1
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de Caestecker C, Macara IG. A size filter at the Golgi regulates apical membrane protein sorting. Nat Cell Biol 2024; 26:1678-1690. [PMID: 39237743 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Despite decades of research, apical sorting of epithelial membrane proteins remains incompletely understood. We noted that apical cytoplasmic domains are smaller than those of basolateral proteins; however, the reason for this discrepancy is unknown. Here we used a synthetic biology approach to investigate whether a size barrier at the Golgi apparatus might hinder apical sorting of proteins with large cytoplasmic tails. We focused on Crb3, Ace2 and Muc1 as representative apical proteins with short cytoplasmic tails. By incorporating a streptavidin-binding peptide, these proteins can be trapped in the endoplasmic reticulum until addition of biotin, which triggers synchronous release to the Golgi and subsequent transport to the apical cortex. Strikingly, increasing the size of their cytoplasmic domains caused partial mislocalization to the basolateral cortex and significantly delayed Golgi departure. Moreover, N-glycosylation of 'large' Crb3 was delayed, and 'small' Crb3 segregated into spatially distinct Golgi regions. Biologically, Crb3 forms a complex through its cytoplasmic tail with the Pals1 protein, which could also delay departure, but although associated at the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, Pals1 disassociated before Crb3 departure. Notably, a non-dissociable mutant Pals1 hampered the exit of Crb3. We conclude that, unexpectedly, a size filter at the Golgi facilitates apical sorting of proteins with small cytoplasmic domains and that timely release of Pals1, to reduce cytoplasmic domain size, is essential for normal Crb3 sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian de Caestecker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ian G Macara
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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2
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Jhanwar A, Sharma D, Das U. Unraveling the structural and functional dimensions of SARS-CoV2 proteins in the context of COVID-19 pathogenesis and therapeutics. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134850. [PMID: 39168210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) has emerged as the causative agent behind the global pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). As the scientific community strives to comprehend the intricate workings of this virus, a fundamental aspect lies in deciphering the myriad proteins it expresses. This knowledge is pivotal in unraveling the complexities of the viral machinery and devising targeted therapeutic interventions. The proteomic landscape of SARS-CoV2 encompasses structural, non-structural, and open-reading frame proteins, each playing crucial roles in viral replication, host interactions, and the pathogenesis of COVID-19. This comprehensive review aims to provide an updated and detailed examination of the structural and functional attributes of SARS-CoV2 proteins. By exploring the intricate molecular architecture, we have highlighted the significance of these proteins in viral biology. Insights into their roles and interplay contribute to a deeper understanding of the virus's mechanisms, thereby paving the way for the development of effective therapeutic strategies. As the global scientific community strives to combat the ongoing pandemic, this synthesis of knowledge on SARS-CoV2 proteins serves as a valuable resource, fostering informed approaches toward mitigating the impact of COVID-19 and advancing the frontier of antiviral research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddh Jhanwar
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Dipika Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Uddipan Das
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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3
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Cho SH, Kim JH, Kim S. Perturbed cell cycle phase-dependent positioning and nuclear migration of retinal progenitors along the apico-basal axis underlie global retinal disorganization in the LCA8-like mouse model. Dev Biol 2024; 517:39-54. [PMID: 39284539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
Combined removal of Crb1 and Crb2 from the developing optic vesicle evokes cellular and laminar disorganization by disrupting the apical cell-cell adhesion in developing retinal epithelium. As a result, at postnatal stages, affected mouse retinas show temporarily thickened, coarsely laminated retinas in addition to functional deficits, including a severely abnormal electroretinogram and decreased visual acuity. These features are reminiscent of Leber congenital amaurosis 8, which is caused in humans by subsets of Crb1 mutations. However, the cellular basis of the abnormalities in retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) that lead to retinal disorganization is largely unknown. In this study, we analyze specific features of RPCs in mutant retinas, including maintenance of the progenitor pool, cell cycle progression, cell cycle phase-dependent nuclear positioning, cell survival, and generation of mature retinal cell types. We find crucial defects in the mutant RPCs. Upon removal of CRB1 and CRB2, apical structures of the RPCs, determined by markers of cilia and centrosomes, are basally shifted. In addition, the positioning of the somata of the M-phase cells, normally localized at the apical surface of the retinal epithelium, is basally shifted in a nearly randomized pattern along the apico-basal axis. Consequently, we propose that positioning of RPCs is desynchronized from cell cycle phase and largely randomized during embryonic development at E17.5. Because the resultant postmitotic cells inevitably lose positional information, the outer and inner nuclear layers (ONL and INL) fail to form from ONBL during neonatal development and retinal cells become mixed locally and globally. Additional results of the lost tissue polarity in Crb1/Crb2 dKO retinas include atypical formation of heterotopic cell patches containing photoreceptor cells in the ganglion cell layer and acellular patches filled with neural processes. Collectively, these changes lead to a mouse model of LCA8-like pathology. LCA8-like pathology differs substantially from the well-characterized, broad range of degeneration phenotypes that arise during the differentiation of photoreceptor and Muller glial cells in retinitis pigmentosa 12, a closely related disease caused by mutated human Crb1. Importantly, the present results suggest that Crb1/Crb2 serve indispensable functions in maintaining cell-cycle phase-dependent positioning of RPCs along the apico-basal axis, regulating cell cycle progression, and maintaining structural laminar integrity without significantly affecting the size of the RPC pools, generation of the subsets of the retinal cell types, or the distribution of cell cycle phases during RPC division. Taken together, these findings provide the crucial cellular basis of the thickening and severely disorganized lamination that are the unique features of the retinal abnormalities in LCA8 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Hee Cho
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sydney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
| | - Ji Hyang Kim
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sydney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Seonhee Kim
- Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
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4
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Sterling NA, Cho SH, Kim S. Entosis implicates a new role for P53 in microcephaly pathogenesis, beyond apoptosis. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2300245. [PMID: 38778437 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Entosis, a form of cell cannibalism, is a newly discovered pathogenic mechanism leading to the development of small brains, termed microcephaly, in which P53 activation was found to play a major role. Microcephaly with entosis, found in Pals1 mutant mice, displays P53 activation that promotes entosis and apoptotic cell death. This previously unappreciated pathogenic mechanism represents a novel cellular dynamic in dividing cortical progenitors which is responsible for cell loss. To date, various recent models of microcephaly have bolstered the importance of P53 activation in cell death leading to microcephaly. P53 activation caused by mitotic delay or DNA damage manifests apoptotic cell death which can be suppressed by P53 removal in these animal models. Such genetic studies attest P53 activation as quality control meant to eliminate genomically unfit cells with minimal involvement in the actual function of microcephaly associated genes. In this review, we summarize the known role of P53 activation in a variety of microcephaly models and introduce a novel mechanism wherein entotic cell cannibalism in neural progenitors is triggered by P53 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle A Sterling
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Seo-Hee Cho
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sydney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Seonhee Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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5
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Tao C, Ni X. MPP7 mediates EMT via Wnt/β-catenin pathway to promote polarity changes in epithelial ovarian cancer cells. J Cancer 2024; 15:4490-4502. [PMID: 39006077 PMCID: PMC11242328 DOI: 10.7150/jca.96185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the gynecological malignancies with the highest mortality rate. Its widespread metastasis is difficult to cure, and the beneficiaries of targeted therapy are still limited, which has been a long-standing bottleneck problem. MAGUK P55 scaffold protein 7 (MPP7) plays an important role in the establishment of epithelial cell polarity, but its potential significance in epithelial ovarian cancer is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the expression profile of MPP7 and its functional role in epithelial ovarian cancer. Through analysis of TCGA and GEO databases, combined with immunohistochemical staining of ovarian tumor tissue chips, it was found that MPP7 is significantly overexpressed in epithelial ovarian cancer tissue, and its high expression is closely related to poor prognosis of patients. It has been verified through cell function experiments that interference with MPP7 can inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of ovarian cancer cells in vitro. Performing planar polarity immunofluorescence staining on ovarian cancer cells revealed that interference with MPP7 can cause polarity changes in ovarian cancer cells. The transcriptome sequencing results of the ovarian cancer database were analyzed, and Western Blot was used to verify that MPP7 may mediate EMT via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and promote changes in cell polarity in human epithelial ovarian cancer, thereby promoting cancer progression, demonstrating the potential of MPP7 as a new biomarker and target for the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Tao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoge Ni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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6
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Stehle IF, Imventarza JA, Woerz F, Hoffmann F, Boldt K, Beyer T, Quinn PM, Ueffing M. Human CRB1 and CRB2 form homo- and heteromeric protein complexes in the retina. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302440. [PMID: 38570189 PMCID: PMC10992996 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Crumbs homolog 1 (CRB1) is one of the key genes linked to retinitis pigmentosa and Leber congenital amaurosis, which are characterized by a high clinical heterogeneity. The Crumbs family member CRB2 has a similar protein structure to CRB1, and in zebrafish, Crb2 has been shown to interact through the extracellular domain. Here, we show that CRB1 and CRB2 co-localize in the human retina and human iPSC-derived retinal organoids. In retina-specific pull-downs, CRB1 was enriched in CRB2 samples, supporting a CRB1-CRB2 interaction. Furthermore, novel interactors of the crumbs complex were identified, representing a retina-derived protein interaction network. Using co-immunoprecipitation, we further demonstrate that human canonical CRB1 interacts with CRB1 and CRB2, but not with CRB3, which lacks an extracellular domain. Next, we explored how missense mutations in the extracellular domain affect CRB1-CRB2 interactions. We observed no or a mild loss of CRB1-CRB2 interaction, when interrogating various CRB1 or CRB2 missense mutants in vitro. Taken together, our results show a stable interaction of human canonical CRB2 and CRB1 in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel F Stehle
- https://ror.org/03a1kwz48 Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joel A Imventarza
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University; New York, NY, USA
| | - Franziska Woerz
- https://ror.org/03a1kwz48 Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Felix Hoffmann
- https://ror.org/03a1kwz48 Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karsten Boldt
- https://ror.org/03a1kwz48 Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tina Beyer
- https://ror.org/03a1kwz48 Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Mj Quinn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University; New York, NY, USA
| | - Marius Ueffing
- https://ror.org/03a1kwz48 Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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7
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Middonti E, Astanina E, Vallariello E, Hoza RM, Metovic J, Spadi R, Cristiano C, Papotti M, Allavena P, Novelli F, Parab S, Cappello P, Scarpa A, Lawlor R, Di Maio M, Arese M, Bussolino F. A neuroligin-2-YAP axis regulates progression of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:1886-1908. [PMID: 38413734 PMCID: PMC11014856 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a tumor with a dismal prognosis that arises from precursor lesions called pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs). Progression from low- to high-grade PanINs is considered as tumor initiation, and a deeper understanding of this switch is needed. Here, we show that synaptic molecule neuroligin-2 (NLGN2) is expressed by pancreatic exocrine cells and plays a crucial role in the regulation of contact inhibition and epithelial polarity, which characterize the switch from low- to high-grade PanIN. NLGN2 localizes to tight junctions in acinar cells, is diffusely distributed in the cytosol in low-grade PanINs and is lost in high-grade PanINs and in a high percentage of advanced PDACs. Mechanistically, NLGN2 is necessary for the formation of the PALS1/PATJ complex, which in turn induces contact inhibition by reducing YAP function. Our results provide novel insights into NLGN2 functions outside the nervous system and can be used to model PanIN progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Middonti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10043, Orbassano, Italy.
