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Foltman M, Sanchez-Diaz A. Central Role of the Actomyosin Ring in Coordinating Cytokinesis Steps in Budding Yeast. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:662. [PMID: 39330421 PMCID: PMC11433125 DOI: 10.3390/jof10090662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells must accurately transfer their genetic material and cellular components to their daughter cells. Initially, cells duplicate their chromosomes and subsequently segregate them toward the poles. The actomyosin ring, a crucial molecular machinery normally located in the middle of the cells and underneath the plasma membrane, then physically divides the cytoplasm and all components into two daughter cells, each ready to start a new cell cycle. This process, known as cytokinesis, is conserved throughout evolution. Defects in cytokinesis can lead to the generation of genetically unstable tetraploid cells, potentially initiating uncontrolled proliferation and cancer. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms by which budding yeast cells build the actomyosin ring and the preceding steps involved in forming a scaffolding structure that supports the challenging structural changes throughout cytokinesis. Additionally, we describe how cells coordinate actomyosin ring contraction, plasma membrane ingression, and extracellular matrix deposition to successfully complete cytokinesis. Furthermore, the review discusses the regulatory roles of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase (Cdk1) and the Mitotic Exit Network (MEN) in ensuring the precise timing and execution of cytokinesis. Understanding these processes in yeast provides insights into the fundamental aspects of cell division and its implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Foltman
- Mechanisms and Regulation of Cell Division Research Unit, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology of Cantabria (IBBTEC), University of Cantabria-CSIC, 39011 Santander, Spain;
- Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Alberto Sanchez-Diaz
- Mechanisms and Regulation of Cell Division Research Unit, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology of Cantabria (IBBTEC), University of Cantabria-CSIC, 39011 Santander, Spain;
- Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
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2
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Varela Salgado M, Piatti S. Septin Organization and Dynamics for Budding Yeast Cytokinesis. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:642. [PMID: 39330402 PMCID: PMC11433133 DOI: 10.3390/jof10090642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis, the process by which the cytoplasm divides to generate two daughter cells after mitosis, is a crucial stage of the cell cycle. Successful cytokinesis must be coordinated with chromosome segregation and requires the fine orchestration of several processes, such as constriction of the actomyosin ring, membrane reorganization, and, in fungi, cell wall deposition. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, commonly known as budding yeast, septins play a pivotal role in the control of cytokinesis by assisting the assembly of the cytokinetic machinery at the division site and controlling its activity. Yeast septins form a collar at the division site that undergoes major dynamic transitions during the cell cycle. This review discusses the functions of septins in yeast cytokinesis, their regulation and the implications of their dynamic remodelling for cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritzaida Varela Salgado
- CRBM (Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier), University of Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5237, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Simonetta Piatti
- CRBM (Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier), University of Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5237, 34293 Montpellier, France
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3
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Sanchez N, de Leon N, Valle R, Fung JJ, Khmelinskii A, Roncero C. Multiple quality control mechanisms monitor yeast chitin synthase folding in the endoplasmic reticulum. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar132. [PMID: 37819693 PMCID: PMC10848949 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-05-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The chitin synthase Chs3 is a multipass membrane protein whose trafficking is tightly controlled. Accordingly, its exit from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) depends on several complementary mechanisms that ensure its correct folding. Despite its potential failure on its exit, Chs3 is very stable in this compartment, which suggests its poor recognition by ER quality control mechanisms such as endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD). Here we show that proper N-glycosylation of its luminal domain is essential to prevent the aggregation of the protein and its subsequent recognition by the Hrd1-dependent ERAD-L machinery. In addition, the interaction of Chs3 with its chaperone Chs7 seems to mask additional cytosolic degrons, thereby avoiding their recognition by the ERAD-C pathway. On top of that, Chs3 molecules that are not degraded by conventional ERAD can move along the ER membrane to reach the inner nuclear membrane, where they are degraded by the inner nuclear membrane-associated degradation (INMAD) system, which contributes to the intracellular homeostasis of Chs3. These results indicate that Chs3 is an excellent model to study quality control mechanisms in the cell and reinforce its role as a paradigm in intracellular trafficking research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Sanchez
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG) and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Nagore de Leon
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG) and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rosario Valle
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG) and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jia Jun Fung
- Institute of Molecular Biology, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Cesar Roncero
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG) and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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4
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Ušák D, Haluška S, Pleskot R. Callose synthesis at the center point of plant development-An evolutionary insight. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:54-69. [PMID: 37165709 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Polar callose deposition into the extracellular matrix is tightly controlled in time and space. Its presence in the cell wall modifies the properties of the surrounding area, which is fundamental for the correct execution of numerous processes such as cell division, male gametophyte development, intercellular transport, or responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Previous studies have been invaluable in characterizing specific callose synthases (CalSs) during individual cellular processes. However, the complex view of the relationships between a particular CalS and a specific process is still lacking. Here we review the recent proceedings on the role of callose and individual CalSs in cell wall remodelling from an evolutionary perspective and with a particular focus on cytokinesis. We provide a robust phylogenetic analysis of CalS across the plant kingdom, which implies a 3-subfamily distribution of CalS. We also discuss the possible linkage between the evolution of CalSs and their function in specific cell types and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ušák
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Samuel Haluška
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Pleskot
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic
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5
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Chitin Synthesis in Yeast: A Matter of Trafficking. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012251. [PMID: 36293107 PMCID: PMC9603707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin synthesis has attracted scientific interest for decades as an essential part of fungal biology and for its potential as a target for antifungal therapies. While this interest remains, three decades ago, pioneering molecular studies on chitin synthesis regulation identified the major chitin synthase in yeast, Chs3, as an authentic paradigm in the field of the intracellular trafficking of integral membrane proteins. Over the years, researchers have shown how the intracellular trafficking of Chs3 recapitulates all the steps in the intracellular trafficking of integral membrane proteins, from their synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum to their degradation in the vacuole. This trafficking includes specific mechanisms for sorting in the trans-Golgi network, regulated endocytosis, and endosomal recycling at different levels. This review summarizes the work carried out on chitin synthesis regulation, mostly focusing on Chs3 as a molecular model to study the mechanisms involved in the control of the intracellular trafficking of proteins.
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6
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Guo Q, Meng N, Fan G, Sun D, Meng Y, Luo G, Liu Y. The role of the exocytic pathway in cell wall assembly in yeast. Yeast 2021; 38:566-578. [PMID: 34250641 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell wall is a dynamic organelle which is tightly controlled for cell morphology, viability, and pathogenesis. It was previously shown that exocytosis is involved in the secretion of some components and enzymes of the cell wall. However, how the secretory pathway affects the cell wall integrity and assembly remains unclear. Here we show that the secretory pathway mutant (sec) cells were sensitive to cell wall antagonists in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and they were lysed at restrictive conditions but can be rescued by osmotic stabilizers, indicating their cell walls were disrupted. Although glucans were reduced at the cell surface in sec mutants as speculated, the other two main cell wall components, chitins, and mannoproteins, were accumulated at the cell surface. We also found that both the protein level and the phosphorylation level of Slt2 increased in sec mutants. These results suggest that the exocytic pathway has a critical role in cell wall assembly. Our study will help to understand the mechanism of cell wall formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguo Guo
- Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guanzhi Fan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dong Sun
- Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guangzuo Luo
- Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Duan X, Chen X, Wang K, Chen L, Glomb O, Johnsson N, Feng L, Zhou XQ, Bi E. Essential role of the endocytic site-associated protein Ecm25 in stress-induced cell elongation. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109122. [PMID: 34010635 PMCID: PMC8202958 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
How cells adopt a different morphology to cope with stress is not well understood. Here, we show that budding yeast Ecm25 associates with polarized endocytic sites and interacts with the polarity regulator Cdc42 and several late-stage endocytic proteins via distinct regions, including an actin filament-binding motif. Deletion of ECM25 does not affect Cdc42 activity or cause any strong defects in fluid-phase and clathrin-mediated endocytosis but completely abolishes hydroxyurea-induced cell elongation. This phenotype is accompanied by depolarization of the spatiotemporally coupled exo-endocytosis in the bud cortex while maintaining the overall mother-bud polarity. These data suggest that Ecm25 provides an essential link between the polarization signal and the endocytic machinery to enable adaptive morphogenesis under stress conditions. How cells adopt a different morphology to cope with stress is not well understood. Duan et al. report that the budding yeast protein Ecm25 plays an essential role in stress-induced cell elongation by linking the polarity regulator Cdc42 to the late-stage endocytic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Duan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA; Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan, China; Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA
| | - Kangji Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA
| | - Oliver Glomb
- Institut für Molekulare Genetik und Zellbiologie, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Nils Johnsson
- Institut für Molekulare Genetik und Zellbiologie, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan, China.
| | - Erfei Bi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA.
