1
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Kim D, Olson JM, Cooper JA. N-cadherin dynamically regulates pediatric glioma cell migration in complex environments. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202401057. [PMID: 38477830 PMCID: PMC10937189 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202401057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pediatric high-grade gliomas are highly invasive and essentially incurable. Glioma cells migrate between neurons and glia, along axon tracts, and through extracellular matrix surrounding blood vessels and underlying the pia. Mechanisms that allow adaptation to such complex environments are poorly understood. N-cadherin is highly expressed in pediatric gliomas and associated with shorter survival. We found that intercellular homotypic N-cadherin interactions differentially regulate glioma migration according to the microenvironment, stimulating migration on cultured neurons or astrocytes but inhibiting invasion into reconstituted or astrocyte-deposited extracellular matrix. N-cadherin localizes to filamentous connections between migrating leader cells but to epithelial-like junctions between followers. Leader cells have more surface and recycling N-cadherin, increased YAP1/TAZ signaling, and increased proliferation relative to followers. YAP1/TAZ signaling is dynamically regulated as leaders and followers change position, leading to altered N-cadherin levels and organization. Together, the results suggest that pediatric glioma cells adapt to different microenvironments by regulating N-cadherin dynamics and cell-cell contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayoung Kim
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James M. Olson
- Clinical Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Cooper
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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2
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Kandouz M. Cell Death, by Any Other Name…. Cells 2024; 13:325. [PMID: 38391938 PMCID: PMC10886887 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies trying to understand cell death, this ultimate biological process, can be traced back to a century ago. Yet, unlike many other fashionable research interests, research on cell death is more alive than ever. New modes of cell death are discovered in specific contexts, as are new molecular pathways. But what is "cell death", really? This question has not found a definitive answer yet. Nevertheless, part of the answer is irreversibility, whereby cells can no longer recover from stress or injury. Here, we identify the most distinctive features of different modes of cell death, focusing on the executive final stages. In addition to the final stages, these modes can differ in their triggering stimulus, thus referring to the initial stages. Within this framework, we use a few illustrative examples to examine how intercellular communication factors in the demise of cells. First, we discuss the interplay between cell-cell communication and cell death during a few steps in the early development of multicellular organisms. Next, we will discuss this interplay in a fully developed and functional tissue, the gut, which is among the most rapidly renewing tissues in the body and, therefore, makes extensive use of cell death. Furthermore, we will discuss how the balance between cell death and communication is modified during a pathological condition, i.e., colon tumorigenesis, and how it could shed light on resistance to cancer therapy. Finally, we briefly review data on the role of cell-cell communication modes in the propagation of cell death signals and how this has been considered as a potential therapeutic approach. Far from vainly trying to provide a comprehensive review, we launch an invitation to ponder over the significance of cell death diversity and how it provides multiple opportunities for the contribution of various modes of intercellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Kandouz
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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3
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Baker KM, Abt M, Doud EH, Oblak AL, Yeh ES. Mapping the Anti-Cancer Activity of α-Connexin Carboxyl-Terminal (aCT1) Peptide in Resistant HER2+ Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:423. [PMID: 38275864 PMCID: PMC10814893 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Connexin 43 (Cx43) is a protein encoded by the GJA1 gene and is a component of cell membrane structures called gap junctions, which facilitate intercellular communication. Prior evidence indicates that elevated GJA1 expression in the HER2-positive (HER2+) subtype of breast cancer is associated with poor prognosis. Prior evidence also suggests that HER2+ breast cancers that have become refractory to HER2-targeted agents have a loss of Cx43 gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC). In this study, a Cx43-targeted agent called alpha-connexin carboxyl-terminal peptide (aCT1) is examined to determine whether GJIC can be rescued in refractory HER2+ breast cancer cells. A proposed mechanism of action for aCT1 is binding to the tight junction protein Zonal Occludens-1 (ZO-1). However, the true scope of activity for aCT1 has not been explored. In this study, mass spectrometry proteomic analysis is used to determine the breadth of aCT1-interacting proteins. The NanoString nCounter Breast Cancer 360 panel is also used to examine the effect of aCT1 on cancer signaling in HER2+ breast cancer cells. Findings from this study show a dynamic range of binding partners for aCT1, many of which regulate gene expression and RNA biology. nCounter analysis shows that a number of pathways are significantly impacted by aCT1, including upregulation of apoptotic factors, leading to the prediction and demonstration that aCT1 can boost the cell death effects of cisplatin and lapatinib in HER2+ breast cancer cells that have become resistant to HER2-targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M. Baker
- Department of Biology, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46227, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Melissa Abt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Emma H. Doud
- Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Adrian L. Oblak
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Elizabeth S. Yeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
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4
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Kim D, Olson JM, Cooper JA. N-cadherin dynamically regulates pediatric glioma cell migration in complex environments. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.04.04.535599. [PMID: 38260559 PMCID: PMC10802396 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.04.535599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Pediatric high-grade gliomas are highly invasive and essentially incurable. Glioma cells migrate between neurons and glia, along axon tracts, and through extracellular matrix surrounding blood vessels and underlying the pia. Mechanisms that allow adaptation to such complex environments are poorly understood. N-cadherin is highly expressed in pediatric gliomas and associated with shorter survival. We found that inter-cellular homotypic N-cadherin interactions differentially regulate glioma migration according to the microenvironment, stimulating migration on cultured neurons or astrocytes but inhibiting invasion into reconstituted or astrocyte-deposited extracellular matrix. N-cadherin localizes to filamentous connections between migrating leader cells but to epithelial-like junctions between followers. Leader cells have more surface and recycling N-cadherin, increased YAP1/TAZ signaling, and increased proliferation relative to followers. YAP1/TAZ signaling is dynamically regulated as leaders and followers change position, leading to altered N-cadherin levels and organization. Together, the results suggest that pediatric glioma cells adapt to different microenvironments by regulating N-cadherin dynamics and cell-cell contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayoung Kim
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - James M Olson
- Clinical Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Jonathan A Cooper
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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5
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The Multifaceted Role of Connexins in Tumor Microenvironment Initiation and Maintenance. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020204. [PMID: 36829482 PMCID: PMC9953436 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Today's research on the processes of carcinogenesis and the vital activity of tumor tissues implies more attention be paid to constituents of the tumor microenvironment and their interactions. These interactions between cells in the tumor microenvironment can be mediated via different types of protein junctions. Connexins are one of the major contributors to intercellular communication. They form the gap junctions responsible for the transfer of ions, metabolites, peptides, miRNA, etc., between neighboring tumor cells as well as between tumor and stromal cells. Connexin hemichannels mediate purinergic signaling and bidirectional molecular transport with the extracellular environment. Additionally, connexins have been reported to localize in tumor-derived exosomes and facilitate the release of their cargo. A large body of evidence implies that the role of connexins in cancer is multifaceted. The pro- or anti-tumorigenic properties of connexins are determined by their abundance, localization, and functionality as well as their channel assembly and non-channel functions. In this review, we have summarized the data on the contribution of connexins to the formation of the tumor microenvironment and to cancer initiation and progression.