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-IRCCS-FPO, 10060, Candiolo, Italy.
| | - Elena Astanina
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-IRCCS-FPO, 10060, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Edoardo Vallariello
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-IRCCS-FPO, 10060, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Roxana Maria Hoza
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-IRCCS-FPO, 10060, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Jasna Metovic
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Rosella Spadi
- SC Oncologia Medica, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Carmen Cristiano
- SC Oncologia Medica, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Mauro Papotti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
- Division of Pathology at Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Allavena
- IRCCS, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Francesco Novelli
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126, Torino, Italy
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126, Torino, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Sushant Parab
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-IRCCS-FPO, 10060, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Paola Cappello
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126, Torino, Italy
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126, Torino, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- Applied Research Center (ARC-NET), University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Rita Lawlor
- Applied Research Center (ARC-NET), University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Di Maio
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
- Medical Oncology, Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, 10128, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Arese
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-IRCCS-FPO, 10060, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Federico Bussolino
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10043, Orbassano, Italy.
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-IRCCS-FPO, 10060, Candiolo, Italy.
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8
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Legere EA, Baumholtz AI, Lachance JFB, Archer M, Piontek J, Ryan AK. Claudin-3 in the non-neural ectoderm is essential for neural fold fusion in chicken embryos. Dev Biol 2024; 507:20-33. [PMID: 38154769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The neural tube, the embryonic precursor to the brain and spinal cord, begins as a flat sheet of epithelial cells, divided into non-neural and neural ectoderm. Proper neural tube closure requires that the edges of the neural ectoderm, the neural folds, to elevate upwards and fuse along the dorsal midline of the embryo. We have previously shown that members of the claudin protein family are required for the early phases of chick neural tube closure. Claudins are transmembrane proteins, localized in apical tight junctions within epithelial cells where they are essential for regulation of paracellular permeability, strongly involved in apical-basal polarity, cell-cell adhesion, and bridging the tight junction to cytoplasmic proteins. Here we explored the role of Claudin-3 (Cldn3), which is specifically expressed in the non-neural ectoderm. We discovered that depletion of Cldn3 causes folic acid-insensitive primarily spinal neural tube defects due to a failure in neural fold fusion. Apical cell surface morphology of Cldn3-depleted non-neural ectodermal cells exhibited increased membrane blebbing and smaller apical surfaces. Although apical-basal polarity was retained, we observed altered Par3 and Pals1 protein localization patterns within the apical domain of the non-neural ectodermal cells in Cldn3-depleted embryos. Furthermore, F-actin signal was reduced at apical junctions. Our data presents a model of spina bifida, and the role that Cldn3 is playing in regulating essential apical cell processes in the non-neural ectoderm required for neural fold fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth-Ann Legere
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Canada; The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Amanda I Baumholtz
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Canada; The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | | | | - Jörg Piontek
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Aimee K Ryan
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Canada; The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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9
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Groh AC, Möller-Kerutt A, Gilhaus K, Höffken V, Nedvetsky P, Kleimann S, Behrens M, Ghosh S, Hansen U, Krahn MP, Ebnet K, Pavenstädt H, Ludwig A, Weide T. PALS1 is a key regulator of the lateral distribution of tight junction proteins in renal epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261303. [PMID: 38265145 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved apical Crumbs (CRB) complex, consisting of the core components CRB3a (an isoform of CRB3), PALS1 and PATJ, plays a key role in epithelial cell-cell contact formation and cell polarization. Recently, we observed that deletion of one Pals1 allele in mice results in functional haploinsufficiency characterized by renal cysts. Here, to address the role of PALS1 at the cellular level, we generated CRISPR/Cas9-mediated PALS1-knockout MDCKII cell lines. The loss of PALS1 resulted in increased paracellular permeability, indicating an epithelial barrier defect. This defect was associated with a redistribution of several tight junction-associated proteins from bicellular to tricellular contacts. PALS1-dependent localization of tight junction proteins at bicellular junctions required its interaction with PATJ. Importantly, reestablishment of the tight junction belt upon transient F-actin depolymerization or upon Ca2+ removal was strongly delayed in PALS1-deficient cells. Additionally, the cytoskeleton regulator RhoA was redistributed from junctions into the cytosol under PALS1 knockout. Together, our data uncover a critical role of PALS1 in the coupling of tight junction proteins to the F-actin cytoskeleton, which ensures their correct distribution along bicellular junctions and the formation of tight epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Christin Groh
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Annika Möller-Kerutt
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kevin Gilhaus
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Verena Höffken
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Pavel Nedvetsky
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Medical Cell Biology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Simon Kleimann
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Malina Behrens
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sujasha Ghosh
- School of Biological Sciences and NTU Institute of Structural Biology (NISB), Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Uwe Hansen
- University Hospital of Münster, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine (IMM), Head Core Facility Electron Microscopy, Domagkstraße 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael P Krahn
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Medical Cell Biology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Ebnet
- Institute-associated Research Group "Cell adhesion and cell polarity", Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Straße 56, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hermann Pavenstädt
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Ludwig
- School of Biological Sciences and NTU Institute of Structural Biology (NISB), Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Thomas Weide
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
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10
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Boon N, Lu X, Andriessen CA, Orlovà M, Quinn PM, Boon CJ, Wijnholds J. Characterization and AAV-mediated CRB gene augmentation in human-derived CRB1KO and CRB1KOCRB2+/- retinal organoids. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 31:101128. [PMID: 37886604 PMCID: PMC10597801 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.101128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The majority of patients with mutations in CRB1 develop either early-onset retinitis pigmentosa as young children or Leber congenital amaurosis as newborns. The cause for the phenotypic variability in CRB1-associated retinopathies is unknown, but might be linked to differences in CRB1 and CRB2 protein levels in Müller glial cells and photoreceptor cells. Here, CRB1KO and CRB1KOCRB2+/- differentiation day 210 retinal organoids showed a significant decrease in the number of photoreceptor nuclei in a row and a significant increase in the number of photoreceptor cell nuclei above the outer limiting membrane. This phenotype with outer retinal abnormalities is similar to CRB1 patient-derived retinal organoids and Crb1 or Crb2 mutant mouse retinal disease models. The CRB1KO and CRB1KOCRB2+/- retinal organoids develop an additional inner retinal phenotype due to the complete loss of CRB1 from Müller glial cells, suggesting an essential role for CRB1 in proper localization of neuronal cell types. Adeno-associated viral (AAV) transduction was explored at early and late stages of organoid development. Moreover, AAV-mediated gene augmentation therapy with AAV.hCRB2 improved the outer retinal phenotype in CRB1KO retinal organoids. Altogether, these data provide essential information for future gene therapy approaches for patients with CRB1-associated retinal dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanda Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Xuefei Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte A. Andriessen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Michaela Orlovà
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter M.J. Quinn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Camiel J.F. Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1000 AE Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Wijnholds
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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11
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Shaha S, Patel K, Riddell M. Cell polarity signaling in the regulation of syncytiotrophoblast homeostasis and inflammatory response. Placenta 2023; 141:26-34. [PMID: 36443107 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of cell polarity and the structure of the apical surface of epithelial cells is a tightly regulated process necessary for tissue homeostasis. The syncytiotrophoblast of the human placenta is an entirely unique epithelial layer. It is a single giant multinucleate syncytial layer that comprises the maternal-facing surface of the human placenta. Like other epithelia, the syncytiotrophoblast is highly polarized with the apical surface dominated by microvillar membrane protrusions. Syncytiotrophoblast dysfunction is a key feature of pregnancy complications like preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is commonly associated with a heightened maternal immune response and pro-inflammatory environment. Importantly, reports have observed disruption of syncytiotrophoblast apical microvilli in placentas from preeclamptic pregnancies, indicating a loss of apical polarity, but little is known about how the syncytiotrophoblast regulates polarity. Here, we review the evolutionarily conserved mechanisms that regulate apical-basal polarization in epithelial cells, and the emerging evidence that PAR polarity complex components are critical regulators of syncytiotrophoblast homeostasis and apical membrane structure. Pro-inflammatory cytokines have been shown to disrupt the expression of polarity regulating proteins. We also discuss initial data showing that syncytiotrophoblast apical polarity can be disrupted by the addition of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α, revealing that physiologically relevant signals can modulate syncytiotrophoblast polarization. Since disrupted polarity is a feature of preeclampsia, further elucidation of the syncytiotrophoblast-specific polarity signaling network and testing whether the disruption of polarity-factor signaling networks may contribute to the development of preeclampsia is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaiyah Shaha
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Khushali Patel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Meghan Riddell
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2S2, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2S2, Canada.
