Ortega-Clemente
- b División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación , Instituto Tecnológico de Boca del Río, Tecnológico Nacional de México Boca del Río México
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9
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10
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Differential physiological, oxidative and antioxidative responses of cyanobacterium Anabaena sphaerica to attenuate malathion pesticide toxicity. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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12
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Tahirbegi IB, Ehgartner J, Sulzer P, Zieger S, Kasjanow A, Paradiso M, Strobl M, Bouwes D, Mayr T. Fast pesticide detection inside microfluidic device with integrated optical pH, oxygen sensors and algal fluorescence. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 88:188-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Khan SR, Nirmal JK, Kumar RN, Patel JG. Biodegradation of kerosene: Study of growth optimization and metabolic fate of P. janthinellum SDX7. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 46:397-406. [PMID: 26273254 PMCID: PMC4507531 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246220140112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillum janthinellum SDX7 was isolated from aged petroleum hydrocarbon-affected soil at the site of Anand, Gujarat, India, and was tested for different pH, temperature, agitation and concentrations for optimal growth of the isolate that was capable of degrading upto 95%, 63% and 58% of 1%, 3% and 5% kerosene, respectively, after a period of 16 days, at optimal growth conditions of pH 6.0, 30 °C and 180 rpm agitation. The GC/MS chromatograms revealed that then-alkane fractions are easily degraded; however, the rate might be lower for branched alkanes, n-alkylaromatics, cyclic alkanes and polynuclear aromatics. The test doses caused a concentration-dependent depletion of carbohydrates of P. janthinellum SDX7 by 3% to 80%, proteins by 4% to 81% and amino acids by 8% to 95% upto 16 days of treatment. The optimal concentration of 3% kerosene resulted in the least reduction of the metabolites of P. janthinellum such as carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids with optimal growth compared to 5% and 1% (v/v) kerosene doses on the 12(th) and 16(th) day of exposure. Phenols were found to be mounted by 43% to 66% at lower and higher concentrations during the experimental period. Fungal isolate P. janthinellum SDX7 was also tested for growth on various xenobiotic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamiyan R. Khan
- Department of Environmental Science and
Technology, Institute of Science and Technology for Advanced
Studies and Research, Gujarat, India, Department of Environmental Science and
Technology, Institute of Science and Technology for Advanced Studies and
Research, Gujarat, India
| | - J.I. Kumar Nirmal
- Department of Environmental Science and
Technology, Institute of Science and Technology for Advanced
Studies and Research, Gujarat, India, Department of Environmental Science and
Technology, Institute of Science and Technology for Advanced Studies and
Research, Gujarat, India
| | - Rita N. Kumar
- Department of Biological and Environmental
Sciences, Natubhai V Patel College, Gujarat, India, Department of Biological and Environmental
Sciences, Natubhai V Patel College, Gujarat, India
| | - Jignasha G. Patel
- Department of Environmental Science and
Technology, Institute of Science and Technology for Advanced
Studies and Research, Gujarat, India, Department of Environmental Science and
Technology, Institute of Science and Technology for Advanced Studies and
Research, Gujarat, India
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14
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de Morais P, Stoichev T, Basto MCP, Ramos V, Vasconcelos VM, Vasconcelos MTSD. Pentachlorophenol toxicity to a mixture of Microcystis aeruginosa and Chlorella vulgaris cultures. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 150:159-164. [PMID: 24681699 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a priority pollutant due to its persistence and high toxicity. For the first time, PCP effects were investigated at laboratory scale on co-cultures of two ubiquitous freshwater phytoplankton species: the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa and the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. The cells were exposed to environmental levels of PCP for 10 days in Fraquil culture medium, at nominal concentrations from 0.1 to 10,000 μg L(-1). Growth was assessed by area under growth curve (cell count vs. time). The phytoplankton community structure can be changed as a consequence of a PCP contamination. Low μg L(-1) levels of PCP are advantageous to M. aeruginosa. This is the first report of the promoting effect of PCP on the growth of aquatic cyanobacteria, using mixtures with microalgae. As a result of the direct toxic effects of high PCP concentrations on M. aeruginosa, C. vulgaris cell count increased given that in biological controls M. aeruginosa inhibited the C. vulgaris growth. At 16.7 mg L(-1), PCP already had direct toxic effects also on the microalga. The pH of culture medium tended to decrease with increasing PCP concentrations, which was mostly related to the growth inhibition of cyanobacterium caused by PCP. The PCP concentration was stable in the co-cultures, which differed from what has been observed in monocultures of the same two species. Short-term laboratory assays with two phytoplankton species gives important information on the species interactions, namely possible direct and indirect effects of a toxicant, and must be considered in ecotoxicity studies regarding environmental extrapolations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo de Morais
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Teodor Stoichev
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
| | - M Clara P Basto
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - V Ramos
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - V M Vasconcelos
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Teresa S D Vasconcelos
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