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6
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Canse C, Yildirim E, Yaba A. Overview of junctional complexes during mammalian early embryonic development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1150017. [PMID: 37152932 PMCID: PMC10158982 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1150017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell junctions form strong intercellular connections and mediate communication between blastomeres during preimplantation embryonic development and thus are crucial for cell integrity, polarity, cell fate specification and morphogenesis. Together with cell adhesion molecules and cytoskeletal elements, intercellular junctions orchestrate mechanotransduction, morphokinetics and signaling networks during the development of early embryos. This review focuses on the structure, organization, function and expressional pattern of the cell-cell junction complexes during early embryonic development. Understanding the importance of dynamic junction formation and maturation processes will shed light on the molecular mechanism behind developmental abnormalities of early embryos during the preimplantation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Canse
- Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ecem Yildirim
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Yeditepe University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Aylin Yaba
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Yeditepe University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
- *Correspondence: Aylin Yaba,
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7
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Canales Coutiño B, Mayor R. Neural crest mechanosensors: Seeing old proteins in a new light. Dev Cell 2022; 57:1792-1801. [PMID: 35901790 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces exerted on neural crest cells control their collective migration and differentiation. This perspective discusses our current understanding of neural crest mechanotransduction during cell migration and differentiation. Additionally, we describe proteins that have mechanosensitive functions in other systems, such as mechanosensitive G-protein-coupled receptors, mechanosensitive ion channels, cell-cell adhesion, and cell-matrix-interacting proteins, and highlight that these same proteins have in the past been studied in neural crest development from a purely signaling point of view. We propose that future studies elucidate the mechanosensitive functions these receptors may play in neural crest development and integrate this with their known molecular role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Canales Coutiño
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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8
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Casanellas I, Lagunas A, Vida Y, Pérez-Inestrosa E, Rodríguez-Pereira C, Magalhaes J, Andrades JA, Becerra J, Samitier J. Nanoscale ligand density modulates gap junction intercellular communication of cell condensates during chondrogenesis. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:775-791. [PMID: 35642556 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To unveil the influence of cell-matrix adhesions in the establishment of gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) during cell condensation in chondrogenesis. Materials & methods: Previously developed nanopatterns of the cell adhesive ligand arginine-glycine-aspartic acid were used as cell culture substrates to control cell adhesion at the nanoscale. In vitro chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells was conducted on the nanopatterns. Cohesion and GJIC were evaluated in cell condensates. Results: Mechanical stability and GJIC are enhanced by a nanopattern configuration in which 90% of the surface area presents adhesion sites separated less than 70 nm, thus providing an onset for cell signaling. Conclusion: Cell-matrix adhesions regulate GJIC of mesenchymal cell condensates during in vitro chondrogenesis from a threshold configuration at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Casanellas
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science &Technology (BIST). c/Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.,Department of Electronics & Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona (UB). c/Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering,Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN). Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Anna Lagunas
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science &Technology (BIST). c/Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering,Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN). Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Yolanda Vida
- Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Dpto. Química Orgánica. Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga, 29071, Spain.,Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología-BIONAND. Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, c/Severo Ochoa 35, C,ampanillas, Málaga, 29590, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Pérez-Inestrosa
- Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Dpto. Química Orgánica. Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga, 29071, Spain.,Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología-BIONAND. Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, c/Severo Ochoa 35, C,ampanillas, Málaga, 29590, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Pereira
- Unidad de Medicina Regenerativa, Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña (UDC). c/Xubias de Arriba, 84, A Coruña, 15006, Spain
| | - Joana Magalhaes
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering,Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN). Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, Madrid, 28029, Spain.,Unidad de Medicina Regenerativa, Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña (UDC). c/Xubias de Arriba, 84, A Coruña, 15006, Spain
| | - José A Andrades
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering,Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN). Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, Madrid, 28029, Spain.,Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología-BIONAND. Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, c/Severo Ochoa 35, C,ampanillas, Málaga, 29590, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Genetics & Physiology, Universidad de Málaga (UMA), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA). Av. Cervantes, 2, Málaga, 29071, Spain
| | - José Becerra
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering,Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN). Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, Madrid, 28029, Spain.,Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología-BIONAND. Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, c/Severo Ochoa 35, C,ampanillas, Málaga, 29590, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Genetics & Physiology, Universidad de Málaga (UMA), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA). Av. Cervantes, 2, Málaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Josep Samitier
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science &Technology (BIST). c/Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.,Department of Electronics & Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona (UB). c/Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering,Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN). Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, Madrid, 28029, Spain
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9
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van der Sande E, Haarman AEG, Quint WH, Tadema KCD, Meester-Smoor MA, Kamermans M, De Zeeuw CI, Klaver CCW, Winkelman BHJ, Iglesias AI. The Role of GJD2(Cx36) in Refractive Error Development. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:5. [PMID: 35262731 PMCID: PMC8934558 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Refractive errors are common eye disorders characterized by a mismatch between the focal power of the eye and its axial length. An increased axial length is a common cause of the refractive error myopia (nearsightedness). The substantial increase in myopia prevalence over the last decades has raised public health concerns because myopia can lead to severe ocular complications later in life. Genomewide association studies (GWAS) have made considerable contributions to the understanding of the genetic architecture of refractive errors. Among the hundreds of genetic variants identified, common variants near the gap junction delta-2 (GJD2) gene have consistently been reported as one of the top hits. GJD2 encodes the connexin 36 (Cx36) protein, which forms gap junction channels and is highly expressed in the neural retina. In this review, we provide current evidence that links GJD2(Cx36) to the development of myopia. We summarize the gap junctional communication in the eye and the specific role of GJD2(Cx36) in retinal processing of visual signals. Finally, we discuss the pathways involving dopamine and gap junction phosphorylation and coupling as potential mechanisms that may explain the role of GJD2(Cx36) in refractive error development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie van der Sande
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Art & Science (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annechien E. G. Haarman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim H. Quint
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kirke C. D. Tadema
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Magda A. Meester-Smoor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Kamermans
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Art & Science (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Physics and Biomedical Photonics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris I. De Zeeuw
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Art & Science (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline C. W. Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beerend H. J. Winkelman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Art & Science (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana I. Iglesias
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Talukdar S, Emdad L, Das SK, Fisher PB. GAP junctions: multifaceted regulators of neuronal differentiation. Tissue Barriers 2021; 10:1982349. [PMID: 34651545 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1982349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions are intercellular membrane channels consisting of connexin proteins, which contribute to direct cytoplasmic exchange of small molecules, substrates and metabolites between adjacent cells. These channels play important roles in neuronal differentiation, maintenance, survival and function. Gap junctions regulate differentiation of neurons from embryonic, neural and induced pluripotent stem cells. In addition, they control transdifferentiation of neurons from mesenchymal stem cells. The expression and levels of several connexins correlate with cell cycle changes and different stages of neurogenesis. Connexins such as Cx36, Cx45, and Cx26, play a crucial role in neuronal function. Several connexin knockout mice display lethal or severely impaired phenotypes. Aberrations in connexin expression is frequently associated with various neurodegenerative disorders. Gap junctions also act as promising therapeutic targets for neuronal regenerative medicine, because of their role in neural stem cell integration, injury and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Talukdar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.,Vcu Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.,Vcu Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.,Vcu Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.,Vcu Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.,Vcu Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.,Vcu Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.,Vcu Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
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11
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Aquino JB, Sierra R, Montaldo LA. Diverse cellular origins of adult blood vascular endothelial cells. Dev Biol 2021; 477:117-132. [PMID: 34048734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During embryonic stages, vascular endothelial cells (ECs) originate from the mesoderm, at specific extraembryonic and embryonic regions, through a process called vasculogenesis. In the adult, EC renewal/replacement mostly depend on local resident ECs or endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Nevertheless, contribution from circulating ECs/EPCs was also reported. In addition, cells lacking from EC/EPC markers with in vitro extended plasticity were shown to originate endothelial-like cells (ELCs). Most of these cells consist of mesenchymal stromal progenitors, which would eventually get mobilized from the bone marrow after injury. Based on that, current knowledge on different mouse and human bone marrow stromal cell (BM-SC) subpopulations, able to contribute with mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs), is herein reviewed. Such analyses underline an unexpected heterogeneity among sinusoidal LepR+ stromal/CAR cells. For instance, in a recent report a subgroup of LepR+ stromal/CAR progenitors, which express GLAST and is traced in Wnt1Cre;R26RTom mice, was found to contribute with ELCs in vivo. These GLAST + Wnt1+ BM-SCs were shown to get mobilized to the peripheral blood and to contribute with liver regeneration. Other sources of ELCs, such as adipose, neural and dental pulp tissues, were also published. Finally, mechanisms likely involved in the enhanced cellular plasticity properties of bone marrow/adipose tissue stromal cells, able to originate ELCs, are assessed. In the future, strategies to analyze the in vivo expression profile of stromal cells, with MSC properties, in combination with screening of active genomic regions at the single cell-level, during early postnatal development and/or after injury, will likely help understanding properties of these ELC sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge B Aquino
- CONICET-Universidad Austral, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Argentina.
