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Osaki F, Matsui T, Hiragi S, Homma Y, Fukuda M. RBD11, a bioengineered Rab11-binding module for visualizing and analyzing endogenous Rab11. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:237778. [PMID: 33712449 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.257311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase Rab11 (herein referring to the Rab11A and Rab11B isoforms) plays pivotal roles in diverse physiological phenomena, including the recycling of membrane proteins, cytokinesis, neurite outgrowth and epithelial morphogenesis. One effective method of analyzing the function of endogenous Rab11 is to overexpress a Rab11-binding domain from one of its effectors, for example, the C-terminal domain of Rab11-FIP2 (Rab11-FIP2-C), as a dominant-negative construct. However, the drawback of this method is the broader Rab-binding specificity of the effector domain, because Rab11-FIP2-C binds to Rabs other than Rab11, for example, to Rab14 and Rab25. In this study, we bioengineered an artificial Rab11-specific binding domain, named RBD11. Expression of RBD11 allowed visualization of endogenous Rab11 without affecting its localization or function, whereas expression of a tandem RBD11, named 2×RBD11, inhibited epithelial morphogenesis and induced a multi-lumen phenotype characteristic of Rab11-deficient cysts. We also developed two tools for temporally and reversibly analyzing Rab11-dependent membrane trafficking - tetracycline-inducible 2×RBD11 and an artificially oligomerized domain (FM)-tagged RBD11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futaba Osaki
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takahide Matsui
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shu Hiragi
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yuta Homma
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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In vitro Evaluation of The Effects of Cadmium on Endocytic Uptakes of Proteins into Cultured Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells. TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8020024. [PMID: 32244724 PMCID: PMC7356949 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental pollutant known to cause dysfunctions of the tubular reabsorption of biomolecules in the kidney. Elevated levels of urinary excretion of low-molecular-weight proteins such as β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) have been used as an indicator of Cd-induced renal tubular dysfunctions. However, very few studies have examined the direct effects of Cd on the reabsorption efficiency of proteins using cultured renal cells. Here, we developed an in vitro assay system for quantifying the endocytic uptakes of fluorescent-labeled proteins by flow cytometry in S1 and S2 cells derived from mouse kidney proximal tubules. Endocytic uptakes of fluorescent-labeled albumin, transferrin, β2-MG, and metallothionein into S1 cells were confirmed by fluorescence imaging and flow cytometry. The exposure of S1 and S2 cells to Cd at 1 and 3 µM for 3 days resulted in significant decreases in the uptakes of β2-MG and metallothionein but not in those of albumin or transferrin. These results suggest that Cd affects the tubular reabsorption of low-molecular-weight proteins even at nonlethal concentrations. The in vitro assay system developed in this study to evaluate the endocytic uptakes of proteins may serve as a useful tool for detecting toxicants that cause renal tubular dysfunctions.
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Brakeman P, Miao S, Cheng J, Lee CZ, Roy S, Fissell WH, Ferrell N. A modular microfluidic bioreactor with improved throughput for evaluation of polarized renal epithelial cells. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:064106. [PMID: 27917253 PMCID: PMC5116024 DOI: 10.1063/1.4966986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Most current microfluidic cell culture systems are integrated single use devices. This can limit throughput and experimental design options, particularly for epithelial cells, which require significant time in culture to obtain a fully differentiated phenotype. In addition, epithelial cells require a porous growth substrate in order to fully polarize their distinct apical and basolateral membranes. We have developed a modular microfluidic system using commercially available porous culture inserts to evaluate polarized epithelial cells under physiologically relevant fluid flow conditions. The cell-support for the bioreactor is a commercially available microporous membrane that is ready to use in a 6-well format, allowing for cells to be seeded in advance in replicates and evaluated for polarization and barrier function prior to experimentation. The reusable modular system can be easily assembled and disassembled using these mature cells, thus improving experimental throughput and minimizing fabrication requirements. The bioreactor consists of an apical microfluidic flow path and a static basolateral chamber that is easily accessible from the outside of the device. The basolateral chamber acts as a reservoir for transport across the cell layer. We evaluated the effect of initiation of apical shear flow on short-term intracellular signaling and mRNA expression using primary human renal epithelial cells (HRECs). Ten min and 5 h after initiation of apical fluid flow over a stable monolayer of HRECs, cells demonstrated increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase and increased expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6) mRNA, respectively. This bioreactor design provides a modular platform with rapid experimental turn-around time to study various epithelial cell functions under physiologically meaningful flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Brakeman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Simeng Miao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Jin Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Chao-Zong Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Shuvo Roy
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - William H Fissell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Nicholas Ferrell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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4
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Wang C, de Jong E, Sjollema KA, Zuhorn IS. Entry of PIP3-containing polyplexes into MDCK epithelial cells by local apical-basal polarity reversal. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21436. [PMID: 26899207 PMCID: PMC4761886 DOI: 10.1038/srep21436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The polarized architecture of epithelium presents a barrier to therapeutic drug/gene carriers, which is mainly due to a limited (apical) internalization of the carrier systems. The bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa invades epithelial cells by inducing production of apical phosphatidylinositol-3, 4, 5-triphosphate (PIP3), which results in the recruitment of basolateral receptors to the apical membrane. Since basolateral receptors are known receptors for gene delivery vectors, apical PIP3 may improve the internalization of such vectors into epithelial cells. PIP3 and nucleic acids were complexed by the cationic polymer polyethylenimine (PEI), forming PEI/PIP3 polyplexes. PEI/PIP3 polyplexes showed enhanced internalization compared to PEI polyplexes in polarized MDCK cells, while basolateral receptors were found to redistribute and colocalize with PEI/PIP3 polyplexes at the apical membrane. Following their uptake via endocytosis, PEI/PIP3 polyplexes showed efficient endosomal escape. The effectiveness of the PIP3-containing delivery system to generate a physiological effect was demonstrated by an essentially complete knock down of GFP expression in 30% of GFP-expressing MDCK cells following anti-GFP siRNA delivery. Here, we demonstrate that polyplexes can be successfully modified to mimic epithelial entry mechanisms used by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These findings encourage the development of pathogen-inspired drug delivery systems to improve drug/gene delivery into and across tissue barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuifeng Wang
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cell Biology, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin de Jong
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cell Biology, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas A. Sjollema
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cell Biology, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge S. Zuhorn
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cell Biology, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Measuring receptor recycling in polarized MDCK cells. Methods Cell Biol 2015. [PMID: 26360039 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Recycling of proteins such as channels, pumps, and receptors is critical for epithelial cell function. In this chapter we present a method to measure receptor recycling in polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells using an iodinated ligand. We describe a technique to iodinate transferrin (Tf), we discuss how (125)I-Tf can be used to label a cohort of endocytosed Tf receptor, and then we provide methods to measure the rate of recycling of the (125)I-Tf-receptor complex. We also show how this approach, which is easily adaptable to other proteins, can be used to simultaneously measure the normally small amount of (125)I-Tf transcytosis and degradation.