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12
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de Caestecker C, Macara IG. A Size Filter Regulates Apical Protein Sorting. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3210598. [PMID: 37577471 PMCID: PMC10418535 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3210598/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of research, apical sorting of epithelial membrane proteins remains incompletely understood. We noted that apical cytoplasmic domains are smaller than those of basolateral proteins; however, the reason for this discrepancy is unknown. We investigated whether a size barrier at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) might hinder apical sorting of proteins with large cytoplasmic tails. We focused on Crb3 and Ace2 as representative apical proteins with short cytoplasmic tails. By incorporating a streptavidin-binding peptide, these proteins can be trapped in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) until addition of biotin, which triggers synchronous release to the Golgi and subsequent transport to the apical cortex. Strikingly, departure from the Golgi could be significantly delayed simply by increasing cytoplasmic bulk. Moreover, large and small Crb3 segregated into spatially distinct Golgi regions as detected by super resolution imaging. Biologically, Crb3 forms a complex through its cytoplasmic tail with the Pals1 protein, which could also delay departure, but although associated at the ER and Golgi, we found that Pals1 disassociates prior to Crb3 departure. Notably, a non-dissociable mutant Pals1 hampers the exit of Crb3. We conclude that an unexpected mechanism involving a size filter at the TGN facilitates apical sorting of proteins with small cytoplasmic domains and that timely release of Pals1, to reduce cytoplasmic domain size, is essential for the normal kinetics of Crb3 sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian de Caestecker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville TN 37205, U.S
| | - Ian G. Macara
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville TN 37205, U.S
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13
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Boon N, Lu X, Andriessen CA, Moustakas I, Buck TM, Freund C, Arendzen CH, Böhringer S, Mei H, Wijnholds J. AAV-mediated gene augmentation therapy of CRB1 patient-derived retinal organoids restores the histological and transcriptional retinal phenotype. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:1123-1137. [PMID: 37084726 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa and Leber congenital amaurosis are inherited retinal dystrophies that can be caused by mutations in the Crumbs homolog 1 (CRB1) gene. CRB1 is required for organizing apical-basal polarity and adhesion between photoreceptors and Müller glial cells. CRB1 patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells were differentiated into CRB1 retinal organoids that showed diminished expression of variant CRB1 protein observed by immunohistochemical analysis. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed impact on, among others, the endosomal pathway and cell adhesion and migration in CRB1 patient-derived retinal organoids compared with isogenic controls. Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector-mediated hCRB2 or hCRB1 gene augmentation in Müller glial and photoreceptor cells partially restored the histological phenotype and transcriptomic profile of CRB1 patient-derived retinal organoids. Altogether, we show proof-of-concept that AAV.hCRB1 or AAV.hCRB2 treatment improved the phenotype of CRB1 patient-derived retinal organoids, providing essential information for future gene therapy approaches for patients with mutations in the CRB1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanda Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Xuefei Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte A Andriessen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ioannis Moustakas
- Sequencing Analysis Support Core, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thilo M Buck
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Freund
- hiPSC Hotel, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Christiaan H Arendzen
- hiPSC Hotel, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Böhringer
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hailiang Mei
- Sequencing Analysis Support Core, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Wijnholds
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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14
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Harms J, Lüttgenau SM, Emming C, Guske J, Weber K, Wagner T, Schowe L, Nedvetsky P, Krahn MP. Pals1 functions in redundancy with SMAP1 to inhibit Arf6 in order to prevent Rac1-dependent colorectal cancer cell migration and invasion. Cancer Gene Ther 2023; 30:497-506. [PMID: 36494580 PMCID: PMC10014575 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-022-00570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Downregulation of cell-cell adhesion and increased motility are prerequisites for the metastasis of cancer cells. We have recently shown that downregulation of the tight junction adapter protein Pals1 in colorectal cancer cells results in an increase of cell migration, invasion, and metastasis due to the enhanced activation of Arf6 and Rac1. We now reveal a redundancy between the Arf6-GAP SMAP1 and Pals1 in regulating Arf6 activity and thereby Rac1-dependent cell migration. The gene encoding SMAP1 is frequently disrupted in microsatellite instable colorectal cancer specimen and cell lines. In cells expressing SMAP1, deletion of Pals1 leads to disturbed formation of tight junctions but has no impact on Arf6 activity and cell migration. In contrast, inactivation of both SMAP1 and Pals1 results in enhanced Arf6/Rac1 activity and increased cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, analyzing patient cohorts, we found a significant decrease in patient's survival when both genes were downregulated, in contrast to cases, when expression of only one of both genes was affected. Taken together, we identified a redundancy between SMAP1 and Pals1 in the regulation of activation of Arf6/Rac1, thereby controlling cell migration, invasion, and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Harms
- Medical Clinic D, Medical Cell Biology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Christin Emming
- Medical Clinic D, Medical Cell Biology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Justine Guske
- Medical Clinic D, Medical Cell Biology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Katrin Weber
- Medical Clinic D, Medical Cell Biology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Wagner
- Medical Clinic D, Medical Cell Biology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Larissa Schowe
- Medical Clinic D, Medical Cell Biology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Pavel Nedvetsky
- Medical Clinic D, Medical Cell Biology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael P Krahn
- Medical Clinic D, Medical Cell Biology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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15
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Lopes da Costa B, Kolesnikova M, Levi SR, Cabral T, Tsang SH, Maumenee IH, Quinn PMJ. Clinical and Therapeutic Evaluation of the Ten Most Prevalent CRB1 Mutations. Biomedicines 2023; 11:385. [PMID: 36830922 PMCID: PMC9953187 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Crumbs homolog 1 (CRB1) gene lead to severe inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs), accounting for nearly 80,000 cases worldwide. To date, there is no therapeutic option for patients suffering from CRB1-IRDs. Therefore, it is of great interest to evaluate gene editing strategies capable of correcting CRB1 mutations. A retrospective chart review was conducted on ten patients demonstrating one or two of the top ten most prevalent CRB1 mutations and receiving care at Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. Patient phenotypes were consistent with previously published data for individual CRB1 mutations. To identify the optimal gene editing strategy for these ten mutations, base and prime editing designs were evaluated. For base editing, we adopted the use of a near-PAMless Cas9 (SpRY Cas9), whereas for prime editing, we evaluated the canonical NGG and NGA prime editors. We demonstrate that for the correction of c.2843G>A, p.(Cys948Tyr), the most prevalent CRB1 mutation, base editing has the potential to generate harmful bystanders. Prime editing, however, avoids these bystanders, highlighting its future potential to halt CRB1-mediated disease progression. Additional studies investigating prime editing for CRB1-IRDs are needed, as well as a thorough analysis of prime editing's application, efficiency, and safety in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Lopes da Costa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Jonas Children′s Vision Care, and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, SP, Brazil
| | - Masha Kolesnikova
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Jonas Children′s Vision Care, and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- College of Medicine at the State University of New York at Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Sarah R. Levi
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Jonas Children′s Vision Care, and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Thiago Cabral
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, SP, Brazil
- Vision Center Unit/EBSERH and Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, ES, Brazil
- Young Leadership Physicians Programme, National Academy of Medicine, Rio de Janeiro 20021-130, RJ, Brazil
| | - Stephen H. Tsang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Jonas Children′s Vision Care, and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Irene H. Maumenee
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Jonas Children′s Vision Care, and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Peter M. J. Quinn
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Jonas Children′s Vision Care, and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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16
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Nahar A, Cho SH. Current perspectives in Leber congenital amaurosis type 8 mouse modeling. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:1094-1106. [PMID: 35150033 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the CRB1 (Crumbs homolog 1) cause rare retinal diseases like retinitis pigmentosa type 12 (RP12) and Leber congenital amaurosis type 8 (LCA8). RP12 results in progressively worsening peripheral vision, whereas LCA8 causes severe visual impairment at birth or in early life. While several mouse models have been proposed for RP12, few replicate the full spectrum of human LCA8 pathology, such as disorganized retinal layering, abnormal retinal thickening, pigmentary defects, hyperreflective lesions, and severely attenuated electroretinogram responses at birth. Six models have been proposed utilizing the Cre-loxP system to delete candidate genes in specific retinal cell types and developmental stages. The model ablating Crb1 and its homolog Crb2 (using mRx-Cre) from the beginning of the eye development is the most complete as it shows blindness during the eye-opening stage, pigmentary defects in the RPE, ganglion cell layer heterotopia, disruption of retinal lamination, and acellular patches. LCA8 represents a unique type of retinal dystrophy among LCA subtypes, driven by dysfunctional retinal progenitor cells during eye development. In contrast, other LCA types and RP12 are caused by photoreceptor defects. Therefore, the most accurate LCA8-like mouse model must target both alleles of the Crb1 and Crb2 genes in the optic vesicle or earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Nahar
- Thomas Jefferson University Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Seo-Hee Cho
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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17
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Castiglioni VG, Ramalho JJ, Kroll JR, Stucchi R, van Beuzekom H, Schmidt R, Altelaar M, Boxem M. Identification and characterization of Crumbs polarity complex proteins in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101786. [PMID: 35247383 PMCID: PMC9006659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Crumbs proteins are evolutionarily conserved transmembrane proteins with essential roles in promoting the formation of the apical domain in epithelial cells. The short intracellular tail of Crumbs proteins are known to interact with several proteins, including the scaffolding protein PALS1 (protein associated with LIN7, Stardust in Drosophila). PALS1 in turn binds to a second scaffolding protein PATJ (PALS1-associated tight junction protein) to form the core Crumbs/PALS1/PATJ complex. While essential roles in epithelial organization have been shown for Crumbs proteins in Drosophila and mammalian systems, the three Caenorhabditis elegans crumbs genes are dispensable for epithelial polarization and development. Here, we investigated the presence and function of PALS1 and PATJ orthologs in C. elegans. We identified MAGU-2 as the C. elegans ortholog of PALS1 and show that MAGU-2 interacts with all three Crumbs proteins and localizes to the apical membrane domain of intestinal epithelial cells in a Crumbs-dependent fashion. Similar to crumbs mutants, magu-2 deletion showed no epithelial polarity defects. We also identified MPZ-1 as a candidate ortholog of PATJ based on the physical interaction with MAGU-2 and sequence similarity with PATJ proteins. However, MPZ-1 is not broadly expressed in epithelial tissues and, therefore, not likely a core component of the C. elegans Crumbs complex. Finally, we show overexpression of the Crumbs proteins EAT-20 or CRB-3 can lead to apical membrane expansion in the intestine. Our results shed light on the composition of the C. elegans Crumbs complex and indicate that the role of Crumbs proteins in promoting apical domain formation is conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria G Castiglioni
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - João J Ramalho
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jason R Kroll
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Stucchi
- Division of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hanna van Beuzekom
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben Schmidt
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Altelaar
- Division of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mike Boxem
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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18
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Zhu Y, Alvarez F, Wolff N, Mechaly A, Brûlé S, Neitthoffer B, Etienne-Manneville S, Haouz A, Boëda B, Caillet-Saguy C. Interactions of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Protein E With Cell Junctions and Polarity PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1-Containing Proteins. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:829094. [PMID: 35283834 PMCID: PMC8909127 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.829094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-terminus of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) protein E contains a PBM (PDZ-binding motif) targeting PDZ (PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1) domains, which is identical to the PBM of SARS-CoV. The latter is involved in the pathogenicity of the virus. Recently, we identified 10 human PDZ-containing proteins showing significant interactions with SARS-CoV-2 protein E PBM. We selected several of them involved in cellular junctions and cell polarity (TJP1, PARD3, MLLT4, and LNX2) and MPP5/PALS1 previously shown to interact with SARS-CoV E PBM. Targeting cellular junctions and polarity components is a common strategy by viruses to hijack cell machinery to their advantage. In this study, we showed that these host PDZ domains TJP1, PARD3, MLLT4, LNX2, and MPP5/PALS1 interact in a PBM-dependent manner in vitro and colocalize with the full-length E protein in cellulo, sequestrating the PDZ domains to the Golgi compartment. We solved three crystal structures of complexes between human LNX2, MLLT4, and MPP5 PDZs and SARS-CoV-2 E PBM highlighting its binding preferences for several cellular targets. Finally, we showed different affinities for the PDZ domains with the original SARS-CoV-2 C-terminal sequence containing the PBM and the one of the beta variant that contains a mutation close to the PBM. The acquired mutations in the E protein localized near the PBM might have important effects both on the structure and the ion-channel activity of the E protein and on the host machinery targeted by the variants during the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Zhu
