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Wu S, Wang J, Zhang Z, Jin X, Xu Y, Si Y, Liang Y, Ge Y, Zhan H, Peng L, Bi W, Luo D, Li M, Meng B, Guan Q, Zhao J, Gao L, He Z. Shank3 deficiency elicits autistic-like behaviors by activating p38α in hypothalamic AgRP neurons. Mol Autism 2024; 15:14. [PMID: 38570876 PMCID: PMC10993499 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-024-00595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 3 (SHANK3) monogenic mutations or deficiency leads to excessive stereotypic behavior and impaired sociability, which frequently occur in autism cases. To date, the underlying mechanisms by which Shank3 mutation or deletion causes autism and the part of the brain in which Shank3 mutation leads to the autistic phenotypes are understudied. The hypothalamus is associated with stereotypic behavior and sociability. p38α, a mediator of inflammatory responses in the brain, has been postulated as a potential gene for certain cases of autism occurrence. However, it is unclear whether hypothalamus and p38α are involved in the development of autism caused by Shank3 mutations or deficiency. METHODS Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis and immunoblotting were used to assess alternated signaling pathways in the hypothalamus of Shank3 knockout (Shank3-/-) mice. Home-Cage real-time monitoring test was performed to record stereotypic behavior and three-chamber test was used to monitor the sociability of mice. Adeno-associated viruses 9 (AAV9) were used to express p38α in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) or agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons. D176A and F327S mutations expressed constitutively active p38α. T180A and Y182F mutations expressed inactive p38α. RESULTS We found that Shank3 controls stereotypic behavior and sociability by regulating p38α activity in AgRP neurons. Phosphorylated p38 level in hypothalamus is significantly enhanced in Shank3-/- mice. Consistently, overexpression of p38α in ARC or AgRP neurons elicits excessive stereotypic behavior and impairs sociability in wild-type (WT) mice. Notably, activated p38α in AgRP neurons increases stereotypic behavior and impairs sociability. Conversely, inactivated p38α in AgRP neurons significantly ameliorates autistic behaviors of Shank3-/- mice. In contrast, activated p38α in pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons does not affect stereotypic behavior and sociability in mice. LIMITATIONS We demonstrated that SHANK3 regulates the phosphorylated p38 level in the hypothalamus and inactivated p38α in AgRP neurons significantly ameliorates autistic behaviors of Shank3-/- mice. However, we did not clarify the biochemical mechanism of SHANK3 inhibiting p38α in AgRP neurons. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the Shank3 deficiency caused autistic-like behaviors by activating p38α signaling in AgRP neurons, suggesting that p38α signaling in AgRP neurons is a potential therapeutic target for Shank3 mutant-related autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital & Medical Integration, and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital & Medical Integration, and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Zicheng Zhang
- School of Modern Posts, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Xinchen Jin
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital & Medical Integration, and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Youwen Si
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences,East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yixiao Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital & Medical Integration, and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Yueping Ge
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital & Medical Integration, and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Huidong Zhan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital & Medical Integration, and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Li Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital & Medical Integration, and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Wenkai Bi
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital & Medical Integration, and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Dandan Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital & Medical Integration, and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Mengzhu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital & Medical Integration, and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Bo Meng
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences,East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Qingbo Guan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital & Medical Integration, and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital & Medical Integration, and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital & Medical Integration, and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Zhao He
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital & Medical Integration, and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, 544 Jingsi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
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Pedini G, Chen CL, Achsel T, Bagni C. Cancer drug repurposing in autism spectrum disorder. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:963-977. [PMID: 37940430 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2023.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition with uncertain origins. Understanding of the mechanisms underlying ASD remains limited, and treatments are lacking. Genetic diversity complicates drug development. Given the complexity and severity of ASD symptoms and the rising number of diagnoses, exploring novel therapeutic strategies is essential. Here, we focus on shared molecular pathways between ASD and cancer and highlight recent progress on the repurposing of cancer drugs for ASD treatment, such as mTOR inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, and anti-inflammatory agents. We discuss how to improve trial design considering drug dose and patient age. Lastly, the discussion explores the critical aspects of side effects, commercial factors, and the efficiency of drug-screening pipelines; all of which are essential considerations in the pursuit of repurposing cancer drugs for addressing core features of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Pedini
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Chin-Lin Chen
- University of Lausanne, Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tilmann Achsel
- University of Lausanne, Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Bagni
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy; University of Lausanne, Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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3
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Chang HW, Hsu MJ, Chien LN, Chi NF, Yu MC, Chen HC, Lin YF, Hu CJ. Role of the Autism Risk Gene Shank3 in the Development of Atherosclerosis: Insights from Big Data and Mechanistic Analyses. Cells 2023; 12:2546. [PMID: 37947623 PMCID: PMC10647789 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased medical attention is needed as the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) rises. Both cardiovascular disorder (CVD) and hyperlipidemia are closely associated with adult ASD. Shank3 plays a key genetic role in ASD. We hypothesized that Shank3 contributes to CVD development in young adults with ASD. In this study, we investigated whether Shank3 facilitates the development of atherosclerosis. Using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis software (Version No.: GSEA-4.0.3), we analyzed the data obtained from Shank3 knockout mice (Gene Expression Omnibus database), a human population-based study cohort (from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database), and a Shank3 knockdown cellular model. Shank3 knockout upregulated the expression of genes of cholesterol homeostasis and fatty acid metabolism but downregulated the expression of genes associated with inflammatory responses. Individuals with autism had higher risks of hyperlipidemia (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 1.39; p < 0.001), major adverse cardiac events (aHR: 2.67; p < 0.001), and stroke (aHR: 3.55; p < 0.001) than age- and sex-matched individuals without autism did. Shank3 downregulation suppressed tumor necrosis factor-α-induced fatty acid synthase expression; vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 expression; and downstream signaling pathways involving p38, Jun N-terminal kinase, and nuclear factor-κB. Thus, Shank3 may influence the development of early-onset atherosclerosis and CVD in ASD. Furthermore, regulating Shank3 expression may reduce inflammation-related disorders, such as atherosclerosis, by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated inflammatory cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Wen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Department of Neurology, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei City 22174, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jen Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan (H.-C.C.)
| | - Li-Nien Chien
- Institute of Health and Welfare Policy, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan;
| | - Nai-Fang Chi
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11267, Taiwan;
| | - Meng-Chieh Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan (H.-C.C.)
| | - Hsiu-Chen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan (H.-C.C.)
