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Elblová P, Lunova M, Henry SJ, Tu X, Calé A, Dejneka A, Havelková J, Petrenko Y, Jirsa M, Stephanopoulos N, Lunov O. Peptide-coated DNA nanostructures as a platform for control of lysosomal function in cells. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2024; 498:155633. [PMID: 39372137 PMCID: PMC11448966 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.155633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
DNA nanotechnology is a rapidly growing field that provides exciting tools for biomedical applications. Targeting lysosomal functions with nanomaterials, such as DNA nanostructures (DNs), represents a rational and systematic way to control cell functionality. Here we present a versatile DNA nanostructure-based platform that can modulate a number of cellular functions depending on the concentration and surface decoration of the nanostructure. Utilizing different peptides for surface functionalization of DNs, we were able to rationally modulate lysosomal activity, which in turn translated into the control of cellular function, ranging from changes in cell morphology to modulation of immune signaling and cell death. Low concentrations of decalysine peptide-coated DNs induced lysosomal acidification, altering the metabolic activity of susceptible cells. In contrast, DNs coated with an aurein-bearing peptide promoted lysosomal alkalization, triggering STING activation. High concentrations of decalysine peptide-coated DNs caused lysosomal swelling, loss of cell-cell contacts, and morphological changes without inducing cell death. Conversely, high concentrations of aurein-coated DNs led to lysosomal rupture and mitochondrial damage, resulting in significant cytotoxicity. Our study holds promise for the rational design of a new generation of versatile DNA-based nanoplatforms that can be used in various biomedical applications, like the development of combinatorial anti-cancer platforms, efficient systems for endolysosomal escape, and nanoplatforms modulating lysosomal pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Elblová
- Department of Optical and Biophysical Systems, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 18221, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, CZ-121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Mariia Lunova
- Department of Optical and Biophysical Systems, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 18221, Czech Republic
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Prague, 14021, Czech Republic
| | - Skylar J.W. Henry
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States
| | - Xinyi Tu
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States
| | - Alicia Calé
- Department of Optical and Biophysical Systems, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 18221, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, CZ-121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandr Dejneka
- Department of Optical and Biophysical Systems, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 18221, Czech Republic
| | - Jarmila Havelková
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 14220, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Yuriy Petrenko
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Jirsa
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Prague, 14021, Czech Republic
| | - Nicholas Stephanopoulos
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States
| | - Oleg Lunov
- Department of Optical and Biophysical Systems, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 18221, Czech Republic
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2
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Bjørnestad SA, Solbakken MH, Jakobsen KS, Jentoft S, Bakke O, Progida C. Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua) MHC I localizes to endolysosomal compartments independently of cytosolic sorting signals. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1050323. [PMID: 36760361 PMCID: PMC9905690 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1050323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II are crucial for the adaptive immune system because they are involved in peptide presentation to T cells. Until recently, it was believed that MHC genes and their associated immune components had been conserved since their evolutionary emergence in jawed fish. However, sequencing of the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) genome revealed a loss of MHC class II genes, and an extreme expansion of MHC class I genes. These findings lead to the hypothesis that a loss of the MHC class II pathway coincided with a more versatile use of MHC class I, but so far there is no direct experimental evidence in support of this. To gain a deeper understanding of the function of the expanded MHC class I, we selected five MHC class I gene variants representing five of the six clades identified in previous studies and investigated their intracellular localization in human and Atlantic cod larval cells. Intriguingly, we uncovered that all selected MHC class I variants localize to endolysosomal compartments in Atlantic cod cells. Additionally, by introducing point mutations or deletions in the cytosolic tail, we found that hypothetical sorting signals in the MHC class I cytosolic tail do not influence MHC class I trafficking. Moreover, we demonstrated that in Atlantic cod, tapasin and MHC class I colocalize on endolysosomes suggesting that peptide-loading assistance and stabilization of MHC class I occurs outside the endoplasmic reticulum. Altogether, our results demonstrate that MHC class I from Atlantic cod is sorted to the endolysosomal system, which may indicate that it interacts with exogenous peptides for potential cross presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Synne Arstad Bjørnestad
- Section of Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Monica Hongrø Solbakken
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetill S. Jakobsen
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sissel Jentoft
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oddmund Bakke
- Section of Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cinzia Progida
- Section of Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,*Correspondence: Cinzia Progida,
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3
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Weier AK, Homrich M, Ebbinghaus S, Juda P, Miková E, Hauschild R, Zhang L, Quast T, Mass E, Schlitzer A, Kolanus W, Burgdorf S, Gruß OJ, Hons M, Wieser S, Kiermaier E. Multiple centrosomes enhance migration and immune cell effector functions of mature dendritic cells. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202107134. [PMID: 36214847 PMCID: PMC9555069 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202107134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes play a crucial role during immune cell interactions and initiation of the immune response. In proliferating cells, centrosome numbers are tightly controlled and generally limited to one in G1 and two prior to mitosis. Defects in regulating centrosome numbers have been associated with cell transformation and tumorigenesis. Here, we report the emergence of extra centrosomes in leukocytes during immune activation. Upon antigen encounter, dendritic cells pass through incomplete mitosis and arrest in the subsequent G1 phase leading to tetraploid cells with accumulated centrosomes. In addition, cell stimulation increases expression of polo-like kinase 2, resulting in diploid cells with two centrosomes in G1-arrested cells. During cell migration, centrosomes tightly cluster and act as functional microtubule-organizing centers allowing for increased persistent locomotion along gradients of chemotactic cues. Moreover, dendritic cells with extra centrosomes display enhanced secretion of inflammatory cytokines and optimized T cell responses. Together, these results demonstrate a previously unappreciated role of extra centrosomes for regular cell and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Weier
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Immune and Tumor Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mirka Homrich
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Immune and Tumor Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephanie Ebbinghaus
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Immune and Tumor Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Pavel Juda
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Miková
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Hauschild
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Lili Zhang
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Quantitative Systems Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Quast
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Elvira Mass
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Developmental Biology of the Immune System, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlitzer
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Quantitative Systems Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Waldemar Kolanus
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Burgdorf
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Cellular Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver J. Gruß
- Institute of Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Miroslav Hons
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Wieser
- Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Eva Kiermaier
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Immune and Tumor Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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4
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Canning P, Alwan A, Khalil F, Zhang Y, Opara EC. Perspectives and Challenges on the Potential Use of Exosomes in Bioartificial Pancreas Engineering. Ann Biomed Eng 2022; 50:1177-1186. [PMID: 35804253 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-022-03004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are enclosed within a single outer membrane and exemplify a specific subtype of secreted vesicles. Exosomes transfer signalling molecules, including microRNAs (miRNAs), messenger RNA (mRNA), fatty acids, proteins, and growth factors, making them a promising therapeutic tool. In routine bioartificial pancreas fabrication, cells are immobilized in polymeric hydrogels lacking attachment capability for cells and other biological cues. In this opinion article, we will discuss the potential role that exosomes and their specific biofactors may play to improve and sustain the function of this bioartificial construct. We will particularly discuss the challenges associated with their isolation and characterization. Since stem cells are an attractive source of exosomes, we will present the advantages of using exosomes in place of stem cells in medical devices including the bioartificial pancreas. We will provide literature evidence of active biofactors in exosomes to support their incorporation in the matrix of encapsulated islets. This will include their potential beneficial effect on hypoxic injury to encapsulated islets. In summary, we propose that the biofactors contained in secreted exosomes have significant potential to enhance the performance of islets encapsulated in polymeric material hydrogels with perm-selective properties to provide immunoisolation for islet transplants as an insulin delivery platform in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarshini Canning
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Abdelrahman Alwan
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Fatma Khalil
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Emmanuel C Opara
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA. .,Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27-57, USA.
