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Senger JL, Power H, Moore AM. Electrical Stimulation: How It Works and How to Apply It. Hand Clin 2024; 40:409-420. [PMID: 38972685 DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation is emerging as a perioperative strategy to improve peripheral nerve regeneration and enhance functional recovery. Despite decades of research, new insights into the complex multifaceted mechanisms of electrical stimulation continue to emerge, providing greater understanding of the neurophysiology of nerve regeneration. In this study, we summarize what is known about how electrical stimulation modulates the molecular cascades and cellular responses innate to nerve injury and repair, and the consequential effects on axonal growth and plasticity. Further, we discuss how electrical stimulation is delivered in preclinical and clinical studies and identify knowledge gaps that may provide opportunities for optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna-Lynn Senger
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of British Columbia, Suite 1788, 1111 W Georgia Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6E 4M3, Canada
| | - Hollie Power
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Suite 401, 316 Windermere Road NorthWest, Edmonton, Alberta T6W 2Z8, Canada
| | - Amy M Moore
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Ohio State University, 915 Olentangy River Road Suite 2100, Columbus, OH 43212, USA.
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2
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Wang Z, Li S, Wu Z, Kang Y, Xie S, Cai Z, Shan X, Li Q. Pulsed electromagnetic field-assisted reduced graphene oxide composite 3D printed nerve scaffold promotes sciatic nerve regeneration in rats. Biofabrication 2024; 16:035013. [PMID: 38604162 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad3d8a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries can lead to sensory or motor deficits that have a serious impact on a patient's mental health and quality of life. Nevertheless, it remains a major clinical challenge to develop functional nerve conduits as an alternative to autologous grafts. We applied reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as a bioactive conductive material to impart electrophysiological properties to a 3D printed scaffold and the application of a pulsed magnetic field to excite the formation of microcurrents and induce nerve regeneration.In vitrostudies showed that the nerve scaffold and the pulsed magnetic field made no effect on cell survival, increased S-100βprotein expression, enhanced cell adhesion, and increased the expression level of nerve regeneration-related mRNAs.In vivoexperiments suggested that the protocol was effective in promoting nerve regeneration, resulting in functional recovery of sciatic nerves in rats, when they were damaged close to that of the autologous nerve graft, and increased expression of S-100β, NF200, and GAP43. These results indicate that rGO composite nerve scaffolds combined with pulsed magnetic field stimulation have great potential for peripheral nerve rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichao Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Stomatology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology and NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology and NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijun Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Stomatology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology and NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology and NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongxi Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510030, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Kang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Stomatology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology and NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology and NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang Xie
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Stomatology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology and NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology and NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Cai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Stomatology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology and NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology and NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Shan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Stomatology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology and NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology and NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- National Center for Stomatology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Second Clinical Division, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology and National Center of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology and NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology and NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
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Schneider M, Potthoff AL, Karpel-Massler G, Schuss P, Siegelin MD, Debatin KM, Duffau H, Vatter H, Herrlinger U, Westhoff MA. The Alcatraz-Strategy: a roadmap to break the connectivity barrier in malignant brain tumours. Mol Oncol 2024. [PMID: 38567664 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the discovery of functional and communicative cellular tumour networks has led to a new understanding of malignant primary brain tumours. In this review, the authors shed light on the diverse nature of cell-to-cell connections in brain tumours and propose an innovative treatment approach to address the detrimental connectivity of these networks. The proposed therapeutic outlook revolves around three main strategies: (a) supramarginal resection removing a substantial portion of the communicating tumour cell front far beyond the gadolinium-enhancing tumour mass, (b) morphological isolation at the single cell level disrupting structural cell-to-cell contacts facilitated by elongated cellular membrane protrusions known as tumour microtubes (TMs), and (c) functional isolation at the single cell level blocking TM-mediated intercellular cytosolic exchange and inhibiting neuronal excitatory input into the malignant network. We draw an analogy between the proposed therapeutic outlook and the Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary, where inmates faced an impassable sea barrier and experienced both spatial and functional isolation within individual cells. Based on current translational efforts and ongoing clinical trials, we propose the Alcatraz-Strategy as a promising framework to tackle the harmful effects of cellular brain tumour networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schneider
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
- Brain Tumour Translational Research Group, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna-Laura Potthoff
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
- Brain Tumour Translational Research Group, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Schuss
- Department of Neurosurgery, BG Klinikum Unfallkrankenhaus Berlin gGmbH, Germany
| | - Markus D Siegelin
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Klaus-Michael Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Germany
| | - Hugues Duffau
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier University Medical Center, France
- Team "Plasticity of Central Nervous System, Stem Cells and Glial Tumors," National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1191 Laboratory, Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, France
| | - Hartmut Vatter
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
- Brain Tumour Translational Research Group, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Herrlinger
- Brain Tumour Translational Research Group, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
- Division of Clinical Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Mike-Andrew Westhoff
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Germany
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4
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Lisek M, Tomczak J, Boczek T, Zylinska L. Calcium-Associated Proteins in Neuroregeneration. Biomolecules 2024; 14:183. [PMID: 38397420 PMCID: PMC10887043 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of intracellular calcium levels is a critical factor in neurodegeneration, leading to the aberrant activation of calcium-dependent processes and, ultimately, cell death. Ca2+ signals vary in magnitude, duration, and the type of neuron affected. A moderate Ca2+ concentration can initiate certain cellular repair pathways and promote neuroregeneration. While the peripheral nervous system exhibits an intrinsic regenerative capability, the central nervous system has limited self-repair potential. There is evidence that significant variations exist in evoked calcium responses and axonal regeneration among neurons, and individual differences in regenerative capacity are apparent even within the same type of neurons. Furthermore, some studies have shown that neuronal activity could serve as a potent regulator of this process. The spatio-temporal patterns of calcium dynamics are intricately controlled by a variety of proteins, including channels, ion pumps, enzymes, and various calcium-binding proteins, each of which can exert either positive or negative effects on neural repair, depending on the cellular context. In this concise review, we focus on several calcium-associated proteins such as CaM kinase II, GAP-43, oncomodulin, caldendrin, calneuron, and NCS-1 in order to elaborate on their roles in the intrinsic mechanisms governing neuronal regeneration following traumatic damage processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ludmila Zylinska
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (M.L.); (J.T.); (T.B.)
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5
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Mu JD, Ma LX, Zhang Z, Qian X, Zhang QY, Ma LH, Sun TY. The factors affecting neurogenesis after stroke and the role of acupuncture. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1082625. [PMID: 36741282 PMCID: PMC9895425 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1082625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke induces a state of neuroplasticity in the central nervous system, which can lead to neurogenesis phenomena such as axonal growth and synapse formation, thus affecting stroke outcomes. The brain has a limited ability to repair ischemic damage and requires a favorable microenvironment. Acupuncture is considered a feasible and effective neural regulation strategy to improve functional recovery following stroke via the benign modulation of neuroplasticity. Therefore, we summarized the current research progress on the key factors and signaling pathways affecting neurogenesis, and we also briefly reviewed the research progress of acupuncture to improve functional recovery after stroke by promoting neurogenesis. This study aims to provide new therapeutic perspectives and strategies for the recovery of motor function after stroke based on neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Dan Mu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Liang-Xiao Ma
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China,The Key Unit of State Administration of Traditional Chines Medicine, Evaluation of Characteristic Acupuncture Therapy, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Liang-Xiao Ma ✉
| | - Zhou Zhang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Qian
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qin-Yong Zhang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ling-Hui Ma
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Yi Sun
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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6
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Venkataramani V, Schneider M, Giordano FA, Kuner T, Wick W, Herrlinger U, Winkler F. Disconnecting multicellular networks in brain tumours. Nat Rev Cancer 2022; 22:481-491. [PMID: 35488036 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-022-00475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells can organize and communicate in functional networks. Similarly to other networks in biology and sociology, these can be highly relevant for growth and resilience. In this Perspective, we demonstrate by the example of glioblastomas and other incurable brain tumours how versatile multicellular tumour networks are formed by two classes of long intercellular membrane protrusions: tumour microtubes and tunnelling nanotubes. The resulting networks drive tumour growth and resistance to standard therapies. This raises the question of how to disconnect brain tumour networks to halt tumour growth and whether this can make established therapies more effective. Emerging principles of tumour networks, their potential relevance for tumour types outside the brain and translational implications, including clinical trials that are already based on these discoveries, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Venkataramani
- Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- National Center for Tumour Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | - Frank Anton Giordano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuner
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wick
- Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumour Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Herrlinger
- Division of Clinical Neurooncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Frank Winkler
- Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- National Center for Tumour Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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7