| | - Yuan-Feng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
| | - Chaur-Jong Hu
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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Martins RS, Jesus TT, Cardoso L, Soares P, Vinagre J. Personalized Medicine in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Broad Review of Emerging Treatments. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1132. [PMID: 37511745 PMCID: PMC10381735 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13071132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) arises from parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland, and although rare, it represents an aggressive type of thyroid cancer. MTC is recognized for its low mutational burden, with point mutations in RET or RAS genes being the most common oncogenic events. MTC can be resistant to cytotoxic chemotherapy, and multitarget kinase inhibitors (MKIs) have been considered a treatment option. They act by inhibiting the activities of specific tyrosine kinase receptors involved in tumor growth and angiogenesis. Several tyrosine kinase inhibitors are approved in the treatment of advanced MTC, including vandetanib and cabozantinib. However, due to the significant number of adverse events, debatable efficiency and resistance, there is a need for novel RET-specific TKIs. Newer RET-specific TKIs are expected to overcome previous limitations and improve patient outcomes. Herein, we aim to review MTC signaling pathways, the most recent options for treatment and the applications for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sousa Martins
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tito Teles Jesus
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Cardoso
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo do Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Soares
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Vinagre
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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5
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Moodley S, Lian EY, Crupi MJF, Hyndman BD, Mulligan LM. RET isoform-specific interaction with scaffold protein Ezrin promotes cell migration and chemotaxis in lung adenocarcinoma. Lung Cancer 2020; 142:123-131. [PMID: 32146264 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increased expression of REarranged during Transfection (RET) kinase is reported in 10-20 % of lung adenocarcinomas (LUAD) and is associated with metastasis and reduced survival. Ezrin is a scaffold protein that promotes protein interactions with the actin cytoskeleton to regulate cell migration and is also associated with invasion and metastasis in cancers. RET isoforms interact with unique combinations of scaffold proteins to promote distinct signaling pathways. We hypothesized that RET isoforms associate distinctly with Ezrin for cytoskeletal reorganization and LUAD cell migration processes. METHODS HCC1833 and A549 LUAD, SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma or HEK-293 cells expressing RET and Ezrin were stimulated with the RET ligand glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and treated with RET, Ezrin or Src inhibitors. Co-immunoprecipitation or pull-down assays coupled to immunoblotting were used to investigate protein activation and interactions. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy assessed LUAD cytoskeletal reorganization and colocalization of RET and Ezrin. Live-cell fluorescence imaging was used to measure cell migration and chemotaxis. RESULTS GDNF promoted activation, interaction and colocalization of RET51 isoform and Ezrin. Inhibition of RET or Src impaired Ezrin interactions with RET and Src. GDNF stimulation enhanced the formation of actin-rich filopodia, in which both RET and Ezrin were enriched, and promoted chemotaxis in LUAD cells. However, inhibition of RET, Src or Ezrin suppressed filopodia formation, reduced colocalization of Ezrin with RET, and impaired cell migration and/ or chemotaxis. We further showed that GDNF-mediated activation of RET and Ezrin promoted RhoA-GTPase activity and signaling of ROCK1 and ROCK2 in LUAD cells. CONCLUSIONS Expression and activation of RET51 mediates unique protein interactions with Ezrin to promote LUAD cell chemotaxis for cancer cell dissemination, which may have implications in LUAD metastatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serisha Moodley
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Eric Y Lian
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Mathieu J F Crupi
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Brandy D Hyndman
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Lois M Mulligan
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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6
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Gouder L, Vitrac A, Goubran-Botros H, Danckaert A, Tinevez JY, André-Leroux G, Atanasova E, Lemière N, Biton A, Leblond CS, Poulet A, Boland A, Deleuze JF, Benchoua A, Delorme R, Bourgeron T, Cloëz-Tayarani I. Altered spinogenesis in iPSC-derived cortical neurons from patients with autism carrying de novo SHANK3 mutations. Sci Rep 2019; 9:94. [PMID: 30643170 PMCID: PMC6331634 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36993-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The synaptic protein SHANK3 encodes a multidomain scaffold protein expressed at the postsynaptic density of neuronal excitatory synapses. We previously identified de novo SHANK3 mutations in patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and showed that SHANK3 represents one of the major genes for ASD. Here, we analyzed the pyramidal cortical neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells from four patients with ASD carrying SHANK3 de novo truncating mutations. At 40-45 days after the differentiation of neural stem cells, dendritic spines from pyramidal neurons presented variable morphologies: filopodia, thin, stubby and muschroom, as measured in 3D using GFP labeling and immunofluorescence. As compared to three controls, we observed a significant decrease in SHANK3 mRNA levels (less than 50% of controls) in correlation with a significant reduction in dendritic spine densities and whole spine and spine head volumes. These results, obtained through the analysis of de novo SHANK3 mutations in the patients' genomic background, provide further support for the presence of synaptic abnormalities in a subset of patients with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gouder
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3571 « Genes, Synapses and Cognition », Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - Aline Vitrac
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3571 « Genes, Synapses and Cognition », Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - Hany Goubran-Botros
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3571 « Genes, Synapses and Cognition », Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Ekaterina Atanasova
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3571 « Genes, Synapses and Cognition », Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Lemière
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3571 « Genes, Synapses and Cognition », Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - Anne Biton
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Claire S Leblond
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3571 « Genes, Synapses and Cognition », Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | | | - Anne Boland
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91057, Evry, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91057, Evry, France
| | | | - Richard Delorme
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert Debré Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3571 « Genes, Synapses and Cognition », Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Cloëz-Tayarani
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. .,CNRS UMR 3571 « Genes, Synapses and Cognition », Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. .,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France.
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7
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Zatkova M, Bacova Z, Puerta F, Lestanova Z, Alanazi M, Kiss A, Reichova A, Castejon AM, Ostatnikova D, Bakos J. Projection length stimulated by oxytocin is modulated by the inhibition of calcium signaling in U-87MG cells. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:1847-1856. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1933-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Ponna SK, Ruskamo S, Myllykoski M, Keller C, Boeckers TM, Kursula P. Structural basis for PDZ domain interactions in the post-synaptic density scaffolding protein Shank3. J Neurochem 2018; 145:449-463. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Kumar Ponna
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
| | - Salla Ruskamo
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
| | - Matti Myllykoski
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
| | - Corinna Keller
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
| | | | - Petri Kursula
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
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9
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Terrone G, Vitiello G, Genesio R, D'Amico A, Imperati F, Ugga L, Giugliano T, Piluso G, Nitsch L, Brunetti-Pierri N, Del Giudice E. A novel SHANK3 interstitial microdeletion in a family with intellectual disability and brain MRI abnormalities resembling Unidentified Bright Objects. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2017; 21:902-906. [PMID: 28754298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SHANK3 mutations are responsible for Phelan-McDermid syndrome but they are also associated with autism and/or intellectual disability. CASE REPORT We report a family with four affected individuals including the 37 year-old mother, her 12 year-old male monozygotic twins and 8 year-old daughter harboring a novel SHANK3 interstitial microdeletion. All four members presented with intellectual disability of variable severity. The twins showed brain abnormalities similar to Unidentified Bright Objects (UBOs), typically detected in patients with Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), but they did not display causative mutations in NF1 gene. CONCLUSION To date, this is the first report of an affected individual with SHANK3 interstitial deletion able to reproduce. Moreover, we found a previously unreported possible association between SHANK3 deletion and UBOs-like lesions in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Terrone