- Channel Receptors Unit, CNRS, UMR 3571, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Flavio Alvarez
- Channel Receptors Unit, CNRS, UMR 3571, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Wolff
- Channel Receptors Unit, CNRS, UMR 3571, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ariel Mechaly
- Crystallography Platform-C2RT, CNRS, UMR 3528, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Brûlé
- Molecular Biophysics Platform-C2RT, CNRS, UMR 3528, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Neitthoffer
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR 3691 CNRS, Université de Paris, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR 3691 CNRS, Université de Paris, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Ahmed Haouz
- Crystallography Platform-C2RT, CNRS, UMR 3528, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Batiste Boëda
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR 3691 CNRS, Université de Paris, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Célia Caillet-Saguy
- Channel Receptors Unit, CNRS, UMR 3571, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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19
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Berghaus C, Groh AC, Breljak D, Ciarimboli G, Sabolić I, Pavenstädt H, Weide T. Impact of Pals1 on Expression and Localization of Transporters Belonging to the Solute Carrier Family. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:792829. [PMID: 35252349 PMCID: PMC8888964 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.792829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pals1 is part of the evolutionary conserved Crumbs polarity complex and plays a key role in two processes, the formation of apicobasal polarity and the establishment of cell-cell contacts. In the human kidney, up to 1.5 million nephrons control blood filtration, as well as resorption and recycling of inorganic and organic ions, sugars, amino acids, peptides, vitamins, water and further metabolites of endogenous and exogenous origin. All nephron segments consist of polarized cells and express high levels of Pals1. Mice that are functionally haploid for Pals1 develop a lethal phenotype, accompanied by heavy proteinuria and the formation of renal cysts. However, on a cellular level, it is still unclear if reduced cell polarization, incomplete cell-cell contact formation, or an altered Pals1-dependent gene expression accounts for the renal phenotype. To address this, we analyzed the transcriptomes of Pals1-haploinsufficient kidneys and the littermate controls by gene set enrichment analysis. Our data elucidated a direct correlation between TGFβ pathway activation and the downregulation of more than 100 members of the solute carrier (SLC) gene family. Surprisingly, Pals1-depleted nephrons keep the SLC's segment-specific expression and subcellular distribution, demonstrating that the phenotype is not mainly due to dysfunctional apicobasal cell polarization of renal epithelia. Our data may provide first hints that SLCs may act as modulating factors for renal cyst formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Berghaus
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Münster, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Groh
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Münster, Germany
| | - Davorka Breljak
- Molecular Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Giuliano Ciarimboli
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Münster, Germany
| | - Ivan Sabolić
- Molecular Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hermann Pavenstädt
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Weide
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Münster, Germany
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20
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Yan W, Zheng Y, Zeng X, He B, Cheng W. Structural biology of SARS-CoV-2: open the door for novel therapies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:26. [PMID: 35087058 PMCID: PMC8793099 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00884-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the pandemic disease COVID-19, which is so far without efficacious treatment. The discovery of therapy reagents for treating COVID-19 are urgently needed, and the structures of the potential drug-target proteins in the viral life cycle are particularly important. SARS-CoV-2, a member of the Orthocoronavirinae subfamily containing the largest RNA genome, encodes 29 proteins including nonstructural, structural and accessory proteins which are involved in viral adsorption, entry and uncoating, nucleic acid replication and transcription, assembly and release, etc. These proteins individually act as a partner of the replication machinery or involved in forming the complexes with host cellular factors to participate in the essential physiological activities. This review summarizes the representative structures and typically potential therapy agents that target SARS-CoV-2 or some critical proteins for viral pathogenesis, providing insights into the mechanisms underlying viral infection, prevention of infection, and treatment. Indeed, these studies open the door for COVID therapies, leading to ways to prevent and treat COVID-19, especially, treatment of the disease caused by the viral variants are imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhu Yan
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanhui Zheng
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaotao Zeng
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin He
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
- The First People's Hospital of Longquanyi District Chengdu, 610100, Chengdu, China.
| | - Wei Cheng
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
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21
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Sterling N, Duncan AR, Park R, Koolen DA, Shi J, Cho SH, Benke PJ, Grant PE, Genetti CA, VanNoy GE, Juusola J, McWalter K, Parboosingh JS, Lamont RE, Bernier FP, Smith C, Harris DJ, Stegmann APA, Innes AM, Kim S, Agrawal PB. De novo variants in MPP5 cause global developmental delay and behavioral changes. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:3388-3401. [PMID: 33073849 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane Protein Palmitoylated 5 (MPP5) is a highly conserved apical complex protein essential for cell polarity, fate and survival. Defects in cell polarity are associated with neurologic disorders including autism and microcephaly. MPP5 is essential for neurogenesis in animal models, but human variants leading to neurologic impairment have not been described. We identified three patients with heterozygous MPP5 de novo variants (DNV) and global developmental delay (GDD) and compared their phenotypes and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to ascertain how MPP5 DNV leads to GDD. All three patients with MPP5 DNV experienced GDD with language delay/regression and behavioral changes. MRI ranged from normal to decreased gyral folding and microcephaly. The effects of MPP5 depletion on the developing brain were assessed by creating a heterozygous conditional knock out (het CKO) murine model with central nervous system (CNS)-specific Nestin-Cre drivers. In the het CKO model, Mpp5 depletion led to microcephaly, decreased cerebellar volume and cortical thickness. Het CKO mice had decreased ependymal cells and Mpp5 at the apical surface of cortical ventricular zone compared with wild type. Het CKO mice also failed to maintain progenitor pools essential for neurogenesis. The proportion of cortical cells undergoing apoptotic cell death increased, suggesting that cell death reduces progenitor population and neuron number. Het CKO mice also showed behavioral changes, similar to our patients. To our knowledge, this is the first report to show that variants in MPP5 are associated with GDD, behavioral abnormalities and language regression/delay. Murine modeling shows that neurogenesis is likely altered in these individuals, with cell death and skewed cellular composition playing significant roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle Sterling
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine. Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Anna R Duncan
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Raehee Park
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine. Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - David A Koolen
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jiahai Shi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Seo-Hee Cho
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine. Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Paul J Benke
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital, Hollywood, FL 33021, USA
| | - Patricia E Grant
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Casie A Genetti
- Division of Genetics & Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Grace E VanNoy
- Division of Genetics & Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jane Juusola
- Clinical Genomics Program, GeneDx, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
| | - Kirsty McWalter
- Clinical Genomics Program, GeneDx, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
| | - Jillian S Parboosingh
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1A4, Canada
| | - Ryan E Lamont
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1A4, Canada
| | - Francois P Bernier
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1A4, Canada
| | - Christopher Smith
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1A4, Canada
| | - David J Harris
- Division of Genetics & Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander P A Stegmann
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A Micheil Innes
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1A4, Canada
| | - Seonhee Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine. Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Pankaj B Agrawal
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Division of Genetics & Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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22
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Jarysta A, Tarchini B. Multiple PDZ domain protein maintains patterning of the apical cytoskeleton in sensory hair cells. Development 2021; 148:270996. [PMID: 34228789 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sound transduction occurs in the hair bundle, the apical compartment of sensory hair cells in the inner ear. The hair bundle is formed of actin-based stereocilia aligned in rows of graded heights. It was previously shown that the GNAI-GPSM2 complex is part of a developmental blueprint that defines the polarized organization of the apical cytoskeleton in hair cells, including stereocilia distribution and elongation. Here, we report a role for multiple PDZ domain (MPDZ) protein during apical hair cell morphogenesis in mouse. We show that MPDZ is enriched at the hair cell apical membrane along with MAGUK p55 subfamily member 5 (MPP5/PALS1) and the Crumbs protein CRB3. MPDZ is required there to maintain the proper segregation of apical blueprint proteins, including GNAI-GPSM2. Loss of the blueprint coincides with misaligned stereocilia placement in Mpdz mutant hair cells, and results in permanently misshapen hair bundles. Graded molecular and structural defects along the cochlea can explain the profile of hearing loss in Mpdz mutants, where deficits are most severe at high frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Basile Tarchini
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA.,Department of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering (GSBSE), University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
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23
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Li J. Context-Dependent Roles of Claudins in Tumorigenesis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:676781. [PMID: 34354941 PMCID: PMC8329526 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.676781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The barrier and fence functions of the claudin protein family are fundamental to tissue integrity and human health. Increasing evidence has linked claudins to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. The expression of claudins is frequently dysregulated in the context of neoplastic transformation. Studies have uncovered that claudins engage in nearly all aspects of tumor biology and steps of tumor development, suggesting their promise as targets for treatment or biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. However, claudins can be either tumor promoters or tumor suppressors depending on the context, which emphasizes the importance of taking various factors, including organ type, environmental context and genetic confounders, into account when studying the biological functions and targeting of claudins in cancer. This review discusses the complicated roles and intrinsic and extrinsic determinants of the context-specific effects of claudins in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Hospital of Mianyang, Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang, China
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24
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Chai J, Cai Y, Pang C, Wang L, McSweeney S, Shanklin J, Liu Q. Structural basis for SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein recognition of human cell junction protein PALS1. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3433. [PMID: 34103506 PMCID: PMC8187709 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23533-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has created global health and economic emergencies. SARS-CoV-2 viruses promote their own spread and virulence by hijacking human proteins, which occurs through viral protein recognition of human targets. To understand the structural basis for SARS-CoV-2 viral-host protein recognition, here we use cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to determine a complex structure of the human cell junction protein PALS1 and SARS-CoV-2 viral envelope (E) protein. Our reported structure shows that the E protein C-terminal DLLV motif recognizes a pocket formed exclusively by hydrophobic residues from the PDZ and SH3 domains of PALS1. Our structural analysis provides an explanation for the observation that the viral E protein recruits PALS1 from lung epithelial cell junctions. In addition, our structure provides novel targets for peptide- and small-molecule inhibitors that could block the PALS1-E interactions to reduce E-mediated virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chai
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Yuanheng Cai
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Changxu Pang
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Liguo Wang
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Structure, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | | | - John Shanklin
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Qun Liu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.