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5
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Houseman M, Huang MYY, Huber M, Staiger M, Zhang L, Hoffmann A, Lippuner C, Stüber F. Flow cytometry-based high-throughput RNAi screening for miRNAs regulating MHC class II HLA-DR surface expression. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1452-1463. [PMID: 35612261 PMCID: PMC9544904 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
HLA‐DR isotype is a MHC‐II cell‐surface receptor found on APCs and plays a key role in initiating immune responses. In severely immunocompromised patients with conditions like sepsis, the number of HLA‐DR molecules expressed on leukocytes is considered to correlate with infectious complications and patients’ probability of survival. The underlying regulatory mechanisms of HLA‐DR expression remain largely unknown. One probable path to regulation is through microRNAs (miRNAs), which have been implicated as regulatory elements of both innate and adaptive immune system development and function. In our study, flow cytometry‐based high‐throughput miRNA screening was performed in a stable HLA‐DR‐expressing human melanoma cell line, MelJuSo, for either up‐ or downregulating miRNAs of the surface HLA‐DR expression. By the end of the screening, the top ten upregulators and top five downregulators were identified, and both the HLA‐DR protein and mRNA regulations were further verified and validated. In‐silico approaches were applied for functional miRNA‐mRNA interaction prediction. The potential underlying gene regulations of different miRNAs were proposed. Our results promote the study of miRNA‐mediated HLA‐DR regulation under both physiological and pathological conditions, and may pave the way for potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Houseman
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Melody Ying-Yu Huang
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Huber
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Staiger
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anneliese Hoffmann
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Lippuner
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Frank Stüber
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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6
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Retrofusion of intralumenal MVB membranes parallels viral infection and coexists with exosome release. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3884-3893.e4. [PMID: 34237268 PMCID: PMC8445322 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The endosomal system constitutes a highly dynamic vesicle network used to relay materials and signals between the cell and its environment.1 Once internalized, endosomes gradually mature into late acidic compartments and acquire a multivesicular body (MVB) organization through invagination of the limiting membrane (LM) to form intraluminal vesicles (ILVs).2 Cargoes sequestered into ILVs can either be delivered to lysosomes for degradation or secreted following fusion of the MVB with the plasma membrane.3 It has been speculated that commitment to ILVs is not a terminal event, and that a return pathway exists, allowing “back-fusion” or “retrofusion” of intraluminal membranes to the LM.4 The existence of retrofusion as a way to support membrane equilibrium within the MVB has been widely speculated in various cell biological contexts, including exosome uptake5 and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class II) antigen presentation.6, 7, 8, 9 Given the small physical scale, retrofusion of ILVs cannot be measured with conventional techniques. To circumvent this, we designed a chemically tunable cell-based system to monitor retrofusion in real time. Using this system, we demonstrate that retrofusion occurs as part of the natural MVB lifestyle, with attributes parallel to those of viral infection. Furthermore, we find that retrofusion and exocytosis coexist in an equilibrium, implying that ILVs inert to retrofusion comprise a significant fraction of exosomes destined for secretion. MVBs thus contain three types of ILVs: those committed to lysosomal degradation, those retrofusing ILVs, and those subject to secretion in the form of exosomes. Video abstract
MVBs are complex organelles with intraluminal vesicles bound by the limiting membrane Intraluminal membranes are in a dynamic equilibrium with the limiting membrane Retrofusion of internal vesicles is controlled by processes used for viral fusion Exosomes arise from internal MVB vesicles not participating in retrofusion
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7
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Demmers LC, Wu W, Heck AJR. HLA Class II Presentation Is Specifically Altered at Elevated Temperatures in the B-Lymphoblastic Cell Line JY. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100089. [PMID: 33933681 PMCID: PMC8724904 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules play critical roles in our adaptive immune system by signaling a cell's health status to the immune system, through presentation of small peptides. Understanding HLA biology is important because of its prominent role in autoimmune diseases and cancer immunotherapy. Although both the HLA class I and class II antigen processing and presentation pathways have been studied extensively, the fundamental rules in HLA class II antigen presentation still remain less understood. To clarify the mechanistic and adaptive differences between the HLA systems, we challenged a B lymphoblastic cell line (JY), widely used as model system in studying antigen presentation, with a high temperature treatment to mimic a "fever-like state", representing one of the most common physiological responses to infection. In the absence of real invading pathogenic peptides to present, we could focus on delineating the intrinsic HLA pathway adaptations in response to high temperature in this particular cell line. Following a three-pronged approach, we performed quantitative analyses of the proteome, the HLA class I ligandome, as well as the HLA class II ligandome. The data reveals that elevated temperature may already prepare these cells for an immune-like response through increased HLA class II presentation capacity and specific release of, from the invariant chain originating, CLIP peptides. Interestingly, at high temperature, prominent changes in the composition of the CLIP repertoire were observed, with enrichment of peptides containing C-terminal extensions beyond the CLIP-core region. Collectively, these illustrate intriguing temperature sensitive adaptations in this B cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Demmers
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wei Wu
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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8
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A trimeric Rab7 GEF controls NPC1-dependent lysosomal cholesterol export. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5559. [PMID: 33144569 PMCID: PMC7642327 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol import in mammalian cells is mediated by the LDL receptor pathway. Here, we perform a genome-wide CRISPR screen using an endogenous cholesterol reporter and identify >100 genes involved in LDL-cholesterol import. We characterise C18orf8 as a core subunit of the mammalian Mon1-Ccz1 guanidine exchange factor (GEF) for Rab7, required for complex stability and function. C18orf8-deficient cells lack Rab7 activation and show severe defects in late endosome morphology and endosomal LDL trafficking, resulting in cellular cholesterol deficiency. Unexpectedly, free cholesterol accumulates within swollen lysosomes, suggesting a critical defect in lysosomal cholesterol export. We find that active Rab7 interacts with the NPC1 cholesterol transporter and licenses lysosomal cholesterol export. This process is abolished in C18orf8-, Ccz1- and Mon1A/B-deficient cells and restored by a constitutively active Rab7. The trimeric Mon1-Ccz1-C18orf8 (MCC) GEF therefore plays a central role in cellular cholesterol homeostasis coordinating Rab7 activation, endosomal LDL trafficking and NPC1-dependent lysosomal cholesterol export. Lysosomes play an important role in cellular LDL-cholesterol uptake. Here, the authors perform a genome-wide genetic screen for cholesterol regulators and identify C18orf8 as a conserved subunit of a trimeric Rab7 GEF that controls LDL trafficking and NPC1-dependent lysosomal cholesterol export.
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Božić M, Verkhratsky A, Zorec R, Stenovec M. Exocytosis of large-diameter lysosomes mediates interferon γ-induced relocation of MHC class II molecules toward the surface of astrocytes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3245-3264. [PMID: 31667557 PMCID: PMC7391398 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the key homeostatic cells in the central nervous system; initiation of reactive astrogliosis contributes to neuroinflammation. Pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon γ (IFNγ) induces the expression of the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) molecules, involved in antigen presentation in reactive astrocytes. The pathway for MHCII delivery to the astrocyte plasma membrane, where MHCII present antigens, is unknown. Rat astrocytes in culture and in organotypic slices were exposed to IFNγ to induce reactive astrogliosis. Astrocytes were probed with optophysiologic tools to investigate subcellular localization of immunolabeled MHCII, and with electrophysiology to characterize interactions of single vesicles with the plasmalemma. In culture and in organotypic slices, IFNγ augmented the astrocytic expression of MHCII, which prominently co-localized with lysosomal marker LAMP1-EGFP, modestly co-localized with Rab7, and did not co-localize with endosomal markers Rab4A, EEA1, and TPC1. MHCII lysosomal localization was corroborated by treatment with the lysosomolytic agent glycyl-L-phenylalanine-β-naphthylamide, which reduced the number of MHCII-positive vesicles. The surface presence of MHCII was revealed by immunolabeling of live non-permeabilized cells. In IFNγ-treated astrocytes, an increased fraction of large-diameter exocytotic vesicles (lysosome-like vesicles) with prolonged fusion pore dwell time and larger pore conductance was recorded, whereas the rate of endocytosis was decreased. Stimulation with ATP, which triggers cytosolic calcium signaling, increased the frequency of exocytotic events, whereas the frequency of full endocytosis was further reduced. In IFNγ-treated astrocytes, MHCII-linked antigen surface presentation is mediated by increased lysosomal exocytosis, whereas surface retention of antigens is prolonged by concomitant inhibition of endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mićo Božić
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Celica Biomedical, Tehnološki park 24, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, 48011, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Robert Zorec
- Celica Biomedical, Tehnološki park 24, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Matjaž Stenovec
- Celica Biomedical, Tehnološki park 24, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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10
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Lunova M, Smolková B, Uzhytchak M, Janoušková KŽ, Jirsa M, Egorova D, Kulikov A, Kubinová Š, Dejneka A, Lunov O. Light-induced modulation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain activity: possibilities and limitations. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2815-2838. [PMID: 31583425 PMCID: PMC11104903 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03321-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Biological effects of high fluence low-power (HFLP) lasers have been reported for some time, yet the molecular mechanisms procuring cellular responses remain obscure. A better understanding of the effects of HFLP lasers on living cells will be instrumental for the development of new experimental and therapeutic strategies. Therefore, we investigated sub-cellular mechanisms involved in the laser interaction with human hepatic cell lines. We show that mitochondria serve as sub-cellular "sensor" and "effector" of laser light non-specific interactions with cells. We demonstrated that despite blue and red laser irradiation results in similar apoptotic death, cellular signaling and kinetic of biochemical responses are distinct. Based on our data, we concluded that blue laser irradiation inhibited cytochrome c oxidase activity in electron transport chain of mitochondria. Contrary, red laser triggered cytochrome c oxidase excessive activation. Moreover, we showed that Bcl-2 protein inhibited laser-induced toxicity by stabilizing mitochondria membrane potential. Thus, cells that either overexpress or have elevated levels of Bcl-2 are protected from laser-induced cytotoxicity. Our findings reveal the mechanism how HFLP laser irradiation interfere with cell homeostasis and underscore that such laser irradiation permits remote control of mitochondrial function in the absence of chemical or biological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Lunova
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKEM), 14021, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Smolková
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mariia Uzhytchak
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Žofie Janoušková
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKEM), 14021, Prague, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12108, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Jirsa
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKEM), 14021, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Šárka Kubinová
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandr Dejneka
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Oleg Lunov
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221, Prague, Czech Republic.