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Biodegradation and utilization of organophosphorus pesticide malathion by Cyanobacteria. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:392682. [PMID: 24864237 PMCID: PMC4016846 DOI: 10.1155/2014/392682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Three strains of filamentous Cyanobacteria were used to study their growth and utilization of organophosphorus pesticide malathion. A sharp decrease in the growth of the algal strains was observed by increasing the concentration of malathion. Amongst them Nostoc muscorum tolerated different concentrations and was recorded as the highest efficient strain for biodegradation (91%) of this compound. Moreover, carbohydrate and protein content of their cells overtopped the other strains especially at higher concentrations. The algal strains were further subjected to grow under P-limitation in absence and presence of malathion. Although, the algal growth under P-limitation recorded a very poor level, a massive enhanced growth and phosphorous content of cells were obtained when the P-limited medium was amended with malathion. This study clarified that N. muscorum with its capability to utilize malathion as a sole phosphorous source is considered as an inexpensive and efficient biotechnology for remediation of organophosphorus pesticide from contaminated wastewater.
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Sustainable Wastewater Management: Is it Possible to Regulate Micropollution in the Future by Learning from the Past? A Policy Analysis. SUSTAINABILITY 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/su6041992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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de Morais P, Stoichev T, Basto MCP, Ramos V, Vasconcelos VM, Vasconcelos MTSD. Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa response to pentachlorophenol and comparison with that of the microalga Chlorella vulgaris. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 52:63-72. [PMID: 24462928 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) effects on a strain of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa were investigated at laboratory scale. This is the first systematic ecotoxicity study of the effects of PCP on an aquatic cyanobacterium. The microalga Chlorella vulgaris was studied in the same conditions as the cyanobacterium, in order to compare the PCP toxicity and its removal by the species. The cells were exposed to environmental levels of PCP during 10 days, in Fraquil culture medium, at nominal concentrations from 0.01 to 1000 μg L(-1), to the cyanobacterium, and 0.01 to 5000 μg L(-1), to the microalga. Growth was assessed by area under growth curve (AUC, optical density vs time) and chlorophyll a content (chla). The toxicity profiles of the two species were very different. The calculated effective concentrations EC20 and EC50 were much lower to M. aeruginosa, and its growth inhibition expressed by chla was concentration-dependent while by AUC was not concentration-dependent. The cells might continue to divide even with lower levels of chla. The number of C. vulgaris cells decreased with the PCP concentration without major impact on the chla. The effect of PCP on M. aeruginosa is hormetic: every concentration studied was toxic except 1 μg L(-1), which promoted its growth. The legal limit of PCP set by the European Union for surface waters (1 μg L(-1)) should be reconsidered since a toxic cyanobacteria bloom might occur. The study of the removal of PCP from the culture medium by the two species is an additional novelty of this work. M. aeruginosa could remove part of the PCP from the medium, at concentrations where toxic effects were observed, while C. vulgaris stabilized it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo de Morais
- CIIMAR/CIMAR and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Teodor Stoichev
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
| | - M Clara P Basto
- CIIMAR/CIMAR and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - V Ramos
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - V M Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Teresa S D Vasconcelos
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
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Huang Y, Li L, Liu J, Lin W. Botanical pesticides as potential rotifer-control agents in microalgal mass culture. ALGAL RES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Huang Y, Liu J, Li L, Pang T, Zhang L. Efficacy of binary combinations of botanical pesticides for rotifer elimination in microalgal cultivation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 154:67-73. [PMID: 24382477 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.11.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Binary interactions of celangulin, matrine and toosendanin against the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis were studied. Types of interactions (antagonism, synergism and addition) were dependent on the biocides themselves and their ratios in combinations. Mixtures of matrine/toosendanin mainly produced addition owing to their similar modes of action aiming at the nervous system. Combinations of celangulin mixed with matrine or toosendanin at 1:9 exhibited synergism, which is attributed to the interference of matrine or toosendanin with the detoxification enzymes of celangulin. Both the synergistic combinations were inappropriate for rotifer extermination in Isochrysis sp. cultivation owing to the high phytotoxicity resulting from the absence of cell walls. However, the celangulin/toosendanin (1:9) mixture decreased rotifer reproduction without damaging cells of Chlorella and Nannochloropsis sp. Application of frequent, low doses of celangulin/toosendanin (1:9) mixture also reduced the dosage of biocides, thereby reducing the cost of exterminating rotifers, and indicating a considerable practical application in microalgal cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Huang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, PR China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China; Nantong Branch, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nantong 226004, PR China.