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Avaritt BR, Swaan PW. Internalization and Subcellular Trafficking of Poly-l-lysine Dendrimers Are Impacted by the Site of Fluorophore Conjugation. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1961-9. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500765e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany R. Avaritt
- Department
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Center for Nanobiotechnology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Peter W. Swaan
- Department
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Center for Nanobiotechnology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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7
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Fletcher SJ, Iqbal M, Jabbari S, Stekel D, Rappoport JZ. Analysis of occludin trafficking, demonstrating continuous endocytosis, degradation, recycling and biosynthetic secretory trafficking. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111176. [PMID: 25422932 PMCID: PMC4244031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) link adjacent cells and are critical for maintenance of apical-basolateral polarity in epithelial monolayers. The TJ protein occludin functions in disparate processes, including wound healing and Hepatitis C Virus infection. Little is known about steady-state occludin trafficking into and out of the plasma membrane. Therefore, we determined the mechanisms responsible for occludin turnover in confluent Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial monolayers. Using various biotin-based trafficking assays we observed continuous and rapid endocytosis of plasma membrane localised occludin (the majority internalised within 30 minutes). By 120 minutes a significant reduction in internalised occludin was observed. Inhibition of lysosomal function attenuated the reduction in occludin signal post-endocytosis and promoted co-localisation with the late endocytic system. Using a similar method we demonstrated that ∼20% of internalised occludin was transported back to the cell surface. Consistent with these findings, significant co-localisation between internalised occludin and recycling endosomal compartments was observed. We then quantified the extent to which occludin synthesis and transport to the plasma membrane contributes to plasma membrane occludin homeostasis, identifying inhibition of protein synthesis led to decreased plasma membrane localised occludin. Significant co-localisation between occludin and the biosynthetic secretory pathway was demonstrated. Thus, under steady-state conditions occludin undergoes turnover via a continuous cycle of endocytosis, recycling and degradation, with degradation compensated for by biosynthetic exocytic trafficking. We developed a mathematical model to describe the endocytosis, recycling and degradation of occludin, utilising experimental data to provide quantitative estimates for the rates of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Fletcher
- The Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Mudassar Iqbal
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Jabbari
- School of Mathematics and Institute for Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dov Stekel
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Z. Rappoport
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Meyron-Holtz EG, Cohen LA, Fahoum L, Haimovich Y, Lifshitz L, Magid-Gold I, Stuemler T, Truman-Rosentsvit M. Ferritin polarization and iron transport across monolayer epithelial barriers in mammals. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:194. [PMID: 25202274 PMCID: PMC4142484 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial barriers are found in many tissues such as the intestine, kidney and brain where they separate the external environment from the body or a specific compartment from its periphery. Due to the tight junctions that connect epithelial barrier-cells (EBCs), the transport of compounds takes place nearly exclusively across the apical or basolateral membrane, the cell-body and the opposite membrane of the polarized EBC, and is regulated on numerous levels including barrier-specific adapted trafficking-machineries. Iron is an essential element but toxic at excess. Therefore, all iron-requiring organisms tightly regulate iron concentrations on systemic and cellular levels. In contrast to most cell types that control just their own iron homeostasis, EBCs also regulate homeostasis of the compartment they enclose or the body as a whole. Iron is transported across EBCs by specialized transporters such as the transferrin receptor and ferroportin. Recently, the iron storage protein ferritin was also attributed a role in the regulation of systemic iron homeostasis and we gathered evidence from the literature and original data that ferritin is polarized in EBC, suggesting also a role for ferritin in iron trafficking across EBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther G Meyron-Holtz
- Laboratory for Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City Haifa, Israel
| | - Lyora A Cohen
- Laboratory for Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City Haifa, Israel
| | - Lulu Fahoum
- Laboratory for Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City Haifa, Israel
| | - Yael Haimovich
- Laboratory for Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City Haifa, Israel
| | - Lena Lifshitz
- Laboratory for Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City Haifa, Israel
| | - Inbar Magid-Gold
- Laboratory for Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City Haifa, Israel
| | - Tanja Stuemler
- Laboratory for Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City Haifa, Israel
| | - Marianna Truman-Rosentsvit
- Laboratory for Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City Haifa, Israel
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9
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Ikeda Y, Ozono I, Tajima S, Imao M, Horinouchi Y, Izawa-Ishizawa Y, Kihira Y, Miyamoto L, Ishizawa K, Tsuchiya K, Tamaki T. Iron chelation by deferoxamine prevents renal interstitial fibrosis in mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89355. [PMID: 24586712 PMCID: PMC3929716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis plays an important role in the onset and progression of chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Although several mechanisms underlying renal fibrosis and candidate drugs for its treatment have been identified, the effect of iron chelator on renal fibrosis remains unclear. In the present study, we examined the effect of an iron chelator, deferoxamine (DFO), on renal fibrosis in mice with surgically induced unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO). Mice were divided into 4 groups: UUO with vehicle, UUO with DFO, sham with vehicle, and sham with DFO. One week after surgery, augmented renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis and the expression of collagen I, III, and IV increased in mice with UUO; these changes were suppressed by DFO treatment. Similarly, UUO-induced macrophage infiltration of renal interstitial tubules was reduced in UUO mice treated with DFO. UUO-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines and extracellular matrix proteins was abrogated by DFO treatment. DFO inhibited the activation of the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-Smad3 pathway in UUO mice. UUO-induced NADPH oxidase activity and p22phox expression were attenuated by DFO. In the kidneys of UUO mice, divalent metal transporter 1, ferroportin, and ferritin expression was higher and transferrin receptor expression was lower than in sham-operated mice. Increased renal iron content was observed in UUO mice, which was reduced by DFO treatment. These results suggest that iron reduction by DFO prevents renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis by regulating TGF-β-Smad signaling, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Ikeda
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Iori Ozono
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
- Student Lab, The University of Tokushima Faculty of Medicine, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Soichiro Tajima
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mizuki Imao
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuya Horinouchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuki Izawa-Ishizawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kihira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Licht Miyamoto
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ishizawa
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tamaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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10
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Goldenring JR. A central role for vesicle trafficking in epithelial neoplasia: intracellular highways to carcinogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer 2013; 13:813-20. [PMID: 24108097 PMCID: PMC4011841 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cell carcinogenesis involves the loss of cell polarity, alteration of polarized protein presentation, dynamic cell morphology changes, increased proliferation, and increased cell motility and invasion. Membrane vesicle trafficking underlies all of these processes. Specific membrane trafficking regulators, including RAB small GTPases, through the coordinated dynamics of intracellular trafficking along cytoskeletal pathways, determine the cell surface presentation of proteins and the overall function of both differentiated and neoplastic cells. Although mutations in vesicle trafficking proteins may not be direct drivers of transformation, components of the machinery of vesicle movement have crucial roles in the phenotypes of neoplastic cells. Therefore, the regulators of membrane vesicle trafficking decisions are essential mediators of the full range of cell physiologies that drive cancer cell biology, including initial loss of cell polarity, invasion and metastasis. Targeting of these fundamental intracellular processes may permit the manipulation of cancer cell behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Goldenring
- Departments of Surgery and Cell and Developmental Biology, Epithelial Biology Center and the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA; and the Nashville Veternas Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, USA
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11