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11
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Jiao F, Li Z, He C, Xu W, Yang G, Liu T, Shen H, Cai J, Anastas JN, Mao Y, Yu Y, Lan F, Shi YG, Jones C, Xu Y, Baker SJ, Shi Y, Guo R. RACK7 recognizes H3.3G34R mutation to suppress expression of MHC class II complex components and their delivery pathway in pediatric glioblastoma. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba2113. [PMID: 32832624 PMCID: PMC7439511 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba2113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Histone H3 point mutations have been identified in incurable pediatric brain cancers, but the mechanisms through which these mutations drive tumorigenesis are incompletely understood. Here, we provide evidence that RACK7 (ZMYND8) recognizes the histone H3.3 patient mutation (H3.3G34R) in vitro and in vivo. We show that RACK7 binding to H3.3G34R suppresses transcription of CIITA, which is the master regulator of MHC (major histocompatibility complex) class II molecules and genes involved in vesicular transport of MHC class II molecules to the cell surface, resulting in suppression of MHC class II molecule expression and transport. CRISPR-based knock-in correction of the H3.3G34R mutation in human pediatric glioblastoma (pGBM) cells significantly reduces overall RACK7 chromatin binding and derepresses the same set of genes as does knocking out RACK7 in the H3.3G34R pGBM cells. By demonstrating that H3.3G34R and RACK7 work together, our findings suggest a potential molecular mechanism by which H3.3G34R promotes cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Jiao
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ze Li
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Human Phenome Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chen He
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Wenqi Xu
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Gensheng Yang
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongjie Shen
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiajun Cai
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jamie N. Anastas
- Newborn Medicine Division, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ying Mao
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yongchun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fei Lan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yujiang Geno Shi
- Division of Endocrinology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chris Jones
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Yanhui Xu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Human Phenome Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Suzanne J. Baker
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yang Shi
- Newborn Medicine Division, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rui Guo
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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12
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Levada K, Pshenichnikov S, Omelyanchik A, Rodionova V, Nikitin A, Savchenko A, Schetinin I, Zhukov D, Abakumov M, Majouga A, Lunova M, Jirsa M, Smolková B, Uzhytchak M, Dejneka A, Lunov O. Progressive lysosomal membrane permeabilization induced by iron oxide nanoparticles drives hepatic cell autophagy and apoptosis. NANO CONVERGENCE 2020; 7:17. [PMID: 32424769 PMCID: PMC7235155 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-020-00228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) are frequently used in various biomedical applications, in particular as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents in liver imaging. Indeed, number of IONs have been withdrawn due to their poor clinical performance. Yet comprehensive understanding of their interactions with hepatocytes remains relatively limited. Here we investigated how iron oxide nanocubes (IO-cubes) and clusters of nanocubes (IO-clusters) affect distinct human hepatic cell lines. The viability of HepG2, Huh7 and Alexander cells was concentration-dependently decreased after exposure to either IO-cubes or IO-clusters. We found similar cytotoxicity levels in three cell lines triggered by both nanoparticle formulations. Our data indicate that different expression levels of Bcl-2 predispose cell death signaling mediated by nanoparticles. Both nanoparticles induced rather apoptosis than autophagy in HepG2. Contrary, IO-cubes and IO-clusters trigger distinct cell death signaling events in Alexander and Huh7 cells. Our data clarifies the mechanism by which cubic nanoparticles induce autophagic flux and the mechanism of subsequent toxicity. These findings imply that the cytotoxicity of ION-based contrast agents should be carefully considered, particularly in patients with liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Levada
- Institute of Physics, Mathematics and Information Technology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Stanislav Pshenichnikov
- Institute of Physics, Mathematics and Information Technology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Alexander Omelyanchik
- Institute of Physics, Mathematics and Information Technology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Valeria Rodionova
- Institute of Physics, Mathematics and Information Technology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Aleksey Nikitin
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Igor Schetinin
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Zhukov
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim Abakumov
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Majouga
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, Russia
| | - Mariia Lunova
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Jirsa
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Smolková
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mariia Uzhytchak
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandr Dejneka
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Oleg Lunov
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221, Prague, Czech Republic.
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13
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Gu Y, Princely Abudu Y, Kumar S, Bissa B, Choi SW, Jia J, Lazarou M, Eskelinen E, Johansen T, Deretic V. Mammalian Atg8 proteins regulate lysosome and autolysosome biogenesis through
SNARE
s. EMBO J 2019; 38. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.15252/embj.2019101994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuexi Gu
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism (AIM) Center of Biomedical Research Excellence University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque NM USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque NM USA
| | - Yakubu Princely Abudu
- Molecular Cancer Research Group Institute of Medical Biology University of Tromsø‐The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism (AIM) Center of Biomedical Research Excellence University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque NM USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque NM USA
| | - Bhawana Bissa
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism (AIM) Center of Biomedical Research Excellence University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque NM USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque NM USA
| | - Seong Won Choi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque NM USA
| | - Jingyue Jia
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism (AIM) Center of Biomedical Research Excellence University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque NM USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque NM USA
| | - Michael Lazarou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Melbourne Australia
| | | | - Terje Johansen
- Molecular Cancer Research Group Institute of Medical Biology University of Tromsø‐The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
| | - Vojo Deretic
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism (AIM) Center of Biomedical Research Excellence University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque NM USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque NM USA
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14
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Gu Y, Princely Abudu Y, Kumar S, Bissa B, Choi SW, Jia J, Lazarou M, Eskelinen E, Johansen T, Deretic V. Mammalian Atg8 proteins regulate lysosome and autolysosome biogenesis through SNAREs. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101994. [PMID: 31625181 PMCID: PMC6856626 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019101994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian homologs of yeast Atg8 protein (mAtg8s) are important in autophagy, but their exact mode of action remains ill-defined. Syntaxin 17 (Stx17), a SNARE with major roles in autophagy, was recently shown to bind mAtg8s. Here, we identified LC3-interacting regions (LIRs) in several SNAREs that broaden the landscape of the mAtg8-SNARE interactions. We found that Syntaxin 16 (Stx16) and its cognate SNARE partners all have LIR motifs and bind mAtg8s. Knockout of Stx16 caused defects in lysosome biogenesis, whereas a Stx16 and Stx17 double knockout completely blocked autophagic flux and decreased mitophagy, pexophagy, xenophagy, and ribophagy. Mechanistic analyses revealed that mAtg8s and Stx16 control several properties of lysosomal compartments including their function as platforms for active mTOR. These findings reveal a broad direct interaction of mAtg8s with SNAREs with impact on membrane remodeling in eukaryotic cells and expand the roles of mAtg8s to lysosome biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexi Gu
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism (AIM) Center of Biomedical Research ExcellenceUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Yakubu Princely Abudu
- Molecular Cancer Research GroupInstitute of Medical BiologyUniversity of Tromsø‐The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism (AIM) Center of Biomedical Research ExcellenceUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Bhawana Bissa
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism (AIM) Center of Biomedical Research ExcellenceUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Seong Won Choi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Jingyue Jia
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism (AIM) Center of Biomedical Research ExcellenceUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Michael Lazarou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBiomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | | | - Terje Johansen
- Molecular Cancer Research GroupInstitute of Medical BiologyUniversity of Tromsø‐The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Vojo Deretic
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism (AIM) Center of Biomedical Research ExcellenceUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
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15