| | - Romina Sierra
- CONICET-Universidad Austral, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Argentina
| | - Laura A Montaldo
- CONICET-Universidad Austral, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Argentina
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12
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Smart JA, Oleksak JE, Hartsough EJ. Cell Adhesion Molecules in Plasticity and Metastasis. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:25-37. [PMID: 33004622 PMCID: PMC7785660 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prior to metastasis, modern therapeutics and surgical intervention can provide a favorable long-term survival for patients diagnosed with many types of cancers. However, prognosis is poor for patients with metastasized disease. Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer, yet in situ and localized, thin melanomas can be biopsied with little to no postsurgical follow-up. However, patients with metastatic melanoma require significant clinical involvement and have a 5-year survival of only 34% to 52%, largely dependent on the site of colonization. Melanoma metastasis is a multi-step process requiring dynamic changes in cell surface proteins regulating adhesiveness to the extracellular matrix (ECM), stroma, and other cancer cells in varied tumor microenvironments. Here we will highlight recent literature to underscore how cell adhesion molecules (CAM) contribute to melanoma disease progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Smart
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Julia E Oleksak
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Edward J Hartsough
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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13
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Strauss RE, Gourdie RG. Cx43 and the Actin Cytoskeleton: Novel Roles and Implications for Cell-Cell Junction-Based Barrier Function Regulation. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1656. [PMID: 33321985 PMCID: PMC7764618 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Barrier function is a vital homeostatic mechanism employed by epithelial and endothelial tissue. Diseases across a wide range of tissue types involve dynamic changes in transcellular junctional complexes and the actin cytoskeleton in the regulation of substance exchange across tissue compartments. In this review, we focus on the contribution of the gap junction protein, Cx43, to the biophysical and biochemical regulation of barrier function. First, we introduce the structure and canonical channel-dependent functions of Cx43. Second, we define barrier function and examine the key molecular structures fundamental to its regulation. Third, we survey the literature on the channel-dependent roles of connexins in barrier function, with an emphasis on the role of Cx43 and the actin cytoskeleton. Lastly, we discuss findings on the channel-independent roles of Cx43 in its associations with the actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesion structures highlighted by PI3K signaling, in the potential modulation of cellular barriers. Mounting evidence of crosstalk between connexins, the cytoskeleton, focal adhesion complexes, and junctional structures has led to a growing appreciation of how barrier-modulating mechanisms may work together to effect solute and cellular flux across tissue boundaries. This new understanding could translate into improved therapeutic outcomes in the treatment of barrier-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy E. Strauss
- Virginia Tech, Translational Biology Medicine and Health (TBMH) Program, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Robert G. Gourdie
- Center for Heart and Reparative Medicine Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
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14
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Gap Junctions between Endothelial Cells Are Disrupted by Circulating Extracellular Vesicles from Sickle Cell Patients with Acute Chest Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238884. [PMID: 33255173 PMCID: PMC7727676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular junctions maintain the integrity of the endothelium. We previously found that the adherens and tight junctions between endothelial cells are disrupted by plasma extracellular vesicles from patients with sickle cell disease (especially those with Acute Chest Syndrome). In the current study, we evaluated the effects of these vesicles on endothelial gap junctions. The vesicles from sickle cell patients (isolated during episodes of Acute Chest Syndrome) disrupted gap junction structures earlier and more severely than the other classes of intercellular junctions (as detected by immunofluorescence). These vesicles were much more potent than those isolated at baseline from the same subject. The treatment of endothelial cells with these vesicles led to reduced levels of connexin43 mRNA and protein. These vesicles severely reduced intercellular communication (transfer of microinjected Neurobiotin). Our data suggest a hierarchy of progressive disruption of different intercellular connections between endothelial cells by circulating extracellular vesicles that may contribute to the pathophysiology of the endothelial disturbances in sickle cell disease.
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15
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Huang SS, Cao S, Lu CE, Qin YB, Yang JP. Effects of nicorandil on p120 expression in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion of rats with chronic postsurgical pain. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:4821-4827. [PMID: 33173987 PMCID: PMC7646919 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) has a high incidence, but the underlying mechanism is not well understood. Accumulating evidence has suggested that central sensitization is the main mechanism of pain. To study the role of p120 in CPSP, a skin/muscle incision and retraction (SMIR) model was established, and immunofluorescence staining and western blotting were performed to analyze the expression of p120 in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion (DRG). The results demonstrated that SMIR increased the expression of p120 in the DRG and the spinal cord compared with the naive group. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that p120 was mainly distributed in the glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes in the spinal cord, and in the neurofilament 200-positive medium and large neurons in the DRG. Our previous studies have shown that adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) agonists can reduce postoperative pain in rats. Therefore, the changes in p120 were observed in the DRG and spinal cord of rats following the intraperitoneal injection of nicorandil, a KATP agonist. It was demonstrated that nicorandil administration could relieve mechanical pain experienced following SMIR in rats, and decrease the expression of p120 in the DRG and spinal cord. The results revealed that p120 may contribute to the prophylactic analgesic effect of nicorandil, thus providing a novel insight into the mechanism of CPSP prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Sai Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Su Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Cui E Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Bin Qin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
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16
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Mersman BA, Jolly SN, Lin Z, Xu F. Gap Junction Coding Innexin in Lymnaea stagnalis: Sequence Analysis and Characterization in Tissues and the Central Nervous System. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2020; 12:1. [PMID: 32158385 PMCID: PMC7052179 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2020.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Connections between neurons called synapses are the key components underlying all nervous system functions of animals and humans. However, important genetic information on the formation and plasticity of one type, the electrical (gap junction-mediated) synapse, is understudied in many invertebrates. In the present study, we set forth to identify and characterize the gap junction-encoding gene innexin in the central nervous system (CNS) of the mollusk pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. With PCR, 3′ and 5′ RACE, and BLAST searches, we identified eight innexin genes in the L. stagnalis genome, named Lst Inx1–Lst Inx8. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the L. stagnalis innexin genes originated from a single copy in the common ancestor of molluskan species by multiple gene duplication events and have been maintained in L. stagnalis since they were generated. The paralogous innexin genes demonstrate distinct expression patterns among tissues. In addition, one paralog, Lst Inx1, exhibits heterogeneity in cells and ganglia, suggesting the occurrence of functional diversification after gene duplication. These results introduce possibilities to study an intriguing potential relationship between innexin paralog expression and cell-specific functional outputs such as heterogenic ability to form channels and exhibit synapse plasticity. The L. stagnalis CNS contains large neurons and functionally defined networks for behaviors; with the introduction of L. stagnalis in the gap junction gene field, we are providing novel opportunities to combine genetic research with direct investigations of functional outcomes at the cellular, synaptic, and behavioral levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Mersman
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Sonia N Jolly
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Zhenguo Lin
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Fenglian Xu
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
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17
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Jourdeuil K, Taneyhill LA. The gap junction protein connexin 43 controls multiple aspects of cranial neural crest cell development. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs235440. [PMID: 31964703 PMCID: PMC7044449 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.235440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions are intercellular channels between cells that facilitate cell-cell communication. Connexin 43 (Cx43; also known as GJA1), the predominant gap junction protein in vertebrates, is expressed in premigratory cranial neural crest cells and is maintained throughout the neural crest cell epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), but its function in these cells is unknown. To this end, we used a combination of in vivo and ex vivo experiments to assess gap junction formation, and Cx43 function, in chick cranial neural crest cells. Our results demonstrate that gap junctions exist between premigratory and migratory cranial neural crest cells and depend on Cx43 for their function. In the embryo, Cx43 knockdown just prior to EMT delays the emergence of Cx43-depleted neural crest cells from the neural tube, but these cells eventually successfully emigrate and join the migratory stream. This delay can be rescued by introduction of full-length Cx43 into Cx43-depleted cells. Furthermore, Cx43 depletion reduces the size of the premigratory neural crest cell domain through an early effect on neural crest cell specification. Collectively, these data identify new roles for Cx43 in chick cranial neural crest cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn Jourdeuil
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Lisa A Taneyhill
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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18
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Wnt Signaling in Neural Crest Ontogenesis and Oncogenesis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101173. [PMID: 31569501 PMCID: PMC6829301 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural crest (NC) cells are a temporary population of multipotent stem cells that generate a diverse array of cell types, including craniofacial bone and cartilage, smooth muscle cells, melanocytes, and peripheral neurons and glia during embryonic development. Defective neural crest development can cause severe and common structural birth defects, such as craniofacial anomalies and congenital heart disease. In the early vertebrate embryos, NC cells emerge from the dorsal edge of the neural tube during neurulation and then migrate extensively throughout the anterior-posterior body axis to generate numerous derivatives. Wnt signaling plays essential roles in embryonic development and cancer. This review summarizes current understanding of Wnt signaling in NC cell induction, delamination, migration, multipotency, and fate determination, as well as in NC-derived cancers.