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Perez Bay AE, Schreiner R, Mazzoni F, Carvajal-Gonzalez JM, Gravotta D, Perret E, Lehmann Mantaras G, Zhu YS, Rodriguez-Boulan EJ. The kinesin KIF16B mediates apical transcytosis of transferrin receptor in AP-1B-deficient epithelia. EMBO J 2013; 32:2125-39. [PMID: 23749212 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2013.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarized epithelial cells take up nutrients from the blood through receptors that are endocytosed and recycle back to the basolateral plasma membrane (PM) utilizing the epithelial-specific clathrin adaptor AP-1B. Some native epithelia lack AP-1B and therefore recycle cognate basolateral receptors to the apical PM, where they carry out important functions for the host organ. Here, we report a novel transcytotic pathway employed by AP-1B-deficient epithelia to relocate AP-1B cargo, such as transferrin receptor (TfR), to the apical PM. Lack of AP-1B inhibited basolateral recycling of TfR from common recycling endosomes (CRE), the site of function of AP-1B, and promoted its transfer to apical recycling endosomes (ARE) mediated by the plus-end kinesin KIF16B and non-centrosomal microtubules, and its delivery to the apical membrane mediated by the small GTPase rab11a. Hence, our experiments suggest that the apical recycling pathway of epithelial cells is functionally equivalent to the rab11a-dependent TfR recycling pathway of non-polarized cells. They define a transcytotic pathway important for the physiology of native AP-1B-deficient epithelia and report the first microtubule motor involved in transcytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres E Perez Bay
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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12
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13
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Calatayud M, Vélez D, Devesa V. Metabolism of Inorganic Arsenic in Intestinal Epithelial Cell Lines. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:2402-11. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300385y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Calatayud
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Avenida Agustín Escardino
No. 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - D. Vélez
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Avenida Agustín Escardino
No. 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - V. Devesa
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Avenida Agustín Escardino
No. 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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14
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Farías GG, Cuitino L, Guo X, Ren X, Jarnik M, Mattera R, Bonifacino JS. Signal-mediated, AP-1/clathrin-dependent sorting of transmembrane receptors to the somatodendritic domain of hippocampal neurons. Neuron 2012; 75:810-23. [PMID: 22958822 PMCID: PMC3439821 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membranes of the somatodendritic and axonal domains of neurons are known to have different protein compositions, but the molecular mechanisms that determine this polarized protein distribution remain poorly understood. Herein we show that somatodendritic sorting of various transmembrane receptors in rat hippocampal neurons is mediated by recognition of signals within the cytosolic domains of the proteins by the μ1A subunit of the adaptor protein-1 (AP-1) complex. This complex, in conjunction with clathrin, functions in the neuronal soma to exclude somatodendritic proteins from axonal transport carriers. Perturbation of this process affects dendritic spine morphology and decreases the number of synapses. These findings highlight the primary recognition event that underlies somatodendritic sorting and contribute to the evolving view of AP-1 as a global regulator of cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginny G. Farías
- Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Loreto Cuitino
- Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xuefeng Ren
- Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michal Jarnik
- Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rafael Mattera
- Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Juan S. Bonifacino
- Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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15
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Aye Y, Long MJC, Stubbe J. Mechanistic studies of semicarbazone triapine targeting human ribonucleotide reductase in vitro and in mammalian cells: tyrosyl radical quenching not involving reactive oxygen species. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:35768-35778. [PMID: 22915594 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.396911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Triapine® (3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (3-AP)) is a drug in Phase II trials. One of its established cellular targets is the β(2) subunit of ribonucleotide reductase that requires a diferric-tyrosyl-radical [(Fe(III)(2)-Y·)(Fe(III)(2))] cofactor for de novo DNA biosynthesis. Several mechanisms for 3-AP inhibition of β(2) have been proposed; one involves direct iron chelation from β(2), whereas a second involves Y· destruction by reactive oxygen species formed in situ in the presence of O(2) and reductant by Fe(II)-(3-AP). Inactivation of β(2) can thus arise from cofactor destruction by loss of iron or Y·. In vitro kinetic data on the rates of (55)Fe and Y· loss from [((55)Fe(III)(2)-Y·)((55)Fe(III)(2))]-β(2) under aerobic and anaerobic conditions reveal that Y· loss alone is sufficient for rapid β(2) inactivation. Oxyblot(TM) and mass spectrometric analyses of trypsin-digested inhibited β(2), and lack of Y· loss from H(2)O(2) and O(2)(•) treatment together preclude reactive oxygen species involvement in Y· loss. Three mammalian cell lines treated with 5 μm 3-AP reveal Y· loss and β(2) inactivation within 30-min of 3-AP-exposure, analyzed by whole-cell EPR and lysate assays, respectively. Selective degradation of apo- over [(Fe(III)(2)-Y·)(Fe(III)(2))]-β(2) in lysates, similar iron-content in β(2) immunoprecipitated from 3-AP-treated and untreated [(55)Fe]-prelabeled cells, and prolonged (12 h) stability of the inhibited β(2) are most consistent with Y· loss being the predominant mode of inhibition, with β(2) remaining iron-loaded and stable. A model consistent with in vitro and cell-based biochemical studies is presented in which Fe(II)-(3-AP), which can be cycled with reductant, directly reduces Y· of the [(Fe(III)(2)-Y·)(Fe(III)(2))] cofactor of β(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimon Aye
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Marcus J C Long
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Biophysics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454
| | - JoAnne Stubbe
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139.
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Expression Profile of Drug and Nutrient Absorption Related Genes in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) Cells Grown under Differentiation Conditions. Pharmaceutics 2012; 4:314-33. [PMID: 24300234 PMCID: PMC3834914 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics4020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression levels of genes involved in drug and nutrient absorption were evaluated in the Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) in vitro drug absorption model. MDCK cells were grown on plastic surfaces (for 3 days) or on Transwell® membranes (for 3, 5, 7, and 9 days). The expression profile of genes including ABC transporters, SLC transporters, and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes was determined using the Affymetrix® Canine GeneChip®. Expression of genes whose probe sets passed a stringent confirmation process was examined. Expression of a few transporter (MDR1, PEPT1 and PEPT2) genes in MDCK cells was confirmed by RT-PCR. The overall gene expression profile was strongly influenced by the type of support the cells were grown on. After 3 days of growth, expression of 28% of the genes was statistically different (1.5-fold cutoff, p < 0.05) between the cells grown on plastic and Transwell® membranes. When cells were differentiated on Transwell® membranes, large changes in gene expression profile were observed during the early stages, which then stabilized after 5–7 days. Only a small number of genes encoding drug absorption related SLC, ABC, and CYP were detected in MDCK cells, and most of them exhibited low hybridization signals. Results from this study provide valuable reference information on endogenous gene expression in MDCK cells that could assist in design of drug-transporter and/or drug-enzyme interaction studies, and help interpret the contributions of various transporters and metabolic enzymes in studies with MDCK cells.
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17
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Fletcher SJ, Poulter NS, Haining EJ, Rappoport JZ. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis regulates occludin, and not focal adhesion, distribution during epithelial wound healing. Biol Cell 2012; 104:238-56. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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18
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Viral protein determinants of Lassa virus entry and release from polarized epithelial cells. J Virol 2010; 84:3178-88. [PMID: 20071570 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02240-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelium plays a key role in the spread of Lassa virus. Transmission from rodents to humans occurs mainly via inhalation or ingestion of droplets, dust, or food contaminated with rodent urine. Here, we investigated Lassa virus infection in cultured epithelial cells and subsequent release of progeny viruses. We show that Lassa virus enters polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells mainly via the basolateral route, consistent with the basolateral localization of the cellular Lassa virus receptor alpha-dystroglycan. In contrast, progeny virus was efficiently released from the apical cell surface. Further, we determined the roles of the glycoprotein, matrix protein, and nucleoprotein in directed release of nascent virus. To do this, a virus-like-particle assay was developed in polarized MDCK cells based on the finding that, when expressed individually, both the glycoprotein GP and matrix protein Z form virus-like particles. We show that GP determines the apical release of Lassa virus from epithelial cells, presumably by recruiting the matrix protein Z to the site of virus assembly, which is in turn essential for nucleocapsid incorporation into virions.