| | - Ling Li
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Tong Pang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Litao Zhang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
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Lin CS, Chou TL, Wu JT. Biodiversity of soil algae in the farmlands of mid-Taiwan. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2013; 54:41. [PMID: 28510880 PMCID: PMC5432821 DOI: 10.1186/1999-3110-54-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Very little information is available about soil algae in Taiwan. In this study, we investigated for the first time the soil algae inhabiting five types of farmland in mid-Taiwan: rice paddies, vegetable farms, tea plantations, sugar cane farms, and orchards. RESULTS Sixty-four taxa belonging to 33 genera of cyanobacteria, diatoms, green algae, and euglenoids were identified on the basis of fine structures observed under optical and electron microscopes and rDNA sequencing. The majority of the isolates were of the genera Oscillatoria, Navicula, Nitzschia, and Pinnularia. Five species were reported for the first time in Taiwan, namely Microcoleus paludosus, M. subtorulosus, Navicula subminuscula, Nitzschia levidensis, and Ni. pusilla. CONCLUSIONS The distribution and diversity of these species was shown to be strongly dependent on habitat, with the highest diversity of green algae in the orchards, a fairly high diversity of diatoms and cyanobacteria in the rice paddies, and a relatively low diversity in the tea plantations and sugar cane farms. The humidity and acidity were the most important environmental factors influencing the diversity of soil algae in these farmlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Su Lin
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, 1, Roosevelt Road Section 4, Taipei, 106 Taiwan
| | - Tsuan-Ling Chou
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, 1, Roosevelt Road Section 4, Taipei, 106 Taiwan
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Road Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Tzong Wu
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, 1, Roosevelt Road Section 4, Taipei, 106 Taiwan
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Road Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
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Schweikert K, Burritt DJ. The organophosphate insecticide Coumaphos induces oxidative stress and increases antioxidant and detoxification defences in the green macroalgae Ulva pertusa. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 122-123:86-92. [PMID: 22728208 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that many pesticides used in the farming and horticultural industries are harmful to not only the target species they were developed for, but also other organisms. Organophosphates were introduced as a replacement for the organochlorines and are generally considered non-toxic to plants and algae. This study investigated the impact of Coumaphos, a commonly used organophosphate, on the estuarine macrophyte Ulva pertusa. In a seven-day experiment U. pertusa cultures were exposed to four environmentally relevant concentrations of Coumaphos (0.01 mg/L, 0.05 mg/L, 0.1mg/L, 0.5 mg/L), well below the aqueous solubility maximum of the insecticide. The impact of Coumaphos was determined at a cellular level by assessing oxidative damage in the form of protein carbonyl and lipid hydroperoxide levels. Furthermore, non-enzymatic antioxidant levels and changes in the levels of enzymatic antioxidants and the enzyme GST were measured. Concentrations of Coumaphos above 0.01 mg/L caused rapid increases in the levels of protein carbonyls and lipid hydroperoxides peaking after 2-3 days of exposure, followed by a rapid decline in both markers of oxidative stress. Glutathione levels and the activities SOD, CAT, GR, APOX and GST all increased in response to the higher concentrations of Coumaphos tested and remained elevated for the duration of the experiment. These results demonstrate that environmentally relevant levels of the insecticide Coumaphos can cause oxidative damage and increase the antioxidant scavenging capacity, and GST activity in U. pertusa. This could potentially alter resource allocation within this alga, impacting algal growth and development, with possible indirect ecological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schweikert
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Chung MK, Hu R, Wong MH, Cheung KC. Comparative toxicity of hydrophobic contaminants to microalgae and higher plants. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2007; 16:393-402. [PMID: 17436149 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-007-0134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