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CgEnd3 Regulates Endocytosis, Appressorium Formation, and Virulence in the Poplar Anthracnose Fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084029. [PMID: 33919762 PMCID: PMC8103510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The hemibiotrophic ascomycete fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the causal agent of anthracnose on numerous plants, and it causes considerable economic losses worldwide. Endocytosis is an essential cellular process in eukaryotic cells, but its roles in C. gloeosporioides remain unknown. In our study, we identified an endocytosis-related protein, CgEnd3, and knocked it out via polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated protoplast transformation. The lack of CgEnd3 resulted in severe defects in endocytosis. C. gloeosporioides infects its host through a specialized structure called appressorium, and ΔCgEnd3 showed deficient appressorium formation, melanization, turgor pressure accumulation, penetration ability of appressorium, cellophane membrane penetration, and pathogenicity. CgEnd3 also affected oxidant adaptation and the expression of core effectors during the early stage of infection. CgEnd3 contains one EF hand domain and four calcium ion-binding sites, and it is involved in calcium signaling. A lack of CgEnd3 changed the responses to cell-wall integrity agents and fungicide fludioxonil. However, CgEnd3 regulated appressorium formation and endocytosis in a calcium signaling-independent manner. Taken together, these results demonstrate that CgEnd3 plays pleiotropic roles in endocytosis, calcium signaling, cell-wall integrity, appressorium formation, penetration, and pathogenicity in C. gloeosporioides, and it suggests that CgEnd3 or endocytosis-related genes function as promising antifungal targets.
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Okada H, MacTaggart B, Ohya Y, Bi E. The kinetic landscape and interplay of protein networks in cytokinesis. iScience 2021; 24:101917. [PMID: 33392480 PMCID: PMC7773586 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis is executed by protein networks organized into functional modules. Individual proteins within each module have been characterized to various degrees. However, the collective behavior and interplay of the modules remain poorly understood. In this study, we conducted quantitative time-lapse imaging to analyze the accumulation kinetics of more than 20 proteins from different modules of cytokinesis in budding yeast. This analysis has led to a comprehensive picture of the kinetic landscape of cytokinesis, from actomyosin ring (AMR) assembly to cell separation. It revealed that the AMR undergoes biphasic constriction and that the switch between the constriction phases is likely triggered by AMR maturation and primary septum formation. This analysis also provided further insights into the functions of actin filaments and the transglutaminase-like protein Cyk3 in cytokinesis and, in addition, defined Kre6 as the likely enzyme that catalyzes β-1,6-glucan synthesis to drive cell wall maturation during cell growth and division. Cytokinesis is executed by protein modules each with a unique kinetic signature Actomyosin ring constricts in a biphasic manner that is elaborately regulated The transglutaminase-like domain in Cyk3 plays a dual role in cytokinesis Kre6 catalyzes β-1,6-glucan synthesis at the cell surface during growth and division
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Okada
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA
| | - Brittany MacTaggart
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA
| | - Yoshikazu Ohya
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Erfei Bi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA
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10
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Yeast as a Model to Understand Actin-Mediated Cellular Functions in Mammals-Illustrated with Four Actin Cytoskeleton Proteins. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030672. [PMID: 32164332 PMCID: PMC7140605 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has an actin cytoskeleton that comprises a set of protein components analogous to those found in the actin cytoskeletons of higher eukaryotes. Furthermore, the actin cytoskeletons of S. cerevisiae and of higher eukaryotes have some similar physiological roles. The genetic tractability of budding yeast and the availability of a stable haploid cell type facilitates the application of molecular genetic approaches to assign functions to the various actin cytoskeleton components. This has provided information that is in general complementary to that provided by studies of the equivalent proteins of higher eukaryotes and hence has enabled a more complete view of the role of these proteins. Several human functional homologues of yeast actin effectors are implicated in diseases. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the functions of these proteins is critical to develop improved therapeutic strategies. In this article we chose as examples four evolutionarily conserved proteins that associate with the actin cytoskeleton: (1) yeast Hof1p/mammalian PSTPIP1, (2) yeast Rvs167p/mammalian BIN1, (3) yeast eEF1A/eEF1A1 and eEF1A2 and (4) yeast Yih1p/mammalian IMPACT. We compare the knowledge on the functions of these actin cytoskeleton-associated proteins that has arisen from studies of their homologues in yeast with information that has been obtained from in vivo studies using live animals or in vitro studies using cultured animal cell lines.
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11
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Abstract
To survive under unpredictable conditions, all organisms must adapt to stressors by regulating adaptive cellular responses. Arrestin proteins are conserved regulators of adaptive cellular responses in eukaryotes. Studies that have been limited to mammals and model fungi have demonstrated that the disruption of arrestin-regulated pathways is detrimental for viability. The human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans causes more than 180,000 infection-related deaths annually, especially among immunocompromised patients. In addition to being genetically tractable, C. neoformans has a small arrestin family of four members, lending itself to a comprehensive characterization of its arrestin family. This study serves as a functional analysis of arrestins in a pathogen, particularly in the context of fungal fitness and virulence. We investigate the functions of one arrestin protein, Ali1, and define its novel contributions to cytokinesis. We additionally explore the virulence contributions of the C. neoformans arrestin family and find that they contribute to disease establishment and progression. Arrestins, a structurally specialized and functionally diverse group of proteins, are central regulators of adaptive cellular responses in eukaryotes. Previous studies on fungal arrestins have demonstrated their capacity to modulate diverse cellular processes through their adaptor functions, facilitating the localization and function of other proteins. However, the mechanisms by which arrestin-regulated processes are involved in fungal virulence remain unexplored. We have identified a small family of four arrestins, Ali1, Ali2, Ali3, and Ali4, in the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Using complementary microscopy, proteomic, and reverse genetics techniques, we have defined a role for Ali1 as a novel contributor to cytokinesis, a fundamental cell cycle-associated process. We observed that Ali1 strongly interacts with proteins involved in lipid synthesis, and that ali1Δ mutant phenotypes are rescued by supplementation with lipid precursors that are used to build cellular membranes. From these data, we hypothesize that Ali1 contributes to cytokinesis by serving as an adaptor protein, facilitating the localization of enzymes that modify the plasma membrane during cell division, specifically the fatty acid synthases Fas1 and Fas2. Finally, we assessed the contributions of the C. neoformans arrestin family to virulence to better understand the mechanisms by which arrestin-regulated adaptive cellular responses influence fungal infection. We observed that the C. neoformans arrestin family contributes to virulence, and that the individual arrestin proteins likely fulfill distinct functions that are important for disease progression.