- Department of Translational Medicine (Section of Pediatrics), Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Vitiello
- Department of Translational Medicine (Section of Pediatrics), Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Genesio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra D'Amico
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Neuroradiology Unit, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Floriana Imperati
- Department of Translational Medicine (Section of Pediatrics), Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ugga
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Neuroradiology Unit, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa Giugliano
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Università Degli Studi Della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giulio Piluso
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Università Degli Studi Della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Lucio Nitsch
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
- Department of Translational Medicine (Section of Pediatrics), Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Ennio Del Giudice
- Department of Translational Medicine (Section of Pediatrics), Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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10
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Mast N, Lin JB, Anderson KW, Bjorkhem I, Pikuleva IA. Transcriptional and post-translational changes in the brain of mice deficient in cholesterol removal mediated by cytochrome P450 46A1 (CYP46A1). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187168. [PMID: 29073233 PMCID: PMC5658173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 46A1 (CYP46A1) converts cholesterol to 24-hydroxycholesterol and thereby controls the major pathways of cholesterol removal from the brain. Cyp46a1-/- mice have a reduction in the rate of cholesterol biosynthesis in the brain and significant impairments to memory and learning. To gain insights into the mechanisms underlying Cyp46a1-/- phenotype, we used Cyp46a1-/- mice and quantified their brain sterol levels and the expression of the genes pertinent to cholesterol homeostasis. We also compared the Cyp46a1-/- and wild type brains for protein phosphorylation and ubiquitination. The data obtained enable the following inferences. First, there seems to be a compensatory upregulation in the Cyp46a1-/- brain of the pathways of cholesterol storage and CYP46A1-independent removal. Second, transcriptional regulation of the brain cholesterol biosynthesis via sterol regulatory element binding transcription factors is not significantly activated in the Cyp46a1-/- brain to explain a compensatory decrease in cholesterol biosynthesis. Third, some of the liver X receptor target genes (Abca1) are paradoxically upregulated in the Cyp46a1-/- brain, possibly due to a reduced activation of the small GTPases RAB8, CDC42, and RAC as a result of a reduced phosphorylation of RAB3IP and PAK1. Fourth, the phosphorylation of many other proteins (a total of 146) is altered in the Cyp46a1-/- brain, including microtubule associated and neurofilament proteins (the MAP and NEF families) along with proteins related to synaptic vesicles and synaptic neurotransmission (e.g., SLCs, SHANKs, and BSN). Fifth, the extent of protein ubiquitination is increased in the Cyp46a1-/- brain, and the affected proteins pertain to ubiquitination (UBE2N), cognition (STX1B and ATP1A2), cytoskeleton function (TUBA1A and YWHAZ), and energy production (ATP1A2 and ALDOA). The present study demonstrates the diverse potential effects of CYP46A1 deficiency on brain functions and identifies important proteins that could be affected by this deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mast
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Joseph B. Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kyle W. Anderson
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ingemar Bjorkhem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Irina A. Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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SHANK3 Regulates Intestinal Barrier Function Through Modulating ZO-1 Expression Through the PKCε-dependent Pathway. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017; 23:1730-1740. [PMID: 28906292 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000001250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The integrity of the gut barrier in patients with inflammatory bowel disease is known to be impaired but the exact mechanisms remain mostly unknown. SHANK3 mutations are associated with autism, and patients with autism are known to have higher proportions of inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we explore the role of SHANK3 in inflammatory bowel disease, both in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Dextran sulfate sodium colitis was induced in SHANK3 knockout mice. Transepithelial electrical resistance, paracellular permeability, and Salmonella invasion assays were used to evaluate epithelial barrier function, in vitro and in vivo. Expression of tight junction proteins, protein kinases, and MAP kinase phosphorylation changes were analyzed by immunoblotting after overexpression or knockdown of SHANK3 expression. SHANK3 expression in intestinal tissue from patients with Crohn's disease was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS SHANK3 knockout mice were more susceptible to dextran sulfate sodium. SHANK3 knockout resulted in a leaky epithelial barrier phenotype, as demonstrated by decreased transepithelial electrical resistance, increased paracellular permeability, and increased Salmonella invasion. Overexpression of SHANK3 enhanced ZO-1 expression, and knockdown of SHANK3 resulted in decreased expression of ZO-1. Regulation of ZO-1 expression by SHANK3 seems to be mediated through a PKCε-dependent pathway. SHANK3 expression correlated with ZO-1 and PKCε in colonic tissue of patients with Crohn's disease. CONCLUSIONS The expression level of SHANK3 affects ZO-1 expression and the barrier function in intestinal epithelial cells. This may provide novel insights in Crohn's disease pathogenesis and treatment.
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12
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Elevated Glucose and Interleukin-1 β Differentially Affect Retinal Microglial Cell Proliferation. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:4316316. [PMID: 28588350 PMCID: PMC5447273 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4316316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is considered a neurovascular disorder, hyperglycemia being considered the main risk factor for this pathology. Diabetic retinopathy also presents features of a low-grade chronic inflammatory disease, including increased levels of cytokines in the retina, such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). However, how high glucose and IL-1β affect the different retinal cell types remains to be clarified. In retinal neural cell cultures, we found that IL-1β and IL-1RI are present in microglia, macroglia, and neurons. Exposure of retinal neural cell cultures to high glucose upregulated both mRNA and protein levels of IL-1β. High glucose decreased microglial and macroglial cell proliferation, whereas IL-1β increased their proliferation. Interestingly, under high glucose condition, although the number of microglial cells decreased, they showed a less ramified morphology, suggesting a more activated state, as supported by the upregulation of the levels of ED-1, a marker of microglia activation. In conclusion, IL-1β might play a key role in diabetic retinopathy, affecting microglial and macroglial cells and ultimately contributing to neural changes observed in diabetic patients. Particularly, since IL-1β has an important role in retinal microglia activation and proliferation under diabetes, limiting IL-1β-triggered inflammatory processes may provide a new therapeutic strategy to prevent the progression of diabetic retinopathy.
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13
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SHANK proteins limit integrin activation by directly interacting with Rap1 and R-Ras. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:292-305. [PMID: 28263956 PMCID: PMC5386136 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SHANK3, a synaptic scaffold protein and actin regulator, is widely
expressed outside of the central nervous system with predominantly unknown
function. Solving the structure of the SHANK3 N-terminal region revealed that
the SPN-domain is an unexpected Ras-association domain with high affinity for
GTP-bound Ras and Rap G-proteins. The role of Rap1 in integrin activation is
well established but the mechanisms to antagonize it remain largely unknown.
Here, we show that SHANK1 and SHANK3 act as integrin activation inhibitors by
sequestering active Rap1 and R-Ras via the SPN-domain and thus limiting their
bioavailability at the plasma membrane. Consistently, SHANK3
silencing triggers increased plasma membrane Rap1 activity, cell spreading,
migration and invasion. Autism-related mutations within the SHANK3 SPN-domain
(R12C and L68P) disrupt G-protein interaction and fail to counteract integrin
activation along the Rap1/RIAM/talin axis in cancer cells and neurons.
Altogether, we establish SHANKs as critical regulators of G-protein signalling
and integrin-dependent processes.