To enable rapid and sensitive screening of phytotoxic compounds in terrestrial system, a 4 day solid-phase microalgal bioassay was developed. Three species of microalgae (Selenastrum capricornutum, Chlorococcum hypnosporum and Chlorococcum meneghini) were chosen to investigate their responses to DDTs (DDT, DDD and DDE) and PAHs (naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene) spiked sands. The bioassay results showed that PAHs and DDTs were toxic to microalgae in a 4-day exposure tests but not to seed germination of ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Phenanthrene was the most phytotoxic. Among three investigated endpoints, fluorescence emissions by microalgae were less sensitive than cell density (optical density OD(650)) and chlorophyll a concentration as endpoints. In general, S. capricornutum was the most sensitive species for PAHs (EC(50) for phenanthrene = 9.4 mg kg(-1)), while C. meneghini for DDTs (EC(50) for DDE = 20.0 mg kg(-1)). Comparison of the microalgal tests with US EPA standard seed germination/root elongation test (using Lolium perenne) demonstrated the superior screening potential of phytotoxic hydrophobic compounds using the proposed bioassay. Using OD(650) as the endpoint, EC(10) of selected microalgae for PAHs and DDTs were 0.43-64.3 mg kg(-1) and 0.67-117 mg kg(-1) respectively, which were much lower than the EC(10) of L. perenne for both PAHs (94-187 mg kg(-1)) and DDTs (113-483 mg kg(-1)). The results encourage further studies involving wider types of vascular plants and more comparison with standard phytotoxicity tests from different authorities using contaminated soils to verify the effectiveness of the microalgal bioassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Chung
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
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Chung MK, Hu R, Cheung KC, Wong MH. Screening of PAHs and DDTs in sand and acrisols soil by a rapid solid-phase microalgal bioassay. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2007; 16:429-38. [PMID: 17503178 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-007-0146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Previously we have demonstrated the rapid screening potential of a newly developed solid-phase microalgal bioassay with spiked sands. In this paper, we report further comparative results using both PAHs and DDTs spiked sands and field-collected acrisols soils. Toxicity responses obtained from standard higher plant tests with three species of plants (Lolium perenne, Cynodon dactylon and Brassica chinensis) were compared with those obtained from a cocktail of microalgae (Selenastrum capricornutum, Chlorococcum hypnosporum and the indigenous Chlorococcum meneghini). The 5-day seed germination/root elongation tests were not sensitive at all in contrast to the 4-day solid-phase microalgal tests and the 28-day early seedling growth tests in both spiked sands and contaminated soils. Sensitivities of microalgal tests were generally higher than the seedling growth tests in spiked sands. Concerning the assays with contaminated soil, the responses of microalgae and higher plants varied. However, the results demonstrated that microalgae could generally act as effective surrogates to screen xenobiotic compounds at toxic level to higher plants, with the local species C. meneghini especially sensitive to reveal phytotoxic effects. This promising rapid screening solution is possible to be used in accompany with standard seedling growth tests when assessing phytotoxicities of contaminated areas, especially for acrisols soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Chung
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
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Böttcher T, Schroll R. The fate of isoproturon in a freshwater microcosm with Lemna minor as a model organism. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 66:684-9. [PMID: 16963102 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Degradation, bioaccumulation and volatile loss of the 14C-labeled phenylurea herbicide isoproturon (IPU) was examined in a freshwater microcosm with the free floating macrophyte species Lemna minor during a 21-day exposure time. Isoproturon volatilisation was very low with 0.13+/-0.01% of the initially applied herbicide. Only a minor amount of the herbicide was completely metabolised, presumably by rhizosphere microorganisms and released as 14CO2. In total, about 9% isoproturon was removed from the aquatic medium during 21 days. The major portion of the pesticide was removed by bioaccumulation of Lemna minor (5.0+/-0.8%) and the bioconcentration factor (BCF) based on freshweight was 15.8+/-0.2. However, this study indicated a high persistence of IPU in freshwater ecosystems and a potential hazard due to bioaccumulation in non-target species. The novel experimental system of this study, developed for easy use and multiple sampling abilities, enabled quantitatively studying the fate of isoproturon and showed high reproducibility with a mean average (14)C-recovery rate of 97.1+/-0.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Böttcher
- Institute of Soil Ecology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Kamaya Y, Tsuboi S, Takada T, Suzuki K. Growth stimulation and inhibition effects of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and some related compounds on the freshwater green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2006; 51:537-41. [PMID: 16998630 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-005-0320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA) exhibited low algal toxicity with the 72-h median inhibition concentration (IC50) of 9.9 mmol/L in the standard growth inhibition test using the freshwater green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. In contrast, it stimulated the algal growth at lower concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 mmol/L. Comparative studies with benzoic acid and 2- and 3-hydroxybenzoic acids (2-HBA and 3-HBA) indicated that 2-HBA was the most