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Quaade AS, Wang X, Sølberg JBK, McCauley BD, Thyssen JP, Becker C, Johansen JD. Inflammatory plasma signature of chronic hand eczema: Associations with aetiological and clinical subtypes. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024; 38:1101-1111. [PMID: 38151335 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic hand eczema (CHE) is a highly prevalent, heterogeneous, skin disease that encompasses different aetiological and clinical subtypes. Severe CHE without atopic dermatitis has been associated with systemic inflammation; yet it remains unknown if specific CHE subtypes leave distinct, systemic, molecular signatures. OBJECTIVES To characterize the inflammatory plasma signature of different aetiological and clinical CHE subtypes. METHODS We assessed expression levels of 266 inflammatory and cardiovascular disease risk plasma proteins as well as filaggrin gene mutation status in 51 well-characterized CHE patients without concomitant atopic dermatitis and 40 healthy controls. Plasma protein expression was compared between aetiological and clinical CHE subgroups and controls both overall and according to clinical CHE severity. Correlation analyses for biomarkers, clinical and self-reported variables were performed. RESULTS Very severe, chronic allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) on the hands was associated with a mixed Type 1/Type 2 systemic immune activation as compared with controls. Circulating levels of Type 1/Type 2 inflammatory biomarkers correlated positively with clinical disease severity among CHE patients with ACD. No biomarkers were found, that could discriminate between aetiological subtypes, for example, between ACD and irritant contact dermatitis. Hyperkeratotic CHE showed a distinct, non-atopic dermatitis-like, systemic footprint with upregulation of markers associated with Type 1 inflammation and tumour necrosis factor alpha, but not Type 2 inflammation. Increased levels of CCL19 and CXCL9/10 could discriminate hyperkeratotic CHE from both vesicular and chronic fissured CHE, whereas no difference was found between the latter two subtypes. CONCLUSION Profiling of systemic biomarkers showed potential for identifying certain CHE subtypes. Peripheral blood levels of inflammatory biomarkers were associated and correlated with the clinical disease severity of chronic ACD on the hands, underlining that this is a systemic disease. We question whether hyperkeratotic CHE should be classified as eczema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sophie Quaade
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, The National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev-Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xing Wang
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Julie B K Sølberg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, The National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev-Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benjamin D McCauley
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Jacob P Thyssen
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev-Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Christine Becker
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Jeanne Duus Johansen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, The National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev-Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Higashi T, Saito AC, Chiba H. Damage control of epithelial barrier function in dynamic environments. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151410. [PMID: 38579602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues cover the surfaces and lumens of the internal organs of multicellular animals and crucially contribute to internal environment homeostasis by delineating distinct compartments within the body. This vital role is known as epithelial barrier function. Epithelial cells are arranged like cobblestones and intricately bind together to form an epithelial sheet that upholds this barrier function. Central to the restriction of solute and fluid diffusion through intercellular spaces are occluding junctions, tight junctions in vertebrates and septate junctions in invertebrates. As part of epithelial tissues, cells undergo constant renewal, with older cells being replaced by new ones. Simultaneously, the epithelial tissue undergoes relative rearrangement, elongating, and shifting directionally as a whole. The movement or shape changes within the epithelial sheet necessitate significant deformation and reconnection of occluding junctions. Recent advancements have shed light on the intricate mechanisms through which epithelial cells sustain their barrier function in dynamic environments. This review aims to introduce these noteworthy findings and discuss some of the questions that remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Higashi
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Akira C Saito
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hideki Chiba
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
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3