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14
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Hyndman BD, Crupi MJF, Peng S, Bone LN, Rekab AN, Lian EY, Wagner SM, Antonescu CN, Mulligan LM. Differential recruitment of E3-ubiquitin ligase complexes regulates RET isoform internalization. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:3282-3296. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.203885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The RET receptor tyrosine kinase is implicated in normal development and cancer. RET is expressed as two isoforms, RET9 and RET51, with unique C-terminal tail sequences that recruit distinct protein complexes to mediate signals. Upon activation, RET isoforms are internalized with distinct kinetics, suggesting differences in regulation. Here, we demonstrate that RET9 and RET51 differ in their abilities to recruit E3-ubiquitin ligases to their unique C-termini. RET51, but not RET9, interacts with, and is ubiquitinated by CBL, which is recruited through interactions with the GRB2 adaptor protein. RET51 internalization was not affected by CBL knockout but was delayed in GRB2-depleted cells. In contrast, RET9 ubiquitination requires phosphodependent changes in accessibility of key RET9 C-terminal binding motifs that facilitate interactions with multiple adaptor proteins, including GRB10 and SHANK2, to recruit the NEDD4 ubiquitin ligase. We showed that NEDD4-mediated ubiquitination is required for RET9 localization to clathrin coated pits and subsequent internalization. Our data establish differences in the mechanisms of RET9 and RET51 ubiquitination and internalization that may influence the strength and duration of RET isoform signals and cellular outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandy D. Hyndman
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Mathieu J. F. Crupi
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Susan Peng
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
- Current address: Bio-Technical Resources, Manitowoc, WI, USA
| | - Leslie N. Bone
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aisha N. Rekab
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Eric Y. Lian
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Simona M. Wagner
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Costin N. Antonescu
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lois M. Mulligan
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
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15
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Grubb DR, Luo J, Woodcock EA. Phospholipase Cβ1b directly binds the SH3 domain of Shank3 for targeting and activation in cardiomyocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 461:519-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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16
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Benthani F, Tran PN, Currey N, Ng I, Giry-Laterriere M, Carey L, Kohonen-Corish MRJ, Pangon L. Proteogenomic Analysis Identifies a Novel Human SHANK3 Isoform. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:11522-30. [PMID: 25997006 PMCID: PMC4463715 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160511522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the SHANK3 gene have been associated with autism spectrum disorder. Individuals harboring different SHANK3 mutations display considerable heterogeneity in their cognitive impairment, likely due to the high SHANK3 transcriptional diversity. In this study, we report a novel interaction between the Mutated in colorectal cancer (MCC) protein and a newly identified SHANK3 protein isoform in human colon cancer cells and mouse brain tissue. Hence, our proteogenomic analysis identifies a new human long isoform of the key synaptic protein SHANK3 that was not predicted by the human reference genome. Taken together, our findings describe a potential new role for MCC in neurons, a new human SHANK3 long isoform and, importantly, highlight the use of proteomic data towards the re-annotation of GC-rich genomic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Benthani
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Phuong N Tran
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Nicola Currey
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Irvin Ng
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Marc Giry-Laterriere
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Louise Carey
- Sydney Genome Diagnostics, the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - Maija R J Kohonen-Corish
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Laurent Pangon
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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17
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Gigek CO, Chen ES, Ota VK, Maussion G, Peng H, Vaillancourt K, Diallo AB, Lopez JP, Crapper L, Vasuta C, Chen GG, Ernst C. A molecular model for neurodevelopmental disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e565. [PMID: 25966365 PMCID: PMC4471287 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Genes implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) important in cognition and behavior may have convergent function and several cellular pathways have been implicated, including protein translational control, chromatin modification, and synapse assembly and maintenance. Here, we test the convergent effects of methyl-CpG binding domain 5 (MBD5) and special AT-rich binding protein 2 (SATB2) reduced dosage in human neural stem cells (NSCs), two genes implicated in 2q23.1 and 2q33.1 deletion syndromes, respectively, to develop a generalized model for NDDs. We used short hairpin RNA stably incorporated into healthy neural stem cells to supress MBD5 and SATB2 expression, and massively parallel RNA sequencing, DNA methylation sequencing and microRNA arrays to test the hypothesis that a primary etiology of NDDs is the disruption of the balance of NSC proliferation and differentiation. We show that reduced dosage of either gene leads to significant overlap of gene-expression patterns, microRNA patterns and DNA methylation states with control NSCs in a differentiating state, suggesting that a unifying feature of 2q23.1 and 2q33.1 deletion syndrome may be a lack of regulation between proliferation and differentiation in NSCs, as we observed previously for TCF4 and EHMT1 suppression following a similar experimental paradigm. We propose a model of NDDs whereby the balance of NSC proliferation and differentiation is affected, but where the molecules that drive this effect are largely specific to disease-causing genetic variation. NDDs are diverse, complex and unique, but the optimal balance of factors that determine when and where neural stem cells differentiate may be a major feature underlying the diverse phenotypic spectrum of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O Gigek
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - E S Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - V K Ota
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - G Maussion
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - H Peng
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - K Vaillancourt
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - A B Diallo
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - J P Lopez
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - L Crapper
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - C Vasuta
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - G G Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - C Ernst
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,Douglas Hospital Research Institute, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Frank Common Building Room 2101.2 Verdun, QC, Canada H4H 1R3. E-mail:
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18
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Prescott JD, Zeiger MA. TheREToncogene in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 2015; 121:2137-46. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Prescott
- Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland
| | - Martha A. Zeiger
- Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland
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19
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Chaudhury A. Molecular handoffs in nitrergic neurotransmission. Front Med (Lausanne) 2014; 1:8. [PMID: 25705621 PMCID: PMC4335390 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2014.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Postsynaptic density (PSD) proteins in excitatory synapses are relatively immobile components, while there is a structured organization of mobile scaffolding proteins lying beneath the PSDs. For example, shank proteins are located further away from the membrane in the cytosolic faces of the PSDs, facing the actin cytoskeleton. The rationale of this organization may be related to important roles of these proteins as “exchange hubs” for the signaling proteins for their migration from the subcortical cytosol to the membrane. Notably, PSD95 have also been demonstrated in prejunctional nerve terminals of nitrergic neuronal varicosities traversing the gastrointestinal smooth muscles. It has been recently reported that motor proteins like myosin Va play important role in transcytosis of nNOS. In this review, the hypothesis is forwarded that nNOS delivered to subcortical cytoskeleton requires interactions with scaffolding proteins prior to docking at the membrane. This may involve significant role of “shank,” named for SRC-homology (SH3) and multiple ankyrin repeat domains, in nitric oxide synthesis. Dynein light chain LC8–nNOS from acto-myosin Va is possibly exchanged with shank, which thereafter facilitates transposition of nNOS for binding with palmitoyl-PSD95 at the nerve terminal membrane. Shank knockout mice, which present with features of autism spectrum disorders, may help delineate the role of shank in enteric nitrergic neuromuscular transmission. Deletion of shank3 in humans is a monogenic cause of autism called Phelan–McDermid syndrome. One fourth of these patients present with cyclical vomiting, which may be explained by junctionopathy resulting from shank deficit in enteric nitrergic nerve terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Chaudhury
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School and VA Boston Healthcare System , Boston, MA , USA
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20
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Plaza-Menacho I, Mologni L, McDonald NQ. Mechanisms of RET signaling in cancer: current and future implications for targeted therapy. Cell Signal 2014; 26:1743-52. [PMID: 24705026 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
De-regulation of RET signaling by oncogenic mutation, gene rearrangement, overexpression or transcriptional up-regulation is implicated in several human cancers of neuroendocrine and epithelial origin (thyroid, breast, lung). Understanding how RET signaling mechanisms associated with these oncogenic events are deregulated, and their impact in the biological processes driving tumor formation and progression, as well as response to treatment, will be crucial to find and develop better targeted therapeutic strategies. In this review we emphasie the distinct mechanisms of RET signaling in cancer and summarise current knowledge on small molecule inhibitors targeting the tyrosine kinase domain of RET as therapeutic drugs in RET-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Plaza-Menacho
- Structural Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, UK.