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19
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Yang Y, Zheng H, Zhan Y, Fan S. An emerging tumor invasion mechanism about the collective cell migration. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:5301-5312. [PMID: 31632511 PMCID: PMC6789225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, the metastasis has been detected in the late stage of the cancer, which mostly leads to death. The classical opinion about tumor metastasis is that tumor cell migration begins with the single tumor cell and goes through a series of complicated procedures, and lastly arrives and survives at distant tissues and organs. However, emerging studies have found a new migration mechanism called collective cell migration in many cancers. The collective cell migration could move as clusters with the tight cell-cell junction in the tumor microenvironments, toward the traction established by the leader cells. In addition, the collective cell migration has been shown to have higher invasive capacity and higher resistance to the clinical treatments than the single tumor cell migration. Interestingly, the collective clusters of tumor cells have been detected in the early stage of the cancer patient, which has led to the understanding of the significance of early cancer screenings. Here, we reviewed the major principles and guidance of the collective cell migration mechanisms, and the specific manifestations in the different tumors such as breast cancer and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongmei Zheng
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuting Zhan
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Songqing Fan
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha, Hunan, China
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20
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Gouesse RJ, Lavoie M, Dianati E, Wade MG, Hales BF, Robaire B, Plante I. Gestational and Lactational Exposure to an Environmentally Relevant Mixture of Brominated Flame Retardants Downregulates Junctional Proteins, Thyroid Hormone Receptor α1 Expression, and the Proliferation-Apoptosis Balance in Mammary Glands Post Puberty. Toxicol Sci 2019; 171:13-31. [PMID: 31241157 PMCID: PMC6735962 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary gland development requires hormonal regulation during puberty, pregnancy, and lactation. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are endocrine disruptors; they are added to consumer products to satisfy flammability standards. Previously, we showed that gestational and lactational exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of BFRs disrupts proteins of the adherens junctions in rat dam mammary glands at weaning. Here, we hypothesize that perinatal exposure to the same BFR mixture also disrupts junctional proteins and signaling pathways controlling mammary gland development in pups. Dams were exposed through diet to a BFR mixture based on the substances in house dust; doses of the mixture used were 0, 0.06, 20, or 60 mg/kg/day. Dams were exposed continuously beginning prior to mating until pups' weaning; female offspring were euthanized on postnatal day (PND) 21, 46, and 208. The lowest dose of BFRs significantly downregulated adherens junction proteins, E-cadherin, and β-catenin, and the gap junction protein p-Cx43, as well as thyroid hormone receptor alpha 1 protein at PND 46. No effects were observed on estrogen or progesterone receptors. The low dose also resulted in a decrease in cleaved caspase-3, a downward trend in PARP levels, proteins involved in apoptosis, and an upward trend in proliferating cell nuclear antigen, a marker of proliferation. No effects were observed on ductal elongation or on the numbers of terminal end buds. Together, our results indicate that gestational and lactational exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of BFRs disrupts cell-cell interactions, thyroid hormone homeostasis and the proliferation-apoptosis balance at PND 46, a critical stage for mammary gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mélanie Lavoie
- INRS, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Bioscience, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elham Dianati
- INRS, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Bioscience, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mike G Wade
- Health Canada, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Bernard Robaire
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Plante
- INRS, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Bioscience, Laval, Quebec, Canada
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21
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Abstract
Neural crest cells are a transient embryonic cell population that migrate collectively to various locations throughout the embryo to contribute a number of cell types to several organs. After induction, the neural crest delaminates and undergoes an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition before migrating through intricate yet characteristic paths. The neural crest exhibits a variety of migratory behaviors ranging from sheet-like mass migration in the cephalic regions to chain migration in the trunk. During their journey, neural crest cells rely on a range of signals both from their environment and within the migrating population for navigating through the embryo as a collective. Here we review these interactions and mechanisms, including chemotactic cues of neural crest cells' migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Szabó
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;
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22
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Dispelling myths about connexins, pannexins and P2X7 in hypoxic-ischemic central nervous system. Neurosci Lett 2019; 695:76-85. [PMID: 29195910 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In membrane physiology, as in other fields, myths or speculations may be repeated so often and so widely that they are perceived as facts. To some extent, this has occurred with regard to gap junctions, hemichannels, pannexin channels and P2X7 (ionotropic receptors), especially concerning the interpretation of the individual role of these channels in hypoxic-ischemic CNS since these channels may be closed by the same pharmacological blockers. Significance of existing controversial data are highlighted and contradictory views from different groups are critically discussed herein.
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23
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The Functional Implications of Endothelial Gap Junctions and Cellular Mechanics in Vascular Angiogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020237. [PMID: 30781714 PMCID: PMC6406946 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis—the sprouting and growth of new blood vessels from the existing vasculature—is an important contributor to tumor development, since it facilitates the supply of oxygen and nutrients to cancer cells. Endothelial cells are critically affected during the angiogenic process as their proliferation, motility, and morphology are modulated by pro-angiogenic and environmental factors associated with tumor tissues and cancer cells. Recent in vivo and in vitro studies have revealed that the gap junctions of endothelial cells also participate in the promotion of angiogenesis. Pro-angiogenic factors modulate gap junction function and connexin expression in endothelial cells, whereas endothelial connexins are involved in angiogenic tube formation and in the cell migration of endothelial cells. Several mechanisms, including gap junction function-dependent or -independent pathways, have been proposed. In particular, connexins might have the potential to regulate cell mechanics such as cell morphology, cell migration, and cellular stiffness that are dynamically changed during the angiogenic processes. Here, we review the implication for endothelial gap junctions and cellular mechanics in vascular angiogenesis.
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24
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Beamish IV, Hinck L, Kennedy TE. Making Connections: Guidance Cues and Receptors at Nonneural Cell-Cell Junctions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a029165. [PMID: 28847900 PMCID: PMC6211390 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The field of axon guidance was revolutionized over the past three decades by the identification of highly conserved families of guidance cues and receptors. These proteins are essential for normal neural development and function, directing cell and axon migration, neuron-glial interactions, and synapse formation and plasticity. Many of these genes are also expressed outside the nervous system in which they influence cell migration, adhesion and proliferation. Because the nervous system develops from neural epithelium, it is perhaps not surprising that these guidance cues have significant nonneural roles in governing the specialized junctional connections between cells in polarized epithelia. The following review addresses roles for ephrins, semaphorins, netrins, slits and their receptors in regulating adherens, tight, and gap junctions in nonneural epithelia and endothelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian V Beamish
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Lindsay Hinck
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Timothy E Kennedy
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
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25
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Gap junction protein Connexin-43 is a direct transcriptional regulator of N-cadherin in vivo. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3846. [PMID: 30242148 PMCID: PMC6155008 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06368-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexins are the primary components of gap junctions, providing direct links between cells under many physiological processes. Here, we demonstrate that in addition to this canonical role, Connexins act as transcriptional regulators. We show that Connexin 43 (Cx43) controls neural crest cell migration in vivo by directly regulating N-cadherin transcription. This activity requires interaction between Cx43 carboxy tail and the basic transcription factor-3, which drives the translocation of Cx43 tail to the nucleus. Once in the nucleus they form a complex with PolII which directly binds to the N-cadherin promoter. We found that this mechanism is conserved between amphibian and mammalian cells. Given the strong evolutionary conservation of connexins across vertebrates, this may reflect a common mechanism of gene regulation by a protein whose function was previously ascribed only to gap junctional communication. Connexins are components of gap junctions that link cells and allow intercellular communication. Here, the authors show that the Connexin 43 carboxy tail interacts with basic transcription factor-3, leading to nuclear translocation and direct regulation of N-cadherin expression and neural crest migration.