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12
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Ma M, Burd CG. Retrograde trafficking and plasma membrane recycling pathways of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Traffic 2019; 21:45-59. [PMID: 31471931 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endosomal system functions as a network of protein and lipid sorting stations that receives molecules from endocytic and secretory pathways and directs them to the lysosome for degradation, or exports them from the endosome via retrograde trafficking or plasma membrane recycling pathways. Retrograde trafficking pathways describe endosome-to-Golgi transport while plasma membrane recycling pathways describe trafficking routes that return endocytosed molecules to the plasma membrane. These pathways are crucial for lysosome biogenesis, nutrient acquisition and homeostasis and for the physiological functions of many types of specialized cells. Retrograde and recycling sorting machineries of eukaryotic cells were identified chiefly through genetic screens using the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae system and discovered to be highly conserved in structures and functions. In this review, we discuss advances regarding retrograde trafficking and recycling pathways, including new discoveries that challenge existing ideas about the organization of the endosomal system, as well as how these pathways intersect with cellular homeostasis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiao Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Christopher G Burd
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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13
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Beth-Din A, Yarden O. The Neurospora crassa chs3 gene encodes an essential class I chitin synthase. Mycologia 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2000.12061131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adi Beth-Din
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Oded Yarden
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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14
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AP-2-Dependent Endocytic Recycling of the Chitin Synthase Chs3 Regulates Polarized Growth in Candida albicans. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.02421-18. [PMID: 30890602 PMCID: PMC6426607 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02421-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human fungal pathogen Candida albicans is known to require endocytosis to enable its adaptation to diverse niches and to maintain its highly polarized hyphal growth phase. While studies have identified changes in transcription leading to the synthesis and secretion of new proteins to facilitate hyphal growth, effective maintenance of hyphae also requires concomitant removal or relocalization of other cell surface molecules. The key molecules which must be removed from the cell surface, and the mechanisms behind this, have, however, remained elusive. In this study, we show that the AP-2 endocytic adaptor complex is required for the internalization of the major cell wall biosynthesis enzyme Chs3. We demonstrate that this interaction is mediated by the AP-2 mu subunit (Apm4) YXXΦ binding domain. We also show that in the absence of Chs3 recycling via AP-2, cells have abnormal cell wall composition, defective polarized cell wall deposition, and morphological defects. The study also highlights key distinctions between endocytic requirements of growth at yeast buds compared to that at hyphal tips and different requirements of AP-2 in maintaining the polarity of mannosylated proteins and ergosterol at hyphal tips. Together, our findings highlight the importance of correct cell wall deposition in cell shape maintenance and polarized growth and the key regulatory role of endocytic recycling via the AP-2 complex.IMPORTANCE Candida albicans is a human commensal yeast that can cause significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. Within humans, C. albicans can adopt different morphologies as yeast or filamentous hyphae and can occupy different niches with distinct temperatures, pHs, CO2 levels, and nutrient availability. Both morphological switching and growth in different environments require cell surface remodelling, which involves both the addition of newly synthesized proteins as well as the removal of other proteins. In our study, we demonstrate the importance of an adaptor complex AP-2 in internalizing and recycling a specific cell surface enzyme to maintain effective polarized hyphal growth. Defects in formation of the complex or in its ability to interact directly with cargo inhibit enzyme uptake and lead to defective cell walls and aberrant hyphal morphology. Our data indicate that the AP-2 adaptor plays a central role in regulating cell surface composition in Candida.
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15
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Brown HE, Esher SK, Alspaugh JA. Chitin: A "Hidden Figure" in the Fungal Cell Wall. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 425:83-111. [PMID: 31807896 DOI: 10.1007/82_2019_184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chitin and chitosan are two related polysaccharides that provide important structural stability to fungal cell walls. Often embedded deeply within the cell wall structure, these molecules anchor other components at the cell surface. Chitin-directed organization of the cell wall layers allows the fungal cell to effectively monitor and interact with the external environment. For fungal pathogens, this interaction includes maintaining cellular strategies to avoid excessive detection by the host innate immune system. In turn, mammalian and plant hosts have developed their own strategies to process fungal chitin, resulting in chitin fragments of varying molecular size. The size-dependent differences in the immune activation behaviors of variably sized chitin molecules help to explain how chitin and related chitooligomers can both inhibit and activate host immunity. Moreover, chitin and chitosan have recently been exploited for many biomedical applications, including targeted drug delivery and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Brown
- Department of Medicine, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, 303 Sands Research Building, DUMC, 102359, Durham, 27710, NC, USA
| | - Shannon K Esher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - J Andrew Alspaugh
- Department of Medicine, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, 303 Sands Research Building, DUMC, 102359, Durham, 27710, NC, USA.
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16
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Molecular mechanisms of contractile-ring constriction and membrane trafficking in cytokinesis. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:1649-1666. [PMID: 30448943 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of cytokinesis from plants to humans, with a focus on contribution of membrane trafficking to cytokinesis. Selection of the division site in fungi, metazoans, and plants is reviewed, as well as the assembly and constriction of a contractile ring in fungi and metazoans. We also provide an introduction to exocytosis and endocytosis, and discuss how they contribute to successful cytokinesis in eukaryotic cells. The conservation in the coordination of membrane deposition and cytoskeleton during cytokinesis in fungi, metazoans, and plants is highlighted.
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17
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Gohlke S, Heine D, Schmitz HP, Merzendorfer H. Septin-associated protein kinase Gin4 affects localization and phosphorylation of Chs4, the regulatory subunit of the Baker's yeast chitin synthase III complex. Fungal Genet Biol 2018; 117:11-20. [PMID: 29763674 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chitin is mainly formed by the chitin synthase III complex (CSIII) in yeast cells. This complex is considered to be composed of the catalytic subunit Chs3 and the regulatory subunit Chs4, both of which are phosphoproteins and transported to the plasma membrane by different trafficking routes. During cytokinesis, Chs3 associates with Chs4 and other proteins at the septin ring, which results in an active CSIII complex. In this study, we focused on the role of Chs4 as a regulatory subunit of the CSIII complex. We analyzed the dynamic localization and interaction of Chs3 and Chs4 during cell division, and found that both proteins transiently co-localize and physically interact only during bud formation and later in a period during septum formation and cytokinesis. To identify unknown binding partners of Chs4, we conducted different screening approaches, which yielded several novel candidates of Chs4-binding proteins including the septin-associated kinase Gin4. Our further studies confirmed this interaction and provided first evidence that Chs4 phosphorylation is partially dependent on Gin4, which is required for proper localization of Chs4 at the bud neck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gohlke
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrueck, 49068 Osnabrueck, Germany; Institute of Biology, University of Siegen, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Daniela Heine
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrueck, 49068 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Schmitz
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrueck, 49068 Osnabrueck, Germany
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18
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Bogdanova OI, Chvalun SN. Polysaccharide-based natural and synthetic nanocomposites. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x16050047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Hoffmann R, Grabińska K, Guan Z, Sessa WC, Neiman AM. Long-Chain Polyprenols Promote Spore Wall Formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2017; 207:1371-1386. [PMID: 28978675 PMCID: PMC5714454 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dolichols are isoprenoid lipids of varying length that act as sugar carriers in glycosylation reactions in the endoplasmic reticulum. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, there are two cis-prenyltransferases that synthesize polyprenol-an essential precursor to dolichol. These enzymes are heterodimers composed of Nus1 and either Rer2 or Srt1. Rer2-Nus1 and Srt1-Nus1 can both generate dolichol in vegetative cells, but srt1∆ cells grow normally while rer2∆ grows very slowly, indicating that Rer2-Nus1 is the primary enzyme used in mitotically dividing cells. In contrast, SRT1 performs an important function in sporulating cells, where the haploid genomes created by meiosis are packaged into spores. The spore wall is a multilaminar structure and SRT1 is required for the generation of the outer chitosan and dityrosine layers of the spore wall. Srt1 specifically localizes to lipid droplets associated with spore walls, and, during sporulation there is an SRT1-dependent increase in long-chain polyprenols and dolichols in these lipid droplets. Synthesis of chitin by Chs3, the chitin synthase responsible for chitosan layer formation, is dependent on the cis-prenyltransferase activity of Srt1, indicating that polyprenols are necessary to coordinate assembly of the spore wall layers. This work shows that a developmentally regulated cis-prenyltransferase can produce polyprenols that function in cellular processes besides protein glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben Hoffmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, New York 11794-5215
| | - Kariona Grabińska
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - William C Sessa
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066
| | - Aaron M Neiman
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, New York 11794-5215
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20
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Gohlke S, Muthukrishnan S, Merzendorfer H. In Vitro and In Vivo Studies on the Structural Organization of Chs3 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E702. [PMID: 28346351 PMCID: PMC5412288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin biosynthesis in yeast is accomplished by three chitin synthases (Chs) termed Chs1, Chs2 and Chs3, of which the latter accounts for most of the chitin deposited within the cell wall. While the overall structures of Chs1 and Chs2 are similar to those of other chitin synthases from fungi and arthropods, Chs3 lacks some of the C-terminal transmembrane helices raising questions regarding its structure and topology. To fill this gap of knowledge, we performed bioinformatic analyses and protease protection assays that revealed significant information about the catalytic domain, the chitin-translocating channel and the interfacial helices in between. In particular, we identified an amphipathic, crescent-shaped α-helix attached to the inner side of the membrane that presumably controls the channel entrance and a finger helix pushing the polymer into the channel. Evidence has accumulated in the past years that chitin synthases form oligomeric complexes, which may be necessary for the formation of chitin nanofibrils. However, the functional significance for living yeast cells has remained elusive. To test Chs3 oligomerization in vivo, we used bimolecular fluorescence complementation. We detected oligomeric complexes at the bud neck, the lateral plasma membrane, and in membranes of Golgi vesicles, and analyzed their transport route using various trafficking mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gohlke
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49068 Osnabrück, Germany.