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19
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Tan S, Tompkins LS, Amieva MR. Helicobacter pylori usurps cell polarity to turn the cell surface into a replicative niche. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000407. [PMID: 19412339 PMCID: PMC2669173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (Hp) intimately interacts with the gastric epithelial surface and translocates the virulence factor CagA into host cells in a contact-dependent manner. To study how Hp benefits from interacting with the cell surface, we developed live-cell microscopy methods to follow the fate of individual bacteria on the cell surface and find that Hp is able to replicate and form microcolonies directly over the intercellular junctions. On polarized epithelia, Hp is able to grow directly on the apical cell surface in conditions that do not support the growth of free-swimming bacteria. In contrast, mutants in CagA delivery are defective in colonization of the apical cell surface. Hp perturbs the polarized epithelium in a highly localized manner, since wild-type Hp does not rescue the growth defect of the CagA-deficient mutants upon co-infection. CagA's ability to disrupt host cell polarity is a key factor in enabling colonization of the apical cell surface by Hp, as disruption of the atypical protein kinase C/Par1b polarity pathway leads to rescue of the mutant growth defect during apical infection, and CagA-deficient mutants are able to colonize the polarized epithelium when given access to the basolateral cell surface. Our study establishes the cell surface as a replicative niche and the importance of CagA and its effects on host cell polarity for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Lucy S. Tompkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Manuel R. Amieva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Mishra V, Mahor S, Rawat A, Gupta PN, Dubey P, Khatri K, Vyas SP. Targeted brain delivery of AZT via transferrin anchored pegylated albumin nanoparticles. J Drug Target 2008; 14:45-53. [PMID: 16603451 DOI: 10.1080/10611860600612953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophilic drugs/peptides have poor cross Blood-brain permeability. Various drug delivery systems with diverse surfacial characteristics have been reported for effective translocation of drugs across Blood-brain barrier. In present investigation, the potential of engineered albumin nanoparticles was evaluated for brain specific delivery after intravenous administration. Long circulatory PEGylated albumin nanoparticles encapsulating water-soluble antiviral drug azidothymidine (AZT) were prepared by ultra-emulsification method using chemical cross-linking by glutaraldehyde. Surface of the PEGylated nanoparticles was modified by anchoring transferrin as a ligand for brain targeting. Nanoparticles were characterized for their size, polydispersity, surfacial charge, drug loading and in vitro drug release. Fluorescence studies revealed the enhanced uptake of transferrin-anchored nanoparticles in the brain tissues when compared with unmodified nanoparticles. In vivo evaluation was carried out on albino rats to evaluate tissue distribution of engineered nanoparticles after intravenous administration. A significant ((*)P < 0.01) enhancement of brain localization of AZT was observed for transferrin anchored pegylated albumin nanopariticles (Tf-PEG-NPs). Hence, the specific role of transferrin ligand on nanoparticles for brain targeting was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Mishra
- Dr Hari Singh Gour Vishvavidyalaya, Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sagar, (M.P.), 470 002, India
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21
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Moore ER, Fischer ER, Mead DJ, Hackstadt T. The chlamydial inclusion preferentially intercepts basolaterally directed sphingomyelin-containing exocytic vacuoles. Traffic 2008; 9:2130-40. [PMID: 18778406 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2008.00828.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydiae replicate intracellularly within a unique vacuole termed the inclusion. The inclusion circumvents classical endosomal/lysosomal pathways but actively intercepts a subset of Golgi-derived exocytic vesicles containing sphingomyelin (SM) and cholesterol. To further examine this interaction, we developed a polarized epithelial cell model to study vectoral trafficking of lipids and proteins to the inclusion. We examined seven epithelial cell lines for their ability to form single monolayers of polarized cells and support chlamydial development. Of these cell lines, polarized colonic mucosal C2BBe1 cells were readily infected with Chlamydia trachomatis and remained polarized throughout infection. Trafficking of (6-((N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1, 3-diazol-4-yl) amino)hexanoyl)sphingosine) (NBD-C(6)-ceramide) and its metabolic derivatives, NBD-glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and NBD-SM, was analyzed. SM was retained within L2-infected cells relative to mock-infected cells, correlating with a disruption of basolateral SM trafficking. There was no net retention of GlcCer within L2-infected cells and purification of C. trachomatis elementary bodies from polarized C2BBe1 cells confirmed that bacteria retained only SM. The chlamydial inclusion thus appears to preferentially intercept basolaterally-directed SM-containing exocytic vesicles, suggesting a divergence in SM and GlcCer trafficking. The observed changes in lipid trafficking were a chlamydia-specific effect because Coxiella burnetii-infected cells revealed no changes in GlcCer or SM polarized trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Moore
- Host-Parasite Interactions Section, Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA
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22
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Sheridan SD, Gil S, Wilgo M, Pitt A. Microporous membrane growth substrates for embryonic stem cell culture and differentiation. Methods Cell Biol 2008; 86:29-57. [PMID: 18442643 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)00003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
As the field of embryonic stem cell culture and differentiation advances, many diverse culturing techniques will ultimately be necessary in order to fully reproduce the various environments these cells normally encounter during development. Although most of the work to date has been performed on solid plastic supports, this growth support has several limitations in its representation of the in vivo environment. Impermeable substrates force the cells to exchange their gas and nutrients exclusively through the top side of the cultured cells. In contrast, cells growing in vivo are exposed from several directions to factors from the blood, other cells, soluble factors, and liquid-air interfaces. Additionally, solid plastic presents a smooth two-dimensional surface that is not experienced in vivo. Therefore, the use of traditional plastic presents limitations upon normal cellular morphology, function, and differentiation. An important alternative to growth on solid plastic is the growth of cells on microporous membranes. One of the many advantages to cell growth on porous membrane substrates is their ability to provide a surface that better mimics a three-dimensional in vivo setting. A porous membrane allows multidirectional exposure to nutrients and waste products. In addition, the membrane separation of dual chambers allows for the coculture of cells of different origin to study how cells interact through indirect signaling or through providing a conditioned niche for the proper growth and differentiation of cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Sheridan
- Millipore Corporation, Bioscience Division, Danvers, Massachusetts 01923, USA
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23
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Human respiratory syncytial virus glycoproteins are not required for apical targeting and release from polarized epithelial cells. J Virol 2008; 82:8664-72. [PMID: 18562526 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00827-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is released from the apical membrane of polarized epithelial cells. However, little is known about the processes of assembly and release of HRSV and which viral gene products are involved in the directional maturation of the virus. Based on previous studies showing that the fusion (F) glycoprotein contained an intrinsic apical sorting signal and that N- and O-linked glycans can act as apical targeting signals, we investigated whether the glycoproteins of HRSV were involved in its directional targeting and release. We generated recombinant viruses with each of the three glycoprotein genes deleted individually or in groups. Each deleted gene was replaced with a reporter gene to maintain wild-type levels of gene expression. The effects of deleting the glycoprotein genes on apical maturation and on targeting of individual proteins in polarized epithelial cells were examined by using biological, biochemical, and microscopic assays. The results of these studies showed that the HRSV glycoproteins are not required for apical maturation or release of the virus. Further, deletion of one or more of the glycoprotein genes did not affect the intracellular targeting of the remaining viral glycoproteins or the nucleocapsid protein to the apical membrane.
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24
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Henry L, Sheff DR. Rab8 regulates basolateral secretory, but not recycling, traffic at the recycling endosome. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:2059-68. [PMID: 18287531 PMCID: PMC2366880 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-09-0902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab8 is a monomeric GTPase that regulates the delivery of newly synthesized proteins to the basolateral surface in polarized epithelial cells. Recent publications have demonstrated that basolateral proteins interacting with the mu1-B clathrin adapter subunit pass through the recycling endosome (RE) en route from the TGN to the plasma membrane. Because Rab8 interacts with these basolateral proteins, these findings raise the question of whether Rab8 acts before, at, or after the RE. We find that Rab8 overexpression during the formation of polarity in MDCK cells, disrupts polarization of the cell, explaining how Rab8 mutants can disrupt basolateral endocytic and secretory traffic. However, once cells are polarized, Rab8 mutants cause mis-sorting of newly synthesized basolateral proteins such as VSV-G to the apical surface, but do not cause mis-sorting of membrane proteins already at the cell surface or in the endocytic recycling pathway. Enzymatic ablation of the RE also prevents traffic from the TGN from reaching the RE and similarly results in mis-sorting of newly synthesized VSV-G. We conclude that Rab8 regulates biosynthetic traffic through REs to the plasma membrane, but not trafficking of endocytic cargo through the RE. The data are consistent with a model in which Rab8 functions in regulating the delivery of TGN-derived cargo to REs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Henry
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - David R. Sheff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
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25