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26
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Camley BA. Collective gradient sensing and chemotaxis: modeling and recent developments. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:223001. [PMID: 29644981 PMCID: PMC6252055 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aabd9f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cells measure a vast variety of signals, from their environment's stiffness to chemical concentrations and gradients; physical principles strongly limit how accurately they can do this. However, when many cells work together, they can cooperate to exceed the accuracy of any single cell. In this topical review, I will discuss the experimental evidence showing that cells collectively sense gradients of many signal types, and the models and physical principles involved. I also propose new routes by which experiments and theory can expand our understanding of these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Camley
- Departments of Physics & Astronomy and Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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27
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Sorgen PL, Trease AJ, Spagnol G, Delmar M, Nielsen MS. Protein⁻Protein Interactions with Connexin 43: Regulation and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1428. [PMID: 29748463 PMCID: PMC5983787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexins are integral membrane building blocks that form gap junctions, enabling direct cytoplasmic exchange of ions and low-molecular-mass metabolites between adjacent cells. In the heart, gap junctions mediate the propagation of cardiac action potentials and the maintenance of a regular beating rhythm. A number of connexin interacting proteins have been described and are known gap junction regulators either through direct effects (e.g., kinases) or the formation of larger multifunctional complexes (e.g., cytoskeleton scaffold proteins). Most connexin partners can be categorized as either proteins promoting coupling by stimulating forward trafficking and channel opening or inhibiting coupling by inducing channel closure, internalization, and degradation. While some interactions have only been implied through co-localization using immunohistochemistry, others have been confirmed by biophysical methods that allow detection of a direct interaction. Our understanding of these interactions is, by far, most well developed for connexin 43 (Cx43) and the scope of this review is to summarize our current knowledge of their functional and regulatory roles. The significance of these interactions is further exemplified by demonstrating their importance at the intercalated disc, a major hub for Cx43 regulation and Cx43 mediated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Sorgen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Andrew J Trease
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Gaelle Spagnol
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Mario Delmar
- Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Morten S Nielsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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28
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Gouignard N, Andrieu C, Theveneau E. Neural crest delamination and migration: Looking forward to the next 150 years. Genesis 2018; 56:e23107. [PMID: 29675839 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest (NC) cells were described for the first time in 1868 by Wilhelm His. Since then, this amazing population of migratory stem cells has been intensively studied. It took a century to fully unravel their incredible abilities to contribute to nearly every organ of the body. Yet, our understanding of the cell and molecular mechanisms controlling their migration is far from complete. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on epithelial-mesenchymal transition and collective behavior of NC cells and propose further stops at which the NC train might be calling in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Gouignard
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France
| | - Cyril Andrieu
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France
| | - Eric Theveneau
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France
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29
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Ghézali G, Calvo CF, Pillet LE, Llense F, Ezan P, Pannasch U, Bemelmans AP, Etienne Manneville S, Rouach N. Connexin 30 controls astroglial polarization during postnatal brain development. Development 2018; 145:145/4/dev155275. [PMID: 29475972 PMCID: PMC5869003 DOI: 10.1242/dev.155275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes undergo intense morphological maturation during development, changing from individual sparsely branched cells to polarized and tremendously ramified cells. Connexin 30, an astroglial gap-junction channel-forming protein expressed postnatally, regulates in situ the extension and ramification of astroglial processes. However, the involvement of connexin 30 in astroglial polarization, which is known to control cell morphology, remains unexplored. We found that connexin 30, independently of gap-junction-mediated intercellular biochemical coupling, alters the orientation of astrocyte protrusion, centrosome and Golgi apparatus during polarized migration in an in vitro wound-healing assay. Connexin 30 sets the orientation of astroglial motile protrusions via modulation of the laminin/β1 integrin/Cdc42 polarity pathway. Connexin 30 indeed reduces laminin levels, inhibits the redistribution of the β1-integrin extracellular matrix receptors, and inhibits the recruitment and activation of the small Rho GTPase Cdc42 at the leading edge of migrating astrocytes. In vivo, connexin 30, the expression of which is developmentally regulated, also contributes to the establishment of hippocampal astrocyte polarity during postnatal maturation. This study thus reveals that connexin 30 controls astroglial polarity during development. Summary: Connexin 30 sets the orientation of astroglial motile protrusions during polarized migration in vitro and contributes in vivo to the establishment of hippocampal astrocyte polarity during postnatal maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Ghézali
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France.,Doctoral School N°158, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Charles-Félix Calvo
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Laure-Elise Pillet
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France.,Doctoral School N°562, Paris Descartes University, Paris 75006, France
| | - Flora Llense
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3691, Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Pascal Ezan
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Ulrike Pannasch
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Alexis-Pierre Bemelmans
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Département de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de biologie François Jacob, MIRCen, and CNRS UMR 9199, Université Paris-Sud, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Fontenay-aux-Roses 92260, France
| | - Sandrine Etienne Manneville
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3691, Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Nathalie Rouach
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
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30
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Li Y, Zhang XT, Wang XY, Wang G, Chuai M, Münsterberg A, Yang X. Robo signaling regulates the production of cranial neural crest cells. Exp Cell Res 2017; 361:73-84. [PMID: 28987541 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Slit/Robo signaling plays an important role in the guidance of developing neurons in developing embryos. However, it remains obscure whether and how Slit/Robo signaling is involved in the production of cranial neural crest cells. In this study, we examined Robo1 deficient mice to reveal developmental defects of mouse cranial frontal and parietal bones, which are derivatives of cranial neural crest cells. Therefore, we determined the production of HNK1+ cranial neural crest cells in early chick embryo development after knock-down (KD) of Robo1 expression. Detection of markers for pre-migratory and migratory neural crest cells, PAX7 and AP-2α, showed that production of both was affected by Robo1 KD. In addition, we found that the transcription factor slug is responsible for the aberrant delamination/EMT of cranial neural crest cells induced by Robo1 KD, which also led to elevated expression of E- and N-Cadherin. N-Cadherin expression was enhanced when blocking FGF signaling with dominant-negative FGFR1 in half of the neural tube. Taken together, we show that Slit/Robo signaling influences the delamination/EMT of cranial neural crest cells, which is required for cranial bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Division of Histology & Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; The key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Tan Zhang
- Division of Histology & Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wang
- Division of Histology & Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Division of Histology & Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Manli Chuai
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Andrea Münsterberg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Division of Histology & Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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31
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Cousin H. Cadherins function during the collective cell migration of Xenopus Cranial Neural Crest cells: revisiting the role of E-cadherin. Mech Dev 2017; 148:79-88. [PMID: 28467887 PMCID: PMC5662486 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Collective cell migration is a process whereby cells move while keeping contact with other cells. The Xenopus Cranial Neural Crest (CNC) is a population of cells that emerge during early embryogenesis and undergo extensive migration from the dorsal to ventral part of the embryo's head. These cells migrate collectively and require cadherin mediated cell-cell contact. In this review, we will describe the key features of Xenopus CNC migration including the key molecules driving their migration. We will also review the role of the various cadherins during Xenopus CNC emergence and migration. Lastly, we will discuss the recent and seemingly controversial findings showing that E-cadherin presence is essential for CNC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Cousin
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States.