- Institute of Biology, University of Siegen, 57068 Siegen, Germany.
| | - Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas-State University, Manhattan 66506, KS, USA.
| | - Hans Merzendorfer
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49068 Osnabrück, Germany.
- Institute of Biology, University of Siegen, 57068 Siegen, Germany.
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21
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Altamirano S, Chandrasekaran S, Kozubowski L. Mechanisms of Cytokinesis in Basidiomycetous Yeasts. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2017; 31:73-87. [PMID: 28943887 DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
While mechanisms of cytokinesis exhibit considerable plasticity, it is difficult to precisely define the level of conservation of this essential part of cell division in fungi, as majority of our knowledge is based on ascomycetous yeasts. However, in the last decade more details have been uncovered regarding cytokinesis in the second largest fungal phylum, basidiomycetes, specifically in two yeasts, Cryptococcus neoformans and Ustilago maydis. Based on these findings, and current sequenced genomes, we summarize cytokinesis in basidiomycetous yeasts, indicating features that may be unique to this phylum, species-specific characteristics, as well as mechanisms that may be common to all eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Altamirano
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Lukasz Kozubowski
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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22
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Abstract
In budding yeast cells, cytokinesis is achieved by the successful division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells, but the precise mechanisms of cell division and its regulation are still rather poorly understood. The Mitotic Exit Network (MEN) is the signaling cascade that is responsible for the release of Cdc14 phosphatase leading to the inactivation of the kinase activity associated to cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK), which drives exit from mitosis and a rapid and efficient cytokinesis. Mitotic CDK impairs the activation of MEN before anaphase, and activation of MEN in anaphase leads to the inactivation of CDK, which presents a challenge to determine the contribution that each pathway makes to the successful onset of cytokinesis. To determine CDK and MEN contribution to cytokinesis irrespectively of each other, here we present methods to induce cytokinesis after the inactivation of CDK activity in temperature sensitive mutants of the MEN pathway. An array of methods to monitor the cellular events associated with the successful cytokinesis is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Foltman
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Cantabria, c/ Albert Einstein 22, Santander, 39011, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, Santander, 39011, Spain
| | - Alberto Sanchez-Diaz
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Cantabria, c/ Albert Einstein 22, Santander, 39011, Spain.
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, Santander, 39011, Spain.
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23
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Abstract
Cytokinesis is essential for the survival of all organisms. It requires concerted functions of cell signaling, force production, exocytosis, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Due to the conservation in core components and mechanisms between fungal and animal cells, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has served as an attractive model for studying this fundamental process. In this review, we discuss the mechanics and regulation of distinct events of cytokinesis in budding yeast, including the assembly, constriction, and disassembly of the actomyosin ring, septum formation, abscission, and their spatiotemporal coordination. We also highlight the key concepts and questions that are common to animal and fungal cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogini P Bhavsar-Jog
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Erfei Bi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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24
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Juanes MA, Piatti S. The final cut: cell polarity meets cytokinesis at the bud neck in S. cerevisiae. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3115-36. [PMID: 27085703 PMCID: PMC4951512 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell division is a fundamental but complex process that gives rise to two daughter cells. It includes an ordered set of events, altogether called "the cell cycle", that culminate with cytokinesis, the final stage of mitosis leading to the physical separation of the two daughter cells. Symmetric cell division equally partitions cellular components between the two daughter cells, which are therefore identical to one another and often share the same fate. In many cases, however, cell division is asymmetrical and generates two daughter cells that differ in specific protein inheritance, cell size, or developmental potential. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has proven to be an excellent system to investigate the molecular mechanisms governing asymmetric cell division and cytokinesis. Budding yeast is highly polarized during the cell cycle and divides asymmetrically, producing two cells with distinct sizes and fates. Many components of the machinery establishing cell polarization during budding are relocalized to the division site (i.e., the bud neck) for cytokinesis. In this review we recapitulate how budding yeast cells undergo polarized processes at the bud neck for cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angeles Juanes
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
- Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA, 02454, USA
| | - Simonetta Piatti
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France.