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Vergés M. Retromer: multipurpose sorting and specialization in polarized transport. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 271:153-98. [PMID: 19081543 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(08)01204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Retromer is an evolutionary conserved protein complex required for endosome-to-Golgi retrieval of lysosomal hydrolases' receptors. A dimer of two sorting nexins-typically, SNX1 and/or SNX2-deforms the membrane and thus cooperates with retromer to ensure cargo sorting. Research in various model organisms indicates that retromer participates in sorting of additional molecules whose proper transport has important repercussions in development and disease. The role of retromer as well as SNXs in endosomal protein (re)cycling and protein targeting to specialized plasma membrane domains in polarized cells adds further complexity and has implications in growth control, the establishment of developmental patterns, cell adhesion, and migration. This chapter will discuss the functions of retromer described in various model systems and will focus on relevant aspects in polarized transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Vergés
- Laboratory of Epithelial Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, C/E.P. Avda. Autopista del Saler, Valencia, Spain
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26
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Vagin O, Tokhtaeva E, Sachs G. The role of the beta1 subunit of the Na,K-ATPase and its glycosylation in cell-cell adhesion. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:39573-87. [PMID: 17052981 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m606507200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on recent data showing that overexpression of the Na,K-ATPase beta(1) subunit increased cell-cell adhesion of nonpolarized cells, we hypothesized that the beta(1) subunit can also be involved in the formation of cell-cell contacts in highly polarized epithelial cells. In support of this hypothesis, in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, the Na,K-ATPase alpha(1) and beta(1) subunits were detected as precisely co-localized with adherens junctions in all stages of the monolayer formation starting from the initiation of cell-cell contact. The Na,K-ATPase and adherens junction protein, beta-catenin, stayed partially co-localized even after their internalization upon disruption of intercellular contacts by Ca(2+) depletion of the medium. The Na,K-ATPase subunits remained co-localized with the adherens junctions after detergent treatment of the cells. In contrast, the heterodimer formed by expressed unglycosylated Na,K-ATPase beta(1) subunit and the endogenous alpha(1) subunit was easily dissociated from the adherens junctions and cytoskeleton by the detergent extraction. The MDCK cell line in which half of the endogenous beta(1) subunits in the lateral membrane were substituted by unglycosylated beta(1) subunits displayed a decreased ability to form cell-to-cell contacts. Incubation of surface-attached MDCK cells with an antibody against the extracellular domain of the Na,K-ATPase beta(1) subunit specifically inhibited cell-cell contact formation. We conclude that the Na,K-ATPase beta(1) subunit is involved in the process of intercellular adhesion and is necessary for association of the heterodimeric Na,K-ATPase with the adherens junctions. Further, normal glycosylation of the Na,K-ATPase beta(1) subunit is essential for the stable association of the pump with the adherens junctions and plays an important role in cell-cell contact formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Vagin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, UCLA and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA
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27
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Tesar DB, Tiangco NE, Bjorkman PJ. Ligand valency affects transcytosis, recycling and intracellular trafficking mediated by the neonatal Fc receptor. Traffic 2006; 7:1127-42. [PMID: 17004319 PMCID: PMC1618808 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2006.00457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) transports IgG across epithelial cell barriers to provide maternal antibodies to offspring and serves as a protection receptor by rescuing endocytosed IgG and albumin from lysosomal degradation. Here we describe the generation of polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells expressing rat FcRn (rFcRn) to investigate the potential requirement for ligand bivalency in FcRn-mediated transport. The rFcRn-MDCK cells bind, internalize and bidirectionally transcytose the bivalent ligands IgG and Fc across polarized cell monolayers. However, they cannot be used to study FcRn-mediated transport of the monovalent ligand albumin, as we observe no specific binding, internalization or transcytosis of rat albumin. To address whether ligand bivalency is required for transport, the ability of rFcRn to transcytose and recycle wild-type Fc homodimers (wtFc; two FcRn-binding sites) and a heterodimeric Fc (hdFc; one FcRn-binding site) was compared. We show that ligand bivalency is not required for transcytosis or recycling, but that wtFc is transported more efficiently than hdFc, particularly at lower concentrations. We also demonstrate that hdFc and wtFc have different intracellular fates, with more hdFc than wtFc being trafficked to lysosomes and degraded, suggesting a role for avidity effects in FcRn-mediated IgG transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin B Tesar
- Division of Biology and California Institute of TechnologyPasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Noreen E Tiangco
- Division of Biology and California Institute of TechnologyPasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of TechnologyPasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and California Institute of TechnologyPasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of TechnologyPasadena, CA 91125, USA
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28
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Su Y, Sinko PJ. Drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier: why is it difficult? how to measure and improve it? Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2006; 3:419-35. [PMID: 16640501 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.3.3.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of drugs that act in the CNS has been significantly impeded by the difficulty of delivering them across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This article aims to provide the reader with a critical overview of important issues in the discovery and development of drugs that need to enter the brain to elicit pharmacological activity, focusing particularly on i) the role of drug transporters in brain permeation and how to manipulate them to enhance drug brain bioavailability; ii) the successful application, limitations and challenges of commonly used in vitro and in vivo methodologies for measuring drug transport across the BBB, and iii) a discussion of recently developed strategies (e.g., modulation of efflux transporters by chemical inhibitors and the employment of delivery vectors taking advantage of native transport systems at the BBB) for facilitating drug penetration into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaming Su
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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29
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Balkovetz DF. Claudins at the gate: determinants of renal epithelial tight junction paracellular permeability. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 290:F572-9. [PMID: 16461756 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00135.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial tight junction (TJ) is responsible for the control of paracellular transport between epithelial cells (gate function) and the maintenance of apical/basolateral polarity by preventing the diffusion of membrane lipids and/or proteins from one surface domain to another (fence function). Renal tubule epithelia in the mammalian nephron have TJs that determine paracellular transport characteristics. Paracellular transport across renal tubular epithelial TJs (gate function) varies in different segments of the nephron. A large family of recently identified TJ-associated transmembrane proteins named claudins appear to determine the paracellular permeability properties of the TJ. A combination of inherited human diseases, renal epithelial cell culture models, and nephron expression patterns of claudins is providing important clues about how claudin molecules determine the TJ gate function of renal epithelia in different segments of the nephron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Balkovetz
- Dept. of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3rd Avenue South, LHRB 642, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, USA.
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30
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Lipschutz JH, Li S, Arisco A, Balkovetz DF. Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinases 1/2 Control Claudin-2 Expression in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Strain I and II Cells. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:3780-8. [PMID: 15569684 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m408122200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tight junction of the epithelial cell determines the characteristics of paracellular permeability across epithelium. Recent work points toward the claudin family of tight junction proteins as leading candidates for the molecular components that regulate paracellular permeability properties in epithelial tissues. Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) strain I and II cells are models for the study of tight junctions and based on transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) contain "tight" and "leaky" tight junctions, respectively. Overexpression studies suggest that tight junction leakiness in these two strains of MDCK cells is conferred by expression of the tight junction protein claudin-2. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 activation by hepatocyte growth factor treatment of MDCK strain II cells inhibited claudin-2 expression and transiently increased TER. This process was blocked by the ERK 1/2 inhibitor U0126. Transfection of constitutively active mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase into MDCK strain II cells also inhibited claudin-2 expression and increased TER. MDCK strain I cells have higher levels of active ERK 1/2 than do MDCK strain II cells. U0126 treatment of MDCK strain I cells decreased active ERK 1/2 levels, induced expression of claudin-2 protein, and decreased TER by approximately 20-fold. U0126 treatment also induced claudin-2 expression and decreased TER in a high resistance mouse cortical collecting duct cell line (94D). These data show for the first time that the ERK 1/2 signaling pathway negatively controls claudin-2 expression in mammalian renal epithelial cells and provide evidence for regulation of tight junction paracellular transport by alterations in claudin composition within tight junction complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua H Lipschutz
- Department of Medicine & Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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31