- NSLS-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.
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25
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Rice AP, Kimata JT. SARS-CoV-2 likely targets cellular PDZ proteins: a common tactic of pathogenic viruses. Future Virol 2021. [PMID: 34035830 PMCID: PMC8132619 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2020-0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Rice
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77096, USA
| | - Jason T Kimata
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77096, USA
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26
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Danac JMC, Uy AGG, Garcia RL. Exosomal microRNAs in colorectal cancer: Overcoming barriers of the metastatic cascade (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:112. [PMID: 33907829 PMCID: PMC8075282 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The journey of cancer cells from a primary tumor to distant sites is a multi-step process that involves cellular reprogramming, the breaking or breaching of physical barriers and the preparation of a pre-metastatic niche for colonization. The loss of adhesion between cells, cytoskeletal remodeling, the reduction in size and change in cell shape, the destruction of the extracellular matrix, and the modification of the tumor microenvironment facilitate migration and invasion into surrounding tissues. The promotion of vascular leakiness enables intra- and extravasation, while angiogenesis and immune suppression help metastasizing cells become established in the new site. Tumor-derived exosomes have long been known to harbor microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) that help prepare secondary sites for metastasis; however, their roles in the early and intermediate steps of the metastatic cascade are only beginning to be characterized. The present review article presents a summary and discussion of the miRNAs that form part of colorectal cancer (CRC)-derived exosomal cargoes and which play distinct roles in epithelial to mesenchymal plasticity and metastatic organotropism. First, an overview of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastatic organotropism, as well as exosome biogenesis, cargo sorting and uptake by recipient cells is presented. Lastly, the potential of these exosomal miRNAs as prognostic biomarkers for metastatic CRC, and the blocking of these as a possible therapeutic intervention is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Miguel C Danac
- Disease Molecular Biology and Epigenetics Laboratory, National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, National Science Complex, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Aileen Geobee G Uy
- Disease Molecular Biology and Epigenetics Laboratory, National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, National Science Complex, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Reynaldo L Garcia
- Disease Molecular Biology and Epigenetics Laboratory, National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, National Science Complex, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
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27
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Defining Phenotype, Tropism, and Retinal Gene Therapy Using Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors (AAVs) in New-Born Brown Norway Rats with a Spontaneous Mutation in Crb1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073563. [PMID: 33808129 PMCID: PMC8036486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Crumbs homologue 1 (CRB1) gene cause inherited retinal dystrophies, such as early-onset retinitis pigmentosa and Leber congenital amaurosis. A Brown Norway rat strain was reported with a spontaneous insertion-deletion (indel) mutation in exon 6 of Crb1. It has been reported that these Crb1 mutant rats show vascular abnormalities associated with retinal telangiectasia and possess an early-onset retinal degenerative phenotype with outer limiting membrane breaks and focal loss of retinal lamination at 2 months of age. Here, we further characterized the morphological phenotype of new-born and adult Crb1 mutant rats in comparison with age-matched Brown Norway rats without a mutation in Crb1. A significantly decreased retinal function and visual acuity was observed in Crb1 mutant rats at 1 and 3 months of age, respectively. Moreover, in control rats, the subcellular localization of canonical CRB1 was observed at the subapical region in Müller glial cells while CRB2 was observed at the subapical region in both photoreceptors and Müller glial cells by immuno-electron microscopy. CRB1 localization was lost in the Crb1 mutant rats, whereas CRB2 was still observed. In addition, we determined the tropism of subretinal or intravitreally administered AAV5-, AAV9- or AAV6-variant ShH10Y445F vectors in new-born control and Crb1 mutant rat retinas. We showed that subretinal injection of AAV5 and AAV9 at postnatal days 5 (P5) or 8 (P8) predominantly infected the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptor cells; while intravitreal injection of ShH10Y445F at P5 or P8 resulted in efficient infection of mainly Müller glial cells. Using knowledge of the subcellular localization of CRB1 and the ability of ShH10Y445F to infect Müller glial cells, canonical hCRB1 and hCRB2 AAV-mediated gene therapy were explored in new-born Crb1 mutant rats. Enhanced retinal function after gene therapy delivery in the Crb1 rat was not observed. No timely rescue of the retinal phenotype was observed using retinal function and visual acuity, suggesting the need for earlier onset of expression of recombinant hCRB proteins in Müller glial cells to rescue the severe retinal phenotype in Crb1 mutant rats.
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28
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Gauthier KD, Rocheleau CE. Golgi localization of the LIN-2/7/10 complex points to a role in basolateral secretion of LET-23 EGFR in the Caenorhabditiselegans vulval precursor cells. Development 2021; 148:dev194167. [PMID: 33526581 PMCID: PMC10692275 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved LIN-2 (CASK)/LIN-7 (Lin7A-C)/LIN-10 (APBA1) complex plays an important role in regulating spatial organization of membrane proteins and signaling components. In Caenorhabditiselegans, the complex is essential for the development of the vulva by promoting the localization of the sole Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ortholog LET-23 to the basolateral membrane of the vulva precursor cells where it can specify the vulval cell fate. To understand how the LIN-2/7/10 complex regulates receptor localization, we determined its expression and localization during vulva development. We found that LIN-7 colocalizes with LET-23 EGFR at the basolateral membrane, whereas the LIN-2/7/10 complex colocalizes with LET-23 EGFR at cytoplasmic punctae that mostly overlap with the Golgi. Furthermore, LIN-10 recruits LIN-2, which in turn recruits LIN-7. We demonstrate that the complex forms in vivo with a particularly strong interaction and colocalization between LIN-2 and LIN-7, consistent with them forming a subcomplex. Thus, the LIN-2/7/10 complex forms on the Golgi on which it likely targets LET-23 EGFR trafficking to the basolateral membrane rather than functioning as a tether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley D Gauthier
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University; and the Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Christian E Rocheleau
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University; and the Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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29
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Recruitment of Polarity Complexes and Tight Junction Proteins to the Site of Apical Bulk Endocytosis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:59-80. [PMID: 33548596 PMCID: PMC8082271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The molecular motor, Myosin Vb (MYO5B), is well documented for its role in trafficking cargo to the apical membrane of epithelial cells. Despite its involvement in regulating apical proteins, the role of MYO5B in cell polarity is less clear. Inactivating mutations in MYO5B result in microvillus inclusion disease (MVID), a disorder characterized by loss of key apical transporters and the presence of intracellular inclusions in enterocytes. We previously identified that inclusions in Myo5b knockout (KO) mice form from invagination of the apical brush border via apical bulk endocytosis. Herein, we sought to elucidate the role of polarity complexes and tight junction proteins during the formation of inclusions. METHODS Intestinal tissue from neonatal control and Myo5b KO littermates was analyzed by immunofluorescence to determine the localization of polarity complexes and tight junction proteins. RESULTS Proteins that make up the apical polarity complexes-Crumbs3 and Pars complexes-were associated with inclusions in Myo5b KO mice. In addition, tight junction proteins were observed to be concentrated over inclusions that were present at the apical membrane of Myo5b-deficient enterocytes in vivo and in vitro. Our mouse findings are complemented by immunostaining in a large animal swine model of MVID genetically engineered to express a human MVID-associated mutation that shows an accumulation of Claudin-2 over forming inclusions. The findings from our swine model of MVID suggest that a similar mechanism of tight junction accumulation occurs in patients with MVID. CONCLUSIONS These data show that apical bulk endocytosis involves the altered localization of apical polarity proteins and tight junction proteins after loss of Myo5b.