| | - L Mologni
- Dept. of Health Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - N Q McDonald
- Structural Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, UK
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21
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Abstract
The RET receptor tyrosine kinase is crucial for normal development but also contributes to pathologies that reflect both the loss and the gain of RET function. Activation of RET occurs via oncogenic mutations in familial and sporadic cancers - most notably, those of the thyroid and the lung. RET has also recently been implicated in the progression of breast and pancreatic tumours, among others, which makes it an attractive target for small-molecule kinase inhibitors as therapeutics. However, the complex roles of RET in homeostasis and survival of neural lineages and in tumour-associated inflammation might also suggest potential long-term pitfalls of broadly targeting RET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois M Mulligan
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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22
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Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II and Its Endogenous Inhibitor α in Medullary Thyroid Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:1513-20. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Carbonetto S. A blueprint for research on Shankopathies: a view from research on autism spectrum disorder. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 74:85-112. [PMID: 24218108 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are associated with mutations in a host of genes including a number that function in synaptic transmission. Phelan McDermid syndrome involves mutations in SHANK3 which encodes a protein that forms a scaffold for glutamate receptors at the synapse. SHANK3 is one of the genes that underpins the synaptic hypothesis for ASD. We discuss this hypothesis with a view to the broader context of ASD and with special emphasis on highly penetrant genetic disorders including Shankopathies. We propose a blueprint for near and longer-term goals for fundamental and translational research on Shankopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Carbonetto
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, H3G1A4, Canada
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Santoro M, Carlomagno F. Central role of RET in thyroid cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:a009233. [PMID: 24296167 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a009233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RET (rearranged during transfection) is a receptor tyrosine kinase involved in the development of neural crest derived cell lineages, kidney, and male germ cells. Different human cancers, including papillary and medullary thyroid carcinomas, lung adenocarcinomas, and myeloproliferative disorders display gain-of-function mutations in RET. Accordingly, RET protein has become a promising molecular target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Santoro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Universita' degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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25
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Zhou L, Too HP. GDNF family ligand dependent STAT3 activation is mediated by specific alternatively spliced isoforms of GFRα2 and RET. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:2789-2802. [PMID: 23872421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurturin (NRTN), a member of the GDNF family of ligands (GFL), is currently investigated in a series of clinical trials for Parkinson's disease. NRTN signals through its cognate receptor GFRα2 and co-receptor RET to induce neurite outgrowth, but the underlying mechanism remains to be better understood. STAT3 was previously shown to be activated by oncogenic RET, independent of ligand and GFRα. In this study, we demonstrated that NRTN induced serine(727) but not tyrosine(705) phosphorylation of STAT3 in primary cortical neuron and neuronal cell lines. Remarkably, STAT3 phosphorylation was found to be mediated specifically by GFRα2c and RET9 isoforms. Furthermore, serine but not tyrosine dominant negative mutant of STAT3 impaired NRTN induced neurite outgrowth, indicative of the role of STAT3 as a downstream mediator of NRTN function. Similar to NGF, the NRTN induced P-Ser-STAT3 was localized to the mitochondria but not to the nucleus. Mitochondrial STAT3 was further found to be intimately involved in NRTN induced neurite outgrowth. Collectively, these findings demonstrated the hitherto unrecognized and novel role of specific GFRα2 and RET isoforms in mediating NRTN activation of STAT3 and the transcription independent mechanism whereby the mitochondria localized P-Ser-STAT3 mediated NRTN induced neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihan Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Heng-Phon Too
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Chemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance, Singapore; Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
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26
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Borrello MG, Ardini E, Locati LD, Greco A, Licitra L, Pierotti MA. RET inhibition: implications in cancer therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:403-19. [PMID: 23461584 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.758715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The RET gene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase essential for ontogenesis of the enteric nervous system and kidney. Following identification of RET, it was found that somatic rearrangements of this gene, conventionally designated as RET/PTC, are frequently present in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Subsequently, activating germ line point mutations of RET were identified as being responsible for the hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma syndromes MEN2A, MEN2B and FMTC. RET rearrangements have recently been identified in a small fraction of lung adenocarcinomas. AREA COVERED The authors review the current field concerning the RET gene and protein, its involvement in cancer and the preclinical and clinical studies which highlight its role as a potentially important therapeutic target for several cancers. EXPERT OPINION Many multitargeted inhibitors which crossreact with RET have been developed and investigated in clinical trials targeting many cancer indications. In particular, VEGFR/PDGFR inhibitors, widely explored as antiangiogenics, have been intensively studied in thyroid carcinoma patients. Notwithstanding the efficacy observed with such agents, their common clinical activity in thyroid carcinoma is of short duration and includes frequent and severe side effects, limiting their therapeutic action. These findings are discussed and the need for improved, more specific RET-targeting drugs is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Borrello
- UO Molecular Mechanisms, Experimental Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via GA. Amadeo, 42-20133 Milano, Italy.
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Ibáñez CF. Structure and physiology of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:5/2/a009134. [PMID: 23378586 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a009134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The identification of the ret oncogene by Masahide Takahashi and Geoffrey Cooper in 1985 was both serendipitous and paradigmatic ( Takahashi et al. 1985). By transfecting total DNA from a human lymphoma into mouse NIH3T3 cells, they obtained one clone, which in secondary transformants yielded more than 100-fold improvement in transformation efficiency. Subsequent investigations revealed that the ret oncogene was not present as such in the primary lymphoma, but was derived by DNA rearrangement during transfection from normal human sequences of the ret locus. At the time, activation by DNA rearrangement had not been previously described for a transforming gene with the NIH3T3 transfection assay. The discovery of ret opened a field of study that has had a profound impact in cancer research, developmental biology, and neuroscience, and that continues to yield surprises and important insights to this day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F Ibáñez
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Richardson DS, Rodrigues DM, Hyndman BD, Crupi MJF, Nicolescu AC, Mulligan LM. Alternative splicing results in RET isoforms with distinct trafficking properties. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:3838-50. [PMID: 22875993 PMCID: PMC3459860 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-02-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The RET gene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase that is alternatively spliced to two protein isoforms that differ in their C-terminal peptide sequences (RET9, RET51). These unique C-terminal tails produce distinct subcellular localizations and intracellular trafficking properties, which affect downstream signaling. RET encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase that is essential for spermatogenesis, development of the sensory, sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems and the kidneys, as well as for maintenance of adult midbrain dopaminergic neurons. RET is alternatively spliced to encode multiple isoforms that differ in their C-terminal amino acids. The RET9 and RET51 isoforms display unique levels of autophosphorylation and have differential interactions with adaptor proteins. They induce distinct gene expression patterns, promote different levels of cell differentiation and transformation, and play unique roles in development. Here we present a comprehensive study of the subcellular localization and trafficking of RET isoforms. We show that immature RET9 accumulates intracellularly in the Golgi, whereas RET51 is efficiently matured and present in relatively higher amounts on the plasma membrane. RET51 is internalized faster after ligand binding and undergoes recycling back to the plasma membrane. This differential trafficking of RET isoforms produces a more rapid and longer duration of signaling through the extracellular-signal regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway downstream of RET51 relative to RET9. Together these differences in trafficking properties contribute to some of the functional differences previously observed between RET9 and RET51 and establish the important role of intracellular trafficking in modulating and maintaining RET signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Richardson
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Menicali E, Moretti S, Voce P, Romagnoli S, Avenia N, Puxeddu E. Intracellular signal transduction and modification of the tumor microenvironment induced by RET/PTCs in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:67. [PMID: 22661970 PMCID: PMC3357465 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RET gene rearrangements (RET/PTCs) represent together with BRAF point mutations the two major groups of mutations involved in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) initiation and progression. In this review, we will examine the mechanisms involved in RET/PTC-induced thyroid cell transformation. In detail, we will summarize the data on the molecular mechanisms involved in RET/PTC formation and in its function as a dominant oncogene, on the activated signal transduction pathways and on the induced gene expression modifications. Moreover, we will report on the effects of RET/PTCs on the tumor microenvironment. Finally, a short review of the literature on RET/PTC prognostic significance will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Menicali
- Dipartimento di Medicina, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
- Centro di Proteomica e Genomica della Tiroide, University of PerugiaPerugia and Terni, Italy
| | - Sonia Moretti
- Dipartimento di Medicina, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
- Centro di Proteomica e Genomica della Tiroide, University of PerugiaPerugia and Terni, Italy
| | - Pasquale Voce
- Dipartimento di Medicina, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
- Centro di Proteomica e Genomica della Tiroide, University of PerugiaPerugia and Terni, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Avenia
- Centro di Proteomica e Genomica della Tiroide, University of PerugiaPerugia and Terni, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
| | - Efisio Puxeddu
- Dipartimento di Medicina, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
- Centro di Proteomica e Genomica della Tiroide, University of PerugiaPerugia and Terni, Italy
- *Correspondence: Efisio Puxeddu, Dipartimento di Medicina, Sezione MIENDO, Via Enrico dal Pozzo – Padiglione X, 06126 Perugia, Italy. e-mail:
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Toward an understanding of the protein interaction network of the human liver. Mol Syst Biol 2011; 7:536. [PMID: 21988832 PMCID: PMC3261708 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2011.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An extensive interaction network of human liver-expressed proteins is described, composed of 3484 interactions among 2582 proteins. Proteins associated with liver disease tend to be central and highly connected in the network. Proteome-scale protein interaction maps are available for many organisms, ranging from bacteria, yeast, worms and flies to humans. These maps provide substantial new insights into systems biology, disease research and drug discovery. However, only a small fraction of the total number of human protein–protein interactions has been identified. In this study, we map the interactions of an unbiased selection of 5026 human liver expression proteins by yeast two-hybrid technology and establish a human liver protein interaction network (HLPN) composed of 3484 interactions among 2582 proteins. The data set has a validation rate of over 72% as determined by three independent biochemical or cellular assays. The network includes metabolic enzymes and liver-specific, liver-phenotype and liver-disease proteins that are individually critical for the maintenance of liver functions. The liver enriched proteins had significantly different topological properties and increased our understanding of the functional relationships among proteins in a liver-specific manner. Our data represent the first comprehensive description of a HLPN, which could be a valuable tool for understanding the functioning of the protein interaction network of the human liver.