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Kotsias F, Cebrian I, Alloatti A. Antigen processing and presentation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 348:69-121. [PMID: 31810556 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are at the center of immune responses. They are defined by their ability to sense the environment, take up and process antigen, migrate to secondary lymphoid organs, where they present antigens to the adaptive immune system. In particular, they present lipids and proteins from pathogens, which they encountered in peripheral tissues, to T cells in order to induce a specific effector immune response. These complex antigens need to be broken down into peptides of a certain length in association with Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules. Presentation of MHC/antigen complexes alongside costimulatory molecules and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines will induce an appropriate immune response. This interaction between dendritic cells and T cells takes place at defined locations within secondary lymphoid organs. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge and recent advances on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie antigen processing and the subsequent presentation to T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Kotsias
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Cebrian
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM)-CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Andrés Alloatti
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario (IDICER)-CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
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16
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Thibodeau J, Moulefera MA, Balthazard R. On the structure–function of MHC class II molecules and how single amino acid polymorphisms could alter intracellular trafficking. Hum Immunol 2019; 80:15-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Borg Distefano M, Hofstad Haugen L, Wang Y, Perdreau-Dahl H, Kjos I, Jia D, Morth JP, Neefjes J, Bakke O, Progida C. TBC1D5 controls the GTPase cycle of Rab7b. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.216630. [PMID: 30111580 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.216630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab GTPases are key regulators of intracellular trafficking, and cycle between a GTP-bound active state and a GDP-bound inactive state. This cycle is regulated by guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). Several efforts have been made in connecting the correct GEFs and GAPs to their specific Rab. Here, we aimed to identify GAPs for Rab7b, the small GTPase involved in transport from late endosomes to the trans-Golgi. An siRNA screen targeting proteins containing TBC domains critical for Rab GAPs was performed and coupled to a phenotypic read-out that visualized the distribution of Rab7b. Silencing of TBC1D5 provided the strongest phenotype and this protein was subsequently validated in various in vitro and cell-based assays. TBC1D5 localizes to Rab7b-positive vesicles, interacts with Rab7b and has GAP activity towards Rab7b in vitro, which is further increased by retromer proteins. Similarly to the constitutively active mutant of Rab7b, inactivation of TBC1D5 also reduces the number of CI-MPR- and sortilin-positive vesicles. Together, the results show that TBC1D5 is a GAP for Rab7b in the control of endosomal transport to the trans-Golgi.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marita Borg Distefano
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Linda Hofstad Haugen
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Harmonie Perdreau-Dahl
- Norwegian Center of Molecular Medicine, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Kjos
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Da Jia
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jens Preben Morth
- Norwegian Center of Molecular Medicine, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway.,Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center LUMC, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Oddmund Bakke
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Cinzia Progida
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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18
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Cation-Independent Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor Deficiency Enhances β-Cell Susceptibility to Palmitate. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:MCB.00680-17. [PMID: 29378831 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00680-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitate attenuates insulin secretion and reduces the viability of insulin-producing cells. Previous studies identified the aberrant palmitoylation or mispalmitoylation of proteins as one mechanism by which palmitate causes β-cell damage. In this report, we identify a role for lysosomal protein degradation as a mechanism by which β cells defend themselves against excess palmitate. The cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) is responsible for the trafficking of mannose 6-phosphate-tagged proteins to lysosomes via Golgi sorting and from extracellular locations through endocytosis. RINm5F cells, which are highly sensitive to palmitate, lack CI-MPR. The reconstitution of CI-MPR expression attenuates the induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the toxic effects of palmitate on RINm5F cell viability. INS832/13 cells express CI-MPR and are resistant to the palmitate-mediated loss of cell viability. The reduction of CI-MPR expression increases the sensitivity of INS832/13 cells to the toxic effects of palmitate treatment. The inhibition of lysosomal acid hydrolase activity by weak base treatment of islets under glucolipotoxic conditions causes islet degeneration that is prevented by the inhibition of protein palmitoylation. These findings indicate that defects in lysosomal function lead to the enhanced sensitivity of insulin-producing cells to palmitate and support a role for normal lysosomal function in the protection of β cells from excess palmitate.
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19
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Karch J, Schips TG, Maliken BD, Brody MJ, Sargent MA, Kanisicak O, Molkentin JD. Autophagic cell death is dependent on lysosomal membrane permeability through Bax and Bak. eLife 2017; 6:e30543. [PMID: 29148970 PMCID: PMC5697932 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells deficient in the pro-death Bcl-2 family members Bax and Bak are known to be resistant to apoptotic cell death, and previous we have shown that these two effectors are also needed for mitochondrial-dependent cellular necrosis (Karch et al., 2013). Here we show that mouse embryonic fibroblasts deficient in Bax/Bak1 are resistant to the third major form of cell death associated with autophagy through a mechanism involving lysosome permeability. Indeed, specifically targeting Bax only to the lysosome restores autophagic cell death in Bax/Bak1 null cells. Moreover, a monomeric-only mutant form of Bax is sufficient to increase lysosomal membrane permeability and restore autophagic cell death in Bax/Bak1 double-deleted mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Finally, increasing lysosomal permeability through a lysomotropic detergent in cells devoid of Bax/Bak1 restores autophagic cell death, collectively indicting that Bax/Bak integrate all major forms of cell death through direct effects on membrane permeability of multiple intracellular organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Karch
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterUniversity of CincinnatiOhioUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Tobias G Schips
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterUniversity of CincinnatiOhioUnited States
| | - Bryan D Maliken
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterUniversity of CincinnatiOhioUnited States
| | - Matthew J Brody
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterUniversity of CincinnatiOhioUnited States
| | - Michelle A Sargent
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterUniversity of CincinnatiOhioUnited States
| | - Onur Kanisicak
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterUniversity of CincinnatiOhioUnited States
| | - Jeffery D Molkentin
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterUniversity of CincinnatiOhioUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteCincinnatiUnited States
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20
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Afridi S, Hoessli DC, Hameed MW. Mechanistic understanding and significance of small peptides interaction with MHC class II molecules for therapeutic applications. Immunol Rev 2017; 272:151-68. [PMID: 27319349 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules are expressed by antigen-presenting cells and stimulate CD4(+) T cells, which initiate humoral immune responses. Over the past decade, interest has developed to therapeutically impact the peptides to be exposed to CD4(+) T cells. Structurally diverse small molecules have been discovered that act on the endogenous peptide exchanger HLA-DM by different mechanisms. Exogenously delivered peptides are highly susceptible to proteolytic cleavage in vivo; however, it is only when successfully incorporated into stable MHC II-peptide complexes that these peptides can induce an immune response. Many of the small molecules so far discovered have highlighted the molecular interactions mediating the formation of MHC II-peptide complexes. As potential drugs, these small molecules open new therapeutic approaches to modulate MHC II antigen presentation pathways and influence the quality and specificity of immune responses. This review briefly introduces how CD4(+) T cells recognize antigen when displayed by MHC class II molecules, as well as MHC class II-peptide-loading pathways, structural basis of peptide binding and stabilization of the peptide-MHC complexes. We discuss the concept of MHC-loading enhancers, how they could modulate immune responses and how these molecules have been identified. Finally, we suggest mechanisms whereby MHC-loading enhancers could act upon MHC class II molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifullah Afridi
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Daniel C Hoessli
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqar Hameed
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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21
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Abstract
Unlike B cells, CD8-positive and CD4-positive T cells of the adaptive immune system do not recognize intact foreign proteins but instead recognize polypeptide fragments of potential antigens. These antigenic peptides are expressed on the surface of antigen presenting cells bound to MHC class I and MHC class II proteins. Here, we review the basics of antigen acquisition by antigen presenting cells, antigen proteolysis into polypeptide fragments, antigenic peptide binding to MHC proteins, and surface display of both MHC class I-peptide and MHC class II-peptide complexes.