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32
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Greenberg JM, Lumbreras V, Pelaez D, Rajguru SM, Cheung HS. Neural Crest Stem Cells Can Differentiate to a Cardiomyogenic Lineage with an Ability to Contract in Response to Pulsed Infrared Stimulation. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2017; 22:982-990. [PMID: 28192031 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2016.0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cellular cardiomyoplasty has rapidly risen to prominence in the clinic following a myocardial infarction; however, low engraftment of transplanted cells limits the therapeutic benefit to these procedures. Recently, lineage-specific stem cells differentiated into cardiomyocytes have gained much attention to assist in the repair of an injured heart tissue; however, questions regarding the ideal cell source remain. In the present study, we have identified a source that is easy to extract stem cells from and show that the cells present have a high plasticity toward the cardiomyogenic lineage. We focused on the recently discovered neural crest stem cells residing in the periodontal ligament that can be easily obtained through dental procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS Neural crest stem cells were obtained from human excised third molars and differentiated in culture using a protocol for directed differentiation into cardiomyocytes. Differentiation of cells was assessed through gene expression and immunostaining studies. Optical stimulation using pulsed infrared radiation (IR) (λ = 1863 nm) was delivered to cell aggregates to study their contractile ability. RESULTS We show that neural crest stem cells can be differentiated to a cardiomyogenic lineage, which was verified through immunostaining and gene expression. We observed a significant increase in cardiomyocyte-specific markers, NK2 homeobox 5 (NKX2.5) and troponin T type 2 (TNNT2), with positive changes in tropomyosin I (TPM1), gap junction protein alpha 1/Cx43 (GJA1/Cx43), and myocyte enhancement factor 2C (MEF2C). Furthermore, we were able to elicit and maintain pulse-by-pulse contractile responses in the derived cells, including in cardiospheres, with pulsed IR delivered at various radiant energies. The contractility in responses to IR could be maintained at different frequencies (0.25-2 Hz) and up to 10-min durations. While these cells did not maintain their contractility following cessation of IR, these cells demonstrated responses to the optical stimuli that are consistent with previous reports. We also found no evidence for irreversible mitochondrial depolarization in these cells following the long duration of infrared stimulation, suggesting the robustness of these cells. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results suggest the merit of neural crest-derived stem cells for cardiomyogenic applications and a potential cell source for repair that should contribute to efforts to translate cell-based strategies to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Greenberg
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami , Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Vicente Lumbreras
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami , Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Daniel Pelaez
- 2 Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Miami, Florida
| | - Suhrud M Rajguru
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami , Coral Gables, Florida.,3 Department of Otolaryngology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami, Florida
| | - Herman S Cheung
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami , Coral Gables, Florida.,2 Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Miami, Florida
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33
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Nyffeler J, Chovancova P, Dolde X, Holzer AK, Purvanov V, Kindinger I, Kerins A, Higton D, Silvester S, van Vugt-Lussenburg BMA, Glaab E, van der Burg B, Maclennan R, Legler DF, Leist M. A structure-activity relationship linking non-planar PCBs to functional deficits of neural crest cells: new roles for connexins. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:1225-1247. [PMID: 29164306 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Migration of neural crest cells (NCC) is a fundamental developmental process, and test methods to identify interfering toxicants have been developed. By examining cell function endpoints, as in the 'migration-inhibition of NCC (cMINC)' assay, a large number of toxicity mechanisms and protein targets can be covered. However, the key events that lead to the adverse effects of a given chemical or group of related compounds are hard to elucidate. To address this issue, we explored here, whether the establishment of two overlapping structure-activity relationships (SAR)-linking chemical structure on the one hand to a phenotypic test outcome, and on the other hand to a mechanistic endpoint-was useful as strategy to identify relevant toxicity mechanisms. For this purpose, we chose polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) as a large group of related, but still toxicologically and physicochemically diverse structures. We obtained concentration-dependent data for 26 PCBs in the cMINC assay. Moreover, the test chemicals were evaluated by a new high-content imaging method for their effect on cellular re-distribution of connexin43 and for their capacity to inhibit gap junctions. Non-planar PCBs inhibited NCC migration. The potency (1-10 µM) correlated with the number of ortho-chlorine substituents; non-ortho-chloro (planar) PCBs were non-toxic. The toxicity to NCC partially correlated with gap junction inhibition, while it fully correlated (p < 0.0004) with connexin43 cellular re-distribution. Thus, our double-SAR strategy revealed a mechanistic step tightly linked to NCC toxicity of PCBs. Connexin43 patterns in NCC may be explored as a new endpoint relevant to developmental toxicity screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Nyffeler
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.,Research Training Group RTG1331, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Petra Chovancova
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.,Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Xenia Dolde
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.,Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina Holzer
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Vladimir Purvanov
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, 8280, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Ilona Kindinger
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, 8280, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Anna Kerins
- Cyprotex Discovery, No 24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - David Higton
- Cyprotex Discovery, No 24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Steve Silvester
- Cyprotex Discovery, No 24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | | | - Enrico Glaab
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Bart van der Burg
- BioDetection Systems bv, Science Park 406, 1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Maclennan
- Cyprotex Discovery, No 24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Daniel F Legler
- Research Training Group RTG1331, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.,Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), 78457, Konstanz, Germany.,Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, 8280, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Leist
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany. .,Research Training Group RTG1331, 78457, Konstanz, Germany. .,Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
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34
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Jourdeuil K, Taneyhill LA. Spatiotemporal expression pattern of Connexin 43 during early chick embryogenesis. Gene Expr Patterns 2017; 27:67-75. [PMID: 29126985 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
During embryogenesis, a single cell develops into new tissues and organs that are made up of a number of different cell types. The assembly of the trigeminal ganglion (cranial nerve V), an important component of the peripheral nervous system, typifies this process. The trigeminal ganglia perform key sensory functions, including sensing pain and touch in the face, and arise from cells of two different progenitor populations, the neural crest and the cranial placodes. One question that remains poorly understood is how these two populations of cells interact with each other during development to form a functional ganglion. Gap junctions are intercellular channels that allow for the passage of small solutes between connected cells and could serve as one potential mechanism by which neural crest and placode cells communicate to create the trigeminal ganglia. To this end, we have generated a comprehensive spatiotemporal expression profile for the gap junction protein Connexin 43, a highly expressed member of the Connexin protein family during development. Our results reveal that Connexin 43 is expressed in the neural folds during neural fold fusion and in premigratory neural crest cells prior to the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), during EMT, and in migratory neural crest cells. During trigeminal gangliogenesis, Connexin 43 is expressed in cranial neural crest cells and the mesenchyme but is strikingly absent in the placode-derived neurons. These data underscore the complexity of bringing two distinct cell populations together to form a new tissue during development and suggest that Connexin 43 may play a key role within neural crest cells during EMT, migration, and trigeminal gangliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn Jourdeuil
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| | - Lisa A Taneyhill
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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35
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Boucher J, Monvoisin A, Vix J, Mesnil M, Thuringer D, Debiais F, Cronier L. Connexins, important players in the dissemination of prostate cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1860:202-215. [PMID: 28693897 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 50years, increasing experimental evidences have established that connexins (Cxs) and gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) ensure an important role in both the onset and development of cancerous processes. In the present review, we focus on the impact of Cxs and GJIC during the development of prostate cancer (PCa), from the primary growth mainly localized in acinar glands and ducts to the distant metastasis mainly concentrated in bone. As observed in several other types of solid tumours, Cxs and especially Cx43 exhibit an ambivalent role with a tumour suppressor effect in the early stages and, conversely, a rather pro-tumoural profile for most of invasion and dissemination steps to secondary sites. We report here the current knowledge on the function of Cxs during PCa cells migration, cytoskeletal dynamics, proteinases activities and the cross talk with the surrounding stromal cells in the microenvironment of the tumour and the bones. In addition, we discuss the role of Cxs in the bone tropism even if the prostate model is rarely used to study the complete sequence of cancer dissemination compared to breast cancer or melanoma. Even if not yet fully understood, these recent findings on Cxs provide new insights into their molecular mechanisms associated with progression and bone targeted behaviour of PCa. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Gap Junction Proteins edited by Jean Claude Herve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Boucher
- Laboratory Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires (STIM), ERL7368 - CNRS, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Arnaud Monvoisin
- Laboratory Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires (STIM), ERL7368 - CNRS, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Justine Vix
- Laboratory Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires (STIM), ERL7368 - CNRS, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Department of Rheumatology, C.H.U. la Milétrie, Poitiers, France
| | - Marc Mesnil
- Laboratory Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires (STIM), ERL7368 - CNRS, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Françoise Debiais
- Laboratory Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires (STIM), ERL7368 - CNRS, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Department of Rheumatology, C.H.U. la Milétrie, Poitiers, France
| | - Laurent Cronier
- Laboratory Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires (STIM), ERL7368 - CNRS, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.
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36
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Friedl P, Mayor R. Tuning Collective Cell Migration by Cell-Cell Junction Regulation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a029199. [PMID: 28096261 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Collective cell migration critically depends on cell-cell interactions coupled to a dynamic actin cytoskeleton. Important cell-cell adhesion receptor systems implicated in controlling collective movements include cadherins, immunoglobulin superfamily members (L1CAM, NCAM, ALCAM), Ephrin/Eph receptors, Slit/Robo, connexins and integrins, and an adaptive array of intracellular adapter and signaling proteins. Depending on molecular composition and signaling context, cell-cell junctions adapt their shape and stability, and this gradual junction plasticity enables different types of collective cell movements such as epithelial sheet and cluster migration, branching morphogenesis and sprouting, collective network migration, as well as coordinated individual-cell migration and streaming. Thereby, plasticity of cell-cell junction composition and turnover defines the type of collective movements in epithelial, mesenchymal, neuronal, and immune cells, and defines migration coordination, anchorage, and cell dissociation. We here review cell-cell adhesion systems and their functions in different types of collective cell migration as key regulators of collective plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Friedl
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen 6525GA, The Netherlands.,David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030.,Cancer Genomics Center, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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37
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Meda P. Gap junction proteins are key drivers of endocrine function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1860:124-140. [PMID: 28284720 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
It has long been known that the main secretory cells of exocrine and endocrine glands are connected by gap junctions, made by a variety of connexin species that ensure their electrical and metabolic coupling. Experiments in culture systems and animal models have since provided increasing evidence that connexin signaling contributes to control the biosynthesis and release of secretory products, as well as to the life and death of secretory cells. More recently, genetic studies have further provided the first lines of evidence that connexins also control the function of human glands, which are central to the pathogenesis of major endocrine diseases. Here, we summarize the recent information gathered on connexin signaling in these systems, since the last reviews on the topic, with particular regard to the pancreatic beta cells which produce insulin, and the renal cells which produce renin. These cells are keys to the development of various forms of diabetes and hypertension, respectively, and combine to account for the exploding, worldwide prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Gap Junction Proteins edited by Jean Claude Herve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Meda
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical School, Switzerland.