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31
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Malik-Kale P, Jolly CE, Lathrop S, Winfree S, Luterbach C, Steele-Mortimer O. Salmonella - at home in the host cell. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:125. [PMID: 21687432 PMCID: PMC3109617 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Salmonella enterica has developed an array of sophisticated tools to manipulate the host cell and establish an intracellular niche, for successful propagation as a facultative intracellular pathogen. While Salmonella exerts diverse effects on its host cell, only the cell biology of the classic “trigger”-mediated invasion process and the subsequent development of the Salmonella-containing vacuole have been investigated extensively. These processes are dependent on cohorts of effector proteins translocated into host cells by two type III secretion systems (T3SS), although T3SS-independent mechanisms of entry may be important for invasion of certain host cell types. Recent studies into the intracellular lifestyle of Salmonella have provided new insights into the mechanisms used by this pathogen to modulate its intracellular environment. Here we discuss current knowledge of Salmonella-host interactions including invasion and establishment of an intracellular niche within the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Malik-Kale
- Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health Hamilton, MT, USA
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Saupe J, Roske Y, Schillinger C, Kamdem N, Radetzki S, Diehl A, Oschkinat H, Krause G, Heinemann U, Rademann J. Discovery, Structure-Activity Relationship Studies, and Crystal Structure of Nonpeptide Inhibitors Bound to the Shank3 PDZ Domain. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1411-22. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lee JH, Park H, Park SJ, Kim HJ, Eom SH. The structural flexibility of the shank1 PDZ domain is important for its binding to different ligands. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 407:207-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.02.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Grubb DR, Iliades P, Cooley N, Yu YL, Luo J, Filtz TM, Woodcock EA. Phospholipase Cbeta1b associates with a Shank3 complex at the cardiac sarcolemma. FASEB J 2010; 25:1040-7. [PMID: 21148417 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-171470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the heterotrimeric G protein Gq causes cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vivo and in cell models. Our previous studies have shown that responses to activated Gq in cardiomyocytes are mediated exclusively by phospholipase Cβ1b (PLCβ1b), because only this PLCβ subtype localizes at the cardiac sarcolemma. In the current study, we investigated the proteins involved in targeting PLCβ1b to the sarcolemma in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. PLCβ1b, but not PLCβ1a, coimmunoprecipitated with the high-MW scaffolding protein SH3 and ankyrin repeat protein 3 (Shank3), as well as the known Shank3-interacting protein α-fodrin. The 32-aa splice-variant-specific C-terminal tail of PLCβ1b also associated with Shank3 and α-fodrin, indicating that PLCβ1b binds via the C-terminal sequence. Shank3 colocalized with PLCβ1b at the sarcolemma, and both proteins were enriched in the light membrane fractions. Knockdown of Shank3 using siRNA reduced PLC activation and downstream hypertrophic responses, demonstrating the importance of sarcolemmal localization for PLC signaling. These data indicate that PLCβ1b associates with a Shank3 complex at the cardiac sarcolemma via its splice-variant-specific C-terminal tail. Sarcolemmmal localization is central to PLC activation and subsequent downstream signaling following Gq-coupled receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Grubb
- Baker International Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, VIC, Australia
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35
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36
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Jain S, Knoten A, Hoshi M, Wang H, Vohra B, Heuckeroth RO, Milbrandt J. Organotypic specificity of key RET adaptor-docking sites in the pathogenesis of neurocristopathies and renal malformations in mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:778-90. [PMID: 20160347 DOI: 10.1172/jci41619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase ret protooncogene (RET) is implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases and in several developmental defects, particularly those in neural crest-derived structures and the genitourinary system. In order to further elucidate RET-mediated mechanisms that contribute to these diseases and decipher the basis for specificity in the pleiotropic effects of RET, we characterized development of the enteric and autonomic nervous systems in mice expressing RET9 or RET51 isoforms harboring mutations in tyrosine residues that act as docking sites for the adaptors Plcgamma, Src, Shc, and Grb2. Using this approach, we found that development of the genitourinary system and the enteric and autonomic nervous systems is dependent on distinct RET-stimulated signaling pathways. Thus, mutation of RET51 at Y1062, a docking site for multiple adaptor proteins including Shc, caused distal colon aganglionosis reminiscent of Hirschsprung disease (HSCR). On the other hand, this mutation in RET9, which encodes an isoform that lacks the Grb2 docking site present in RET51, produced severe abnormalities in multiple organs. Mutations that abrogate RET-Plcgamma binding, previously shown to produce features reminiscent of congenital anomalies of kidneys or urinary tract (CAKUT) syndrome, produced only minor abnormalities in the nervous system. Abrogating RET51-Src binding produced no major defects in these systems. These studies provide insight into the basis of organotypic specificity and redundancy in RET signaling within these unique systems and in diseases such as HSCR and CAKUT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine (Renal Division), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Abstract
The RET (rearranged during transfection) protooncogene encodes a single pass transmembrane receptor that is expressed in cells derived from the neural crest and the urogenital tract. As part of a cell-surface complex, RET binds glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) ligands in conjunction with GDNF-family alpha co-receptors (GFRalpha). Ligand-induced activation induces dimerization and tyrosine phosphorylation of the RET receptor with downstream activation of several signal transduction pathways. Activating germline RET mutations play a central role in the development of the multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes MEN2A, MEN2B, and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC) and also in the development of the congenital abnormality Hirschsprung's disease. Approximately 50% of patients with sporadic MTC have somatic RET mutations, and a significant portion of papillary thyroid carcinomas result from chromosomal inversions or translocations, which activate RET (RET/PTC oncogenes). The RET protooncogene has a significant place in cancer prevention and treatment. Timely thyroidectomy in kindred members who have inherited a mutated RET allele, characteristic of MEN2A, MEN2B, or FMTC, can prevent MTC, the most common cause of death in these syndromes. Also, recently developed molecular therapeutics that target the RET pathway have shown activity in clinical trials of patients with advanced MTC, a disease for which there has been no effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Wells
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Hickey JG, Myers SM, Tian X, Zhu SJ, V. Shaw JL, Andrew SD, Richardson DS, Brettschneider J, Mulligan LM. RET-mediated gene expression pattern is affected by isoform but not oncogenic mutation. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2009; 48:429-40. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Huett A, Leong JM, Podolsky DK, Xavier RJ. The cytoskeletal scaffold Shank3 is recruited to pathogen-induced actin rearrangements. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:2001-11. [PMID: 19371741 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The common gastrointestinal pathogens enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Salmonella typhimurium both reorganize the gut epithelial cell actin cytoskeleton to mediate pathogenesis, utilizing mimicry of the host signaling apparatus. The PDZ domain-containing protein Shank3, is a large cytoskeletal scaffold protein with known functions in neuronal morphology and synaptic signaling, and is also capable of acting as a scaffolding adaptor during Ret tyrosine kinase signaling in epithelial cells. Using immunofluorescent and functional RNA-interference approaches we show that Shank3 is present in both EPEC- and S. typhimurium-induced actin rearrangements and is required for optimal EPEC pedestal formation. We propose that Shank3 is one of a number of host synaptic proteins likely to play key roles in bacteria-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Huett