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22
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Jongsma MLM, Berlin I, Wijdeven RHM, Janssen L, Janssen GMC, Garstka MA, Janssen H, Mensink M, van Veelen PA, Spaapen RM, Neefjes J. An ER-Associated Pathway Defines Endosomal Architecture for Controlled Cargo Transport. Cell 2017; 166:152-66. [PMID: 27368102 PMCID: PMC4930482 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Through a network of progressively maturing vesicles, the endosomal system connects the cell's interior with extracellular space. Intriguingly, this network exhibits a bilateral architecture, comprised of a relatively immobile perinuclear vesicle "cloud" and a highly dynamic peripheral contingent. How this spatiotemporal organization is achieved and what function(s) it curates is unclear. Here, we reveal the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-located ubiquitin ligase Ring finger protein 26 (RNF26) as the global architect of the entire endosomal system, including the trans-Golgi network (TGN). To specify perinuclear vesicle coordinates, catalytically competent RNF26 recruits and ubiquitinates the scaffold p62/sequestosome 1 (p62/SQSTM1), in turn attracting ubiquitin-binding domains (UBDs) of various vesicle adaptors. Consequently, RNF26 restrains fast transport of diverse vesicles through a common molecular mechanism operating at the ER membrane, until the deubiquitinating enzyme USP15 opposes RNF26 activity to allow vesicle release into the cell's periphery. By drawing the endosomal system's architecture, RNF26 orchestrates endosomal maturation and trafficking of cargoes, including signaling receptors, in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlieke L M Jongsma
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC/UvA, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ilana Berlin
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Ruud H M Wijdeven
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lennert Janssen
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - George M C Janssen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Malgorzata A Garstka
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Janssen
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Mensink
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter A van Veelen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Robbert M Spaapen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC/UvA, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Chemical Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Rock KL, Reits E, Neefjes J. Present Yourself! By MHC Class I and MHC Class II Molecules. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:724-737. [PMID: 27614798 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of MHC molecules, it has taken 40 years to arrive at a coherent picture of how MHC class I and MHC class II molecules really work. This is a story of the proteases and MHC-like chaperones that support the MHC class I and II molecules in presenting peptides to the immune system. We now understand that the MHC system shapes both the repertoire of presented peptides and the subsequent T cell response, with important implications ranging from transplant rejection to tumor immunotherapies. Here we present an illustrated review of the ins and outs of MHC class I and MHC class II antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L Rock
- Department of Pathology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Eric Reits
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Department of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Chemical Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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24
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Bretou M, Kumari A, Malbec O, Moreau HD, Obino D, Pierobon P, Randrian V, Sáez PJ, Lennon-Duménil AM. Dynamics of the membrane-cytoskeleton interface in MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation. Immunol Rev 2016; 272:39-51. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marine Bretou
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie; ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL* and ANR-11-LABX-0043; Paris France
| | - Anita Kumari
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie; ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL* and ANR-11-LABX-0043; Paris France
| | - Odile Malbec
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie; ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL* and ANR-11-LABX-0043; Paris France
| | - Hélène D. Moreau
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie; ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL* and ANR-11-LABX-0043; Paris France
| | - Dorian Obino
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie; ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL* and ANR-11-LABX-0043; Paris France
| | - Paolo Pierobon
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie; ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL* and ANR-11-LABX-0043; Paris France
| | - Violaine Randrian
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie; ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL* and ANR-11-LABX-0043; Paris France
| | - Pablo J. Sáez
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie; ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL* and ANR-11-LABX-0043; Paris France
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25
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Oh J, Shin JS. Molecular mechanism and cellular function of MHCII ubiquitination. Immunol Rev 2016; 266:134-44. [PMID: 26085212 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) is ubiquitinated via the evolutionarily conserved lysine in the cytoplasmic tail of the β chain in dendritic cells (DCs) and B cells. The ubiquitination is mediated by the membrane-associated RING-CH1 (MARCH1) ubiquitin ligase although it can be also mediated by the homologous ligase MARCH8 in model cell lines. The ubiquitination promotes MHCII endocytosis and lysosomal sorting that results in a reduction in the level of MHCII at cell surface. Functionally, MHCII ubiquitination serves as a means by which DCs suppress MHCII expression and reduce antigen presentation in response to the immune regulatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) and regulatory T cells. Recently, additional roles of MHCII ubiquitination have emerged. MHCII ubiquitination promoted DC production of inflammatory cytokines in response to the Toll-like receptor ligands. It also potentiated DC ability to activate antigen-specific naive CD4(+) T cells while limiting the amount of antigens presented at cell surface. Similarly, MHCII ubiquitination promoted DC activation of CD4(+) thymocytes supporting regulatory T-cell development independent of its effect of limiting antigen presentation. Thus, ubiquitination appears to confer MHCII a function independent of presenting antigens by a mechanism yet to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehak Oh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeoung-Sook Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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26
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Substrate determinants of signal peptide peptidase-like 2a (SPPL2a)-mediated intramembrane proteolysis of the invariant chain CD74. Biochem J 2016; 473:1405-22. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intramembrane proteolysis of CD74 by SPPL2a is essential for B- and dendritic cells. We show that CD74 is proteolysed in the luminal third of the transmembrane segment and identify determinants within its transmembrane and luminal membrane-proximal domain facilitating this cleavage.
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27
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Unanue ER, Turk V, Neefjes J. Variations in MHC Class II Antigen Processing and Presentation in Health and Disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2016; 34:265-97. [PMID: 26907214 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-041015-055420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
MHC class II (MHC-II) molecules are critical in the control of many immune responses. They are also involved in most autoimmune diseases and other pathologies. Here, we describe the biology of MHC-II and MHC-II variations that affect immune responses. We discuss the classic cell biology of MHC-II and various perturbations. Proteolysis is a major process in the biology of MHC-II, and we describe the various components forming and controlling this endosomal proteolytic machinery. This process ultimately determines the MHC-II-presented peptidome, including cryptic peptides, modified peptides, and other peptides that are relevant in autoimmune responses. MHC-II also variable in expression, glycosylation, and turnover. We illustrate that MHC-II is variable not only in amino acids (polymorphic) but also in its biology, with consequences for both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil R Unanue
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110;
| | - Vito Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, J. Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; .,Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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28
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van Luijn MM, Kreft KL, Jongsma ML, Mes SW, Wierenga-Wolf AF, van Meurs M, Melief MJ, der Kant RV, Janssen L, Janssen H, Tan R, Priatel JJ, Neefjes J, Laman JD, Hintzen RQ. Multiple sclerosis-associated CLEC16A controls HLA class II expression via late endosome biogenesis. Brain 2015; 138:1531-47. [PMID: 25823473 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
C-type lectins are key players in immune regulation by driving distinct functions of antigen-presenting cells. The C-type lectin CLEC16A gene is located at 16p13, a susceptibility locus for several autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis. However, the function of this gene and its potential contribution to these diseases in humans are poorly understood. In this study, we found a strong upregulation of CLEC16A expression in the white matter of multiple sclerosis patients (n = 14) compared to non-demented controls (n = 11), mainly in perivascular leukocyte infiltrates. Moreover, CLEC16A levels were significantly enhanced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of multiple sclerosis patients (n = 69) versus healthy controls (n = 46). In peripheral blood mononuclear cells, CLEC16A was most abundant in monocyte-derived dendritic cells, in which it strongly co-localized with human leukocyte antigen class II. Treatment of these professional antigen-presenting cells with vitamin D, a key protective environmental factor in multiple sclerosis, downmodulated CLEC16A in parallel with human leukocyte antigen class II. Knockdown of CLEC16A in distinct types of model and primary antigen-presenting cells resulted in severely impaired cytoplasmic distribution and formation of human leucocyte antigen class II-positive late endosomes, as determined by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Mechanistically, CLEC16A participated in the molecular machinery of human leukocyte antigen class II-positive late endosome formation and trafficking to perinuclear regions, involving the dynein motor complex. By performing co-immunoprecipitations, we found that CLEC16A directly binds to two critical members of this complex, RILP and the HOPS complex. CLEC16A silencing in antigen-presenting cells disturbed RILP-mediated recruitment of human leukocyte antigen class II-positive late endosomes to perinuclear regions. Together, we identify CLEC16A as a pivotal gene in multiple sclerosis that serves as a direct regulator of the human leukocyte antigen class II pathway in antigen-presenting cells. These findings are a first step in coupling multiple sclerosis-associated genes to the regulation of the strongest genetic factor in multiple sclerosis, human leukocyte antigen class II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin M van Luijn
- 1 Department of Immunology and MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karim L Kreft
- 2 Department of Neurology and MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marlieke L Jongsma
- 3 Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven W Mes