toxic, giving a 72-h IC50 of 0.172 mmol/L, and 4-HBA was the least toxic and that only 4-HBA had the pronounced growth stimulation activity. In a semicontinuous exposure to 4-HBA (0.15 and 0.3 mmol/L), algae maintained increased cell growth compared with controls during up to 10 times consecutive batch cultures, without any indication of adaptive responses to the growth enhancing effect of 4-HBA. Return to the clean standard medium of the exposed cells resulted in the quick recovery from the stimulant effect. Furthermore, 4-HBA (0.3 mmol/L) was found to diminish the toxicity of 2-HBA (<1.0 mmol/L). The presence of such compounds in the complex mixture might interact with other toxicants to alter the whole toxicity when assessed by the algal growth inhibition test. The effects of 4-HBA on P. subcapitata growth observed in the present study are not expected for planktonic algae in the aquatic environments, because known environmental concentrations are far below the effective concentration range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kamaya
- Department of Environmental Science for Human Life, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
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Muñoz R, Guieysse B. Algal-bacterial processes for the treatment of hazardous contaminants: a review. WATER RESEARCH 2006; 40:2799-815. [PMID: 16889814 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 579] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Revised: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae enhance the removal of nutrients, organic contaminants, heavy metals, and pathogens from domestic wastewater and furnish an interesting raw material for the production of high-value chemicals (algae metabolites) or biogas. Photosynthetic oxygen production also reduces the need for external aeration, which is especially advantageous for the treatment of hazardous pollutants that must be biodegraded aerobically but might volatilize during mechanical aeration. Recent studies have therefore shown that when proper methods for algal selection and cultivation are used, it is possible to use microalgae to produce the O(2) required by acclimatized bacteria to biodegrade hazardous pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenolics, and organic solvents. Well-mixed photobioreactors with algal biomass recirculation are recommended to protect the microalgae from effluent toxicity and optimize light utilization efficiency. The optimum biomass concentration to maintain in the system depends mainly on the light intensity and the reactor configuration: At low light intensity, the biomass concentration should be optimized to avoid mutual shading and dark respiration whereas at high light intensity, a high biomass concentration can be useful to protect microalgae from light inhibition and optimize the light/dark cycle frequency. Photobioreactors can be designed as open (stabilization ponds or high rate algal ponds) or enclosed (tubular, flat plate) systems. The latter are generally costly to construct and operate but more efficient than open systems. The best configuration to select will depend on factors such as process safety, land cost, and biomass use. Biomass harvest remains a limitation but recent progresses have been made in the selection of flocculating strains, the application of bioflocculants, or the use of immobilized biomass systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Muñoz
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
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Reid BJ, Papanikolaou ND, Wilcox RK. Intrinsic and induced isoproturon catabolic activity in dissimilar soils and soils under dissimilar land use. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2005; 133:447-454. [PMID: 15519720 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2003] [Accepted: 06/30/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The catabolic activity with respect to the systemic herbicide isoproturon was determined in soil samples by (14)C-radiorespirometry. The first experiment assessed levels of intrinsic catabolic activity in soil samples that represented three dissimilar soil series under arable cultivation. Results showed average extents of isoproturon mineralisation (after 240 h assay time) in the three soil series to be low. A second experiment assessed the impact of addition of isoproturon (0.05 microg kg(-1)) into these soils on the levels of catabolic activity following 28 days of incubation. Increased catabolic activity was observed in all three soils. A third experiment assessed levels of intrinsic catabolic activity in soil samples representing a single soil series managed under either conventional agricultural practice (including the use of isoproturon) or organic farming practice (with no use of isoproturon). Results showed higher (and more consistent) levels of isoproturon mineralisation in the soil samples collected from conventional land use. The final experiment assessed the impact of isoproturon addition on the levels of inducible catabolic activity in these soils. The results showed no significant difference in the case of the conventional farm soil samples while the induction of catabolic activity in the organic farm soil samples was significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Reid
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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