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38
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Evaluation of Possible Consequences of Zika Virus Infection in the Developing Nervous System. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1620-1629. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0442-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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39
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Polusani SR, Kalmykov EA, Chandrasekhar A, Zucker SN, Nicholson BJ. Cell coupling mediated by connexin 26 selectively contributes to reduced adhesivity and increased migration. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:4399-4410. [PMID: 27777264 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.185017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junction proteins (connexins) have crucial effects on cell motility in many systems, from migration of neural crest cells to promotion of metastatic invasiveness. Here, we show that expression of Cx26 (also known as GJB2) in HeLa cells specifically enhances cell motility in scrape wounding and sparse culture models. This effect is dependent on gap junction channels and is isotype specific [Cx26 enhances motility, whereas Cx43 (also known as GJA1) does not and Cx32 (also known as GJB1) has an intermediate effect]. The increased motility is associated with reduced cell adhesiveness, caused by loss of N-cadherin protein and RNA at the wound edge. This in turn causes a redistribution of N-cadherin-binding proteins (p120 catenin and β-catenin) to the cytosol and nucleus, respectively. The former activates Rac-1, which mediates cytoskeletal rearrangements needed for filopod extension. The latter is associated with increased expression of urokinase plasminogen activating receptor (an activator of extracellular proteases) and secretion of extracellular matrix components like collagen. Although these effects were dependent on Cx26-mediated coupling of the cells, they are not mediated by the same signal (i.e. cAMP) through which Cx26 has been shown to suppress proliferation in the same system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth R Polusani
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Edward A Kalmykov
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Anjana Chandrasekhar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Shoshanna N Zucker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Bruce J Nicholson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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40
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Cardiomyogenesis of periodontal ligament-derived stem cells by dynamic tensile strain. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 367:229-241. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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41
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Soon ASC, Chua JW, Becker DL. Connexins in endothelial barrier function - novel therapeutic targets countering vascular hyperpermeability. Thromb Haemost 2016; 116:852-867. [PMID: 27488046 DOI: 10.1160/th16-03-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged vascular hyperpermeability is a common feature of many diseases. Vascular hyperpermeability is typically associated with changes in the expression patterns of adherens and tight junction proteins. Here, we focus on the less-appreciated contribution of gap junction proteins (connexins) to basal vascular permeability and endothelial dysfunction. First, we assess the association of connexins with endothelial barrier integrity by introducing tools used in connexin biology and relating the findings to customary readouts in vascular biology. Second, we explore potential mechanistic ties between connexins and junction regulation. Third, we review the role of connexins in microvascular organisation and development, focusing on interactions of the endothelium with mural cells and tissue-specific perivascular cells. Last, we see how connexins contribute to the interactions between the endothelium and components of the immune system, by using neutrophils as an example. Mounting evidence of crosstalk between connexins and other junction proteins suggests that we rethink the way in which different junction components contribute to endothelial barrier function. Given the multiple points of connexin-mediated communication arising from the endothelium, there is great potential for synergism between connexin-targeted inhibitors and existing immune-targeted therapeutics. As more drugs targeting connexins progress through clinical trials, it is hoped that some might prove effective at countering vascular hyperpermeability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Laurence Becker
- David L. Becker, PhD, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232 Singapore, Tel: +65 6592 3961, Fax: +65 6515 0417, E-mail:
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Camley BA, Zimmermann J, Levine H, Rappel WJ. Collective Signal Processing in Cluster Chemotaxis: Roles of Adaptation, Amplification, and Co-attraction in Collective Guidance. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005008. [PMID: 27367541 PMCID: PMC4930173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Single eukaryotic cells commonly sense and follow chemical gradients, performing chemotaxis. Recent experiments and theories, however, show that even when single cells do not chemotax, clusters of cells may, if their interactions are regulated by the chemoattractant. We study this general mechanism of "collective guidance" computationally with models that integrate stochastic dynamics for individual cells with biochemical reactions within the cells, and diffusion of chemical signals between the cells. We show that if clusters of cells use the well-known local excitation, global inhibition (LEGI) mechanism to sense chemoattractant gradients, the speed of the cell cluster becomes non-monotonic in the cluster's size-clusters either larger or smaller than an optimal size will have lower speed. We argue that the cell cluster speed is a crucial readout of how the cluster processes chemotactic signals; both amplification and adaptation will alter the behavior of cluster speed as a function of size. We also show that, contrary to the assumptions of earlier theories, collective guidance does not require persistent cell-cell contacts and strong short range adhesion. If cell-cell adhesion is absent, and the cluster cohesion is instead provided by a co-attraction mechanism, e.g. chemotaxis toward a secreted molecule, collective guidance may still function. However, new behaviors, such as cluster rotation, may also appear in this case. Co-attraction and adaptation allow for collective guidance that is robust to varying chemoattractant concentrations while not requiring strong cell-cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Camley
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Juliane Zimmermann
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Herbert Levine
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wouter-Jan Rappel
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Connexins, E-cadherin, Claudin-7 and β-catenin transiently form junctional nexuses during the post-natal mammary gland development. Dev Biol 2016; 416:52-68. [PMID: 27291930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctions are intercellular channels made of connexins (Cxs) that allow direct communication between adjacent cells. Modulation of Cxs has been associated with abnormal development and function of the mammary gland and breast cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying their expression during normal mammary gland are not yet known. Cxs interact with components of tight and adherens junctions. Thus, we hypothesized that the expression levels of Cxs vary during mammary gland development and are regulated through stage-dependent interactions with members of the tight and adherens junctions. Our specific objectives were to: 1) determine the expression of Cxs and tight and adherens junction proteins throughout development and 2) characterize Cxs interactions with components of tight and adherens junctions. Murine mammary glands were sampled at various developmental stages (pre-pubescent to post-weaning). RT-qPCR and western-blot analyses demonstrated differential expression patterns for all gap (Cx43, Cx32, Cx26, Cx30), tight (Claudin-1, -3, -4, -7) and adherens (β-catenin, E- and P-cadherins) junctions throughout development. Interestingly, co-immunoprecipitation demonstrated interactions between these different types of junctions. Cx30 interacted with Cx26 just at the late pregnancy stage. While Cx43 showed a persistent interaction with β-catenin from virginity to post-weaning, its interactions with E-cadherin and Claudin-7 were transient. Cx32 interacted with Cx26, E-cadherin and β-catenin during lactation. Immunofluorescence results confirmed the existence of a junctional nexus that remodeled during mammary gland development. Together, our results confirm that the expression levels of Cxs vary concomitantly and that Cxs form junctional nexuses with tight and adherens junctions, suggesting the existence of common regulatory pathways.
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Connexin 43 expression is associated with increased malignancy in prostate cancer cell lines and functions to promote migration. Oncotarget 2016; 6:11640-51. [PMID: 25960544 PMCID: PMC4484482 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired expression of connexins, the gap junction subunits that facilitate direct cell-cell communication, have been implicated in prostate cancer growth. To elucidate the crucial role of connexins in prostate cancer progression, we performed a systematic quantitative RT-PCR screening of connexin expression in four representative prostate cancer cell lines across the spectrum of malignancy. Transcripts of several connexin subunits were detected in all four cell lines, and connexin 43 (Cx43) showed marked elevation at both RNA and protein levels in cells with increased metastatic potential. Analysis of gap-junction-mediated intercellular communication revealed homocellular coupling in PC-3 cells, which had the highest Cx43 expression, with minimal coupling in LNCaP cells where Cx43 expression was very low. Treatment with the gap junction inhibitor carbenoxolone or connexin mimetic peptide ACT-1 did not impair cell growth, suggesting that growth is independent of functional gap junctions. PC-3 cells with Cx43 expression reduced by shRNA showed decreased migration in monolayer wound healing assay, as well as decreased transwell invasion capacities when compared to control cells expressing non-targeting shRNA. These results, together with the correlation between Cx43 expression levels and the metastatic capacity of the cell lines, suggest a role of Cx43 in prostate cancer invasion and metastasis.