- 1 Department of Immunology and MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annet F Wierenga-Wolf
- 1 Department of Immunology and MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjan van Meurs
- 1 Department of Immunology and MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-José Melief
- 1 Department of Immunology and MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rik van der Kant
- 3 Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lennert Janssen
- 3 Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Janssen
- 3 Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rusung Tan
- 4 Department of Pathology, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar 5 BC Children's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - John J Priatel
- 5 BC Children's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- 3 Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jon D Laman
- 1 Department of Immunology and MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier Q Hintzen
- 2 Department of Neurology and MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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29
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Michelet X, Garg S, Wolf BJ, Tuli A, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Brenner MB. MHC Class II Presentation Is Controlled by the Lysosomal Small GTPase, Arl8b. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2079-88. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Jongsma MLM, Berlin I, Neefjes J. On the move: organelle dynamics during mitosis. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 25:112-24. [PMID: 25466831 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A cell constitutes the minimal self-replicating unit of all organisms, programmed to propagate its genome as it proceeds through mitotic cell division. The molecular processes entrusted with ensuring high fidelity of DNA replication and subsequent segregation of chromosomes between daughter cells have therefore been studied extensively. However, to process the information encoded in its genome a cell must also pass on its non-genomic identity to future generations. To achieve productive sharing of intracellular organelles, cells have evolved complex mechanisms of organelle inheritance. Many membranous compartments undergo vast spatiotemporal rearrangements throughout mitosis. These controlled organizational changes are crucial to enabling completion of the division cycle and ensuring successful progeny. Herein we review current understanding of intracellular organelle segregation during mitotic division in mammalian cells, with a focus on compartment organization and integrity throughout the inheritance process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlieke L M Jongsma
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilana Berlin
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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31
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Yeganeh B, Ghavami S, Kroeker AL, Mahood TH, Stelmack GL, Klonisch T, Coombs KM, Halayko AJ. Suppression of influenza A virus replication in human lung epithelial cells by noncytotoxic concentrations bafilomycin A1. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 308:L270-86. [PMID: 25361566 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00011.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcellular trafficking within host cells plays a critical role in viral life cycles, including influenza A virus (IAV). Thus targeting relevant subcellular compartments holds promise for effective intervention to control the impact of influenza infection. Bafilomycin A1 (Baf-A1), when used at relative high concentrations (≥10 nM), inhibits vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) and reduces endosome acidification and lysosome number, thus inhibiting IAV replication but promoting host cell cytotoxicity. We tested the hypothesis that much lower doses of Baf-A1 also have anti-IAV activity, but without toxic effects. Thus we assessed the antiviral activity of Baf-A1 at different concentrations (0.1-100 nM) in human alveolar epithelial cells (A549) infected with IAV strain A/PR/8/34 virus (H1N1). Infected and mock-infected cells pre- and cotreated with Baf-A1 were harvested 0-24 h postinfection and analyzed by immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, and confocal and electron microscopy. We found that Baf-A1 had disparate concentration-dependent effects on subcellular organelles and suppressed affected IAV replication. At concentrations ≥10 nM Baf-A1 inhibited acid lysosome formation, which resulted in greatly reduced IAV replication and release. Notably, at a very low concentration of 0.1 nM that is insufficient to reduce lysosome number, Baf-A1 retained the capacity to significantly impair IAV nuclear accumulation as well as IAV replication and release. In contrast to the effects of high concentrations of Baf-A1, very low concentrations did not exhibit cytotoxic effects or induce apoptotic cell death, based on morphological and FACS analyses. In conclusion, our results reveal that low-concentration Baf-A1 is an effective inhibitor of IAV replication, without impacting host cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Yeganeh
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Andrea L Kroeker
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Thomas H Mahood
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Gerald L Stelmack
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Thomas Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; and
| | - Kevin M Coombs
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Andrew J Halayko
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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32
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TLR-dependent phagosome tubulation in dendritic cells promotes phagosome cross-talk to optimize MHC-II antigen presentation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:15508-13. [PMID: 25313083 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1412998111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) phagocytose large particles like bacteria at sites of infection and progressively degrade them within maturing phagosomes. Phagosomes in DCs are also signaling platforms for pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and sites for assembly of cargo-derived peptides with major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules. Although TLR signaling from phagosomes stimulates presentation of phagocytosed antigens, the mechanisms underlying this enhancement and the cell surface delivery of MHC-II-peptide complexes from phagosomes are not known. We show that in DCs, maturing phagosomes extend numerous long tubules several hours after phagocytosis. Tubule formation requires an intact microtubule and actin cytoskeleton and MyD88-dependent phagosomal TLR signaling, but not phagolysosome formation or extensive proteolysis. In contrast to the tubules that emerge from endolysosomes after uptake of soluble ligands and TLR stimulation, the late-onset phagosomal tubules are not essential for delivery of phagosome-derived MHC-II-peptide complexes to the plasma membrane. Rather, tubulation promotes MHC-II presentation by enabling maximal cargo transfer among phagosomes that bear a TLR signature. Our data show that phagosomal tubules in DCs are functionally distinct from those that emerge from lysosomes and are unique adaptations of the phagocytic machinery that facilitate cargo exchange and antigen presentation among TLR-signaling phagosomes.
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33
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Falkenstein K, De Lozanne A. Dictyostelium LvsB has a regulatory role in endosomal vesicle fusion. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:4356-67. [PMID: 25086066 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.138123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in human lysosomal-trafficking regulator (Lyst) are associated with the lysosomal disorder Chediak-Higashi syndrome. The absence of Lyst results in the formation of enlarged lysosome-related compartments, but the mechanism for how these compartments arise is not well established. Two opposing models have been proposed to explain Lyst function. The fission model describes Lyst as a positive regulator of fission from lysosomal compartments, whereas the fusion model identifies Lyst as a negative regulator of fusion between lysosomal vesicles. Here, we used assays that can distinguish between defects in vesicle fusion versus fission. We compared the phenotype of Dictyostelium discoideum cells defective in LvsB, the ortholog of Lyst, with that of two known fission defect mutants (μ3- and WASH-null mutants). We found that the temporal localization characteristics of the post-lysosomal marker vacuolin, as well as vesicular acidity and the fusion dynamics of LvsB-null cells are distinct from those of both μ3- and WASH-null fission defect mutants. These distinctions are predicted by the fusion defect model and implicate LvsB as a negative regulator of vesicle fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Falkenstein
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Arturo De Lozanne
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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34
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A critical role for cell polarity in antigen extraction, processing, and presentation by B lymphocytes. Adv Immunol 2014; 123:51-67. [PMID: 24840947 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800266-7.00001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The activation of B lymphocytes in response to external stimuli represents a key step in the adaptive immune response, which is required for the production of high-affinity antibodies and for the generation of long-term memory. Because the dysregulation of B lymphocyte responses can lead to diverse pathological situations, B cells are considered today as valuable therapeutic targets for immunomodulation, in particular in the context of autoimmune reactions. Here, we review the fundamental molecular and cell biological mechanisms that enable B cells to efficiently sense, acquire, and respond to extracellular antigens. A special emphasis is given to cell polarity, which was shown to be critical for the regulation of antigen acquisition, processing, and presentation by B lymphocytes. How cell polarity coordinates the various steps of B lymphocyte activation and might impact the humoral immune response is further discussed.
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35
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The intramembrane proteases signal Peptide peptidase-like 2a and 2b have distinct functions in vivo. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:1398-411. [PMID: 24492962 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00038-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported recently that the presenilin homologue signal peptide peptidase-like 2a (SPPL2a) is essential for B cell development by cleaving the N-terminal fragment (NTF) of the invariant chain (li, CD74). Based on this, we suggested that pharmacological modulation of SPPL2a may represent a novel approach to deplete B cells in autoimmune disorders. With regard to reported overlapping substrate spectra of SPPL2a and its close homologue, SPPL2b, we investigated the role of SPPL2b in CD74 NTF proteolysis and its impact on B and dendritic cell homeostasis. In heterologous expression experiments, SPPL2b was found to cleave CD74 NTF with an efficiency similar to that of SPPL2a. For in vivo analysis, SPPL2b single-deficient and SPPL2a/SPPL2b double-deficient mice were generated and examined for CD74 NTF turnover/accumulation, B cell maturation and functionality, and dendritic cell homeostasis. We demonstrate that in vivo SPPL2b does not exhibit a physiologically relevant contribution to CD74 proteolysis in B and dendritic cells. Furthermore, we reveal that both proteases exhibit divergent subcellular localizations in B cells and different expression profiles in murine tissues. These findings suggest distinct functions of SPPL2a and SPPL2b and, based on a high abundance of SPPL2b in brain, a physiological role of this protease in the central nervous system.