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Wang X, Liang J, Sun H. The Network of Tumor Microtubes: An Improperly Reactivated Neural Cell Network With Stemness Feature for Resistance and Recurrence in Gliomas. Front Oncol 2022; 12:921975. [PMID: 35847909 PMCID: PMC9277150 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.921975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are known as an incurable brain tumor for the poor prognosis and robust recurrence. In recent years, a cellular subpopulation with tumor microtubes (TMs) was identified in brain tumors, which may provide a new angle to explain the invasion, resistance, recurrence, and heterogeneity of gliomas. Recently, it was demonstrated that the cell subpopulation also expresses neural stem cell markers and shares a lot of features with both immature neurons and cancer stem cells and may be seen as an improperly reactivated neural cell network with a stemness feature at later time points of life. TMs may also provide a new angle to understand the resistance and recurrence mechanisms of glioma stem cells. In this review, we innovatively focus on the common features between TMs and sprouting axons in morphology, formation, and function. Additionally, we summarized the recent progress in the resistance and recurrence mechanisms of gliomas with TMs and explained the incurability and heterogeneity in gliomas with TMs. Moreover, we discussed the recently discovered overlap between cancer stem cells and TM-positive glioma cells, which may contribute to the understanding of resistant glioma cell subpopulation and the exploration of the new potential therapeutic target for gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Wang
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhao Liang
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haitao Sun
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Demyanenko S, Nikul V, Rodkin S, Davletshin A, Evgen'ev MB, Garbuz DG. Exogenous recombinant Hsp70 mediates neuroprotection after photothrombotic stroke. Cell Stress Chaperones 2021; 26:103-114. [PMID: 32870479 PMCID: PMC7736593 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-020-01159-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke is an acute interruption of the blood supply to the brain, which leads to rapid irreversible damage to nerve tissue. Ischaemic stroke is accompanied by the development of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration observed around the affected brain area. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) facilitates cell survival under a variety of different stress conditions. Hsp70 may be secreted from cells and exhibits cytoprotective activity. This activity most likely occurs by decreasing the levels of several proinflammatory cytokines through interaction with a few receptors specific to the innate immune system. Herein, we demonstrated that intranasal administration of recombinant human Hsp70 shows a significant twofold decrease in the volume of local ischaemia induced by photothrombosis in the mouse prefrontal brain cortex. Our results revealed that intranasal injections of recombinant Hsp70 decreased the apoptosis level in the ischaemic penumbra, stimulated axonogenesis and increased the number of neurons producing synaptophysin. Similarly, in the isolated crayfish stretch receptor, consisting of a single sensory neuron surrounded by the glial envelope, exogenous Hsp70 significantly decreased photoinduced apoptosis and necrosis of glial cells. The obtained data enable one to consider human recombinant Hsp70 as a promising compound that could be translated from the bench into clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Demyanenko
- Laboratory "Molecular Neurobiology", Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Prospect Stachki 194/1, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - V Nikul
- Laboratory "Molecular Neurobiology", Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Prospect Stachki 194/1, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - S Rodkin
- Laboratory "Molecular Neurobiology", Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Prospect Stachki 194/1, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - A Davletshin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - M B Evgen'ev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - D G Garbuz
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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9
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Chung D, Shum A, Caraveo G. GAP-43 and BASP1 in Axon Regeneration: Implications for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:567537. [PMID: 33015061 PMCID: PMC7494789 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.567537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) and brain acid-soluble protein 1 (BASP1) regulate actin dynamics and presynaptic vesicle cycling at axon terminals, thereby facilitating axonal growth, regeneration, and plasticity. These functions highly depend on changes in GAP-43 and BASP1 expression levels and post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation. Interestingly, examinations of GAP-43 and BASP1 in neurodegenerative diseases reveal alterations in their expression and phosphorylation profiles. This review provides an overview of the structural properties, regulations, and functions of GAP-43 and BASP1, highlighting their involvement in neural injury response and regeneration. By discussing GAP-43 and BASP1 in the context of neurodegenerative diseases, we also explore the therapeutic potential of modulating their activities to compensate for neuron loss in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daayun Chung
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Andrew Shum
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gabriela Caraveo
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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10
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Jung E, Alfonso J, Osswald M, Monyer H, Wick W, Winkler F. Emerging intersections between neuroscience and glioma biology. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:1951-1960. [PMID: 31719671 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0540-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of neuronal and glial networks in the brain depends on the activities of neural progenitors, which are influenced by cell-intrinsic mechanisms, interactions with the local microenvironment and long-range signaling. Progress in neuroscience has helped identify key factors in CNS development. In parallel, studies in recent years have increased our understanding of molecular and cellular factors in the development and growth of primary brain tumors. To thrive, glioma cells exploit pathways that are active in normal CNS progenitor cells, as well as in normal neurotransmitter signaling. Furthermore, tumor cells of incurable gliomas integrate into communicating multicellular networks, where they are interconnected through neurite-like cellular protrusions. In this Review, we discuss evidence that CNS development, organization and function share a number of common features with glioma progression and malignancy. These include mechanisms used by cells to proliferate and migrate, interact with their microenvironment and integrate into multicellular networks. The emerging intersections between the fields of neuroscience and neuro-oncology considered in this review point to new research directions and novel therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Jung
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julieta Alfonso
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Osswald
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hannah Monyer
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Clinical Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wick
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Winkler
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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11
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Nazir FH, Becker B, Brinkmalm A, Höglund K, Sandelius Å, Bergström P, Satir TM, Öhrfelt A, Blennow K, Agholme L, Zetterberg H. Expression and secretion of synaptic proteins during stem cell differentiation to cortical neurons. Neurochem Int 2018; 121:38-49. [PMID: 30342961 PMCID: PMC6232556 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic function and neurotransmitter release are regulated by specific proteins. Cortical neuronal differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) provides an experimental model to obtain more information about synaptic development and physiology in vitro. In this study, expression and secretion of the synaptic proteins, neurogranin (NRGN), growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43), synaptosomal-associated protein-25 (SNAP-25) and synaptotagmin-1 (SYT-1) were analyzed during cortical neuronal differentiation. Protein levels were measured in cells, modeling fetal cortical development and in cell-conditioned media which was used as a model of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), respectively. Human iPSC-derived cortical neurons were maintained over a period of at least 150 days, which encompasses the different stages of neuronal development. The differentiation was divided into the following stages: hiPSC, neuro-progenitors, immature and mature cortical neurons. We show that NRGN was first expressed and secreted by neuro-progenitors while the maximum was reached in mature cortical neurons. GAP-43 was expressed and secreted first by neuro-progenitors and its expression increased markedly in immature cortical neurons. SYT-1 was expressed and secreted already by hiPSC but its expression and secretion peaked in mature neurons. SNAP-25 was first detected in neuro-progenitors and the expression and secretion increased gradually during neuronal stages reaching a maximum in mature neurons. The sensitive analytical techniques used to monitor the secretion of these synaptic proteins during cortical development make these data unique, since the secretion of these synaptic proteins has not been investigated before in such experimental models. The secretory profile of synaptic proteins, together with low release of intracellular content, implies that mature neurons actively secrete these synaptic proteins that previously have been associated with neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. These data support further studies of human neuronal and synaptic development in vitro, and would potentially shed light on the mechanisms underlying altered concentrations of the proteins in bio-fluids in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Hayat Nazir
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-431 80, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Bruno Becker
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-431 80, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, S-431 80, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Ann Brinkmalm
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-431 80, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, S-431 80, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kina Höglund
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-431 80, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, S-431 80, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Åsa Sandelius
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-431 80, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Petra Bergström
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tugce Munise Satir
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Annika Öhrfelt
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-431 80, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-431 80, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, S-431 80, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lotta Agholme
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-431 80, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, S-431 80, Mölndal, Sweden; UCL, Institute of Neurology, Department of Neurodegerative Disease, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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12
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Poplawski G, Ishikawa T, Brifault C, Lee-Kubli C, Regestam R, Henry KW, Shiga Y, Kwon H, Ohtori S, Gonias SL, Campana WM. Schwann cells regulate sensory neuron gene expression before and after peripheral nerve injury. Glia 2018. [PMID: 29520865 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sensory neurons in the PNS demonstrate substantial capacity for regeneration following injury. Recent studies have identified changes in the transcriptome of sensory neurons, which are instrumental for axon regeneration. The role of Schwann cells (SCs) in mediating these changes remains undefined. We tested the hypothesis that SCs regulate expression of genes in sensory neurons before and after PNS injury by comparing mice in which LDL Receptor-related Protein-1 (LRP1) is deleted in SCs (scLRP1-/- mice) with wild-type (scLRP1+/+ ) littermates. LRP1 is an endocytic and cell-signaling receptor that is necessary for normal SC function and the SC response to nerve injury. scLRP1-/- mice represent a characterized model in which the SC response to nerve injury is abnormal. Adult DRG neurons, isolated from scLRP1-/- mice, with or without a conditioning nerve lesion, demonstrated increased neurite outgrowth when cultured ex vivo, compared with neurons from wild-type mice. Following sciatic nerve crush injury, nerve regeneration was accelerated in vivo in scLRP1-/- mice. These results were explained by transcriptional activation of RAGs in DRG neurons in scLRP1-/- mice prior to nerve injury. Although the presence of abnormal SCs in scLRP1-/- mice primed DRG neurons for repair, nerve regeneration in scLRP1-/- mice resulted in abnormalities in ultrastructure, principally in Remak bundles, and with the onset of neuropathic pain. These results demonstrate the importance of SCs in controlling RAG expression by neurons and the potential for this process to cause chronic pain when abnormal. The SC may represent an important target for preventing pain following PNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Poplawski
- Department of Neurosciences, UCSD, La Jolla, California.,Program in Neuroscience, UCSD, La Jolla, California
| | - Tetsuhiro Ishikawa
- Department of Anesthesiology, UCSD, La Jolla, California.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Yasuhiro Shiga
- Department of Anesthesiology, UCSD, La Jolla, California.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - HyoJun Kwon
- Department of Anesthesiology, UCSD, La Jolla, California
| | - Seiji Ohtori