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30
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Martin E, Girardello R, Dittmar G, Ludwig A. New insights into the organization and regulation of the apical polarity network in mammalian epithelial cells. FEBS J 2021; 288:7073-7095. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Martin
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
- Proteomics of Cellular Signaling Luxembourg Institute of Health Strassen Luxembourg
| | - Rossana Girardello
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
- Proteomics of Cellular Signaling Luxembourg Institute of Health Strassen Luxembourg
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- Proteomics of Cellular Signaling Luxembourg Institute of Health Strassen Luxembourg
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Luxembourg Luxembourg
| | - Alexander Ludwig
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology (NISB) Experimental Medicine Building Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
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31
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Wang WJ, Lyu TJ, Li Z. Research Progress on PATJ and Underlying Mechanisms Associated with Functional Outcomes After Stroke. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:2811-2818. [PMID: 34471355 PMCID: PMC8405222 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s310764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is an intrinsic property of epithelial cells regulated by scaffold proteins. The CRB (crumbs) complex is known to play a predominant role in the dynamic cooperative network of polarity scaffold proteins. PATJ (PALS1-associated tight junction) is the core component in the CRB complex and has been highly conserved throughout evolution. PATJ is crucial to several important events in organisms' survival, including embryonic development, cell polarity, and barrier establishment. A recent study shows that PATJ plays an important role in functional outcomes of stroke. In this article, we elaborate on the biological structure and physiological functions of PATJ and explore the underlying mechanisms of PATJ genetic polymorphism that are associated with poor functional outcomes in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Wang
- Vascular Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Jie Lyu
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China.,National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixiao Li
- Vascular Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China.,National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China.,Research Unit of Artificial Intelligence in Cerebrovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China
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32
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Symonds AC, Buckley CE, Williams CA, Clarke JDW. Coordinated assembly and release of adhesions builds apical junctional belts during de novo polarisation of an epithelial tube. Development 2020; 147:dev191494. [PMID: 33361092 PMCID: PMC7774892 DOI: 10.1242/dev.191494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Using the zebrafish neural tube as a model, we uncover the in vivo mechanisms allowing the generation of two opposing apical epithelial surfaces within the centre of an initially unpolarised, solid organ. We show that Mpp5a and Rab11a play a dual role in coordinating the generation of ipsilateral junctional belts whilst simultaneously releasing contralateral adhesions across the centre of the tissue. We show that Mpp5a- and Rab11a-mediated resolution of cell-cell adhesions are both necessary for midline lumen opening and contribute to later maintenance of epithelial organisation. We propose that these roles for both Mpp5a and Rab11a operate through the transmembrane protein Crumbs. In light of a recent conflicting publication, we also clarify that the junction-remodelling role of Mpp5a is not specific to dividing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Symonds
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Clare E Buckley
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3BY, UK
| | - Charlotte A Williams
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Jonathan D W Clarke
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
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Jauregi-Miguel A. The tight junction and the epithelial barrier in coeliac disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 358:105-132. [PMID: 33707052 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial barriers are essential to maintain multicellular organisms well compartmentalized and protected from external environment. In the intestine, the epithelial layer orchestrates a dynamic balance between nutrient absorption and prevention of microorganisms, and antigen intrusion. Intestinal barrier function has been shown to be altered in coeliac disease but whether it contributes to the pathogenesis development or if it is merely a phenomenon secondary to the aberrant immune response is still unknown. The tight junction complexes are multiprotein cell-cell adhesions that seal the epithelial intercellular space and regulate the paracellular permeability of ions and solutes. These structures have a fundamental role in epithelial barrier integrity as well as in signaling mechanisms that control epithelial-cell polarization, the formation of apical domains and cellular processes such as cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival. In coeliac disease, the molecular structures and function of tight junctions appear disrupted and are not completely recovered after treatment with gluten-free diet. Moreover, zonulin, the only known physiological regulator of the tight junction permeability, appears augmented in autoimmune conditions associated with TJ dysfunction, including coeliac disease. This chapter will examine recent discoveries about the molecular architecture of tight junctions and their functions. We will discuss how different factors contribute to tight junction disruption and intestinal barrier impairment in coeliac disease. To conclude, new insights into zonulin-driven disruption of tight junction structures and barrier integrity in coeliac disease are presented together with the advancements in novel therapy to treat the barrier defect seen in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Jauregi-Miguel
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Chytła A, Gajdzik-Nowak W, Olszewska P, Biernatowska A, Sikorski AF, Czogalla A. Not Just Another Scaffolding Protein Family: The Multifaceted MPPs. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25214954. [PMID: 33114686 PMCID: PMC7662862 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane palmitoylated proteins (MPPs) are a subfamily of a larger group of multidomain proteins, namely, membrane-associated guanylate kinases (MAGUKs). The ubiquitous expression and multidomain structure of MPPs provide the ability to form diverse protein complexes at the cell membranes, which are involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including establishing the proper cell structure, polarity and cell adhesion. The formation of MPP-dependent complexes in various cell types seems to be based on similar principles, but involves members of different protein groups, such as 4.1-ezrin-radixin-moesin (FERM) domain-containing proteins, polarity proteins or other MAGUKs, showing their multifaceted nature. In this review, we discuss the function of the MPP family in the formation of multiple protein complexes. Notably, we depict their significant role for cell physiology, as the loss of interactions between proteins involved in the complex has a variety of negative consequences. Moreover, based on recent studies concerning the mechanism of membrane raft formation, we shed new light on a possible role played by MPPs in lateral membrane organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Chytła
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.C.); (W.G.-N.); (P.O.); (A.B.)
| | - Weronika Gajdzik-Nowak
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.C.); (W.G.-N.); (P.O.); (A.B.)
| | - Paulina Olszewska
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.C.); (W.G.-N.); (P.O.); (A.B.)
| | - Agnieszka Biernatowska
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.C.); (W.G.-N.); (P.O.); (A.B.)
| | - Aleksander F. Sikorski
- Research and Development Center, Regional Specialist Hospital, Kamieńskiego 73a, 51-154 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Aleksander Czogalla
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.C.); (W.G.-N.); (P.O.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71375-6356
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Rouaud F, Sluysmans S, Flinois A, Shah J, Vasileva E, Citi S. Scaffolding proteins of vertebrate apical junctions: structure, functions and biophysics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Otani T, Furuse M. Tight Junction Structure and Function Revisited. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:805-817. [PMID: 32891490 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are intercellular junctions critical for building the epithelial barrier and maintaining epithelial polarity. The claudin family of membrane proteins play central roles in TJ structure and function. However, recent findings have uncovered claudin-independent aspects of TJ structure and function, and additional players including junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs), membrane lipids, phase separation of the zonula occludens (ZO) family of scaffolding proteins, and mechanical force have been shown to play important roles in TJ structure and function. In this review, we discuss how these new findings have the potential to transform our understanding of TJ structure and function, and how the intricate network of TJ proteins and membrane lipids dynamically interact to drive TJ assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhisa Otani
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.
| | - Mikio Furuse
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
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Boon N, Wijnholds J, Pellissier LP. Research Models and Gene Augmentation Therapy for CRB1 Retinal Dystrophies. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:860. [PMID: 32922261 PMCID: PMC7456964 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) are inherited degenerative retinal dystrophies with vision loss that ultimately lead to blindness. Several genes have been shown to be involved in early onset retinal dystrophies, including CRB1 and RPE65. Gene therapy recently became available for young RP patients with variations in the RPE65 gene. Current research programs test adeno-associated viral gene augmentation or editing therapy vectors on various disease models mimicking the disease in patients. These include several animal and emerging human-derived models, such as human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived retinal organoids or hiPSC-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and human donor retinal explants. Variations in the CRB1 gene are a major cause for early onset autosomal recessive RP with patients suffering from visual impairment before their adolescence and for LCA with newborns experiencing severe visual impairment within the first months of life. These patients cannot benefit yet from an available gene therapy treatment. In this review, we will discuss the recent advances, advantages and disadvantages of different CRB1 human and animal retinal degeneration models. In addition, we will describe novel therapeutic tools that have been developed, which could potentially be used for retinal gene augmentation therapy for RP patients with variations in the CRB1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanda Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jan Wijnholds
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lucie P Pellissier
- Biology and Bioinformatics of Signalling Systems, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements INRAE UMR 0085, CNRS UMR 7247, Université de Tours, IFCE, Nouzilly, France
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38
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Marcheva B, Perelis M, Weidemann BJ, Taguchi A, Lin H, Omura C, Kobayashi Y, Newman MV, Wyatt EJ, McNally EM, Fox JEM, Hong H, Shankar A, Wheeler EC, Ramsey KM, MacDonald PE, Yeo GW, Bass J. A role for alternative splicing in circadian control of exocytosis and glucose homeostasis. Genes Dev 2020; 34:1089-1105. [PMID: 32616519 PMCID: PMC7397853 DOI: 10.1101/gad.338178.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock is encoded by a negative transcriptional feedback loop that coordinates physiology and behavior through molecular programs that remain incompletely understood. Here, we reveal rhythmic genome-wide alternative splicing (AS) of pre-mRNAs encoding regulators of peptidergic secretion within pancreatic β cells that are perturbed in Clock-/- and Bmal1-/- β-cell lines. We show that the RNA-binding protein THRAP3 (thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein 3) regulates circadian clock-dependent AS by binding to exons at coding sequences flanking exons that are more frequently skipped in clock mutant β cells, including transcripts encoding Cask (calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase) and Madd (MAP kinase-activating death domain). Depletion of THRAP3 restores expression of the long isoforms of Cask and Madd, and mimicking exon skipping in these transcripts through antisense oligonucleotide delivery in wild-type islets reduces glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Finally, we identify shared networks of alternatively spliced exocytic genes from islets of rodent models of diet-induced obesity that significantly overlap with clock mutants. Our results establish a role for pre-mRNA alternative splicing in β-cell function across the sleep/wake cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biliana Marcheva
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Mark Perelis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Benjamin J Weidemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Akihiko Taguchi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Haopeng Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Chiaki Omura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Yumiko Kobayashi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Marsha V Newman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Eugene J Wyatt
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Elizabeth M McNally
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Jocelyn E Manning Fox
- Department of Pharmacology, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Heekyung Hong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Archana Shankar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Emily C Wheeler
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Kathryn Moynihan Ramsey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Patrick E MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Joseph Bass
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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The Mammalian Crumbs Complex Defines a Distinct Polarity Domain Apical of Epithelial Tight Junctions. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2791-2804.e6. [PMID: 32531288 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial apico-basal polarity is established through the asymmetric cortical distribution of the Par, Crumbs and Scribble polarity modules. Apical (Par and Crumbs) and basolateral (Scribble) polarity modules overlap at the apical-lateral border, which, in mammals, is defined by the apical junctional complex (AJC). The AJC is composed of tight junctions (TJ) and adherens junctions (AJ) and plays fundamental roles in epithelial morphogenesis and plasticity. However, the molecular composition and precise sub-junctional organization of the AJC and its associated polarity regulators are not well defined. Here, we used the peroxidase APEX2 for quantitative proximity proteomics (QPP) and electron microscopy (EM) imaging to dissect the architecture of the AJC in fully polarized MDCK-II cells. We present a high-confidence proteome of the apical-lateral border in which TJ and AJ components and apical and lateral compartment markers are spatially resolved. We further demonstrate that the Crumbs complex (Pals1, PatJ, Lin7c, and Crumbs3) defines a hitherto unidentified membrane compartment apical of TJ, which we coin the vertebrate marginal zone (VMZ). QPP, imaging, and immunoprecipitation assays showed that the HOMER scaffolding proteins, PKN2 and PTPN13, and the membrane-proximal HIPPO pathway proteins ARHGAP29 and STXBP4 are recruited to the VMZ via the PDZ domains of PatJ. Taken together, our work defines the spatial and molecular organization of the apical-lateral border in mammalian epithelial cells, reveals an intriguing molecular and spatial conservation of invertebrate and vertebrate cell polarity protein domains, and identifies a VMZ-associated protein network implicated in HIPPO signaling and the control of the cortical actin cytoskeleton.