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36
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Arndt L, Castonguay J, Arlt E, Meyer D, Hassan S, Borth H, Zierler S, Wennemuth G, Breit A, Biel M, Wahl-Schott C, Gudermann T, Klugbauer N, Boekhoff I. NAADP and the two-pore channel protein 1 participate in the acrosome reaction in mammalian spermatozoa. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:948-64. [PMID: 24451262 PMCID: PMC3952862 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-09-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A TPCN1 gene–deficient mouse strain is used to show that two convergent working NAADP-dependent pathways with nonoverlapping activation and self-inactivation profiles for distinct NAADP concentrations drive acrosomal exocytosis, by which TPC1 is central for the pathway activated by low-micromolar NAADP concentrations. The functional relationship between the formation of hundreds of fusion pores during the acrosome reaction in spermatozoa and the mobilization of calcium from the acrosome has been determined only partially. Hence, the second messenger NAADP, promoting efflux of calcium from lysosome-like compartments and one of its potential molecular targets, the two-pore channel 1 (TPC1), were analyzed for its involvement in triggering the acrosome reaction using a TPCN1 gene–deficient mouse strain. The present study documents that TPC1 and NAADP-binding sites showed a colocalization at the acrosomal region and that treatment of spermatozoa with NAADP resulted in a loss of the acrosomal vesicle that showed typical properties described for TPCs: Registered responses were not detectable for its chemical analogue NADP and were blocked by the NAADP antagonist trans-Ned-19. In addition, two narrow bell-shaped dose-response curves were identified with maxima in either the nanomolar or low micromolar NAADP concentration range, where TPC1 was found to be responsible for activating the low affinity pathway. Our finding that two convergent NAADP-dependent pathways are operative in driving acrosomal exocytosis supports the concept that both NAADP-gated cascades match local NAADP concentrations with the efflux of acrosomal calcium, thereby ensuring complete fusion of the large acrosomal vesicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilli Arndt
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 81377 München, Germany Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 81377 München, Germany Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, 79104 Freiburg, Germany Institute for Anatomy, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
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ten Broeke T, Wubbolts R, Stoorvogel W. MHC class II antigen presentation by dendritic cells regulated through endosomal sorting. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:a016873. [PMID: 24296169 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a016873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
For the initiation of adaptive immune responses, dendritic cells present antigenic peptides in association with major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) to naïve CD4(+) T lymphocytes. In this review, we discuss how antigen presentation is regulated through intracellular processing and trafficking of MHCII. Newly synthesized MHCII is chaperoned by the invariant chain to endosomes, where peptides from endocytosed pathogens can bind. In nonactivated dendritic cells, peptide-loaded MHCII is ubiquitinated and consequently sorted by the ESCRT machinery to intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular bodies, ultimately leading to lysosomal degradation. Ubiquitination of newly synthesized MHCII is blocked when dendritic cells are activated, now allowing its transfer to the cell surface. This mode of regulation for MHCII is a prime example of how molecular processing and sorting at multivesicular bodies can determine the expression of signaling receptors at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toine ten Broeke
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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van Kasteren SI, Overkleeft H, Ovaa H, Neefjes J. Chemical biology of antigen presentation by MHC molecules. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 26:21-31. [PMID: 24556397 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
MHC class I and MHC class II molecules present peptides to the immune system to drive proper T cell responses. Pharmacological modulation of T-cell responses can offer treatment options for a range of immune-related diseases. Pharmacological downregulation of MHC molecules may find application in treatment of auto-immunity and transplantation rejection while pharmacological activation of antigen presentation would support immune responses to infection and cancer. Since the cell biology of MHC class I and MHC class II antigen presentation is understood in great detail, many potential targets for manipulation have been defined over the years. Here, we discuss how antigen presentation by MHC molecules can be modulated by pharmacological agents and how chemistry can further support the study of antigen presentation in general. The chemical biology of antigen presentation by MHC molecules shows surprising options for immune modulation and the development of future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander I van Kasteren
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Cell Biology, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Leiden Institute of Chemistry (LIC), Division of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hermen Overkleeft
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Cell Biology, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Leiden Institute of Chemistry (LIC), Division of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Huib Ovaa
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Cell Biology, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Leiden Institute of Chemistry (LIC), Division of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Cell Biology, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Leiden Institute of Chemistry (LIC), Division of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, Netherlands.
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Rainero E, Norman JC. Late endosomal and lysosomal trafficking during integrin-mediated cell migration and invasion: cell matrix receptors are trafficked through the late endosomal pathway in a way that dictates how cells migrate. Bioessays 2013; 35:523-32. [PMID: 23605698 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201200160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recently it has become clear that trafficking of integrins to late endosomes is key to the regulation of integrin expression and function during cell migration. Here we discuss the molecular machinery that dictates whether integrins are sorted to recycling endosomes or are targeted to late endosomes and lysosomes. Integrins and other receptors that are sorted to late endosomes are not necessarily degraded and, under certain circumstances, can be spared destruction and returned to the cell surface to drive cell migration and invasion. We will discuss how the exchange of adhesion receptors and other key regulators of cell migration between late endosomes/lysosomes and the plasma membrane can promote dynamic turnover of adhesions during cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rainero
- Beatson Institute for Cancer, Research, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
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Regulation of hepatitis B virus infection by Rab5, Rab7, and the endolysosomal compartment. J Virol 2013; 87:6415-27. [PMID: 23536683 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00393-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite important progress toward deciphering human hepatitis B virus (HBV) entry into host cells, many aspects of the early steps of the life cycle remained completely obscure. Following endocytosis, HBV must travel through the complex network of the endocytic pathway to reach the cell nucleus and initiate replication. In addition to guiding the viral particles to the replication site, the endosomal vesicles may play a crucial role in infection, providing the appropriate environment for virus uncoating and nucleocapsid release. In this work, we investigated the trafficking of HBV particles internalized in permissive cells. Expression of key Rab proteins, involved in specific pathways leading to different intracellular locations, was modulated in HepaRG cells, using a stable and inducible short hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression system. The trafficking properties of the newly developed cells were demonstrated by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry using specific markers. The results showed that HBV infection strongly depends on Rab5 and Rab7 expression, indicating that HBV transport from early to mature endosomes is required for a step in the viral life cycle. This may involve reduction of disulfide bond-linked envelope proteins, as alteration of the redox potential of the endocytic pathway resulted in inhibition of infection. Subcellular fractionation of HBV-infected cells showed that viral particles are further transported to lysosomes. Intriguingly, infection was not dependent on the lysosomal activity, suggesting that trafficking to this compartment is a "dead-end" route. Together, these data add to our understanding of the HBV-host cell interactions controlling the early stages of infection.
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Assembly of matched alpha/beta subunits to HLA class II peptide receptors. Methods Mol Biol 2013. [PMID: 23329505 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-218-6_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Human antigen presenting cells express three human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II isotypes (DR, DP, and DQ), which are composed of polymorphic α and β subunits. The combination of polymorphic α- and β-chains results in cis (encoded on the same chromosome) or trans (encoded on different chromosomes) combinations. Since some of the α-β combinations may yield mismatched non-functional α-β heterodimers, it is not entirely clear which type of HLA class II peptide receptors are found on the cell surface of antigen presenting cells. We have developed a combination of biochemical techniques for inspection of the assembly and intracellular transport of isotype matched and mismatched class II heterodimers.
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Griffin BD, Gram AM, Mulder A, Van Leeuwen D, Claas FHJ, Wang F, Ressing ME, Wiertz E. EBV BILF1 evolved to downregulate cell surface display of a wide range of HLA class I molecules through their cytoplasmic tail. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:1672-84. [PMID: 23315076 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Coevolution of herpesviruses and their hosts has driven the development of both host antiviral mechanisms to detect and eliminate infected cells and viral ploys to escape immune surveillance. Among the immune-evasion strategies used by the lymphocryptovirus (γ(1)-herpesvirus) EBV is the downregulation of surface HLA class I expression by the virally encoded G protein-coupled receptor BILF1, thereby impeding presentation of viral Ags and cytotoxic T cell recognition of the infected cell. In this study, we show EBV BILF1 to be expressed early in the viral lytic cycle. BILF1 targets a broad range of HLA class I molecules, including multiple HLA-A and -B types and HLA-E. In contrast, HLA-C was only marginally affected. We advance the mechanistic understanding of the process by showing that the cytoplasmic C-terminal tail of EBV BILF1 is required for reducing surface HLA class I expression. Susceptibility to BILF1-mediated downregulation, in turn, is conferred by specific residues in the intracellular tail of the HLA class I H chain. Finally, we explore the evolution of BILF1 within the lymphocryptovirus genus. Although the homolog of BILF1 encoded by the lymphocryptovirus infecting Old World rhesus primates shares the ability of EBV to downregulate cell surface HLA class I expression, this function is not possessed by New World marmoset lymphocryptovirus BILF1. Therefore, this study furthers our knowledge of the evolution of immunoevasive functions by the lymphocryptovirus genus of herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D Griffin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Mantegazza AR, Magalhaes JG, Amigorena S, Marks MS. Presentation of phagocytosed antigens by MHC class I and II. Traffic 2012; 14:135-52. [PMID: 23127154 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis provides innate immune cells with a mechanism to take up and destroy pathogenic bacteria, apoptotic cells and other large particles. In some cases, however, peptide antigens from these particles are preserved for presentation in association with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or class II molecules in order to stimulate antigen-specific T cells. Processing and presentation of antigens from phagosomes presents a number of distinct challenges relative to antigens internalized by other means; while bacterial antigens were among the first discovered to be presented to T cells, analyses of the cellular mechanisms by which peptides from phagocytosed antigens assemble with MHC molecules and by which these complexes are then expressed at the plasma membrane have lagged behind those of conventional model soluble antigens. In this review, we cover recent advances in our understanding of these processes, including the unique cross-presentation of phagocytosed antigens by MHC class I molecules, and in their control by signaling modalities in phagocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana R Mantegazza
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Vardjan N, Gabrijel M, Potokar M, Svajger U, Kreft M, Jeras M, de Pablo Y, Faiz M, Pekny M, Zorec R. IFN-γ-induced increase in the mobility of MHC class II compartments in astrocytes depends on intermediate filaments. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:144. [PMID: 22734718 PMCID: PMC3423045 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In immune-mediated diseases of the central nervous system, astrocytes exposed to interferon-γ (IFN-γ) can express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules and antigens on their surface. MHC class II molecules are thought to be delivered to the cell surface by membrane-bound vesicles. However, the characteristics and dynamics of this vesicular traffic are unclear, particularly in reactive astrocytes, which overexpress intermediate filament (IF) proteins that may affect trafficking. The aim of this study was to determine the mobility of MHC class II vesicles in wild-type (WT) astrocytes and in astrocytes devoid of IFs. Methods The identity of MHC class II compartments in WT and IF-deficient astrocytes 48 h after IFN-γ activation was determined immunocytochemically by using confocal microscopy. Time-lapse confocal imaging and Alexa Fluor546-dextran labeling of late endosomes/lysosomes in IFN-γ treated cells was used to characterize the motion of MHC class II vesicles. The mobility of vesicles was analyzed using ParticleTR software. Results Confocal imaging of primary cultures of WT and IF-deficient astrocytes revealed IFN-γ induced MHC class II expression in late endosomes/lysosomes, which were specifically labeled with Alexa Fluor546-conjugated dextran. Live imaging revealed faster movement of dextran-positive vesicles in IFN-γ-treated than in untreated astrocytes. Vesicle mobility was lower in IFN-γ-treated IF-deficient astrocytes than in WT astrocytes. Thus, the IFN-γ-induced increase in the mobility of MHC class II compartments is IF-dependent. Conclusions Since reactivity of astrocytes is a hallmark of many CNS pathologies, it is likely that the up-regulation of IFs under such conditions allows a faster and therefore a more efficient delivery of MHC class II molecules to the cell surface. In vivo, such regulatory mechanisms may enable antigen-presenting reactive astrocytes to respond rapidly and in a controlled manner to CNS inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Vardjan
- Celica Biomedical Center, Tehnološki Park 24, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
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Towards a systems understanding of MHC class I and MHC class II antigen presentation. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11:823-36. [PMID: 22076556 DOI: 10.1038/nri3084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1220] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The molecular details of antigen processing and presentation by MHC class I and class II molecules have been studied extensively for almost three decades. Although the basic principles of these processes were laid out approximately 10 years ago, the recent years have revealed many details and provided new insights into their control and specificity. MHC molecules use various biochemical reactions to achieve successful presentation of antigenic fragments to the immune system. Here we present a timely evaluation of the biology of antigen presentation and a survey of issues that are considered unresolved. The continuing flow of new details into our understanding of the biology of MHC class I and class II antigen presentation builds a system involving several cell biological processes, which is discussed in this Review.