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Wendy M Campana
- Program in Neuroscience, UCSD, La Jolla, California.,Department of Anesthesiology, UCSD, La Jolla, California
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13
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Henschke JU, Ohl FW, Budinger E. Crossmodal Connections of Primary Sensory Cortices Largely Vanish During Normal Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:52. [PMID: 29551970 PMCID: PMC5840148 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During aging, human response times (RTs) to unisensory and crossmodal stimuli decrease. However, the elderly benefit more from crossmodal stimulus representations than younger people. The underlying short-latency multisensory integration process is mediated by direct crossmodal connections at the level of primary sensory cortices. We investigate the age-related changes of these connections using a rodent model (Mongolian gerbil), retrograde tracer injections into the primary auditory (A1), somatosensory (S1), and visual cortex (V1), and immunohistochemistry for markers of apoptosis (Caspase-3), axonal plasticity (Growth associated protein 43, GAP 43), and a calcium-binding protein (Parvalbumin, PV). In adult animals, primary sensory cortices receive a substantial number of direct thalamic inputs from nuclei of their matched, but also from nuclei of non-matched sensory modalities. There are also direct intracortical connections among primary sensory cortices and connections with secondary sensory cortices of other modalities. In very old animals, the crossmodal connections strongly decrease in number or vanish entirely. This is likely due to a retraction of the projection neuron axonal branches rather than ongoing programmed cell death. The loss of crossmodal connections is also accompanied by changes in anatomical correlates of inhibition and excitation in the sensory thalamus and cortex. Together, the loss and restructuring of crossmodal connections during aging suggest a shift of multisensory processing from primary cortices towards other sensory brain areas in elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia U Henschke
- Department Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank W Ohl
- Department Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Eike Budinger
- Department Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
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14
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Evaluation of specific neural marker GAP-43 and TH combined with Masson-trichrome staining for forensic autopsy cases with old myocardial infarction. Int J Legal Med 2017; 132:187-195. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1590-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Greig CJ, Gandotra N, Tackett JJ, Bamdad MC, Cowles RA. Enhanced serotonin signaling increases intestinal neuroplasticity. J Surg Res 2016; 206:151-158. [PMID: 27916355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestinal mucosa recovers from injury by accelerating enterocyte proliferation resulting in villus growth. A similar phenomenon is seen after massive bowel resection. Serotonin (5-HT) has been implicated as an important regulator of mucosal homeostasis by promoting growth in the epithelium. The impact of 5-HT on other components of growing villi is not known. We hypothesized that 5-HT-stimulated growth in the intestinal epithelium would be associated with growth in other components of the villus such as enteric neural axonal processes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Enteric serotonergic signaling is inactivated by the serotonin reuptake transporter, or SERT, molecule. Enhanced serotonin signaling was achieved via SERT knockout (SERTKO) and administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) to wild-type mice (WT-SSRI). 5-HT synthesis inhibition was achieved with administration of 4-chloro-L-phenylalanine (PCPA). Intestinal segments from age-matched WT, SERTKO, WT-SSRI, and corresponding PCPA-treated animals were assessed via villus height, crypt depth, and crypt proliferation. Gap 43, a marker of neuroplasticity, was assessed via immunofluorescence and Western blot. RESULTS SERTKO and WT-SSRI mice had taller villi, deeper crypts, and increased enterocyte proliferation compared with WT mice. Gap 43 expression via immunofluorescence was significantly increased in SERTKO and WT-SSRI samples, as well as in Western blot analysis. PCPA-treated SERTKO and WT-SSRI animals demonstrated reversal of 5-HT-induced growth and Gap 43 expression. CONCLUSIONS Enhanced 5-HT signaling results in intestinal mucosal growth in both the epithelial cell compartment and the enteric nervous system. Furthermore, 5-HT synthesis inhibition resulted in reversal of effects, suggesting that 5-HT is a critically important regulator of intestinal mucosal growth and neuronal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chasen J Greig
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Neeru Gandotra
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - John J Tackett
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Michaela C Bamdad
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Robert A Cowles
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
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16
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Kivity S, Shoenfeld Y, Arango MT, Cahill DJ, O'Kane SL, Zusev M, Slutsky I, Harel-Meir M, Chapman J, Matthias T, Blank M. Anti-ribosomal-phosphoprotein autoantibodies penetrate to neuronal cells via neuronal growth associated protein, affecting neuronal cells in vitro. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2016; 60:kew027. [PMID: 27155204 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anti-ribosomal-phosphoprotein antibodies (anti-Ribos.P Abs) are detected in 10-45% of NPSLE patients. Intracerebroventricular administration of anti-ribosomal-P Abs induces depression-like behaviour in mice. We aimed to discern the mechanism by which anti-Ribos.P Abs induce behavioural changes in mice. METHODS Anti-Ribos.P Abs were exposed to human and rat neuronal cell cultures, as well as to human umbilical vein endothelial cell cultures for a control. The cellular localization of anti-Ribo.P Abs was found by an immunofluorescent technique using a confocal microscope. Identification of the target molecules was undertaken using a cDNA library. Immunohistochemistry and an inhibition assay were carried out to confirm the identity of the target molecules. Neuronal cell proliferation was measured by bromodeoxyuridine, and Akt and Erk expression by immunoblot. RESULTS Human anti-Ribos.P Abs penetrated into human neuronal cells and rat hippocampal cell cultures in vitro, but not to endothelial cells as examined. Screening a high-content human cDNA-library with anti-Ribos.P Abs identified neuronal growth-associated protein (GAP43) as a target for anti-Ribos.P Abs. Ex vivo anti-Ribos.P Abs bind to mouse brain sections of hippocampus, dentate and amygdala. Anti-Ribos.P Abs brain-binding was prevented by GAP43 protein. Interestingly, GAP43 inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the anti-Ribos.P Abs binding to recombinant-ribosomal-P0, indicating mimicry between the ribosomal-P0 protein and GAP43. Furthermore, anti-Ribos.P Abs reduced neuronal cell proliferation activity in vitro (P < 0.001), whereas GAP43 decreased this inhibitory activity by a factor of 7.6. The last was related to Akt and Erk dephosphorylation. CONCLUSION Anti-Ribos.P Abs penetrate neuronal cells in vitro by targeting GAP43. Anti -Ribos.P Abs inhibit neuronal-cell proliferation via inhibition of Akt and Erk. Our data contribute to deciphering the mechanism for anti-Ribos.P Abs' pathogenic activity in NPSLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaye Kivity
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Maria-Teresa Arango
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Dolores J Cahill
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Sara Louise O'Kane
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Margalit Zusev
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Inna Slutsky
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv
| | - Michal Harel-Meir
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Joab Chapman
- Department of Neurology, Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Miri Blank
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
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17
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Forsova OS, Zakharov VV. High-order oligomers of intrinsically disordered brain proteins BASP1 and GAP-43 preserve the structural disorder. FEBS J 2016; 283:1550-69. [PMID: 26918762 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Brain acid-soluble protein-1 (BASP1) and growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) are presynaptic membrane proteins participating in axon guidance, neuroregeneration and synaptic plasticity. They are presumed to sequester phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2 ) in lipid rafts. Previously we have shown that the proteins form heterogeneously sized oligomers in the presence of anionic phospholipids or SDS at submicellar concentration. BASP1 and GAP-43 are intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). In light of this, we investigated the structure of their oligomers. Using partial cross-linking of the oligomers with glutaraldehyde, the aggregation numbers of BASP1 and GAP-43 were estimated as 10-14 and 6-7 monomer subunits, respectively. The cross-linking pattern indicated that the subunits are circularly arranged. The circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the monomers were characteristic of coil-like IDPs showing unordered structure with a high population of polyproline-II conformation. The oligomerization was accompanied by a minor CD spectral change attributable to formation of a small amount of α-helix. The number of residues in the α-helical conformation was estimated as 13 in BASP1 and 18 in GAP-43. However, the overall structure of the oligomers remained disordered, indicating a high degree of 'fuzziness'. This was confirmed by measuring the hydrodynamic dimensions of the oligomers using polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis and size-exclusion chromatography, and by assaying their sensitivity to proteolytic digestion. There is evidence that the observed α-helical folding occurs within the basic effector domains, which are presumably tethered together via anionic molecules of SDS or PIP2 . We conclude that BASP1 and GAP-43 oligomers preserve a mostly disordered structure, which may be of great importance for their function in PIP2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana S Forsova
- Molecular and Radiation Biophysics Division, B. P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, National Research Centre 'Kurchatov Institute', Gatchina, Russia.,Laboratory of Natural Polymers, Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladislav V Zakharov
- Molecular and Radiation Biophysics Division, B. P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, National Research Centre 'Kurchatov Institute', Gatchina, Russia.,Laboratory of Natural Polymers, Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Nanotechnology and Telecommunications, Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University, Russia
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18
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Expressing Constitutively Active Rheb in Adult Neurons after a Complete Spinal Cord Injury Enhances Axonal Regeneration beyond a Chondroitinase-Treated Glial Scar. J Neurosci 2015; 35:11068-80. [PMID: 26245968 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0719-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED After a spinal cord injury (SCI), CNS axons fail to regenerate, resulting in permanent deficits. This is due to: (1) the presence of inhibitory molecules, e.g., chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPG), in the glial scar at the lesion; and (2) the diminished growth capacity of adult neurons. We sought to determine whether expressing a constitutively active form of the GTPase Rheb (caRheb) in adult neurons after a complete SCI in rats improves intrinsic growth potential to result in axon regeneration out of a growth-supportive peripheral nerve grafted (PNG) into the SCI cavity. We also hypothesized that treating the glial scar with chondroitinase ABC (ChABC), which digests CSPG, would further allow caRheb-transduced neurons to extend axons across the distal graft interface. We found that targeting this pathway at a clinically relevant post-SCI time point improves both sprouting and regeneration of axons. CaRheb increased the number of axons, but not the number of neurons, that projected into the PNG, indicative of augmented sprouting. We also saw that caRheb enhanced sprouting far rostral to the injury. CaRheb not only increased growth rostral and into the graft, it also resulted in significantly more regrowth of axons across a ChABC-treated scar into caudal spinal cord. CaRheb(+) neurons had higher levels of growth-associated-43, suggestive of a newly identified mechanism for mTOR-mediated enhancement of regeneration. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time that simultaneously addressing intrinsic and scar-associated, extrinsic impediments to regeneration results in significant regrowth beyond an extremely challenging, complete SCI site. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT After spinal cord injury (SCI), CNS axons fail to regenerate, resulting in permanent deficits. This is due to the diminished growth capacity of adult neurons and the presence of inhibitory molecules in the scar at the lesion. We sought to simultaneously counter both of these obstacles to achieve more robust regeneration after complete SCI. We transduced neurons postinjury to express a constitutively active Rheb to enhance their intrinsic growth potential, transplanted a growth supporting peripheral nerve graft into the lesion cavity, and enzymatically modulated the inhibitory glial scar distal to the graft. We demonstrate, for the first time, that simultaneously addressing neuron-related, intrinsic deficits in axon regrowth and extrinsic, scar-associated impediments to regeneration results in significant regeneration after SCI.