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Tajika Y, Matsuzaki T, Suzuki T, Aoki T, Hagiwara H, Kuwahara M, Sasaki S, Takata K. Aquaporin-2 is retrieved to the apical storage compartment via early endosomes and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent pathway. Endocrinology 2004; 145:4375-83. [PMID: 15155571 DOI: 10.1210/en.2004-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporin-2 (AQP2) is one of the water-channel proteins expressed in principal cells of kidney collecting ducts, where it is stored in the intracellular compartment. Previous studies have demonstrated that AQP2 vesicles constitute a distinct intracellular compartment partially overlapping with early endosomes. In this report, we performed in vitro experiments using the renal epithelial cell line, Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, stably expressing AQP2 (MDCK-hAQP2). In nonpolarized cells, AQP2 vesicles were scattered in the cytoplasm and did not colocalize with Golgi 58K or TGN38. Small portions of AQP2 vesicles were positive for the lysosome marker cathepsin D. An early endosome antigen (EEA1) localized around AQP2 vesicles in close proximity, suggesting involvement of the endosomal system in the trafficking of AQP2. AQP2 vesicles are distinct from other recycling molecules, such as glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and endocytosed transferrin. In polarized MDCK-hAQP2 cells, AQP2 vesicles were localized in the subapical recycling compartment and distinct from the Golgi apparatus, trans-Golgi network, lysosome, and early endosome in the nonstimulated state. When the cells were treated with forskolin, translocation of AQP2 to the apical membrane was observed. Washout of forskolin induced retrieval of AQP2 into the cytoplasm, and AQP2 was transiently colocalized with EEA1-positive endosomes. Then, AQP2 moved from EEA1-positive endosomes to the subapical AQP2-storage compartment, which is sensitive to wortmannin and LY294002. These results suggest that AQP2 resides in a recycling compartment at the apical side in polarized MDCK-hAQP2 cells, and its retrieval uses the apical endosomal system and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tajika
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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32
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Zhang Y, Schuetz JD, Elmquist WF, Miller DW. Plasma membrane localization of multidrug resistance-associated protein homologs in brain capillary endothelial cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 311:449-55. [PMID: 15218051 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.068528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) homologs are expressed in brain microvessel endothelial cells forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The influence of these MRP transporters on BBB permeability will be dependent on their localization within the brain microvessel endothelial cells. Using two different and complementary approaches, the localization of various MPR homologs (MRP1, MRP4, and MRP5) was examined in primary cultured bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells (BBMECs). The first approach involved centrifugal separation of apical and basolateral plasma membranes of cultured BBMECs. The membrane fractions were then subjected to Western blot analysis for MRPs. The second approach used confocal laser scanning microscopy to determine membrane localization of MRPs in BBMECs. Results show a predominantly apical plasma membrane distribution for MRP1 and MRP5, and an almost equal distribution of MRP4 on the apical and basolateral plasma membrane of BBMECs. These studies provide the first demonstration of the localization of MRP1, MRP4, and MRP5 homologs in brain microvessel endothelial cells. The present studies also indicate that the localization of MRPs in the endothelial cells forming the BBB is different from that observed in polarized epithelial cells and thus may contribute to the reduced entry and enhanced elimination of organic anions and nucleotides in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, PDM Department, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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33
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Su Y, Lee SH, Sinko PJ. Practical Aspects of Transporter Model Systems: A Case Study Involving SQV. Drug Metab Rev 2004; 36:377-89. [PMID: 15237860 DOI: 10.1081/dmr-120037570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In this case study, in vitro and in vivo data were provided for saquinavir (SQV) showing that drug transporters play a significant role in the absorption and disposition of drugs. This article is focused on the more practical points with a technical emphasis. Currently many in vitro and in vivo experimental models have been developed to investigate drug transporter interactions for the prediction of how transporters may influence the pharmacokinetic behavior of drugs. In this review, the successful application, limitations and challenges of these models are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaming Su
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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34
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Abstract
Among the most morphologically complex cells, neurons are masters of membrane specialization. Nowhere is this more striking than in the division of cellular labor between the axon and the dendrites. In morphology, signaling properties, cytoskeletal organization, and physiological function, axons and dendrites (or more properly, the somatodendritic compartment) are radically different. Such polarization of neurons into domains specialized for either receiving (dendrites) or transmitting (axons) cellular signals provides the underpinning for all neural circuitry. The initial specification of axonal and dendritic identity occurs early in neuronal life, persists for decades, and is manifested by the presence of very different sets of cell surface proteins. Yet, how neuronal polarity is established, how distinct axonal and somatodendritic domains are maintained, and how integral membrane proteins are directed to dendrites or accumulate in axons remain enduring and formidable questions in neuronal cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- April C Horton
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3209, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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35
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Puthenveedu MA, Bruns JR, Weisz OA, Linstedt AD. Basolateral cycling mediated by a lumenal domain targeting determinant. Mol Biol Cell 2003; 14:1801-7. [PMID: 12802056 PMCID: PMC165078 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e02-10-0692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
All identified basolateral sorting signals of integral membrane proteins are cytoplasmically disposed, suggesting that basolateral targeting is mediated exclusively by direct interaction with vesicle coat components. Here, we report that GPP130, a cis-Golgi protein that undergoes endosome-to-Golgi retrieval using the late endosome-bypass pathway in nonpolarized cells, cycles via the basolateral membrane in polarized MDCK cells. Significantly, the membrane-proximal lumenal domain of GPP130, which mediates GPP130 localization and trafficking in nonpolarized cells, was both necessary and sufficient for basolateral cycling in MDCK cells. The use of lumenal determinants for both basolateral cycling and endosome-to-Golgi retrieval suggests that a novel receptor-mediated mechanism operates at both the trans-Golgi network and distal sites to sort GPP130 along the late-endosome-bypass retrieval pathway in polarized cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manojkumar A Puthenveedu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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36
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Rappoport JZ, Simon SM. Real-time analysis of clathrin-mediated endocytosis during cell migration. J Cell Sci 2003; 116:847-55. [PMID: 12571282 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous dual-color total-internal-reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIR-FM) was performed to analyze the internalization and distribution of markers for clathrin-mediated endocytosis (clathrin, dynamin1, dynamin2 and transferrin) in migrating cells. In MDCK cells, which endogenously express dynamin2, the dynamin2-EGFP fluorescence demonstrated identical spatial and temporal behavior as clathrin both prior to and during internalization. By contrast, in the same cells, the neuronal dynamin1 only localized with clathrin just prior to endocytosis. In migrating cells, each endocytic marker was polarized towards the leading edge, away from the lagging edge. These observations suggest a re-evaluation of the functional differences between dynamin1 and dynamin2, and of the role of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Z Rappoport
- The Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 304, New York, NY 10021, USA
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37
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Yang J, Goetz D, Li JY, Wang W, Mori K, Setlik D, Du T, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Strong R, Barasch J. An iron delivery pathway mediated by a lipocalin. Mol Cell 2002; 10:1045-56. [PMID: 12453413 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(02)00710-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite the critical need for iron in many cellular reactions, deletion of the transferrin pathway does not block organogenesis, suggesting the presence of alternative methods to deliver iron. We show that a member of the lipocalin superfamily (24p3/Ngal) delivers iron to the cytoplasm where it activates or represses iron-responsive genes. Iron unloading depends on the cycling of 24p3/Ngal through acidic endosomes, but its pH sensitivity and its subcellular targeting differed from transferrin. Indeed, during the conversion of mesenchyme into epithelia (where we discovered the protein), 24p3/Ngal and transferrin were endocytosed by different cells that characterize different stages of development, and they triggered unique responses. These studies identify an iron delivery pathway active in development and cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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38
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Gabor F, Schwarzbauer A, Wirth M. Lectin-mediated drug delivery: binding and uptake of BSA-WGA conjugates using the Caco-2 model. Int J Pharm 2002; 237:227-39. [PMID: 11955820 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To examine whether the dietary lectin wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) can facilitate binding and uptake of protein drugs due to its cytoadhesive and cytoinvasive properties, conjugates were prepared by covalent coupling of fluorescein-labeled bovine serum albumin (F-BSA) to WGA using divinylsulfone for crosslinking. Increasing the molar ratio of F-BSA/WGA resulted in 2.6-8.7 times higher Caco-2 binding as compared with glycyl-F-BSA. About 75% of F-BSA-WGA were bound specifically to Caco-2 cells according to inhibition studies in presence of the complementary carbohydrate. The Caco-2 association of F-BSA-WGA was temperature-dependent indicating active uptake of membrane bound conjugate, which was confirmed by confocal microscopy. The conjugate accumulated within lysosomal compartments followed by proteolytic degradation of F-BSA-WGA 1-4 h after conjugate loading as observed by equilibrating the intracellular pH with monensin. Finally low molecular weight degradation products of the proteinaceous prodrug appear in the extracellular medium. Contrary to Caco-2 single cells, a minor part of the conjugate is degraded by brush border proteases already 30 min after exposure to Caco-2 monolayers. But most of the conjugate is taken up into differentiated cells and processed as in single cells. Though the enzymic barrier remains to be surmounted, WGA-mediated drug delivery is a promising strategy for peroral delivery of even high molecular weight drugs to overcome the mucosal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Gabor
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, The University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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39
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Abstract
Many pathogens must surmount an epithelial cell barrier in order to establish an infection. While much has been learned about the interaction of bacterial pathogens with cultured epithelial cells, the influence of cell polarity on these events has only recently been appreciated. This review outlines bacterial-host epithelial cell interactions in the context of the distinct apical and basolateral surfaces of the polarized epithelium that lines the lumens of our organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Kazmierczak
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0654, USA.