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40
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Jossin Y. Molecular mechanisms of cell polarity in a range of model systems and in migrating neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 106:103503. [PMID: 32485296 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is defined as the asymmetric distribution of cellular components along an axis. Most cells, from the simplest single-cell organisms to highly specialized mammalian cells, are polarized and use similar mechanisms to generate and maintain polarity. Cell polarity is important for cells to migrate, form tissues, and coordinate activities. During development of the mammalian cerebral cortex, cell polarity is essential for neurogenesis and for the migration of newborn but as-yet undifferentiated neurons. These oriented migrations include both the radial migration of excitatory projection neurons and the tangential migration of inhibitory interneurons. In this review, I will first describe the development of the cerebral cortex, as revealed at the cellular level. I will then define the core molecular mechanisms - the Par/Crb/Scrib polarity complexes, small GTPases, the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons, and phosphoinositides/PI3K signaling - that are required for asymmetric cell division, apico-basal and front-rear polarity in model systems, including C elegans zygote, Drosophila embryos and cultured mammalian cells. As I go through each core mechanism I will explain what is known about its importance in radial and tangential migration in the developing mammalian cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Jossin
- Laboratory of Mammalian Development & Cell Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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41
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Quinn PM, Wijnholds J. Retinogenesis of the Human Fetal Retina: An Apical Polarity Perspective. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E987. [PMID: 31795518 PMCID: PMC6947654 DOI: 10.3390/genes10120987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Crumbs complex has prominent roles in the control of apical cell polarity, in the coupling of cell density sensing to downstream cell signaling pathways, and in regulating junctional structures and cell adhesion. The Crumbs complex acts as a conductor orchestrating multiple downstream signaling pathways in epithelial and neuronal tissue development. These pathways lead to the regulation of cell size, cell fate, cell self-renewal, proliferation, differentiation, migration, mitosis, and apoptosis. In retinogenesis, these are all pivotal processes with important roles for the Crumbs complex to maintain proper spatiotemporal cell processes. Loss of Crumbs function in the retina results in loss of the stratified appearance resulting in retinal degeneration and loss of visual function. In this review, we begin by discussing the physiology of vision. We continue by outlining the processes of retinogenesis and how well this is recapitulated between the human fetal retina and human embryonic stem cell (ESC) or induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived retinal organoids. Additionally, we discuss the functionality of in utero and preterm human fetal retina and the current level of functionality as detected in human stem cell-derived organoids. We discuss the roles of apical-basal cell polarity in retinogenesis with a focus on Leber congenital amaurosis which leads to blindness shortly after birth. Finally, we discuss Crumbs homolog (CRB)-based gene augmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M.J. Quinn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Jan Wijnholds
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands;
- The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Heinemann U, Schuetz A. Structural Features of Tight-Junction Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6020. [PMID: 31795346 PMCID: PMC6928914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions are complex supramolecular entities composed of integral membrane proteins, membrane-associated and soluble cytoplasmic proteins engaging in an intricate and dynamic system of protein-protein interactions. Three-dimensional structures of several tight-junction proteins or their isolated domains have been determined by X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy. These structures provide direct insight into molecular interactions that contribute to the formation, integrity, or function of tight junctions. In addition, the known experimental structures have allowed the modeling of ligand-binding events involving tight-junction proteins. Here, we review the published structures of tight-junction proteins. We show that these proteins are composed of a limited set of structural motifs and highlight common types of interactions between tight-junction proteins and their ligands involving these motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo Heinemann
- Macromolecular Structure and Interaction Laboratory, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Schuetz
- Protein Production & Characterization Platform, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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Lattner J, Leng W, Knust E, Brankatschk M, Flores-Benitez D. Crumbs organizes the transport machinery by regulating apical levels of PI(4,5)P 2 in Drosophila. eLife 2019; 8:e50900. [PMID: 31697234 PMCID: PMC6881148 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient vectorial intracellular transport machinery depends on a well-established apico-basal polarity and is a prerequisite for the function of secretory epithelia. Despite extensive knowledge on individual trafficking pathways, little is known about the mechanisms coordinating their temporal and spatial regulation. Here, we report that the polarity protein Crumbs is essential for apical plasma membrane phospholipid-homeostasis and efficient apical secretion. Through recruiting βHeavy-Spectrin and MyosinV to the apical membrane, Crumbs maintains the Rab6-, Rab11- and Rab30-dependent trafficking and regulates the lipid phosphatases Pten and Ocrl. Crumbs knock-down results in increased apical levels of PI(4,5)P2 and formation of a novel, Moesin- and PI(4,5)P2-enriched apical membrane sac containing microvilli-like structures. Our results identify Crumbs as an essential hub required to maintain the organization of the apical membrane and the physiological activity of the larval salivary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Lattner
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG)DresdenGermany
| | - Weihua Leng
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG)DresdenGermany
| | - Elisabeth Knust
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG)DresdenGermany
| | - Marko Brankatschk
- The Biotechnological Center of the TU Dresden (BIOTEC)DresdenGermany
| | - David Flores-Benitez
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG)DresdenGermany
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Otani T, Nguyen TP, Tokuda S, Sugihara K, Sugawara T, Furuse K, Miura T, Ebnet K, Furuse M. Claudins and JAM-A coordinately regulate tight junction formation and epithelial polarity. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3372-3396. [PMID: 31467165 PMCID: PMC6781433 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201812157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) establish the epithelial barrier and are thought to form a membrane fence to regulate epithelial polarity, although the roles of TJs in epithelial polarity remain controversial. Claudins constitute TJ strands in conjunction with the cytoplasmic scaffolds ZO-1 and ZO-2 and play pivotal roles in epithelial barrier formation. However, how claudins and other TJ membrane proteins cooperate to organize TJs remains unclear. Here, we systematically knocked out TJ components by genome editing and show that while ZO-1/ZO-2-deficient cells lacked TJ structures and epithelial barriers, claudin-deficient cells lacked TJ strands and an electrolyte permeability barrier but formed membrane appositions and a macromolecule permeability barrier. Moreover, epithelial polarity was disorganized in ZO-1/ZO-2-deficient cells, but not in claudin-deficient cells. Simultaneous deletion of claudins and a TJ membrane protein JAM-A resulted in a loss of membrane appositions and a macromolecule permeability barrier and in sporadic epithelial polarity defects. These results demonstrate that claudins and JAM-A coordinately regulate TJ formation and epithelial polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhisa Otani
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Thanh Phuong Nguyen
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shinsaku Tokuda
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Kei Sugihara
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taichi Sugawara
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kyoko Furuse
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takashi Miura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Klaus Ebnet
- Institute-Associated Research Group "Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity," Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Entzündung, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mikio Furuse
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
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Cho SH, Nahar A, Kim JH, Lee M, Kozmik Z, Kim S. Targeted deletion of Crb1/Crb2 in the optic vesicle models key features of leber congenital amaurosis 8. Dev Biol 2019; 453:141-154. [PMID: 31145883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Crb1 and 2 (Crumbs homolog 1 & 2) genes encode large, single-pass transmembrane proteins essential for the apicobasal polarity and adhesion of epithelial cells. Crb1 mutations cause degenerative retinal diseases in humans, including Leber congenital amaurosis type 8 (LCA8) and retinitis pigmentosa type 12 (RP12). In LCA8, impaired photoreceptor development and/or survival is thought to cause blindness during early infancy, whereas, in RP12, progressive photoreceptor degeneration damages peripheral vision later in life. There are multiple animal models of RP12 pathology, but no experimental model of LCA8 recapitulates the full spectrum of its pathological features. To generate a mouse model of LCA8 and identify the functions of Crb1/2 in developing ocular tissues, we used an mRx-Cre driver to generate allelic combinations that enabled conditional gene ablation from the optic vesicle stage. In this series only Crb1/2 double knockout (dKO) mice exhibited characteristics of human LCA8 disease: locally thickened retina with spots devoid of cells, aberrant positioning of retinal cells, severely disrupted lamination, and depigmented retinal-pigmented epithelium. Retinal defects antedated E12.5, which is far earlier than the stage at which photoreceptor cells mainly differentiate. Most remarkably, Crb1/Crb2 dKO showed a severely attenuated electroretinogram at the eye opening stage. These results suggest that human LCA8 can be modeled in the mouse by simultaneously ablating Crb1/2 from the beginning of eye development. Importantly, they also indicate that LCA8 is caused by malfunction of retinal progenitor cells during early ocular development rather than by defective photoreceptor-Muller glial interaction, a mechanism proposed for RP12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Hee Cho
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Ankur Nahar
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ji Hyang Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Matthew Lee
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Zbynek Kozmik
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Seonhee Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
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46