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19
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Jochmann E, Boettger MK, Anand P, Schaible HG. Antigen-induced arthritis in rats is associated with increased growth-associated protein 43-positive intraepidermal nerve fibres remote from the joint. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:299. [PMID: 26503622 PMCID: PMC4621858 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0818-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pain in arthritis may be experienced in regions outside the affected joint, and hyperalgesia may even be widespread. The spread of pain is usually attributed to mechanisms in the central nervous system. We investigated whether rats with antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) exhibit peripheral changes in skin innervation remote from the inflamed joint. Methods After immunization, unilateral AIA in the knee joint was induced in rats. Intraepidermal nerve fibre density was determined by immunohistochemical staining for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) and for nerve fibres expressing calcitonin gene–related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1; the heat and capsaicin receptor), β-tubulin, and growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43; a marker of regenerating nerve fibres) in paw pad skin and back skin. Cluster of differentiation 11b (CD11b)-positive macrophages and CD3-positive T cells were quantified in skin, and macrophages were quantified in the lumbar dorsal root ganglia. In addition, pain-related behaviour was assessed. Results Intraepidermal nerve fibre density (PGP 9.5) and the numbers of fibres expressing CGRP, SP, TRPV1, or β-tubulin did not show a significant change in the acute (3 days) or chronic phase (21 days) of AIA compared with control rats that were only immunized. However, paw skin and back skin revealed a significantly higher number of nerve fibres expressing GAP-43 at both the acute and chronic stages of AIA. The skin of arthritic rats in these regions did not contain a greater density of CD11b and CD3 immune cells than the skin of control rats. Enhanced expression of GAP-43 in nerve fibres of the skin was not related to hyperalgesia in the joint, but it accompanied persistent secondary cutaneous hyperalgesia in the skin remote from the inflamed joint. Conclusions Although the innervation of the skin remote from the joint did not show significant abnormalities of the other nerve fibre markers, the rapid and persistent increase of GAP-43 expression is conspicuous. The data suggest that immune-mediated arthritis is associated with changes in skin innervation remote from the inflamed joint, although the skin is not inflamed, which may contribute to symptoms in nonarticular tissue remote from the affected joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Jochmann
- Institute of Physiology 1/Neurophysiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Teichgraben 8, 07743, Jena, Germany. .,Peripheral Neuropathy Unit, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Michael Karl Boettger
- Institute of Physiology 1/Neurophysiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Teichgraben 8, 07743, Jena, Germany. .,Present address: Bayer HealthCare AG, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Praveen Anand
- Peripheral Neuropathy Unit, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Hans-Georg Schaible
- Institute of Physiology 1/Neurophysiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Teichgraben 8, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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20
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Gorup D, Bohaček I, Miličević T, Pochet R, Mitrečić D, Križ J, Gajović S. Increased expression and colocalization of GAP43 and CASP3 after brain ischemic lesion in mouse. Neurosci Lett 2015; 597:176-82. [PMID: 25929184 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
GAP43 is a protein involved in neurite outgrowth during development and axon regeneration reflecting its presynaptic localization in developing neurons. Recently, it has been demonstrated that GAP43 is a ligand of CASP3 involved in receptor endocytosis and is also localized post-synaptically. In this study, by using a transgenic mouse strain carrying a bioluminescent reporter for GAP43 combined with an in vivo bioluminescence assay for CASP3, we demonstrated that one day after brain ischemic lesion and, even more pronounced, four days after stroke, expression of both CASP3 and Gap43 in neurons increased more than 40 times. The in vivo approach of CASP3 and GAP43 colocalization imaging was further validated and quantified by immunofluorescence. Importantly, in 82% of GAP43 positive cells, colocalization with CASP3 was present. These findings suggested that one and four days after stroke CASP3 expression, not necessarily associated with neuronal death, increased and suggested that CASP3 and GAP43 might be part of a common molecular pathway involved in early response to ischemic events occurring after onset of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunja Gorup
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics and Developmental Genetics, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 12, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia.
| | - Ivan Bohaček
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics and Developmental Genetics, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 12, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia.
| | - Tena Miličević
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics and Developmental Genetics, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 12, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia.
| | - Roland Pochet
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics and Developmental Genetics, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 12, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia; Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, Brussels B-1070, Belgium.
| | - Dinko Mitrečić
- Laboratory for Stem Cells, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 12, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia.
| | - Jasna Križ
- Research Centre of Institute universitaire en santé mentale and Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Quebec City G1J2G3a, Canada.
| | - Srećko Gajović
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics and Developmental Genetics, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 12, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia.