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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40
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Boulay A, Breuleux M, Stephan C, Fux C, Brisken C, Fiche M, Wartmann M, Stumm M, Lane HA, Hynes NE. The Ret receptor tyrosine kinase pathway functionally interacts with the ERalpha pathway in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2008; 68:3743-51. [PMID: 18483257 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A limited number of receptor tyrosine kinases (e.g., ErbB and fibroblast growth factor receptor families) have been genetically linked to breast cancer development. Here, we investigated the contribution of the Ret receptor tyrosine kinase to breast tumor biology. Ret was expressed in primary breast tumors and cell lines. In estrogen receptor (ER)alpha-positive MCF7 and T47D lines, the ligand (glial-derived neurotrophic factor) activated signaling pathways and increased anchorage-independent proliferation in a Ret-dependent manner, showing that Ret signaling is functional in breast tumor cells. Ret expression was induced by estrogens and Ret signaling enhanced estrogen-driven proliferation, highlighting the functional interaction of Ret and ER pathways. Furthermore, Ret was detected in primary cancers, and there were higher Ret levels in ERalpha-positive tumors. In summary, we showed that Ret is a novel proliferative pathway interacting with ER signaling in vitro. Expression of Ret in primary breast tumors suggests that Ret might be a novel therapeutic target in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Boulay
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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41
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Kreienkamp HJ. Scaffolding proteins at the postsynaptic density: shank as the architectural framework. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2008:365-80. [PMID: 18491060 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-72843-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Shank proteins are multidomain scaffold proteins of the postsynaptic density, connecting neurotransmitter receptors and other membrane proteins with signaling proteins and the actin cytoskeleton. By virtue of their protein interactions, Shank proteins assemble signaling platforms for G-protein-mediated signaling and the control of calcium homeostasis in dendritic spines. In addition, they participate in morphological changes, leading to maturation of dendritic spines and synapse formation. The importance of the Shank scaffolding function is demonstrated by genetically determined forms of mental retardation, which may be caused by haploinsufficiency for the SHANK3 gene. Consistent with its central function within the postsynaptic density, the availability of Shank is tightly controlled by local synthesis and degradation, as well as actin-dependent dynamic rearrangements within the dendritic spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-J Kreienkamp
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, Germany.
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Wang J, Gutala R, Sun D, Ma JZ, Sheela RCS, Ticku MK, Li MD. Regulation of platelet-derived growth factor signaling pathway by ethanol, nicotine, or both in mouse cortical neurons. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007; 31:357-75. [PMID: 17295719 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The higher incidence of smoking among alcoholic subjects suggests the presence of common molecular mechanisms underlying nicotine and alcohol use and abuse. However, these mechanisms are largely unknown. By using cultured fetal mouse cortical neurons as a model system, we sought to identify genes and pathways that are modulated in the cells by ethanol, nicotine, or both. METHODS Primary cerebral cortical cultures were prepared from the brains of 14-day-old C57BL/6 mouse fetuses and exposed to ethanol (75 mM), nicotine (0.1 mM), or both for 5 consecutive days. A homeostatic pathway-focused microarray consisting of 638 sequence-verified genes was used to measure transcripts differentially regulated by ethanol, nicotine, or both in 5 drug-treated cortical neuron samples and 5 control samples. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to verify the mRNA expression levels of genes of interest detected from the microarray experiments. RESULTS Through a pathway-focused cDNA microarray and balanced experimental design, we identified 65, 111, and 81 significantly regulated genes in the ethanol, nicotine, and ethanol/nicotine-treated neurons, respectively. Of them, the genes of Akt2, Nsg1, Pdgfa, Pfn1, Rbbp7, and Tcfeb were comodulated. The genes differentially expressed in 1 or more treatment groups could be classified into 4 major clusters, with each cluster consisting of genes involved in different biological processes. The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling pathway was significantly regulated by all 3 treatments, but by different mechanisms, which may lead to different cellular consequences. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the PDGF pathway represents one of the major biochemical mechanisms in the cellular and molecular responses to each drug in cortical neurons. Finally, we demonstrated that the pathway-focused microarray system used in the present study is a valuable tool for dissecting the mechanisms of complex signaling pathways such as the PDGF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22911, USA
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Runeberg-Roos P, Saarma M. Neurotrophic factor receptor RET: structure, cell biology, and inherited diseases. Ann Med 2007; 39:572-80. [PMID: 17934909 DOI: 10.1080/07853890701646256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RET (REarranged during Transfection) is a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase that is activated by a complex consisting of a soluble glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family ligand (GFL) and a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored co-receptor, GDNF family receptors alpha (GFRalpha). RET signalling is crucial for the development of the enteric nervous system. RET also regulates the development of sympathetic, parasympathetic, motor, and sensory neurons, and is necessary for the postnatal maintenance of dopaminergic neurons. The effect of GFLs on sensory, motor, and dopaminergic neurons has raised clinical interest towards these ligands. Outside the nervous system, RET is crucial for development of the kidney and plays a key role in spermatogenesis. Inactivating mutations in RET cause the Hirschsprung's disease characterized by megacolon aganglionosis. In contrast, activating mutations give rise to different types of cancer, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A and type 2B, familial medullary thyroid carcinoma, and papillary thyroid carcinoma. The multiple disease phenotypes correlate with differences in the molecular and cell biological functions of different oncogenic RET proteins. In this review we summarize how the different domains of the RET protein contribute to its normal function and how mutations in these domains affect the function of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Runeberg-Roos
- Institute of Biotechnology, Viikki Biocenter, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Redecker P, Bockmann J, Böckers TM. Secretory granules of hypophyseal and pancreatic endocrine cells contain proteins of the neuronal postsynaptic density. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 328:49-55. [PMID: 17120053 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-006-0309-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The PDZ domain-containing protein Shank is a master scaffolding protein of the neuronal postsynaptic density and directly or indirectly links neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules to the actin-based cytoskeleton. ProSAP/Shank proteins have recently also been detected in several non-neuronal cells in which they are mostly concentrated in the apical subplasmalemmal cytoplasm. In contrast, we have previously reported a more widespread cytoplasmic immunostaining pattern for the ProSAP1/Shank2 protein in endocrine cells at the light-microscopic level. Therefore, in the present study, we have determined the ultrastructural localization of ProSAP1/Shank2 and the ProSAP/Shank-interacting proteins ProSAPiP1 and IRSp53 in pancreatic islet and adenohypophyseal cells by using immunogold staining techniques. Dense immunolabeling of secretory granules including the granule core in cells such as hypophyseal somatotrophs and pancreatic B-cells indicates the unexpected presence of ProSAP/Shank and ProSAP/Shank-interacting proteins in the hormone-storing compartment of endocrine cells. Thus, ProSAP/Shank and certain ProSAP/Shank-interacting proteins exhibit distinct subcellular localizations in the different cell types, raising the possibility that the function of ProSAP/Shank proteins is more diverse than has been envisaged to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Redecker