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40
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Furuse M, Furuse K, Sasaki H, Tsukita S. Conversion of zonulae occludentes from tight to leaky strand type by introducing claudin-2 into Madin-Darby canine kidney I cells. J Cell Biol 2001; 153:263-72. [PMID: 11309408 PMCID: PMC2169456 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.153.2.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 581] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There are two strains of MDCK cells, MDCK I and II. MDCK I cells show much higher transepithelial electric resistance (TER) than MDCK II cells, although they bear similar numbers of tight junction (TJ) strands. We examined the expression pattern of claudins, the major components of TJ strands, in these cells: claudin-1 and -4 were expressed both in MDCK I and II cells, whereas the expression of claudin-2 was restricted to MDCK II cells. The dog claudin-2 cDNA was then introduced into MDCK I cells to mimic the claudin expression pattern of MDCK II cells. Interestingly, the TER values of MDCK I clones stably expressing claudin-2 (dCL2-MDCK I) fell to the levels of MDCK II cells (>20-fold decrease). In contrast, when dog claudin-3 was introduced into MDCK I cells, no change was detected in their TER. Similar results were obtained in mouse epithelial cells, Eph4. Morphometric analyses identified no significant differences in the density of TJs or in the number of TJ strands between dCL2-MDCK I and control MDCK I cells. These findings indicated that the addition of claudin-2 markedly decreased the tightness of individual claudin-1/4-based TJ strands, leading to the speculation that the combination and mixing ratios of claudin species determine the barrier properties of individual TJ strands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikio Furuse
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kyoko Furuse
- KAN Research Institute Inc., Kyoto 600-8317, Japan
| | | | - Shoichiro Tsukita
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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41
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Parker JS, Murphy WJ, Wang D, O'Brien SJ, Parrish CR. Canine and feline parvoviruses can use human or feline transferrin receptors to bind, enter, and infect cells. J Virol 2001; 75:3896-902. [PMID: 11264378 PMCID: PMC114880 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.8.3896-3902.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) enters and infects cells by a dynamin-dependent, clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway, and viral capsids colocalize with transferrin in perinuclear vesicles of cells shortly after entry (J. S. L. Parker and C. R. Parrish, J. Virol. 74:1919-1930, 2000). Here we report that CPV and feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), a closely related parvovirus, bind to the human and feline transferrin receptors (TfRs) and use these receptors to enter and infect cells. Capsids did not detectably bind or enter quail QT35 cells or a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell-derived cell line that lacks any TfR (TRVb cells). However, capsids bound and were endocytosed into QT35 cells and CHO-derived TRVb-1 cells that expressed the human TfR. TRVb-1 cells or TRVb cells transiently expressing the feline TfR were susceptible to infection by CPV and FPV, but the parental TRVb cells were not. We screened a panel of feline-mouse hybrid cells for susceptibility to FPV infection and found that only those cells that possessed feline chromosome C2 were susceptible. The feline TfR gene (TRFC) also mapped to feline chromosome C2. These data indicate that cell susceptibility for these viruses is determined by the TfR.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cats/genetics
- Cell Line
- Chromosomes/genetics
- Feline Panleukopenia Virus/drug effects
- Feline Panleukopenia Virus/metabolism
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Hybrid Cells/metabolism
- Hybrid Cells/virology
- Immune Sera/pharmacology
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Parvovirus, Canine/drug effects
- Parvovirus, Canine/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Quail
- Radiation Hybrid Mapping
- Receptors, Transferrin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Transferrin/chemistry
- Receptors, Transferrin/genetics
- Receptors, Transferrin/metabolism
- Receptors, Virus/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Virus/chemistry
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Parker
- James A. Baker Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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42
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Tam BM, Moritz OL, Hurd LB, Papermaster DS. Identification of an outer segment targeting signal in the COOH terminus of rhodopsin using transgenic Xenopus laevis. J Cell Biol 2000; 151:1369-80. [PMID: 11134067 PMCID: PMC2150681 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.151.7.1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mislocalization of the photopigment rhodopsin may be involved in the pathology of certain inherited retinal degenerative diseases. Here, we have elucidated rhodopsin's targeting signal which is responsible for its polarized distribution to the rod outer segment (ROS). Various green fluorescent protein (GFP)/rhodopsin COOH-terminal fusion proteins were expressed specifically in the major red rod photoreceptors of transgenic Xenopus laevis under the control of the Xenopus opsin promoter. The fusion proteins were targeted to membranes via lipid modifications (palmitoylation and myristoylation) as opposed to membrane spanning domains. Membrane association was found to be necessary but not sufficient for efficient ROS localization. A GFP fusion protein containing only the cytoplasmic COOH-terminal 44 amino acids of Xenopus rhodopsin localized exclusively to ROS membranes. Chimeras between rhodopsin and alpha adrenergic receptor COOH-terminal sequences further refined rhodopsin's ROS localization signal to its distal eight amino acids. Mutations/deletions of this region resulted in partial delocalization of the fusion proteins to rod inner segment (RIS) membranes. The targeting and transport of endogenous wild-type rhodopsin was unaffected by the presence of mislocalized GFP fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Tam
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA.
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43
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Martens AS, Bode JG, Heinrich PC, Graeve L. The cytoplasmic domain of the interleukin-6 receptor gp80 mediates its basolateral sorting in polarized madin-darby canine kidney cells. J Cell Sci 2000; 113 ( Pt 20):3593-602. [PMID: 11017875 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.113.20.3593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The IL-6 receptor complex is expressed in different polarized epithelial cells such as liver hepatocytes and intestinal cells. It consists of two subunits: gp80, which binds the ligand, and gp130, which is responsible for signal transduction. In stably transfected Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells we have studied the localization of the human IL-6 receptor subunits and found that gp80 and gp130 are predominantly expressed at the basolateral membrane. Analysis of MDCK cells expressing truncated forms of gp80 or gp130 showed that loss of the cytoplasmic domains results in apical delivery. Expression of deletion mutants of gp80 in MDCK cells led to the identification of two discontinous motifs responsible for basolateral sorting: a membrane-proximal tyrosine-based motif (YSLG) and a more membrane-distal dileucine-type motif (LI). Activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3) only occurred via basolaterally located gp80, suggesting that endogenous gp130 is also constrained to the basolateral plasma membrane. Our identification of a basolateral sorting signal within the cytoplasmic region of gp80 for the first time attributes a function to this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Martens
- Institute of Biochemistry, Universitätsklinikum der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Germany.