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21
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Wang Y, Liu W, Zhang Q, Zhao H, Quan X. Effects of developmental perfluorooctane sulfonate exposure on spatial learning and memory ability of rats and mechanism associated with synaptic plasticity. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 76:70-6. [PMID: 25524167 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to explore the effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) on cognitive function in developing rats and the underlying mechanism associated with synaptic plasticity. Pregnant Wistar rats were fed with 0, 5, and 15 mg/L of PFOS via drinking water during gestation and lactation. Offspring were exposed to PFOS on prenatal and/or postnatal days by cross-fostering. Spatial learning and memory abilities were tested from postnatal day (PND) 35. We also analyzed the expression pattern of the synaptic plasticity-related genes and proteins in the hippocampus on PND7 and PND35. Results revealed that PFOS exposure reduced the spatial learning and memory abilities of the offspring, particularly of those with prenatal exposure. Meanwhile, protein levels of growth-associated protein-43, neural cell adhesion molecule 1, nerve growth factor, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor decreased on PND35, which are involved in the formation of synaptic plasticity. In contrast, significant increase in gap-43, ncam1, and bdnf genes on the mRNA level was observed on PND7, possibly due to the post-transcriptional mechanism. Results of both behavioral effects and molecular endpoints suggested the high risk of prenatal PFOS exposure. The decline of spatial learning and memory abilities induced by developmental PFOS exposure was closely related to synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Xie Quan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Garrett EC, Dennis JC, Bhatnagar KP, Durham EL, Burrows AM, Bonar CJ, Steckler NK, Morrison EE, Smith TD. The vomeronasal complex of nocturnal strepsirhines and implications for the ancestral condition in primates. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 296:1881-94. [PMID: 24249398 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the vomeronasal organ in extant nocturnal strepsirhines as a model for ancestral primates. Cadaveric samples from 10 strepsirhine species, ranging from fetal to adult ages, were studied histologically. Dimensions of structures in the vomeronasal complex, such as the vomeronasal neuroepithelium (VNNE) and vomeronasal cartilage (VNC) were measured in serial sections and selected specimens were studied immunohistochemically to determine physiological aspects of the vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs). Osteological features corresponding to vomeronasal structures were studied histologically and related to 3-D CT reconstructions. The VNC consistently rests in a depression on the palatal portion of the maxilla, which we refer to as the vomeronasal groove (VNG). Most age comparisons indicate that in adults VNNE is about twice the length compared with perinatal animals. In VNNE volume, adults are 2- to 3-fold larger compared with perinatal specimens. Across ages, a strong linear relationship exists between VNNE dimensions and body length, mass, and midfacial length. Results indicate that the VNNE of nocturnal strepsirhines is neurogenic postnatally based on GAP43 expression. In addition, based on Olfactory Marker Protein expression, terminally differentiated VSNs are present in the VNNE. Therefore, nocturnal strepsirhines have basic similarities to rodents in growth and maturational characteristics of VSNs. These results indicate that a functional vomeronasal system is likely present in all nocturnal strepsirhines. Finally, given that osteological features such as the VNG are visible on midfacial bones, primate fossils can be assessed to determine whether primate ancestors possessed a vomeronasal complex morphologically similar to that of modern nocturnal strepsirhines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva C Garrett
- Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center at the City University of New York, New York, 10016; New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York
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23
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Oberbauer E, Urmann C, Steffenhagen C, Bieler L, Brunner D, Furtner T, Humpel C, Bäumer B, Bandtlow C, Couillard-Despres S, Rivera FJ, Riepl H, Aigner L. Chroman-like cyclic prenylflavonoids promote neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth and are neuroprotective. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:1953-62. [PMID: 24070601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids target a variety of pathophysiological mechanisms and are therefore increasingly considered as compounds encompassed with therapeutic potentials in diseases such as cancer, diabetes, arteriosclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases and mood disorders. Hops (Humulus lupulus L.) is rich in flavonoids such as the flavanone 8-prenylnaringenin, which is the most potent phytoestrogen identified so far, and the prenylchalcone xanthohumol, which has potent tumor-preventive, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities. In the present study, we questioned whether hops-derived prenylflavonoids and synthetic derivatives thereof act on neuronal precursor cells and neuronal cell lines to induce neuronal differentiation, neurite outgrowth and neuroprotection. Therefore, mouse embryonic forebrain-derived neural precursors and Neuro2a neuroblastoma-derived cells were stimulated with the prenylflavonoids of interest, and their potential to activate the promoter of the neuronal fate-specific doublecortin gene and to stimulate neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth was analyzed. In this screening, we identified highly "neuroactive" compounds, which we termed "enhancement of neuronal differentiation factors" (ENDFs). The most potent molecule, ENDF1, was demonstrated to promote neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells and neurite outgrowth of cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons and protected neuronal PC12 cells from cobalt chloride-induced as well as cholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis of Meynert from deafferentation-induced cell death. The results indicate that hops-derived prenylflavonoids such as ENDFs might be powerful molecules to promote neurogenesis, neuroregeneration and neuroprotection in cases of chronic neurodegenerative diseases, acute brain and spinal cord lesion and age-associated cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Oberbauer
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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24
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Morita S, Miyata S. Synaptic localization of growth-associated protein 43 in cultured hippocampal neurons during synaptogenesis. Cell Biochem Funct 2012; 31:400-11. [PMID: 23055398 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43), a novel axonal phosphoprotein, is originally identified as a growth-cone-specific protein of developing neurons in vitro. The expression of GAP-43 is also shown to be up-regulated concomitant with increased synaptic plasticity in the brains in vivo, but how GAP-43 is concerned with synaptic plasticity is not well understood. In the present study, therefore, we aimed to elucidate subcellular localization of GAP-43 as culture development of rat hippocampal neurons. Western blotting showed that the expression of GAP-43 in the cerebral and hippocampal tissues was prominently high at postnatal days 14 and 21 or the active period of synaptogenesis. Double-labelling immunohistochemistry with an axonal marker Tau revealed that the immunoreactivity of GAP-43 was seen throughout axons of cultured hippocampal neurons but stronger at axonal puncta of developing neurons than axonal processes. Double-labelling immunohistochemistry with presynaptic terminal markers of synapsin and synaptotagmin revealed that the immunoreactivity of GAP-43 was observed mostly at weak synapsin- and synaptotagmin-positive puncta rather than strong ones. The quantitative analysis of immunofluorescent intensity showed a clear inverse correlation between GAP-43 and either synapsin or synaptotagmin expression. These data indicate that GAP-43 is highly expressed at immature growing axonal terminals and its expression is decreased along with the maturation of synaptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Morita
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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25
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Patodia S, Raivich G. Downstream effector molecules in successful peripheral nerve regeneration. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 349:15-26. [PMID: 22580509 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The robust axon regeneration that occurs following peripheral nerve injury is driven by transcriptional activation of the regeneration program and by the expression of a wide range of downstream effector molecules from neuropeptides and neurotrophic factors to adhesion molecules and cytoskeletal adaptor proteins. These regeneration-associated effector molecules regulate the actin-tubulin machinery of growth-cones, integrate intracellular signalling and stimulatory and inhibitory signals from the local environment and translate them into axon elongation. In addition to the neuronally derived molecules, an important transcriptional component is found in locally activated Schwann cells and macrophages, which release a number of cytokines, growth factors and neurotrophins that support neuronal survival and axonal regeneration and that might provide directional guidance cues towards appropriate peripheral targets. This review aims to provide a comprehensive up-to-date account of the transcriptional regulation and functional role of these effector molecules and of the information that they can give us with regard to the organisation of the regeneration program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Patodia
- Centre for Perinatal Brain Protection and Repair, University College London, Chenies Mews 86-96, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
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26
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Burello L, De Bartolo P, Gelfo F, Foti F, Angelucci F, Petrosini L. Functional recovery after cerebellar damage is related to GAP-43-mediated reactive responses of pre-cerebellar and deep cerebellar nuclei. Exp Neurol 2012; 233:273-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Jaken RJ, van Gorp S, Joosten EA, Losen M, Martínez-Martínez P, De Baets M, Marcus MA, Deumens R. Neuropathy-induced spinal GAP-43 expression is not a main player in the onset of mechanical pain hypersensitivity. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28:2463-73. [PMID: 21671799 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural plasticity within the spinal nociceptive network may be fundamental to the chronic nature of neuropathic pain. In the present study, the spatiotemporal expression of growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43), a protein which has been traditionally implicated in nerve fiber growth and sprouting, was investigated in relation to mechanical pain hypersensitivity. An L5 spinal nerve transection model was validated by the presence of mechanical pain hypersensitivity and an increase in the early neuronal activation marker cFos within the superficial spinal dorsal horn upon innocuous hindpaw stimulation. Spinal GAP-43 was found to be upregulated in the superficial L5 dorsal horn from 5 up to 10 days after injury. GAP-43 was co-localized with calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP), but not vesicular glutamate transporter-1 (VGLUT-1), IB4, or protein kinase-γ (PKC-γ), suggesting the regulation of GAP-43 in peptidergic nociceptive afferents. These GAP-43/CGRP fibers may be indicative of sprouting peptidergic fibers. Fiber sprouting largely depends on growth factors, which are typically associated with neuro-inflammatory processes. The putative role of neuropathy-induced GAP-43 expression in the development of mechanical pain hypersensitivity was investigated using the immune modulator propentofylline. Propentofylline treatment strongly attenuated the development of mechanical pain hypersensitivity and glial responses to nerve injury as measured by microglial and astroglial markers, but did not affect neuropathy-induced levels of spinal GAP-43 or GAP-43 regulation in CGRP fibers. We conclude that nerve injury induces structural plasticity in fibers expressing CGRP, which is regarded as a main player in central sensitization. Our data do not, however, support a major role of these structural changes in the onset of mechanical pain hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robby J Jaken
- Pain Management and Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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28
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Sex Steroid Hormones Regulate the Expression of Growth-associated Protein 43, Microtubule-associated Protein 2, Synapsin 1 and Actin in the Ventromedial Nucleus of the Hypothalamus. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 46:622-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Fei W, Aixi Y, Danmou X, Wusheng K, Zhengren P, Ting R. The mood stabilizer valproic acid induces proliferation and myelination of rat Schwann cells. Neurosci Res 2011; 70:383-90. [PMID: 21530595 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) within peripheral nerve respond robustly after exposure to neurotrophic factors. Recent results have revealed that valproic acid (VPA), at a clinically relevant therapeutic concentration, produces effects similar to neurotrophic factors, and promotes neurite growth and cell survival. We hypothesized that VPA could also induce Schwann cell response. In this study, we sought to determine how pure Schwann cells responded to VPA by evaluating for proliferation, expression of S-100, growth cone-associated protein 43 (GAP-43), myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), and myelin basic protein (MBP). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the Schwann cells were positive for S-100, GAP-43, MAG, and MBP greater than 99% of the experimental cells. The rate of proliferation was increased in experimental cells from MTT assay and Bromodeoxyuridine/DAPI double staining. Furthermore, Western blot showed an up-regulation in GAP-43, MAG and MBP protein expression in experimental cells, respectively. We also found that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 pathway was involved in the enhanced cell proliferation of Schwann cells evoked by VPA. This study provides novel information regarding Schwann cell response to VPA, which might help the understanding of VPA-based treatment for peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Fei
- Department of Hand Surgery & Microsurgery, Affiliated Pu Ai Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan City, Hu Bei Province, People's Republic of China
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30
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Abe N, Borson SH, Gambello MJ, Wang F, Cavalli V. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation increases axonal growth capacity of injured peripheral nerves. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:28034-43. [PMID: 20615870 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.125336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike neurons in the central nervous system (CNS), injured neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) can regenerate their axons and reinnervate their targets. However, functional recovery in the PNS often remains suboptimal, especially in cases of severe damage. The lack of regenerative ability of CNS neurons has been linked to down-regulation of the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway. We report here that PNS dorsal root ganglial neurons (DRGs) activate mTOR following damage and that this activity enhances axonal growth capacity. Furthermore, genetic up-regulation of mTOR activity by deletion of tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) in DRGs is sufficient to enhance axonal growth capacity in vitro and in vivo. We further show that mTOR activity is linked to the expression of GAP-43, a crucial component of axonal outgrowth. However, although TSC2 deletion in DRGs facilitates axonal regrowth, it leads to defects in target innervation. Thus, whereas manipulation of mTOR activity could provide new strategies to stimulate nerve regeneration in the PNS, fine control of mTOR activity is required for proper target innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namiko Abe
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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31
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Denny JB. Molecular mechanisms, biological actions, and neuropharmacology of the growth-associated protein GAP-43. Curr Neuropharmacol 2010; 4:293-304. [PMID: 18654638 DOI: 10.2174/157015906778520782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
GAP-43 is an intracellular growth-associated protein that appears to assist neuronal pathfinding and branching during development and regeneration, and may contribute to presynaptic membrane changes in the adult, leading to the phenomena of neurotransmitter release, endocytosis and synaptic vesicle recycling, long-term potentiation, spatial memory formation, and learning. GAP-43 becomes bound via palmitoylation and the presence of three basic residues to membranes of the early secretory pathway. It is then sorted onto vesicles at the late secretory pathway for fast axonal transport to the growth cone or presynaptic plasma membrane. The palmitate chains do not serve as permanent membrane anchors for GAP-43, because at steady-state most of the GAP-43 in a cell is membrane-bound but is not palmitoylated. Filopodial extension and branching take place when GAP-43 is phosphorylated at Ser-41 by protein kinase C, and this occurs following neurotrophin binding and the activation of numerous small GTPases. GAP-43 has been proposed to cluster the acidic phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in plasma membrane rafts. Following GAP-43 phosphorylation, this phospholipid is released to promote local actin filament-membrane attachment. The phosphorylation also releases GAP-43 from calmodulin. The released GAP-43 may then act as a lateral stabilizer of actin filaments. N-terminal fragments of GAP-43, containing 10-20 amino acids, will activate heterotrimeric G proteins, direct GAP-43 to the membrane and lipid rafts, and cause the formation of filopodia, possibly by causing a change in membrane tension. This review will focus on new information regarding GAP-43, including its binding to membranes and its incorporation into lipid rafts, its mechanism of action, and how it affects and is affected by extracellular agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Denny
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.