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Dho SE, Silva-Gagliardi N, Morgese F, Coyaud E, Lamoureux E, Berry DM, Raught B, McGlade CJ. Proximity interactions of the ubiquitin ligase Mind bomb 1 reveal a role in regulation of epithelial polarity complex proteins. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12471. [PMID: 31462741 PMCID: PMC6713736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48902-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MIB1 belongs to the RING domain containing family of E3 ubiquitin ligases. In vertebrates, MIB1 plays an essential role in activation of Notch signaling during development, through the ubiquitination and endocytosis of Notch ligands. More recently, Notch independent functions for MIB1 have been described in centriole homeostasis, dendritic spine outgrowth and directional cell migration. Here we use proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) to define the MIB1 interactome that included 163 high confidence interactions with polypeptides linked to centrosomes and cilia, endosomal trafficking, RNA and DNA processing, the ubiquitin system, and cell adhesion. Biochemical analysis identified several proteins within these groups including CCDC14 and EPS15 that were ubiquitinated but not degraded when co-expressed with MIB1. The MIB1 interactome included the epithelial cell polarity protein, EPB41L5. MIB1 binds to and ubiquitinates EPB41L5 resulting in its degradation. Furthermore, MIB1 ubiquitinates the EPB41L5-associated polarity protein CRB1, an important determinant of the apical membrane. In polarized cells, MIB1 localized to the lateral membrane with EPB41L5 and to the tight junction with CRB1, CRB3 and ZO1. Furthermore, over expression of MIB1 resulted in altered epithelial cell morphology and apical membrane expansion. These results support a role for MIB1 in regulation of polarized epithelial cell morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha E Dho
- Program in Cell Biology and The Arthur and Sonia Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Nancy Silva-Gagliardi
- Program in Cell Biology and The Arthur and Sonia Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Fabio Morgese
- Program in Cell Biology and The Arthur and Sonia Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Emily Lamoureux
- Program in Cell Biology and The Arthur and Sonia Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Donna M Berry
- Program in Cell Biology and The Arthur and Sonia Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - C Jane McGlade
- Program in Cell Biology and The Arthur and Sonia Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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47
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Choi J, Troyanovsky RB, Indra I, Mitchell BJ, Troyanovsky SM. Scribble, Erbin, and Lano redundantly regulate epithelial polarity and apical adhesion complex. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2277-2293. [PMID: 31147384 PMCID: PMC6605793 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201804201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The basolateral protein Scribble (Scrib), a member of the LAP protein family, is essential for epithelial apicobasal polarity (ABP) in Drosophila However, a conserved function for this protein in mammals is unclear. Here we show that the crucial role for Scrib in ABP has remained obscure due to the compensatory function of two other LAP proteins, Erbin and Lano. A combined Scrib/Erbin/Lano knockout disorganizes the cell-cell junctions and the cytoskeleton. It also results in mislocalization of several apical (Par6, aPKC, and Pals1) and basolateral (Llgl1 and Llgl2) identity proteins. These defects can be rescued by the conserved "LU" region of these LAP proteins. Structure-function analysis of this region determined that the so-called LAPSDb domain is essential for basolateral targeting of these proteins, while the LAPSDa domain is essential for supporting the membrane basolateral identity and binding to Llgl. In contrast to the key role in Drosophila, mislocalization of Llgl proteins does not appear to be critical in the scrib ABP phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongho Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Regina B Troyanovsky
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Indrajyoti Indra
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Brian J Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Sergey M Troyanovsky
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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48
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Quinn PM, Mulder AA, Henrique Alves C, Desrosiers M, de Vries SI, Klooster J, Dalkara D, Koster AJ, Jost CR, Wijnholds J. Loss of CRB2 in Müller glial cells modifies a CRB1-associated retinitis pigmentosa phenotype into a Leber congenital amaurosis phenotype. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:105-123. [PMID: 30239717 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in the human Crumbs homolog-1 (CRB1) gene lead to an array of retinal dystrophies including early onset of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) in children. To investigate the physiological roles of CRB1 and CRB2 in retinal Müller glial cells (MGCs), we analysed mouse retinas lacking both proteins in MGC. The peripheral retina showed a faster progression of dystrophy than the central retina. The central retina showed retinal folds, disruptions at the outer limiting membrane, protrusion of photoreceptor nuclei into the inner and outer segment layers and ingression of photoreceptor nuclei into the photoreceptor synaptic layer. The peripheral retina showed a complete loss of the photoreceptor synapse layer, intermingling of photoreceptor nuclei within the inner nuclear layer and ectopic photoreceptor cells in the ganglion cell layer. Electroretinography showed severe attenuation of the scotopic a-wave at 1 month of age with responses below detection levels at 3 months of age. The double knockout mouse retinas mimicked a phenotype equivalent to a clinical LCA phenotype due to loss of CRB1. Localization of CRB1 and CRB2 in non-human primate (NHP) retinas was analyzed at the ultrastructural level. We found that NHP CRB1 and CRB2 proteins localized to the subapical region adjacent to adherens junctions at the outer limiting membrane in MGC and photoreceptors. Our data suggest that loss of CRB2 in MGC aggravates the CRB1-associated RP-like phenotype towards an LCA-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Quinn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aat A Mulder
- Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C Henrique Alves
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mélissa Desrosiers
- Department of Therapeutics, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris, UMR_S INSERM, CNRS, UMR, Paris, France
| | - Sharon I de Vries
- Department of Axonal Signaling, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Klooster
- Department of Retina Signal Processing, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Deniz Dalkara
- Department of Therapeutics, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris, UMR_S INSERM, CNRS, UMR, Paris, France
| | - Abraham J Koster
- Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carolina R Jost
- Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Wijnholds
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, RC Leiden, The Netherlands.,The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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49
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Snigdha K, Gangwani KS, Lapalikar GV, Singh A, Kango-Singh M. Hippo Signaling in Cancer: Lessons From Drosophila Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:85. [PMID: 31231648 PMCID: PMC6558396 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippo pathway was initially identified through genetic screens for genes regulating organ size in fruitflies. Recent studies have highlighted the role of Hippo signaling as a key regulator of homeostasis, and in tumorigenesis. Hippo pathway is comprised of genes that act as tumor suppressor genes like hippo (hpo) and warts (wts), and oncogenes like yorkie (yki). YAP and TAZ are two related mammalian homologs of Drosophila Yki that act as effectors of the Hippo pathway. Hippo signaling deficiency can cause YAP- or TAZ-dependent oncogene addiction for cancer cells. YAP and TAZ are often activated in human malignant cancers. These transcriptional regulators may initiate tumorigenic changes in solid tumors by inducing cancer stem cells and proliferation, culminating in metastasis and chemo-resistance. Given the complex mechanisms (e.g., of the cancer microenvironment, and the extrinsic and intrinsic cues) that overpower YAP/TAZ inhibition, the molecular roles of the Hippo pathway in tumor growth and progression remain poorly defined. Here we review recent findings from studies in whole animal model organism like Drosophila on the role of Hippo signaling regarding its connection to inflammation, tumor microenvironment, and other oncogenic signaling in cancer growth and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Snigdha
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
| | | | - Gauri Vijay Lapalikar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States.,Pre-Medical Programs, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States.,Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States.,Integrated Science and Engineering Center, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Madhuri Kango-Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States.,Pre-Medical Programs, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States.,Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States.,Integrated Science and Engineering Center, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
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50
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Quinn PM, Buck TM, Mulder AA, Ohonin C, Alves CH, Vos RM, Bialecka M, van Herwaarden T, van Dijk EHC, Talib M, Freund C, Mikkers HMM, Hoeben RC, Goumans MJ, Boon CJF, Koster AJ, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, Jost CR, Wijnholds J. Human iPSC-Derived Retinas Recapitulate the Fetal CRB1 CRB2 Complex Formation and Demonstrate that Photoreceptors and Müller Glia Are Targets of AAV5. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:906-919. [PMID: 30956116 PMCID: PMC6522954 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human retinal organoids from induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can be used to confirm the localization of proteins in retinal cell types and to test transduction and expression patterns of gene therapy vectors. Here, we compared the onset of CRB protein expression in human fetal retina with human iPSC-derived retinal organoids. We show that CRB2 protein precedes the expression of CRB1 in the developing human retina. Our data suggest the presence of CRB1 and CRB2 in human photoreceptors and Müller glial cells. Thus the fetal CRB complex formation is replicated in hiPSC-derived retina. CRB1 patient iPSC retinal organoids showed disruptions at the outer limiting membrane as found in Crb1 mutant mice. Furthermore, AAV serotype 5 (AAV5) is potent in infecting human Müller glial cells and photoreceptors in hiPSC-derived retinas and retinal explants. Our data suggest that human photoreceptors can be efficiently transduced by AAVs in the presence of photoreceptor segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Quinn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thilo M Buck
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aat A Mulder
- Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Ohonin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C Henrique Alves
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier M Vos
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monika Bialecka
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa van Herwaarden
- Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elon H C van Dijk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mays Talib
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Freund
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Harald M M Mikkers
- Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob C Hoeben
- Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-José Goumans
- Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Camiel J F Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abraham J Koster
- Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Carolina R Jost
- Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Wijnholds
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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