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Drosten M, Pützer BM. Mechanisms of Disease: cancer targeting and the impact of oncogenic RET for medullary thyroid carcinoma therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 3:564-74. [PMID: 17019434 DOI: 10.1038/ncponc0610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence supports the concept of oncogene dependence for cancer development; inhibition of the initiating oncogene can result in revertion of the neoplastic phenotype. The outstanding role of the RET proto-oncogene in the development of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is well established. With the emerging knowledge concerning the signal transduction pathways leading to subsequent neoplastic transformation, oncogenic activated RET becomes a highly attractive target for selective cancer therapy. A variety of novel approaches that target RET directly or indirectly have recently emerged and an increasing number are currently being assessed in clinical trials. In view of these findings, it becomes strikingly obvious that inhibition of RET oncogene function can be a viable option for the treatment of MTC. We summarize the current evidence for RET involvement in the etiology of MTC, and the therapeutic targeting of this process in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Drosten
- Department of Vectorology and Experimental Gene Therapy, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 70, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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Demontis F, Habermann B, Dahmann C. PDZ-domain-binding sites are common among cadherins. Dev Genes Evol 2006; 216:737-41. [PMID: 17021864 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-006-0097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cadherins are Ca(2+)-dependent cell adhesion molecules that play fundamental roles in animal development and homeostasis. A number of cadherins contain conserved binding sites for catenins in their cytoplasmic region that are important for the adhesive function of these cadherins by mediating their interaction to the cytoskeleton. However, most cadherins lack apparent binding sites for catenins and their cytoplasmic interacting partners are mostly unknown. In this paper, we show, using bioinformatics, that a number of insect and vertebrate cadherins lacking catenin-binding sites contain conserved consensus sequences for C-terminal PSD-95/Discs-large/ZO-1 (PDZ)-domain-binding sites. This suggests that PDZ-domain-containing proteins are common cytoplasmic interacting partners for cadherins lacking catenin-binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Demontis
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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Asai N, Jijiwa M, Enomoto A, Kawai K, Maeda K, Ichiahara M, Murakumo Y, Takahashi M. RET receptor signaling: dysfunction in thyroid cancer and Hirschsprung's disease. Pathol Int 2006; 56:164-72. [PMID: 16634961 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2006.01942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations within the receptor tyrosine kinase gene RET cause inherited and non-inherited thyroid cancer. Somatic gene rearrangements of RET have been found in papillary thyroid carcinoma and germline point mutations in multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) types 2A and 2B and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC). Conversely, loss-of-function mutations are responsible for the development of Hirschsprung's disease, a congenital malformation of the enteric nervous system. Comparison between normal RET signaling activated by the RET ligand glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and abnormal RET signaling caused by various mutations has led to a deeper understanding of disease mechanisms. The focus of the present review is on recent progress in the study of RET signaling dysfunction in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Asai
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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de Groot JWB, Links TP, Plukker JTM, Lips CJM, Hofstra RMW. RET as a diagnostic and therapeutic target in sporadic and hereditary endocrine tumors. Endocr Rev 2006; 27:535-60. [PMID: 16849421 DOI: 10.1210/er.2006-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The RET gene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase that is expressed in neural crest-derived cell lineages. The RET receptor plays a crucial role in regulating cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival through embryogenesis. Activating mutations in RET lead to the development of several inherited and noninherited diseases. Germline point mutations are found in the cancer syndromes multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2, including MEN 2A and 2B, and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma. These syndromes are autosomal dominantly inherited. The identification of mutations associated with these syndromes has led to genetic testing to identify patients at risk for MEN 2 and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma and subsequent implementation of prophylactic thyroidectomy in mutation carriers. In addition, more than 10 somatic rearrangements of RET have been identified from papillary thyroid carcinomas. These mutations, as those found in MEN 2, induce oncogenic activation of the RET tyrosine kinase domain via different mechanisms, making RET an excellent candidate for the design of molecular targeted therapy. Recently, various kinds of therapeutic approaches, such as tyrosine kinase inhibition, gene therapy with dominant negative RET mutants, monoclonal antibodies against oncogene products, and nuclease-resistant aptamers that recognize and inhibit RET have been developed. The use of these strategies in preclinical models has provided evidence that RET is indeed a potential target for selective cancer therapy. However, a clinically useful therapeutic option for treating patients with RET-associated cancer is still not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Willem B de Groot
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Glutamatergic synapses in the central nervous system are characterized by an electron-dense web underneath the postsynaptic membrane; this web is called the postsynaptic density (PSD). PSDs are composed of a dense network of several hundred proteins, creating a macromolecular complex that serves a wide range of functions. Prominent PSD proteins such as members of the MaGuk or ProSAP/Shank family build up a dense scaffold that creates an interface between clustered membrane-bound receptors, cell adhesion molecules and the actin-based cytoskeleton. Moreover, kinases, phosphatases and several proteins of different signalling pathways are specifically localized within the spine/PSD compartment. Small GTPases and regulating proteins are also enriched in PSDs being the molecular basis for regulated structural changes of cytoskeletal components within the synapse in response to external or internal stimuli, e.g. synaptic activation. This synaptic rearrangement (structural plasticity) is a rapid process and is believed to underlie learning and memory formation. The characterization of synapse/PSD proteins is especially important in the light of recent data suggesting that several mental disorders have their molecular defect at the synapse/PSD level.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Boeckers
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Gundelfinger ED, Boeckers TM, Baron MK, Bowie JU. A role for zinc in postsynaptic density asSAMbly and plasticity? Trends Biochem Sci 2006; 31:366-73. [PMID: 16793273 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Revised: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 05/25/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemical synapses are asymmetric cell junctions that mediate communication between neurons. Multidomain scaffolding proteins of the Shank family act as major organizing elements of the "postsynaptic density"--that is, the cytoskeletal protein matrix associated with the postsynaptic membrane. A recent study has shown that the C-terminal sterile alpha-motif or "SAM domain" of Shank3 (also known as ProSAP2) can form two-dimensional sheets of helical fibers. Assembly and packaging of these fibers are markedly enhanced by the presence of Zn2+ ions. Zn2+ can be released together with glutamate from synaptic vesicles and can enter the postsynaptic cell through specific ionotropic receptors. Based on these observations, we propose a new model of synaptic plasticity in which Zn2+ influx directly and instantly modulates the structure and function of the postsynaptic density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eckart D Gundelfinger
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestrasse 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany.
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