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32
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Role of the growth-associated protein GAP-43 in NCAM-mediated neurite outgrowth. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 663:169-82. [PMID: 20017022 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1170-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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33
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Higo N, Nishimura Y, Murata Y, Oishi T, Yoshino-Saito K, Takahashi M, Tsuboi F, Isa T. Increased expression of the growth-associated protein 43 gene in the sensorimotor cortex of the macaque monkey after lesioning the lateral corticospinal tract. J Comp Neurol 2009; 516:493-506. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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34
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Jutapakdeegul N, Afadlal S, Polaboon N, Phansuwan‐Pujito P, Govitrapong P. Repeated restraint stress and corticosterone injections during late pregnancy alter GAP‐43 expression in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of rat pups. Int J Dev Neurosci 2009; 28:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nuanchan Jutapakdeegul
- Neuro‐Behavioral Biology CenterInstitute of Molecular BiosciencesMahidol UniversityNakornpathom73170Thailand
| | - Szeifoul Afadlal
- Neuro‐Behavioral Biology CenterInstitute of Molecular BiosciencesMahidol UniversityNakornpathom73170Thailand
| | - Nongnuch Polaboon
- Faculty of Allied Health SciencesChristian UniversityNakornpathom73000Thailand
| | | | - Piyarat Govitrapong
- Neuro‐Behavioral Biology CenterInstitute of Molecular BiosciencesMahidol UniversityNakornpathom73170Thailand
- Center for NeuroscienceFaculty of ScienceMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of ScienceMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
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35
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Nguyen L, He Q, Meiri KF. Regulation of GAP-43 at serine 41 acts as a switch to modulate both intrinsic and extrinsic behaviors of growing neurons, via altered membrane distribution. Mol Cell Neurosci 2009; 41:62-73. [PMID: 19249369 PMCID: PMC2795319 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
GAP-43 is the major neuronal substrate of protein kinase C (PKC). Its phosphorylation status dictates the severity of pathfinding errors by GAP-43 (+/-) growth cones in vivo, as well as its modulation of actin dynamics in vitro. These experiments show that stably overexpressing cDNAs mutant at its single PKC phosphorylation site at serine41 in retinoic acid treated SH-Sy5Y neuroblastoma cells regulates intrinsic and extrinsic behaviors of growing neurons. Intrinsically, only Wt and pseudophosphorylated GAP-43Ser41Asp precipitated with F-actin and potentiated F-actin - regulated filopodia formation. GAP-43Ser41Asp inhibited neurite outgrowth whereas only unphosphorylatable GAP-43Ser41Ala precipitated neurotubulin, potentiated neurotubulin accumulation in neurites and increased outgrowth. When PI3-kinase was inhibited GAP-43Ser41Asp-mediated filopodia formation was inhibited whereas GAP-43Ser41Ala-mediated neurite extension was potentiated. Extrinsically, only Wt and GAP-43Ser41Asp potentiated both homotypic adhesion and neurite outgrowth on NCAM-expressing monolayers and promoted NCAM stability. With respect to the underlying mechanism, more F-actin and NCAM colocalized with Wt and GAP-43Ser41Asp in detergent resistant membranes (DRMs) isolated from live cells and GAP-43Ser41Asp-mediated functions were insensitive to cholesterol depletion. In contrast, GAP-43Ser41Ala-mediated functions were sensitive to cholesterol depletion. Neither GAP-43Ser41Asp nor GAP-43Ser41Ala was able to protect against growth cone collapse mediated by PIP2 inhibitors. The results show that modification of GAP-43 at its PKC phosphorylation site directs its distribution to different membrane microdomains that have distinct roles in the regulation of intrinsic and extrinsic behaviors in growing neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilly Nguyen
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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36
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Johansson N, Eriksson P, Viberg H. Neonatal exposure to PFOS and PFOA in mice results in changes in proteins which are important for neuronal growth and synaptogenesis in the developing brain. Toxicol Sci 2009; 108:412-8. [PMID: 19211617 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) belong to the family of perfluorinated compounds. They are used in industrial and consumer applications, e.g., clothing fabrics, carpets, and food packaging. PFOS and PFOA are present in the environment and are found in dust and human milk, which implies that newborns and toddlers can be directly exposed to these agents during brain development. Recently, we reported that PFOS and PFOA can cause neurobehavioral defects and changes in the cholinergic system, in the adult animal, when given directly to neonatal mice, and thereby showing similarities with other investigated persistent organic pollutants, such as dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethan, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). In recent studies, we have also seen that highly brominated PBDEs can affect the levels of proteins that are important for neuronal growth and synaptogenesis in the neonatal mouse brain. The present study shows that a single oral dose of either 21 micromol PFOS or PFOA/kg body weight (11.3 or 8.70 mg), given directly to the neonatal mice on postnatal day 10, significantly increased the levels of CaMKII, GAP-43, and synaptophysin in the hippocampus of the neonatal mouse. Both compounds significantly increased the levels of synaptophysin and tau in cerebral cortex, and PFOA also increased the levels of tau in hippocampus. These proteins are important for normal brain development, and altered levels of these proteins during a critical period of the brain growth spurts could be one of the mechanisms behind earlier reported behavioral defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niclas Johansson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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37
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He J, Liu J, Zhang Z, Sun M, Zhu T, Xia C. Expression of fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1 (FEZ1) in cultured rat neonatal astrocytes. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 325:159-67. [PMID: 19199094 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes play a more important role than simply providing physical support for neurons, however, the function(s) of type 1 and type 2 astrocytes (T1As, T2As), remains unclear. A DNA microarray was used to identify gene expression in cultured T1As and T2As isolated from postnatal day 1 rat cortex. Ninety-nine of the 138 differentially expressed genes were involved in a diverse number of processes. The fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1 (FEZ1) gene was studied further because it has been suggested that it is not expressed by astrocytes. RT-PCR and Western blots confirmed the microarray data and showed that FEZ1 was present in T1 and T2As and is more highly expressed in T2As. Immunocytochemistry revealed that FEZ1 was located in the astrocytic cytoplasm and cell processes but not the nucleus. The results contribute to a clearer understanding of the two types of astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong He
- Cytoneurobiology Unit & Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, JS, 215123, People's Republic of China
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Fujimori KE, Kawasaki T, Deguchi T, Yuba S. Characterization of a nervous system-specific promoter for growth-associated protein 43 gene in Medaka (Oryzias latipes). Brain Res 2008; 1245:1-15. [PMID: 18951884 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Genes expressed by neurons are controlled by specific, interacting cis-regulatory elements and trans-acting factors within their promoters. In the present study, we asked whether the transcriptional machinery regulating neuron-specific gene expression was conserved in evolution. We identified a GAP-43 homolog in Medaka (Oryzias latipes), and analyzed its expression during various stages of development. Compared with the amino acid sequences of GAP-43 homologs in other vertebrates, the amino-terminus of GAP-43 was highly conserved evolutionarily, but the carboxy-terminus exhibited significant variability. Expression of GAP-43 predominantly occurred in cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems as determined by in situ hybridization and by RT-PCR. Expression of GAP-43 increased throughout development and significant levels continued to be expressed into adulthood. We also showed that a proximal approximately 2.0 kbp fragment in the 5'-flanking region had promoter activity as determined by in vivo reporter assays. Furthermore, based upon computational analysis of transcription factor binding sites and an in vivo reporter analysis using sequentially deleted promoters, we demonstrated that cis-regulatory elements for neuronal expression were widely distributed in this region. In mammals, a TATA-box, E-box and neuronal repressive elements have been thought to contribute to neuronal expression. However, these features were not found in the orthologous region of the Medaka GAP-43 promoter. Our results suggest that the arrangement of cis-regulatory elements of the GAP-43 ortholog in Medaka is different from that in mammals, yet maintains neuron-specific regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro E Fujimori
- Research Institute for Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nakoji 3-11-46, Amagasaki, Hyogo 661-0974, Japan.