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Towards a systems understanding of MHC class I and MHC class II antigen presentation. Nat Rev Immunol 2011. [PMID: 22076556 DOI: 10.1038/nri3084.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The molecular details of antigen processing and presentation by MHC class I and class II molecules have been studied extensively for almost three decades. Although the basic principles of these processes were laid out approximately 10 years ago, the recent years have revealed many details and provided new insights into their control and specificity. MHC molecules use various biochemical reactions to achieve successful presentation of antigenic fragments to the immune system. Here we present a timely evaluation of the biology of antigen presentation and a survey of issues that are considered unresolved. The continuing flow of new details into our understanding of the biology of MHC class I and class II antigen presentation builds a system involving several cell biological processes, which is discussed in this Review.
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de Kreuk BJ, Nethe M, Fernandez-Borja M, Anthony EC, Hensbergen PJ, Deelder AM, Plomann M, Hordijk PL. The F-BAR domain protein PACSIN2 associates with Rac1 and regulates cell spreading and migration. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:2375-88. [PMID: 21693584 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.080630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rac1 GTPase controls cytoskeletal dynamics and is a key regulator of cell spreading and migration mediated by signaling through effector proteins, such as the PAK kinases and the Scar and WAVE proteins. We previously identified a series of regulatory proteins that associate with Rac1 through its hypervariable C-terminal domain, including the Rac1 activator β-Pix (also known as Rho guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor 7) and the membrane adapter caveolin-1. Here, we show that Rac1 associates, through its C-terminus, with the F-BAR domain protein PACSIN2, an inducer of membrane tubulation and a regulator of endocytosis. We show that Rac1 localizes with PACSIN2 at intracellular tubular structures and on early endosomes. Active Rac1 induces a loss of PACSIN2-positive tubular structures. By contrast, Rac1 inhibition results in an accumulation of PACSIN2-positive tubules. In addition, PACSIN2 appears to regulate Rac1 signaling; siRNA-mediated loss of PACSIN2 increases the levels of Rac1-GTP and promotes cell spreading and migration in a wound healing assay. Moreover, ectopic expression of PACSIN2 reduces Rac1-GTP levels in a fashion that is dependent on the PACSIN2-Rac1 interaction, on the membrane-tubulating capacity of PACSIN2 and on dynamin. These data identify the BAR-domain protein PACSIN2 as a Rac1 interactor that regulates Rac1-mediated cell spreading and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart-Jan de Kreuk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Verweij FJ, van Eijndhoven MAJ, Hopmans ES, Vendrig T, Wurdinger T, Cahir-McFarland E, Kieff E, Geerts D, van der Kant R, Neefjes J, Middeldorp JM, Pegtel DM. LMP1 association with CD63 in endosomes and secretion via exosomes limits constitutive NF-κB activation. EMBO J 2011; 30:2115-29. [PMID: 21527913 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous Epstein Barr virus (EBV) exploits human B-cell development to establish a persistent infection in ∼90% of the world population. Constitutive activation of NF-κB by the viral oncogene latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) has an important role in persistence, but is a risk factor for EBV-associated lymphomas. Here, we demonstrate that endogenous LMP1 escapes degradation upon accumulation within intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular endosomes and secretion via exosomes. LMP1 associates and traffics with the intracellular tetraspanin CD63 into vesicles that lack MHC II and sustain low cholesterol levels, even in 'cholesterol-trapping' conditions. The lipid-raft anchoring sequence FWLY, nor ubiquitylation of the N-terminus, controls LMP1 sorting into exosomes. Rather, C-terminal modifications that retain LMP1 in Golgi compartments preclude assembly within CD63-enriched domains and/or exosomal discharge leading to NF-κB overstimulation. Interference through shRNAs further proved the antagonizing role of CD63 in LMP1-mediated signalling. Thus, LMP1 exploits CD63-enriched microdomains to restrain downstream NF-κB activation by promoting trafficking in the endosomal-exosomal pathway. CD63 is thus a critical mediator of LMP1 function in- and outside-infected (tumour) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik J Verweij
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Paul P, van den Hoorn T, Jongsma MLM, Bakker MJ, Hengeveld R, Janssen L, Cresswell P, Egan DA, van Ham M, Ten Brinke A, Ovaa H, Beijersbergen RL, Kuijl C, Neefjes J. A Genome-wide multidimensional RNAi screen reveals pathways controlling MHC class II antigen presentation. Cell 2011; 145:268-83. [PMID: 21458045 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
MHC class II molecules (MHC-II) present peptides to T helper cells to facilitate immune responses and are strongly linked to autoimmune diseases. To unravel processes controlling MHC-II antigen presentation, we performed a genome-wide flow cytometry-based RNAi screen detecting MHC-II expression and peptide loading followed by additional high-throughput assays. All data sets were integrated to answer two fundamental questions: what regulates tissue-specific MHC-II transcription, and what controls MHC-II transport in dendritic cells? MHC-II transcription was controlled by nine regulators acting in feedback networks with higher-order control by signaling pathways, including TGFβ. MHC-II transport was controlled by the GTPase ARL14/ARF7, which recruits the motor myosin 1E via an effector protein ARF7EP. This complex controls movement of MHC-II vesicles along the actin cytoskeleton in human dendritic cells (DCs). These genome-wide systems analyses have thus identified factors and pathways controlling MHC-II transcription and transport, defining targets for manipulation of MHC-II antigen presentation in infection and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Paul
- Division of Cell Biology and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION DC (dendritic cells) continuously capture pathogens and process them into small peptides within the endolysosomal compartment, the MIIC (MHC class II-containing compartment). In MIICs peptides are loaded on to MHC class II and rapidly redistributed to the cell surface. This redistribution is accompanied by profound changes of the MIICs into tubular structures. An emerging concept is that MIIC tubulation provides a means to transport MHC class II-peptide complexes to the cell surface, either directly or through vesicular intermediates. To obtain spatial information on the reorganization of the MIICs during DC maturation, we performed electron tomography on cryo-immobilized and freeze-substituted mouse DCs after stimulation with LPS (lipopolysaccharide). RESULTS In non-stimulated DCs, MIICs are mostly spherical. After 3 h of LPS stimulation, individual MIICs transform into tubular structures. Three-dimensional reconstruction showed that the MIICs frequently display fusion profiles and after 6 h of LPS stimulation, MIICs become more interconnected, thereby creating large MIIC reticula. Microtubules and microfilaments align these MIICs and reveal physical connections. In our tomograms we also identified a separate population of MIIC-like intermediates, particularly at extended ends of MIIC tubules and in close proximity to the trans-Golgi network. No fusion events were captured between reticular MIICs and the plasma membrane. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that MIICs have the capacity to fuse together, whereby the cytoskeleton possibly provides a scaffold for the MIIC shape change and directionality. MIIC-like intermediates may represent MHC class II carriers.
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