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25
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Chin CF, Tan K, Onishi M, Chew Y, Augustine B, Lee WR, Yeong FM. Timely Endocytosis of Cytokinetic Enzymes Prevents Premature Spindle Breakage during Mitotic Exit. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006195. [PMID: 27447488 PMCID: PMC4957831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis requires the spatio-temporal coordination of membrane deposition and primary septum (PS) formation at the division site to drive acto-myosin ring (AMR) constriction. It has been demonstrated that AMR constriction invariably occurs only after the mitotic spindle disassembly. It has also been established that Chitin Synthase II (Chs2p) neck localization precedes mitotic spindle disassembly during mitotic exit. As AMR constriction depends upon PS formation, the question arises as to how chitin deposition is regulated so as to prevent premature AMR constriction and mitotic spindle breakage. In this study, we propose that cells regulate the coordination between spindle disassembly and AMR constriction via timely endocytosis of cytokinetic enzymes, Chs2p, Chs3p, and Fks1p. Inhibition of endocytosis leads to over accumulation of cytokinetic enzymes during mitotic exit, which accelerates the constriction of the AMR, and causes spindle breakage that eventually could contribute to monopolar spindle formation in the subsequent round of cell division. Intriguingly, the mitotic spindle breakage observed in endocytosis mutants can be rescued either by deleting or inhibiting the activities of, CHS2, CHS3 and FKS1, which are involved in septum formation. The findings from our study highlight the importance of timely endocytosis of cytokinetic enzymes at the division site in safeguarding mitotic spindle integrity during mitotic exit. The cytokinesis machinery that is required for physical separation of mother-daughter cells during mitosis is highly conserved from yeast to humans. In budding yeast, cytokinesis is achieved via timely delivery of cytokinetic enzymes to the division site that eventually triggers the constriction of AMR. It has been previously demonstrated that cytokinesis invariably occurs after the disassembly of the mitotic spindle. Intriguingly, Chs2p that is responsible for laying down the primary septum has been shown to localize to the division site before mitotic spindle disassembly. In this study, we show that mitotic spindle integrity upon sister chromatid separation is dependent on the continuous endocytosis of cytokinetic enzymes. Failure in the internalization of cytokinetic proteins during mitotic exit causes premature AMR constriction that eventually contributes to the shearing of mitotic spindle. Consequently, cells fail to re-establish a bipolar spindle in the subsequent round of cell division cycle. Our findings provide insights into how the levels of secreted proteins at the division site impacts cytokinesis. We believe this regulation mechanism might be conserved in higher eukaryotic cells as a secreted protein, hemicentin, has been shown recently to be involved in regulating cytokinesis in both Caenorhabditis elegans and mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheen Fei Chin
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kaiquan Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Masayuki Onishi
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - YuanYuan Chew
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Beryl Augustine
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Ren Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Foong May Yeong
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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26
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Chen A, Xie Q, Lin Y, Xu H, Shang W, Zhang J, Zhang D, Zheng W, Li G, Wang Z. Septins are involved in nuclear division, morphogenesis and pathogenicity in Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 94:79-87. [PMID: 27387218 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Septins are GTP-binding proteins that regulate cell polarity, cytokinesis and cell morphogenesis. Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum, is one of the most devastating diseases worldwide. In this study, we have functionally characterized the core septins, Cdc3, Cdc10, Cdc11 and Cdc12 in F. graminearum. The loss of FgCdc3, FgCdc11, FgCdc12, but not FgCdc10, mutants showed significant reduction in growth, conidiation and virulence. Microscopic analyses revealed that all of them were involved in septum formation and nuclear division. Moreover, disruption of septin genes resulted in morphological defects in ascospores and conidia. Interestingly, conidia produced by ΔFgcdc3, ΔFgcdc11 and ΔFgcdc12 mutants exhibited deformation with interconnecting conidia in contrast to their parent wild-type strain PH-1 and the ΔFgcdc10 mutant that produced normal conidia. Using yeast two-hybrid assays, we determined the interactions among FgCdc3, FgCdc10, FgCdc11 and FgCdc12. Taken together, our results indicate that septins play important roles in the nuclear division, morphogenesis and pathogenicity in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiurong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yahong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huaijian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Wenjie Shang
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Guangpu Li
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
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27
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Yang PL, Hsu TH, Wang CW, Chen RH. Lipid droplets maintain lipid homeostasis during anaphase for efficient cell separation in budding yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:2368-80. [PMID: 27307588 PMCID: PMC4966979 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-02-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neutral lipids steryl ester and triacylglycerol (TAG) are stored in the membrane-bound organelle lipid droplet (LD) in essentially all eukaryotic cells. It is unclear what physiological conditions require the mobilization or storage of these lipids. Here, we study the budding yeast mutant are1Δ are2Δ dga1Δ lro1Δ, which cannot synthesize the neutral lipids and therefore lacks LDs. This quadruple mutant is delayed at cell separation upon release from mitotic arrest. The cells have abnormal septa, unstable septin assembly during cytokinesis, and prolonged exocytosis at the division site at the end of cytokinesis. Lipidomic analysis shows a marked increase of diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphatidic acid, the precursors for TAG, in the mutant during mitotic exit. The cytokinesis and separation defects are rescued by adding phospholipid precursors or inhibiting fatty acid synthesis, which both reduce DAG levels. Our results suggest that converting excess lipids to neutral lipids for storage during mitotic exit is important for proper execution of cytokinesis and efficient cell separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Lin Yang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Han Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Wen Wang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Rey-Huei Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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28
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Boettner DR, Segarra VA, Moorthy BT, de León N, Creagh J, Collette JR, Malhotra A, Lemmon SK. Creating a chimeric clathrin heavy chain that functions independently of yeast clathrin light chain. Traffic 2016; 17:754-68. [PMID: 27062026 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Clathrin facilitates vesicle formation during endocytosis and sorting in the trans-Golgi network (TGN)/endosomal system. Unlike in mammals, yeast clathrin function requires both the clathrin heavy (CHC) and clathrin light (CLC) chain, since Chc1 does not form stable trimers without Clc1. To further delineate clathrin subunit functions, we constructed a chimeric CHC protein (Chc-YR) , which fused the N-terminus of yeast CHC (1-1312) to the rat CHC residues 1318-1675, including the CHC trimerization region. The novel CHC-YR allele encoded a stable protein that fractionated as a trimer. CHC-YR also complemented chc1Δ slow growth and clathrin TGN/endosomal sorting defects. In strains depleted for Clc1 (either clc1Δ or chc1Δ clc1Δ), CHC-YR, but not CHC1, suppressed TGN/endosomal sorting and growth phenotypes. Chc-YR-GFP (green fluorescent protein) localized to the TGN and cortical patches on the plasma membrane, like Chc1 and Clc1. However, Clc1-GFP was primarily cytoplasmic in chc1Δ cells harboring pCHC-YR, indicating that Chc-YR does not bind yeast CLC. Still, some partial phenotypes persisted in cells with Chc-YR, which are likely due either to loss of CLC recruitment or chimeric HC lattice instability. Ultimately, these studies have created a tool to examine non-trimerization roles for the clathrin LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Boettner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Current address: Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Verónica A Segarra
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Current Address: Department of Biology, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - Balaji T Moorthy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nagore de León
- Departamento de Microbiologıa y Genetica/IBFG, Universidad de Salamanca/CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - John Creagh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - John R Collette
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Current address: Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Arun Malhotra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sandra K Lemmon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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29
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Fernandes C, Gow NA, Gonçalves T. The importance of subclasses of chitin synthase enzymes with myosin-like domains for the fitness of fungi. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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30