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Korshunova I, Mosevitsky M. Role of the Growth-associated Protein GAP-43 in NCAM-mediated Neurite Outgrowth. Neurochem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9800-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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A comparison of LEDGFp52 and CNTF on the in vitro growth of rat retinal ganglion cell neurites. Neurosci Lett 2008; 440:9-13. [PMID: 18541375 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF) can be alternatively spliced to produce two isoforms-LEDGFp52 and LEDGFp75, however, LEDGFp52 has rarely been investigated. The LEDGFp52 protein or its monoclonal antibody was added to primary rat retinal ganglion cell cultures and their impact on neurite number and length, and the mRNA and protein expression levels of GAP-43, NF-L and MAP-2 quantified. LEDGFp52 was compared to the addition of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). LEDGFp52 protein significantly increased primary neurite growth compared to control conditions. In addition, the expression of GAP-43, NF-L and MAP2 genes and proteins were also significantly up-regulated. The positive action of the LEDGFp52 protein was similar to or more efficacious than CNTF. LEDGFp52 appears to be an important regulatory protein for the growth of cell processes.
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41
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Wu DM, Lu J, Zheng YL, Zhou Z, Shan Q, Ma DF. Purple sweet potato color repairs d-galactose-induced spatial learning and memory impairment by regulating the expression of synaptic proteins. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2008; 90:19-27. [PMID: 18316211 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Revised: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purple sweet potato color (PSPC), a class of naturally occurring anthocyanins used to color food (E163), has been reported to possess a variety of biological activities, including anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory. The effect of PSPC on the spatial learning and memory of mice treated with d-galactose (d-gal) was evaluated by the Morris water maze; d-gal-treated mice had decreased performance compared with mice in the vehicle and PSPC groups, while the PSPC+d-gal group showed significantly shortened escape latency to platform, increased swimming speed, more target quadrant search time and more platform crossings as compared with the d-gal group. Brain functions, such as memory formation and recovery of function after injury, depend on proper regulation of the expression levels of the pre- and post-synaptic proteins. We investigated the expression of four pre-synaptic proteins (growth-associated protein-43, synapsin-I, synaptophysin, and synaptotagmin) and two post-synaptic proteins (post-synaptic density protein-95 and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II) in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, respectively, in response to different treatments. Western blotting analysis showed that there were significant decreases in the expression of these representative synaptic proteins in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of d-gal-treated mice. Interestingly, these decreased expression levels of synaptic proteins could be reversed by PSPC. The levels of expression of these representative synaptic proteins in mice treated with PSPC alone were not significantly different from those in untreated mice. The results of this study suggested that memory impairment and synaptic protein loss in d-gal-treated mice may be improved by treatment with PSPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-mei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Xuzhou Normal University, No. 101 Shanghai Road, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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42
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Higo N, Oishi T, Yamashita A, Murata Y, Matsuda K, Hayashi M. Expression of protein kinase-C substrate mRNA in the motor cortex of adult and infant macaque monkeys. Brain Res 2007; 1171:30-41. [PMID: 17761152 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To understand the molecular and cellular bases of plasticity in the primate motor cortex, we investigated the expression of three protein kinase-C (PKC) substrates: GAP-43, myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS), and neurogranin, which are key molecules regulating synaptic plasticity. Prominent signals for the three mRNAs were primarily observed in pyramidal cells. Large pyramidal cells in layer V, from which the descending motor tract originates, contained weaker hybridization signals for GAP-43 and neurogranin mRNAs than did the smaller pyramidal cells. We also performed double-label in situ hybridization showing that GAP-43 and neurogranin mRNAs were expressed in a subset of MARCKS-positive neurons. Quantitative analysis showed that the expression was different between the layers: layer VI contained the strongest and layer II the weakest signals for all three mRNAs. The expression levels of GAP-43 and MARCKS mRNA in layer V were higher than in layer III, while the expression level of neurogranin mRNA in layer V was almost the same as in layer III. Developmental analysis from the newborn to adult indicated that the expression levels of the three mRNAs were higher in the infant motor cortex than in the adult. The expression of both GAP-43 and neurogranin mRNAs transiently increased over several months postnatally. The present study showed that the expression of the three PKC substrates was specific to cell types, cortical layers, and postnatal developmental stage. The specific expression may reflect functional specialization for plasticity in the motor cortex of both infants and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Higo
- Neuroscience Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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43
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Albright MJ, Weston MC, Inan M, Rosenmund C, Crair MC. Increased thalamocortical synaptic response and decreased layer IV innervation in GAP-43 knockout mice. J Neurophysiol 2007; 98:1610-25. [PMID: 17581849 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00219.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth-associated protein, GAP-43, is an axonally localized neuronal protein with high expression in the developing brain and in regenerating neurites. Mice that lack GAP-43 (GAP-43 -/-) fail to form a whisker-related barrel map. In this study, we use GAP-43 -/- mice to examine GAP-43 synaptic function in the context of thalamocortical synapse development and cortical barrel map formation. Examination of thalamocortical synaptic currents in an acute brain slice preparation and in autaptic thalamic neurons reveals that GAP-43 -/- synapses have larger alpha-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate receptor (AMPAR)-mediated currents than controls despite similar AMPAR function and normal probability of vesicular release. Interestingly, GAP-43 -/- synapses are less sensitive to blockade by a competitive glutamate receptor antagonist, suggesting higher levels of neurotransmitter in the cleft during synaptic transmission. Field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) from GAP-43 -/- thalamocortical synapses reveal a reduced fiber response, and anatomical analysis shows reduced thalamic innervation of barrel cortex in GAP-43 -/- mice. Despite this fact synaptic responses in the field EPSPs are similar in GAP-43 -/- mice and wild-type littermate controls, and the ratio of AMPAR-mediated to N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated currents (AMPAR:NMDAR ratio) is larger than normal. This suggests that GAP-43 -/- mice form fewer thalamocortical synapses in layer IV because of decreased anatomical innervation of the cortex, but the remaining contacts are individually stronger possibly due to increased neurotransmitter concentration in the synaptic cleft. Together, these results indicate that in addition to its well known role in axonal pathfinding GAP-43 plays a functional role in regulating neurotransmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Albright
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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44
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Geremia NM, Gordon T, Brushart TM, Al-Majed AA, Verge VMK. Electrical stimulation promotes sensory neuron regeneration and growth-associated gene expression. Exp Neurol 2007; 205:347-59. [PMID: 17428474 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Revised: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Brief electrical stimulation enhances the regenerative ability of axotomized motor [Nix, W.A., Hopf, H.C., 1983. Electrical stimulation of regenerating nerve and its effect on motor recovery. Brain Res. 272, 21-25; Al-Majed, A.A., Neumann, C.M., Brushart, T.M., Gordon, T., 2000. Brief electrical stimulation promotes the speed and accuracy of motor axonal regeneration. J. Neurosci. 20, 2602-2608] and sensory [Brushart, T.M., Jari, R., Verge, V., Rohde, C., Gordon, T., 2005. Electrical stimulation restores the specificity of sensory axon regeneration. Exp. Neurol. 194, 221-229] neurons. Here we examined the parameter of duration of stimulation on regenerative capacity, including the intrinsic growth programs, of sensory neurons. The effect of 20 Hz continuous electrical stimulation on the number of DRG sensory neurons that regenerate their axons was evaluated following transection and surgical repair of the femoral nerve trunk. Stimulation was applied proximal to the repair site for 1 h, 3 h, 1 day, 7 days or 14 days at the time of nerve repair. Following a 21-day regeneration period, DRG neurons that regenerated axons into the muscle and cutaneous sensory nerve branches were retrogradely identified. Stimulation of 1 h led to a significant increase in DRG neurons regenerating into cutaneous and muscle branches when compared to 0 h (sham) stimulation or longer periods of stimulation. Stimulation for 1 h also significantly increased the numbers of neurons that regenerated axons beyond the repair site 4 days after lesion and was correlated with a significant increase in expression of growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) mRNA in the regenerating neurons at 2 days post-repair. An additional indicator of heightened plasticity following 1 h stimulation was elevated expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The effect of brief stimulation on enhancing sensory and motoneuron regeneration holds promise for inducing improved peripheral nerve repair in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Geremia
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cameco MS/Neuroscience Research Center University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon City Hospital, Saskatchewan, Canada
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45