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44
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Gagescu R, Demaurex N, Parton RG, Hunziker W, Huber LA, Gruenberg J. The recycling endosome of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells is a mildly acidic compartment rich in raft components. Mol Biol Cell 2000; 11:2775-91. [PMID: 10930469 PMCID: PMC14955 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.11.8.2775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a biochemical and morphological characterization of recycling endosomes containing the transferrin receptor in the epithelial Madin-Darby canine kidney cell line. We find that recycling endosomes are enriched in molecules known to regulate transferrin recycling but lack proteins involved in early endosome membrane dynamics, indicating that recycling endosomes are distinct from conventional early endosomes. We also find that recycling endosomes are less acidic than early endosomes because they lack a functional vacuolar ATPase. Furthermore, we show that recycling endosomes can be reached by apically internalized tracers, confirming that the apical endocytic pathway intersects the transferrin pathway. Strikingly, recycling endosomes are enriched in the raft lipids sphingomyelin and cholesterol as well as in the raft-associated proteins caveolin-1 and flotillin-1. These observations may suggest that a lipid-based sorting mechanism operates along the Madin-Darby canine kidney recycling pathway, contributing to the maintenance of cell polarity. Altogether, our data indicate that recycling endosomes and early endosomes differ functionally and biochemically and thus that different molecular mechanisms regulate protein sorting and membrane traffic at each step of the receptor recycling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gagescu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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45
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Leung SM, Ruiz WG, Apodaca G. Sorting of membrane and fluid at the apical pole of polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Mol Biol Cell 2000; 11:2131-50. [PMID: 10848634 PMCID: PMC14908 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.11.6.2131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
When fluid-phase markers are internalized from opposite poles of polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, they accumulate in distinct apical and basolateral early endosomes before meeting in late endosomes. Recent evidence suggests that significant mixing of apically and basolaterally internalized membrane proteins occurs in specialized apical endosomal compartments, including the common recycling endosome and the apical recycling endosome (ARE). The relationship between these latter compartments and the fluid-labeled apical early endosome is unknown at present. We report that when the apical recycling marker, membrane-bound immunoglobulin A (a ligand for the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor), and fluid-phase dextran are cointernalized from the apical poles of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, they enter a shared apical early endosome (</=2.5 min at 37 degrees C) and are then rapidly segregated from one another. The dextran remains in the large supranuclear EEA1-positive early endosomes while recycling polymeric immunoglobulin receptor-bound immunoglobulin A is delivered to a Rab11-positive subapical recycling compartment. This latter step requires an intact microtubule cytoskeleton. Receptor-bound transferrin, a marker of the basolateral recycling pathway, has limited access to the fluid-rich apical early endosome but is excluded from the subapical elements of the Rab11-positive recycling compartment. We propose that the term ARE be used to describe the subapical Rab11-positive compartment and that the ARE is distinct from both the transferrin-rich common recycling endosome and the fluid-rich apical early endosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Leung
- Renal-Electrolyte Division of the Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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46
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McCarthy KM, Yoong Y, Simister NE. Bidirectional transcytosis of IgG by the rat neonatal Fc receptor expressed in a rat kidney cell line: a system to study protein transport across epithelia. J Cell Sci 2000; 113 ( Pt 7):1277-85. [PMID: 10704378 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.113.7.1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn, transports immunoglobulin G (IgG) across cellular barriers between mother and offspring. FcRn also protects circulating IgG from catabolism, probably during transport across the capillary endothelium. Only one cell culture model of transcytosis has been used extensively, the transport of IgA from the basolateral to the apical surface of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR). We report that rat inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cells transfected with DNA encoding the (alpha) subunit of rat FcRn specifically and saturably transport Fc when grown as polarized monolayers. Using this system, we have found that transcytosis by FcRn, like transcytosis by the pIgR, depends upon an intact microtubule system. FcRn differs most strikingly from the pIgR in its ability to transport its ligand in both the apical to basolateral and basolateral to apical directions. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002 inhibited basolateral to apical transport by FcRn more than apical to basolateral transport, suggesting that there are differences in the mechanisms of transport in the two directions. Lastly, we found that transcytosis by FcRn depends upon vesicular acidification. We anticipate that the IMCD cell culture model will allow further elucidation of the mechanism of IgG transport by FcRn.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M McCarthy
- Rosenstiel Center for Basic Biomedical Sciences, W.M. Keck Institute for Cellular Visualization, and Biology Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02254-9110, USA
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47
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Lavelle JP, Meyers SA, Ruiz WG, Buffington CA, Zeidel ML, Apodaca G. Urothelial pathophysiological changes in feline interstitial cystitis: a human model. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2000; 278:F540-53. [PMID: 10751214 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.2000.278.4.f540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Unique barrier properties of the urothelial surface membrane permit urine storage. Interstitial cystitis causes disabling dysuria, and frequency. Similarly, feline interstitial cystitis (FIC) occurs in cats. These studies define the permeability and structural properties of normal and FIC urothelium. To determine the effects of bladder filling, groups were studied before and after hydrodistention. Normal urothelium with or without hydrodistention exhibited high transepithelial resistances (TER) and low water and urea permeabilities, resembling other species. Fluorescence confocal microscopy revealed localization of the marker AE-31 to the apical surface of all umbrella cells in normal urothelium, with the tight junction protein ZO-1 localized to tight junctions. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed uniform distribution of luminal cells with characteristic apical membrane and tight junction morphology. Urothelium in FIC animals displayed reduced TER and increased water and urea permeability following hydrodistention. Structural studies in FIC revealed denuded urothelium, with appearance of AE-31 in underlying epithelial cells. The results demonstrate severe epithelial damage and dysfunction in FIC and suggest novel approaches toward examining the etiology and therapy of IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Lavelle
- Department of Urology, Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Jou TS, Leung SM, Fung LM, Ruiz WG, Nelson WJ, Apodaca G. Selective alterations in biosynthetic and endocytic protein traffic in Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells expressing mutants of the small GTPase Rac1. Mol Biol Cell 2000; 11:287-304. [PMID: 10637309 PMCID: PMC14775 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.11.1.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells expressing constitutively active Rac1 (Rac1V12) accumulate a large central aggregate of membranes beneath the apical membrane that contains filamentous actin, Rac1V12, rab11, and the resident apical membrane protein GP-135. To examine the roles of Rac1 in membrane traffic and the formation of this aggregate, we analyzed endocytic and biosynthetic trafficking pathways in MDCK cells expressing Rac1V12 and dominant inactive Rac1 (Rac1N17). Rac1V12 expression decreased the rates of apical and basolateral endocytosis, whereas Rac1N17 expression increased those rates from both membrane domains. Basolateral-to-apical transcytosis of immunoglobulin A (IgA) (a ligand for the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor [pIgR]), apical recycling of pIgR-IgA, and accumulation of newly synthesized GP-135 at the apical plasma membrane were all decreased in cells expressing Rac1V12. These effects of Rac1V12 on trafficking pathways to the apical membrane were the result of the delivery and trapping of these proteins in the central aggregate. In contrast to abnormalities in apical trafficking events, basolateral recycling of transferrin, degradation of EGF internalized from the basolateral membrane, and delivery of newly synthesized pIgR from the Golgi to the basolateral membrane were all relatively unaffected by Rac1V12 expression. Rac1N17 expression had little or no effect on these postendocytic or biosynthetic trafficking pathways. These results show that in polarized MDCK cells activated Rac1 may regulate the rate of endocytosis from both membrane domains and that expression of dominant active Rac1V12 specifically alters postendocytic and biosynthetic membrane traffic directed to the apical, but not the basolateral, membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Jou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5345, USA
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Leung SM, Rojas R, Maples C, Flynn C, Ruiz WG, Jou TS, Apodaca G. Modulation of endocytic traffic in polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells by the small GTPase RhoA. Mol Biol Cell 1999; 10:4369-84. [PMID: 10588664 PMCID: PMC25764 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.10.12.4369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient postendocytic membrane traffic in polarized epithelial cells is thought to be regulated in part by the actin cytoskeleton. RhoA modulates assemblies of actin in the cell, and it has been shown to regulate pinocytosis and phagocytosis; however, its effects on postendocytic traffic are largely unexplored. To this end, we expressed wild-type RhoA (RhoAWT), dominant active RhoA (RhoAV14), and dominant inactive RhoA (RhoAN19) in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells expressing the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. RhoAV14 expression stimulated the rate of apical and basolateral endocytosis, whereas RhoAN19 expression decreased the rate from both membrane domains. Polarized basolateral recycling of transferrin was disrupted in RhoAV14-expressing cells as a result of increased ligand release at the apical pole of the cell. Degradation of basolaterally internalized epidermal growth factor was slowed in RhoAV14-expressing cells. Although apical recycling of immunoglobulin A (IgA) was largely unaffected in cells expressing RhoAV14, transcytosis of basolaterally internalized IgA was severely impaired. Morphological and biochemical analyses demonstrated that a large proportion of IgA internalized from the basolateral pole of RhoAV14-expressing cells remained within basolateral early endosomes and was slow to exit these compartments. RhoAN19 and RhoAWT expression had little effect on these postendocytic pathways. These results indicate that in polarized MDCK cells activated RhoA may modulate endocytosis from both membrane domains and postendocytic traffic at the basolateral pole of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Leung
- Renal-Electrolyte Division of the Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Abstract
Although the presence of a dominant basolateral sorting signal ensures that the majority of newly synthesized epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors are delivered directly to the basolateral surface in polarized epithelial cells, a fraction of the receptors are also delivered to the apical surface. Similar to most basolateral membrane proteins, the EGF receptor has an additional signal(s) that selectively targets molecules lacking a dominant basolateral signal to the apical surface. Although the physiological relevance of signal hierarchy is not known, alternative targeting may occur in different epithelial cell types or during development. The goal of this study, therefore, was to determine the effect of membrane domain location on EGF receptor function, focusing on EGF-induced MAP kinase signaling and DNA synthesis. Whereas ligand responsiveness was restricted to the basolateral domain in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells expressing a normal complement of receptors, apical ligand was effective if apical receptor density was increased by overexpression of an exogenous wild-type human gene. Unexpectedly, cells expressing apically localized, cytoplasmically truncated receptors, which behave as dominant negative mutations in other cell types, were also responsive to apical EGF. The cytoplasmically truncated molecules appear to have at least two effects: first, to increase the local concentration of ligand at the apical cell surface; and second, to facilitate activation of the relatively few native EGF receptors normally located at the apical surface. These results indicate that cell context is a critical determinant of receptor mutant protein phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Hobert
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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