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Foltman M, Molist I, Arcones I, Sacristan C, Filali-Mouncef Y, Roncero C, Sanchez-Diaz A. Ingression Progression Complexes Control Extracellular Matrix Remodelling during Cytokinesis in Budding Yeast. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005864. [PMID: 26891268 PMCID: PMC4758748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells must coordinate contraction of the actomyosin ring at the division site together with ingression of the plasma membrane and remodelling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) to support cytokinesis, but the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. In eukaryotes, glycosyltransferases that synthesise ECM polysaccharides are emerging as key factors during cytokinesis. The budding yeast chitin synthase Chs2 makes the primary septum, a special layer of the ECM, which is an essential process during cell division. Here we isolated a group of actomyosin ring components that form complexes together with Chs2 at the cleavage site at the end of the cell cycle, which we named ‘ingression progression complexes’ (IPCs). In addition to type II myosin, the IQGAP protein Iqg1 and Chs2, IPCs contain the F-BAR protein Hof1, and the cytokinesis regulators Inn1 and Cyk3. We describe the molecular mechanism by which chitin synthase is activated by direct association of the C2 domain of Inn1, and the transglutaminase-like domain of Cyk3, with the catalytic domain of Chs2. We used an experimental system to find a previously unanticipated role for the C-terminus of Inn1 in preventing the untimely activation of Chs2 at the cleavage site until Cyk3 releases the block on Chs2 activity during late mitosis. These findings support a model for the co-ordinated regulation of cell division in budding yeast, in which IPCs play a central role. Cytokinesis is the process by which a cell divides in two and occurs once cells have replicated and segregated their chromosomes. Eukaryotic cells assemble a molecular machine called the actomyosin ring that drives cytokinesis. Contraction of the actomyosin ring is coupled to ingression of the plasma membrane and extracellular matrix remodelling. In eukaryotes, glycosyltransferases that synthesise polysaccharides of the extracellular matrix are emerging as essential factors during cytokinesis. Defects associated with the function of those glycosyltransferases induce the failure of cell division, which promotes the formation of genetically unstable tetraploid cells. Budding yeast cells contain a glycosyltransferase called Chs2 that makes a special layer of extracellular matrix and is essential during cell division. Our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanism by which the cytokinesis regulators Inn1 and Cyk3 finely regulate the activity of glycosyltransferase Chs2 at the end of mitosis. In addition we isolated a group of actomyosin ring components that form complexes together with Chs2 and Inn1 at the cleavage site, which we have named ‘ingression progression complexes’. These complexes coordinate the contraction of the actomyosin ring, ingression of the plasma membrane and extracellular matrix remodelling in a precise manner. Chs2 is indeed a key factor for coordinating these events. It appears that similar principles could apply to other eukaryotic species, such as fission yeast even if the identity of the relevant glycosyltransferase has changed over the evolution. Taking into account the conservation of the basic cytokinetic mechanisms future studies should try to determine whether a glycosyltransferase similar to Chs2 plays a key role during cytokinesis in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Foltman
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria, CSIC, Santander, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Iago Molist
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria, CSIC, Santander, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Irene Arcones
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, CSIC, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos Sacristan
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, CSIC, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Yasmina Filali-Mouncef
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria, CSIC, Santander, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Cesar Roncero
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, CSIC, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Sanchez-Diaz
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria, CSIC, Santander, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- * E-mail:
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31
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Abstract
Cytokinesis is the final process in the cell cycle that physically divides one cell into two. In budding yeast, cytokinesis is driven by a contractile actomyosin ring (AMR) and the simultaneous formation of a primary septum, which serves as template for cell wall deposition. AMR assembly, constriction, primary septum formation and cell wall deposition are successive processes and tightly coupled to cell cycle progression to ensure the correct distribution of genetic material and cell organelles among the two rising cells prior to cell division. The role of the AMR in cytokinesis and the molecular mechanisms that drive AMR constriction and septation are the focus of current research. This review summarizes the recent progresses in our understanding of how budding yeast cells orchestrate the multitude of molecular mechanisms that control AMR driven cytokinesis in a spatio-temporal manner to achieve an error free cell division.
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32
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Lei L, Singh A, Bashline L, Li S, Yingling YG, Gu Y. CELLULOSE SYNTHASE INTERACTIVE1 Is Required for Fast Recycling of Cellulose Synthase Complexes to the Plasma Membrane in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:2926-40. [PMID: 26443667 PMCID: PMC4682321 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants are constantly subjected to various biotic and abiotic stresses and have evolved complex strategies to cope with these stresses. For example, plant cells endocytose plasma membrane material under stress and subsequently recycle it back when the stress conditions are relieved. Cellulose biosynthesis is a tightly regulated process that is performed by plasma membrane-localized cellulose synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs). However, the regulatory mechanism of cellulose biosynthesis under abiotic stress has not been well explored. In this study, we show that small CESA compartments (SmaCCs) or microtubule-associated cellulose synthase compartments (MASCs) are critical for fast recovery of CSCs to the plasma membrane after stress is relieved in Arabidopsis thaliana. This SmaCC/MASC-mediated fast recovery of CSCs is dependent on CELLULOSE SYNTHASE INTERACTIVE1 (CSI1), a protein previously known to represent the link between CSCs and cortical microtubules. Independently, AP2M, a core component in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, plays a role in the formation of SmaCCs/MASCs. Together, our study establishes a model in which CSI1-dependent SmaCCs/MASCs are formed through a process that involves endocytosis, which represents an important mechanism for plants to quickly regulate cellulose synthesis under abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Abhishek Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Logan Bashline
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Shundai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Yaroslava G Yingling
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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33
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Estrada AF, Muruganandam G, Prescianotto-Baschong C, Spang A. The ArfGAP2/3 Glo3 and ergosterol collaborate in transport of a subset of cargoes. Biol Open 2015; 4:792-802. [PMID: 25964658 PMCID: PMC4571087 DOI: 10.1242/bio.011528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins reach the plasma membrane through the secretory pathway in which the trans Golgi network (TGN) acts as a sorting station. Transport from the TGN to the plasma membrane is maintained by a number of different pathways that act either directly or via the endosomal system. Here we show that a subset of cargoes depends on the ArfGAP2/3 Glo3 and ergosterol to maintain their proper localization at the plasma membrane. While interfering with neither ArfGAP2/3 activity nor ergosterol biosynthesis individually significantly altered plasma membrane localization of the tryptophan transporter Tat2, the general amino acid permease Gap1 and the v-SNARE Snc1, in a Δglo3 Δerg3 strain those proteins accumulated in internal endosomal structures. Export from the TGN to the plasma membrane and recycling from early endosomes appeared unaffected as the chitin synthase Chs3 that travels along these routes was localized normally. Our data indicate that a subset of proteins can reach the plasma membrane efficiently but after endocytosis becomes trapped in endosomal structures. Our study supports a role for ArfGAP2/3 in recycling from endosomes and in transport to the vacuole/lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro F Estrada
- Growth & Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gopinath Muruganandam
- Growth & Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Anne Spang
- Growth & Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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34
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Paczkowski JE, Richardson BC, Fromme JC. Cargo adaptors: structures illuminate mechanisms regulating vesicle biogenesis. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:408-16. [PMID: 25795254 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cargo adaptors sort transmembrane protein cargos into nascent vesicles by binding directly to their cytosolic domains. Recent studies have revealed previously unappreciated roles for cargo adaptors and regulatory mechanisms governing their function. The adaptor protein (AP)-1 and AP-2 clathrin adaptors switch between open and closed conformations that ensure they function at the right place at the right time. The exomer cargo adaptor has a direct role in remodeling the membrane for vesicle fission. Several different cargo adaptors functioning in distinct trafficking pathways at the Golgi are similarly regulated through bivalent binding to the ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (Arf1) GTPase, potentially enabling regulation by a threshold concentration of Arf1. Taken together, these studies highlight that cargo adaptors do more than just adapt cargos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon E Paczkowski
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Brian C Richardson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - J Christopher Fromme
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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35
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The Road not Taken: Less Traveled Roads from the TGN to the Plasma Membrane. MEMBRANES 2015; 5:84-98. [PMID: 25764365 PMCID: PMC4384092 DOI: 10.3390/membranes5010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The trans-Golgi network functions in the distribution of cargo into different transport vesicles that are destined to endosomes, lysosomes and the plasma membrane. Over the years, it has become clear that more than one transport pathway promotes plasma membrane localization of proteins. In spite of the importance of temporal and spatial control of protein localization at the plasma membrane, the regulation of sorting into and the formation of different transport containers are still poorly understood. In this review different transport pathways, with a special emphasis on exomer-dependent transport, and concepts of regulation and sorting at the TGN are discussed.