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Rimkutė L, Jotautis V, Marandykina A, Sveikatienė R, Antanavičiūtė I, Skeberdis VA. The role of neural connexins in HeLa cell mobility and intercellular communication through tunneling tubes. BMC Cell Biol 2016; 17:3. [PMID: 26758208 PMCID: PMC4710989 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-016-0080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Membranous tunneling tubes (TTs) are a recently discovered new form of communication between remote cells allowing their electrical synchronization, migration, and transfer of cellular materials. TTs have been identified in the brain and share similarities with neuronal processes. TTs can be open-ended, close-ended or contain functional gap junctions at the membrane interface. Gap junctions are formed of two unapposed hemichannels composed of six connexin (Cx) subunits. There are evidences that Cxs also play channel-independent role in cell adhesion, migration, division, differentiation, formation of neuronal networks and tumorigenicity. These properties of Cxs and TTs may synergetically determine the cellular and intercellular processes. Therefore, we examined the impact of Cxs expressed in the nervous system (Cx36, Cx40, Cx43, Cx45, and Cx47) on: 1) cell mobility; 2) formation and properties of TTs; and 3) transfer of siRNA between remote cells through TTs. Results We have identified two types of TTs between HeLa cells: F-actin rich only and containing F-actin and α-tubulin. The morphology of TTs was not influenced by expression of examined connexins; however, Cx36-EGFP-expressing cells formed more TTs while cells expressing Cx43-EGFP, Cx45, and Cx47 formed fewer TTs between each other compared with wt and Cx40-CFP-expressing cells. Also, Cx36-EGFP and Cx40-CFP-expressing HeLa cells were more mobile compared with wt and other Cxs-expressing cells. TTs containing Cx40-CFP, Cx43-EGFP, or Cx47 gap junctions were capable of transmitting double-stranded small interfering RNA; however, Cx36-EGFP and Cx45 were not permeable to it. In addition, we show that Cx43-EGFP-expressing HeLa cells and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells can couple to the mesenchymal stem cells through TTs. Conclusions Different Cxs may modulate the mobility of cells and formation of TTs in an opposite manner; siRNA transfer through the GJ-containing TTs is Cx isoform-dependent. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12860-016-0080-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Rimkutė
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 17 Sukilėlių Ave., 50009, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Vaidas Jotautis
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 17 Sukilėlių Ave., 50009, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Alina Marandykina
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 17 Sukilėlių Ave., 50009, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Renata Sveikatienė
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 17 Sukilėlių Ave., 50009, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Ieva Antanavičiūtė
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 17 Sukilėlių Ave., 50009, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Vytenis Arvydas Skeberdis
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 17 Sukilėlių Ave., 50009, Kaunas, Lithuania.
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Hong JY, Oh IH, McCrea PD. Phosphorylation and isoform use in p120-catenin during development and tumorigenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:102-14. [PMID: 26477567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
P120-catenin is essential to vertebrate development, modulating cadherin and small-GTPase functions, and growing evidence points also to roles in the nucleus. A complexity in addressing p120-catenin's functions is its many isoforms, including optional splicing events, alternative points of translational initiation, and secondary modifications. In this review, we focus upon how choices in the initiation of protein translation, or the earlier splicing of the RNA transcript, relates to primary sequences that harbor established or putative regulatory phosphorylation sites. While certain p120 phosphorylation events arise via known kinases/phosphatases and have defined outcomes, in most cases the functional consequences are still to be established. In this review, we provide examples of p120-isoforms as they relate to phosphorylation events, and thereby to isoform dependent protein-protein associations and downstream functions. We also provide a view of upstream pathways that determine p120's phosphorylation state, and that have an impact upon development and disease. Because other members of the p120 subfamily undergo similar processing and phosphorylation, as well as related catenins of the plakophilin subfamily, what is learned regarding p120 will by extension have wide relevance in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Hong
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea.
| | - Il-Hoan Oh
- The Catholic University of Korea, Catholic High Performance Cell Therapy Center, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-Ku, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Pierre D McCrea
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Kibschull M, Gellhaus A, Carette D, Segretain D, Pointis G, Gilleron J. Physiological roles of connexins and pannexins in reproductive organs. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2879-98. [PMID: 26100514 PMCID: PMC11114083 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1965-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive organs are complex and well-structured tissues essential to perpetuate the species. In mammals, the male and female reproductive organs vary on their organization, morphology and function. Connectivity between cells in such tissues plays pivotal roles in organogenesis and tissue functions through the regulation of cellular proliferation, migration, differentiation and apoptosis. Connexins and pannexins can be seen as major regulators of these physiological processes. In the present review, we assembled several lines of evidence demonstrating that these two families of proteins are essential for male and female reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kibschull
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, M5T 3H7 Canada
| | - Alexandra Gellhaus
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Diane Carette
- UMR S1147, University Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
- University of Versailles, 78035 Saint Quentin, France
- INSERM U 1065, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 151 Route Saint-Antoine de Ginestière, BP 2 3194, 06204 Nice Cedex 3, France
| | - Dominique Segretain
- UMR S1147, University Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
- University of Versailles, 78035 Saint Quentin, France
| | - Georges Pointis
- INSERM U 1065, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 151 Route Saint-Antoine de Ginestière, BP 2 3194, 06204 Nice Cedex 3, France
| | - Jerome Gilleron
- INSERM U 1065, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 151 Route Saint-Antoine de Ginestière, BP 2 3194, 06204 Nice Cedex 3, France
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Nie S, Bronner ME. Dual developmental role of transcriptional regulator Ets1 in Xenopus cardiac neural crest vs. heart mesoderm. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 106:67-75. [PMID: 25691536 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Ets1 is an important transcription factor that is expressed in both the cardiac neural crest (NC) and heart mesoderm of vertebrate embryos. Moreover, Ets1 deletion in humans results in congenital heart abnormalities. To clarify the functional contributions of Ets1 in cardiac NC vs. heart mesoderm, we performed tissue-targeted loss-of-function analysis to compare the relative roles of Ets1 in these two tissues during heart formation using Xenopus embryos as a model system. METHODS AND RESULTS We confirmed by in situ hybridization analysis that Ets1 is expressed in NC and heart mesoderm during embryogenesis. Using a translation-blocking antisense morpholino to knockdown Ets1 protein selectively in the NC, we observed defects in NC delamination from the neural tube, collective cell migration, as well as segregation of NC streams in the cranial and cardiac regions. Many cardiac NC cells failed to reach their destination in the heart, resulting in defective aortic arch artery formation. A different set of defects was noted when Ets1 knockdown was targeted to heart mesoderm. The formation of the primitive heart tube was dramatically delayed and the endocardial tissue appeared depleted. As a result, the conformation of the heart was severely disrupted. In addition, the outflow tract septum was missing, and trabeculae formation in the ventricle was abolished. CONCLUSION Our study shows that Ets1 is required in both the cardiac NC and heart mesoderm, albeit for different aspects of heart formation. Our results reinforce the suggestion that proper interaction between these tissues is critical for normal heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Nie
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Connexins in migration during development and cancer. Dev Biol 2014; 401:143-51. [PMID: 25553982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Connexins, the gap junction proteins, through their multitude of actions are implicated in a variety of cell processes during animal development and cancer. They allow direct or paracrine/autocrine cell communication through their channel and hemi-channel functions. They enable adhesion and interact with a plethora of signalling molecules. Here, we review the common themes in developmental and pathological processes and we focus in their involvement in cell migration in four different systems: neurons, astrocytes, neural crest and cancer.
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Takeuchi H, Suzumura A. Gap junctions and hemichannels composed of connexins: potential therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:189. [PMID: 25228858 PMCID: PMC4151093 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are macrophage-like resident immune cells that contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS). Abnormal activation of microglia can cause damage in the CNS, and accumulation of activated microglia is a characteristic pathological observation in neurologic conditions such as trauma, stroke, inflammation, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases. Activated microglia secrete high levels of glutamate, which damages CNS cells and has been implicated as a major cause of neurodegeneration in these conditions. Glutamate-receptor blockers and microglia inhibitors (e.g., minocycline) have been examined as therapeutic candidates for several neurodegenerative diseases; however, these compounds exerted little therapeutic benefit because they either perturbed physiological glutamate signals or suppressed the actions of protective microglia. The ideal therapeutic approach would hamper the deleterious roles of activated microglia without diminishing their protective effects. We recently found that abnormally activated microglia secrete glutamate via gap-junction hemichannels on the cell surface. Moreover, administration of gap-junction inhibitors significantly suppressed excessive microglial glutamate release and improved disease symptoms in animal models of neurologic conditions such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Recent evidence also suggests that neuronal and glial communication via gap junctions amplifies neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Elucidation of the precise pathologic roles of gap junctions and hemichannels may lead to a novel therapeutic strategies that can slow and halt the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Takeuchi
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akio Suzumura
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University Nagoya, Japan
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