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Teunissen CE, Dijkstra CD, Jasperse B, Barkhof F, Vanderstichele H, Vanmechelen E, Polman CH, Bö L. Growth-associated protein 43 in lesions and cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2006; 32:318-31. [PMID: 16640650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2006.00730.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Axonal damage in multiple sclerosis (MS) is correlated to disease progression. Early axonal damage may be compensated for by regenerative processes. Growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) is a marker for axonal growth and synaptogenesis in various neurodegenerative diseases. We investigated the expression of GAP-43 in 48 MS grey and white matter lesions of different stages. Decreased GAP-43 expression was found in 74% of the white matter lesions, independent of the lesion stage. In 19 out of 35 white matter lesions, areas of increased GAP-43 expression were present immediately adjacent to the lesions. Increased or unaltered expression was observed in remyelinated lesions. GAP-43 was expressed in neurofilament-positive structures. GAP-43 expression appeared unchanged in grey matter lesions. Macrophages were present in the areas of changed GAP-43 expression. cerebrospinal fluid GAP-43 levels were negatively correlated with magnetic resonance imaging measures of whole-brain atrophy (r = -0.30). In conclusion, these results indicate that decreased GAP-43 immunopositivity reflects axonal damage in MS lesions, which may again be reflected in decreased cerebrospinal fluid levels. The increased levels of GAP-43 in remyelinated or nondemyelinated white matter close to MS lesions may reflect regenerative attempts by damaged axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Teunissen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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46
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Valerio A, Ghisi V, Dossena M, Tonello C, Giordano A, Frontini A, Ferrario M, Pizzi M, Spano P, Carruba MO, Nisoli E. Leptin increases axonal growth cone size in developing mouse cortical neurons by convergent signals inactivating glycogen synthase kinase-3beta. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:12950-8. [PMID: 16522636 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m508691200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of the adipose hormone leptin on the development of mouse cortical neurons. Treatment of neonatal and adult mice with intraperitoneal leptin (5 mg/kg) induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 phosphorylation in pyriform and entorhinal cortex neurons. Stimulation of cultured embryonic cortical neurons with leptin evoked Janus kinase 2 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation and activated the downstream effector 90-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase. Moreover, leptin elicited the phosphorylation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase effector Akt and evoked Ser-9 phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3beta), an event inactivating this kinase. Leptin-mediated GSK3beta phosphorylation was prevented by the MEK/ERK inhibitor PD98059, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002, or the protein kinase C inhibitor GF109203X. Exposure of cortical neurons to leptin also induced Ser-41 phosphorylation of the neuronal growth-associated protein GAP-43, an effect prevented by LY294002 and GF109203X but not by PD98059. Ser-41-GAP-43 phosphorylation is usually high in expanding axonal growth cones. Neurons exposed to 100 ng/ml leptin for 72 h displayed reduced rate of growth cone collapse, a shift of growth cone size distribution toward higher values, and a 4-fold increase in mean growth cone surface area compared with control cultures. The leptin-induced growth cone spreading was hampered in cortical neurons from Lepr(db/db) mice lacking functional leptin receptors; it was associated with localized Ser-9-GSK3beta phosphorylation and mimicked by the GSK3beta inhibitor SB216763. At concentrations preventing GSK3beta phosphorylation, PD98059, LY294002, or GF109203X reversed the leptin-induced growth cone surface enlargement. We concluded that the leptin-mediated regulation of growth cone morphogenesis in cortical neurons relies on upstream regulators of GSK3beta activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Valerio
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, School of Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
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Higo N, Oishi T, Yamashita A, Murata Y, Matsuda K, Hayashi M. Northern blot and in situ hybridization analyses for the neurogranin mRNA in the developing monkey cerebral cortex. Brain Res 2006; 1078:35-48. [PMID: 16497282 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2005] [Revised: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurogranin is a postsynaptic substrate for protein kinase C, and its expression is related to dendritic spine development and postsynaptic plasticity. Using both Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization techniques, we investigated the developmental changes of neurogranin expression in the monkey cerebral cortex. In each of four neocortical areas examined, i.e., the prefrontal area (area FD of von Bonin and Bailey), the temporal association area (TE), the primary somatosensory area (PB), and the primary visual area (OC), the Northern blot analysis showed that the amount of neurogranin mRNA was low during the prenatal and perinatal periods until postnatal day 8. It increased during postnatal development and reached its peak value at postnatal day 70 (in area OC) or postnatal month 6 (in area FD, TE, and PB). After that, the amount of neurogranin mRNA in the cerebral neocortex decreased gradually until postnatal years 2-3. The in situ hybridization experiments also showed a transient increase of neurogranin mRNA in the neocortex during postnatal day 70 to postnatal month 6. The transient increase was prominent in layers II and III of areas FD and TE; deep in layer III of area PB; and in layers II, III, and IV of area OC. In the hippocampus, in contrast to the results in the neocortex, the expression of neurogranin mRNA was decreased almost continuously during the postnatal period. The transiently increased expression of neurogranin in the postnatal neocortex may be a molecular basis for the postsynaptic modification of afferent inputs possibly from subcortical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Higo
- Neuroscience Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan.
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48
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Abstract
Neurite branching is essential for the establishment of appropriate neuronal connections during development and regeneration. We identify the small GTPase Ral as a mediator of neurite branching. Active Ral promotes neurite branching in cortical and sympathetic neurons, whereas Ral inhibition decreases laminin-induced branching. In addition, depletion of endogenous Ral by RNA interference decreases branching in cortical neurons. The two Ral isoforms, RalA and -B, promote branching through distinct pathways, involving the exocyst complex and phospholipase D, respectively. Finally, Ral-dependent branching is mediated by protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation of 43-kD growth-associated protein, a crucial molecule involved in pathfinding, plasticity, and regeneration. These findings highlight an important role for Ral in the regulation of neuronal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Lalli
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
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49
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Di Loreto S, Sebastiani P, Benedetti E, Zimmitti V, Caracciolo V, Amicarelli F, Cimini A, Adorno D. TRANSIENT MAINTENANCE IN BIOREACTOR IMPROVES HEALTH OF NEURONAL CELLS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 42:134-42. [PMID: 16848632 DOI: 10.1290/0511077.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To examine whether a neuronal cell suspension can be held in vitro for a relatively short period without compromising survival rates and functionality, we have set up an experimental protocol planning 24 h of suspension culture in a rotary wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor before plating in a conventional adherent system. Apoptosis measurement and activated caspase-8, -9, and -3 detection have demonstrated that survey of the cells was not affected. The activity of major antioxidant enzymes (AOE), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT), was significantly decreased in RWV-maintained cells. A significant decrease of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) is coupled with a level of activated nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) protein significantly lower in RVW cells than in the control. On the contrary, the level of IL-6 expression did not change between the test and the control. A significant up-regulation of growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta/delta (PPARbeta/delta), and acyl-CoA synthetase 2 (ACS2) in RWV cells has been detected. We provide the evidence that primary neuronal cells, at an early stage of development, can be maintained in a suspension condition before adherent plating. This experimental environment does not induce detrimental effects but may have an activator role, leading cells to development and maturation in a tridimensional state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Di Loreto
- Institute of Organ Transplants and Immunocytology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, L'Aquila, Italy.
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50
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Higo N, Oishi T, Yamashita A, Murata Y, Matsuda K, Hayashi M. Expression of protein kinase C-substrate mRNAs in the basal ganglia of adult and infant macaque monkeys. J Comp Neurol 2006; 499:662-76. [PMID: 17029258 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We performed in situ hybridization histochemistry on the monkey basal ganglia to investigate the mRNA localization of three protein kinase C substrates (GAP-43, MARCKS, and neurogranin), of which expression plays a role in structural changes in neurites and synapses. Weak hybridization signals for GAP-43 mRNA and intense signals for both MARCKS and neurogranin mRNAs were observed in the adult neostriatum. All three of the mRNAs were expressed in both substance P-positive direct pathway neurons and enkephalin-positive indirect pathway neurons. In the nucleus accumbens, the hybridization signals for the three mRNAs were weaker than those in the neostriatum. Double-label in situ hybridization histochemistry in the neostriatum revealed that GAP-43 and neurogranin mRNAs were expressed in a subset of MARCKS-positive neurons. While intense hybridization signals for MARCKS mRNA were observed in all of the other basal ganglia regions such as the globus pallidus, substantia innominata, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra, intense signals for GAP-43 mRNA were restricted to the substantia innominata and substantia nigra pars compacta. No signal for neurogranin mRNA was observed in the basal ganglia regions outside the neostriatum and the nucleus accumbens. These results indicate that the protein kinase C substrates are abundant in some specific connections in cortico-basal ganglia circuits. Developmental analysis showed that the expression level in the putamen and nucleus accumbens, but not in the caudate nucleus, was higher in the infant than in the adult, suggesting that synaptic maturation in the caudate nucleus occurs earlier than that in the putamen and nucleus accumbens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Higo
- Neuroscience Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan.
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