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusong Guo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3200;
| | - Daniel W. Sirkis
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3200;
| | - Randy Schekman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3200;
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37
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Luo G, Zhang J, Guo W. The role of Sec3p in secretory vesicle targeting and exocyst complex assembly. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:3813-22. [PMID: 25232005 PMCID: PMC4230786 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-04-0907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The exocyst has been speculated to mediate the tethering of secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane. However, there has been no direct experimental evidence for this notion. An ectopic targeting strategy is used to provide experimental support for this model and investigate the regulators of exocyst assembly and vesicle targeting. During membrane trafficking, vesicular carriers are transported and tethered to their cognate acceptor compartments before soluble N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive factor attachment protein (SNARE)-mediated membrane fusion. The exocyst complex was believed to target and tether post-Golgi secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane during exocytosis. However, no definitive experimental evidence is available to support this notion. We developed an ectopic targeting assay in yeast in which each of the eight exocyst subunits was expressed on the surface of mitochondria. We find that most of the exocyst subunits were able to recruit the other members of the complex there, and mistargeting of the exocyst led to secretion defects in cells. On the other hand, only the ectopically located Sec3p subunit is capable of recruiting secretory vesicles to mitochondria. Our assay also suggests that both cytosolic diffusion and cytoskeleton-based transport mediate the recruitment of exocyst subunits and secretory vesicles during exocytosis. In addition, the Rab GTPase Sec4p and its guanine nucleotide exchange factor Sec2p regulate the assembly of the exocyst complex. Our study helps to establish the role of the exocyst subunits in tethering and allows the investigation of the mechanisms that regulate vesicle tethering during exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzuo Luo
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6018
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6018
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6018
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38
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Weiskoff AM, Fromme JC. Distinct N-terminal regions of the exomer secretory vesicle cargo Chs3 regulate its trafficking itinerary. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:47. [PMID: 25364754 PMCID: PMC4207043 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells transport integral membrane proteins between organelles by sorting them into vesicles. Cargo adaptors act to recognize sorting signals in transmembrane cargos and to interact with coat complexes that aid in vesicle biogenesis. No coat proteins have yet been identified that generate secretory vesicles from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to the plasma membrane, but the exomer complex has been identified as a cargo adaptor complex that mediates transport of several proteins in this pathway. Chs3, the most well-studied exomer cargo, cycles between the TGN and the plasma membrane in synchrony with the cell cycle, providing an opportunity to study regulation of proteins that cycle in response to signaling. Here we show that different segments of the Chs3 N-terminus mediate distinct trafficking steps. Residues 10–27, known to mediate retention, also appear to play a role in internalization. Residues 28–52 are involved in transport to the plasma membrane and recycling out of endosomes to prevent degradation in the vacuole. We also present the crystal structure of residues 10–27 bound to the exomer complex, suggesting different cargo adaptors could compete for binding to this segment, providing a potential mechanism for regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Weiskoff
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - J Christopher Fromme
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
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39
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Teparić R, Mrsa V. Proteins involved in building, maintaining and remodeling of yeast cell walls. Curr Genet 2014; 59:171-85. [PMID: 23959528 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-013-0403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cell wall defines the shape and provides osmotic stability to the yeast cell. It also serves to anchor proteins required for communication of the yeast cell with surrounding molecules and other cells. It is synthesized as a complex structure with β-1,3-glucan chains forming the basic network to which β-1,6-glucan, chitin and a number of mannoproteins are attached. Synthesis, maintaining and remodeling of this complex structure require a set of different synthases, hydrolases and transglycosidases whose concerted activities provide necessary firmness but at the same time flexibility of the wall moiety. The present state of comprehension of the interplay of these proteins in the yeast cell wall is the subject of this article.
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40
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Ritz AM, Trautwein M, Grassinger F, Spang A. The prion-like domain in the exomer-dependent cargo Pin2 serves as a trans-Golgi retention motif. Cell Rep 2014; 7:249-60. [PMID: 24656818 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion and prion-like domains (PLDs) are found in many proteins throughout the animal kingdom. We found that the PLD in the S. cerevisiae exomer-dependent cargo protein Pin2 is involved in the regulation of protein transport and localization. The domain serves as a Pin2 retention signal in the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Pin2 is localized in a polarized fashion at the plasma membrane of the bud early in the cell cycle and the bud neck at cytokinesis. This polarized localization is dependent on both exo- and endocytosis. Upon environmental stress, Pin2 is rapidly endocytosed, and the PLD aggregates and causes sequestration of Pin2. The aggregation of Pin2 is reversible upon stress removal and Pin2 is rapidly re-exported to the plasma membrane. Altogether, these data uncover a role for PLDs as protein localization elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja M Ritz
- Growth & Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mark Trautwein
- Growth & Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Grassinger
- Growth & Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne Spang
- Growth & Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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41
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Cuylen S, Metz J, Hruby A, Haering C. Entrapment of Chromosomes by Condensin Rings Prevents Their Breakage during Cytokinesis. Dev Cell 2013; 27:469-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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42
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Whitworth K, Bradford MK, Camara N, Wendland B. Targeted disruption of an EH-domain protein endocytic complex, Pan1-End3. Traffic 2013; 15:43-59. [PMID: 24118836 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pan1 is a multi-domain scaffold that enables dynamic interactions with both structural and regulatory components of the endocytic pathway. Pan1 is composed of Eps15 Homology (EH) domains which interact with adaptor proteins, a central region that is responsible for its oligomerization and C-terminal binding sites for Arp2/3, F-actin, and type-I myosin motors. In this study, we have characterized the binding sites between Pan1 and its constitutive binding partner End3, another EH domain containing endocytic protein. The C-terminal End3 Repeats of End3 associate with the N-terminal part of Pan1's central coiled-coil region. These repeats appear to act independently of one another as tandem, redundant binding sites for Pan1. The end3-1 allele was sequenced, and corresponds to a C-terminal truncation lacking the End3 Repeats. Mutations of the End3 Repeats highlight that those residues which are identical between these repeats serve as contact sites for the interaction with Pan1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Whitworth
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
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43
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Onishi M, Ko N, Nishihama R, Pringle JR. Distinct roles of Rho1, Cdc42, and Cyk3 in septum formation and abscission during yeast cytokinesis. J Cell Biol 2013; 202:311-29. [PMID: 23878277 PMCID: PMC3718969 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201302001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In yeast and animal cytokinesis, the small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Rho1/RhoA has an established role in formation of the contractile actomyosin ring, but its role, if any, during cleavage-furrow ingression and abscission is poorly understood. Through genetic screens in yeast, we found that either activation of Rho1 or inactivation of another small GTPase, Cdc42, promoted secondary septum (SS) formation, which appeared to be responsible for abscission. Consistent with this hypothesis, a dominant-negative Rho1 inhibited SS formation but not cleavage-furrow ingression or the concomitant actomyosin ring constriction. Moreover, Rho1 is temporarily inactivated during cleavage-furrow ingression; this inactivation requires the protein Cyk3, which binds Rho1-guanosine diphosphate via its catalytically inactive transglutaminase-like domain. Thus, unlike the active transglutaminases that activate RhoA, the multidomain protein Cyk3 appears to inhibit activation of Rho1 (and thus SS formation), while simultaneously promoting cleavage-furrow ingression through primary septum formation. This work suggests a general role for the catalytically inactive transglutaminases of fungi and animals, some of which have previously been implicated in cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Onishi
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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44
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Abstract
Productive cell proliferation involves efficient and accurate splitting of the dividing cell into two separate entities. This orderly process reflects coordination of diverse cytological events by regulatory systems that drive the cell from mitosis into G1. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, separation of mother and daughter cells involves coordinated actomyosin ring contraction and septum synthesis, followed by septum destruction. These events occur in precise and rapid sequence once chromosomes are segregated and are linked with spindle organization and mitotic progress by intricate cell cycle control machinery. Additionally, critical paarts of the mother/daughter separation process are asymmetric, reflecting a form of fate specification that occurs in every cell division. This chapter describes central events of budding yeast cell separation, as well as the control pathways that integrate them and link them with the cell cycle.
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45
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Jakobsen MK, Cheng Z, Lam SK, Roth-Johnson E, Barfield RM, Schekman R. Phosphorylation of Chs2p regulates interaction with COPII. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:2151-6. [PMID: 23525003 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.115915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trafficking of the chitin synthase Chs2p from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the bud-neck in late mitosis is tightly regulated by the cell cycle via phosphorylation of serine residues in the N-terminus of the protein. Here, we describe the effects of Chs2p phosphorylation on the interaction with coat protein complex II (COPII). Identification of a cdc5(ts) mutant, which fails to transport Chs2p-3xGFP to the bud-neck and instead accumulates the protein in intracellular puncta, led us to discover that Chs2p-3xGFP accumulates at ER exit sites in metaphase-arrested wild-type cells. Using an in vitro ER vesicle formation assay we showed that phosphorylation of Chs2p by the cyclin-dependent kinase CDK1 prevents packaging into COPII vesicles, whereas dephosphorylation of Chs2p by the phosphatase Cdc14p stimulates selection into the vesicles. We found that the cytoplasmic N-terminal domain of Chs2p, which contains the CDK1 phosphorylation sites, interacts with the COPII component Sec24p in a yeast two-hybrid assay and that phosphomimetic substitutions of serines at the CDK1 consensus sites reduces the interaction. Our data suggest that dephosphorylation functions as a molecular switch for regulated ER exit of Chs2p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Kyed Jakobsen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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46
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Oh Y, Schreiter J, Nishihama R, Wloka C, Bi E. Targeting and functional mechanisms of the cytokinesis-related F-BAR protein Hof1 during the cell cycle. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:1305-20. [PMID: 23468521 PMCID: PMC3639043 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-11-0804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hof1 targets to the division site by interacting with septins and myosin II sequentially during the cell cycle. It plays a role in cytokinesis by coupling actomyosin ring constriction to primary septum formation through interactions with Myo1 and Chs2. F-BAR proteins are membrane‑associated proteins believed to link the plasma membrane to the actin cytoskeleton in cellular processes such as cytokinesis and endocytosis. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the F‑BAR protein Hof1 localizes to the division site in a complex pattern during the cell cycle and plays an important role in cytokinesis. However, the mechanisms underlying its localization and function are poorly understood. Here we show that Hof1 contains three distinct targeting domains that contribute to cytokinesis differentially. The N‑terminal half of Hof1 localizes to the bud neck and the sites of polarized growth during the cell cycle. The neck localization is mediated mainly by an interaction between the second coiled‑coil region in the N‑terminus and the septin Cdc10, whereas the localization to the sites of polarized growth is mediated entirely by the F‑BAR domain. In contrast, the C‑terminal half of Hof1 interacts with Myo1, the sole myosin‑II heavy chain in budding yeast, and localizes to the bud neck in a Myo1‑dependent manner from the onset to the completion of cytokinesis. We also show that the SH3 domain in the C‑terminus plays an important role in maintaining the symmetry of Myo1 ring constriction during cytokinesis and that Hof1 interacts with Chs2, a chitin synthase that is required for primary septum formation. Together these data define a mechanism that accounts for the localization of Hof1 during the cell cycle and suggest that Hof1 may function in cytokinesis by coupling actomyosin ring constriction to primary septum formation through interactions with Myo1 and Chs2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghoon Oh
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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The NADPH oxidase complexes in Botrytis cinerea: evidence for a close association with the ER and the tetraspanin Pls1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55879. [PMID: 23418468 PMCID: PMC3572182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (Nox) are major enzymatic systems that generate reactive-oxygen species (ROS) in multicellular eukaryotes. In several fungi they have been shown to be involved in sexual differentiation and pathogenicity. However, in contrast to the well characterized mammalian systems, basic information on the composition, recruitment, and localization of fungal Nox complexes and on the molecular mechanisms of their cellular effects are still lacking. Here we give a detailed analysis of components of the Nox complexes in the gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea. It had previously been shown that the two catalytic transmembrane subunits BcNoxA and B are important for development of sclerotia and for full virulence, with BcNoxA being involved in spreading of lesions and BcNoxB in penetration; BcNoxR functions as a regulator of both subunits. Here we present evidence (using for the first time a functional GFP fusion able to complement the ΔbcnoxA mutant) that BcNoxA localizes mainly to the ER and at the plasma membrane; BcNoxB shows a similar localization pattern, while the regulator BcNoxR is found in vesicles throughout the hyphae and at the hyphal tip. To identify possible interaction partners, which could be involved in the localization or recruitment of the Nox complexes, we functionally characterized the tetraspanin Pls1, a transmembrane protein, which had been suggested to be a NoxB-interacting partner in the saprophyte Podospora anserina. Knock-out experiments and GFP fusions substantiate a link between BcNoxB and BcPls1 because both deletion mutants have overlapping phenotypes (especially a defect in penetration), and the proteins show a similar localization pattern (ER). However, in contrast to the corresponding protein in P. anserina BcPls1 is important for female fertility, but not for ascospore germination.
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Wloka C, Vallen EA, Thé L, Fang X, Oh Y, Bi E. Immobile myosin-II plays a scaffolding role during cytokinesis in budding yeast. J Cell Biol 2013; 200:271-86. [PMID: 23358243 PMCID: PMC3563683 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201208030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Core components of cytokinesis are conserved from yeast to human, but how these components are assembled into a robust machine that drives cytokinesis remains poorly understood. In this paper, we show by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis that Myo1, the sole myosin-II in budding yeast, was mobile at the division site before anaphase and became immobilized shortly before cytokinesis. This immobility was independent of actin filaments or the motor domain of Myo1 but required a small region in the Myo1 tail that is thought to be involved in higher-order assembly. As expected, proteins involved in actin ring assembly (tropomyosin and formin) and membrane trafficking (myosin-V and exocyst) were dynamic during cytokinesis. Strikingly, proteins involved in septum formation (the chitin synthase Chs2) and/or its coordination with the actomyosin ring (essential light chain, IQGAP, F-BAR, etc.) displayed Myo1-dependent immobility during cytokinesis, suggesting that Myo1 plays a scaffolding role in the assembly of a cytokinesis machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Wloka
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Lydia Thé
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081
| | - Xiaodong Fang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Younghoon Oh
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Erfei Bi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Orlean P. Architecture and biosynthesis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall. Genetics 2012; 192:775-818. [PMID: 23135325 PMCID: PMC3522159 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.112.144485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The wall gives a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell its osmotic integrity; defines cell shape during budding growth, mating, sporulation, and pseudohypha formation; and presents adhesive glycoproteins to other yeast cells. The wall consists of β1,3- and β1,6-glucans, a small amount of chitin, and many different proteins that may bear N- and O-linked glycans and a glycolipid anchor. These components become cross-linked in various ways to form higher-order complexes. Wall composition and degree of cross-linking vary during growth and development and change in response to cell wall stress. This article reviews wall biogenesis in vegetative cells, covering the structure of wall components and how they are cross-linked; the biosynthesis of N- and O-linked glycans, glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchors, β1,3- and β1,6-linked glucans, and chitin; the reactions that cross-link wall components; and the possible functions of enzymatic and nonenzymatic cell wall proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Orlean
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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Abstract
Cdc42 is a key factor in the control of cell polarity and morphogenesis. Fission yeast Cdc42 regulates formin activation and actin cable assembly. Cdc42 is also required for exocyst function, contributing to polarized secretion. Additionally, Cdc42 participates in membrane trafficking, endosome recycling, and vacuole formation. We show here how Cdc42 is required for the correct transport/recycling to the plasma membrane of the glucan synthases Bgs1 and Bgs4, responsible of cell wall biosynthesis and polarized growth at the cell tips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Estravis
- CSIC; Departamento de Microbiología y Genética; Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica; Universidad de Salamanca; Edificio Departamental; Salamanca, Spain
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