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Chen J, Liu C, Yang Y, Gong X, Qian H. The stratum corneum barrier: impaired function in relation to associated lipids and proteins. Tissue Barriers 2024:2361197. [PMID: 38818698 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2024.2361197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of the human body and is widely considered to be the first-line defense of the body, providing essential protection against mechanical, physical, and chemical damage. Keratinocytes are the primary cells of the outer layer of the epidermis, which acts as a mechanical and permeability barrier. The epidermis is a permanently renewed tissue where undifferentiated keratinocytes located at the basal layer proliferate and migrate to the overlying layers. Here we report that some components of keratinocytes affect the formation and differentiation of the stratum corneum, which is the most specialized layer of the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, Xuhui, District, China
| | - Changjie Liu
- SIMPLY THIS Skin Ecology Research Institute, Shili (Shanghai) Biotechology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- SIMPLY THIS Skin Ecology Research Institute, Shili (Shanghai) Biotechology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Gong
- SIMPLY THIS Skin Ecology Research Institute, Shili (Shanghai) Biotechology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Qian
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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4
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Huang N, Wang Q, Bernard RB, Chen CY, Hu JM, Wang JK, Chan KS, Johnson MD, Lin CY. SPINT2 mutations in the Kunitz domain 2 found in SCSD patients inactivate HAI-2 as prostasin inhibitor via abnormal protein folding and N-glycosylation. Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:752-767. [PMID: 38271183 PMCID: PMC11031362 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor HAI-2, encoded by SPINT2, are responsible for the pathogenesis of syndromic congenital sodium diarrhea (SCSD), an intractable secretory diarrhea of infancy. Some of the mutations cause defects in the functionally required Kunitz domain 1 and/or subcellular targeting signals. Almost all SCSD patients, however, harbor SPINT2 missense mutations that affect the functionally less important Kunitz domain 2. How theses single amino acid substitutions inactivate HAI-2 was, here, investigated by the doxycycline-inducible expression of three of these mutants in HAI-2-knockout Caco-2 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Examining protein expressed from these HAI-2 mutants reveals that roughly 50% of the protein is synthesized as disulfide-linked oligomers that lose protease inhibitory activity due to the distortion of the Kunitz domains by disarrayed disulfide bonding. Although the remaining protein is synthesized as monomers, its glycosylation status suggests that the HAI-2 monomer remains in the immature, lightly glycosylated form, and is not converted to the heavily glycosylated mature form. Heavily glycosylated HAI-2 possesses full anti-protease activity and appropriate subcellular targeting signals, including the one embedded in the complex-type N-glycan. As predicted, these HAI-2 mutants cannot suppress the excessive prostasin proteolysis caused by HAI-2 deletion. The oligomerization and glycosylation defects have also been observed in a colorectal adenocarcinoma line that harbors one of these SPINT2 missense mutations. Our study reveals that the abnormal protein folding and N-glycosylation can cause widespread HAI-2 inactivation in SCSD patents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxi Huang
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road NW W422 New Research Building, Washington DC 20057, United States
| | - Qiaochu Wang
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road NW W422 New Research Building, Washington DC 20057, United States
| | - Robert B Bernard
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road NW W422 New Research Building, Washington DC 20057, United States
| | - Chao-Yang Chen
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, sec. 6, Minquan E. Road, Neihu Dist. Taipei City 11490, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, No. 325, Sec. 2, Chenggon Road, Neihu Dist. Taipei City 114202, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Je-Ming Hu
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, sec. 6, Minquan E. Road, Neihu Dist. Taipei City 11490, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, No. 325, Sec. 2, Chenggon Road, Neihu Dist. Taipei City 114202, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, sec. 6, Minquan E. Neihu Dist. Taipei City 11490, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jehng-Kang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, sec. 6, Minquan E. Road, Taipei City, 11490, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Khee-Siang Chan
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, No. 901, Zhonghua Road, Yongkang Dist., Tainan City, 71004, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Michael D Johnson
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road NW W422 New Research Building, Washington DC 20057, United States
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road NW W422 New Research Building, Washington DC 20057, United States
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5
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Zhao X, Lv S, Li N, Zou Q, Sun L, Song T. YTHDF2 protein stabilization by the deubiquitinase OTUB1 promotes prostate cancer cell proliferation via PRSS8 mRNA degradation. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107152. [PMID: 38462165 PMCID: PMC11002313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in males. Dysregulation of RNA adenine N-6 methylation (m6A) contributes to cancer malignancy. m6A on mRNA may affect mRNA splicing, turnover, transportation, and translation. m6A exerts these effects, at least partly, through dedicated m6A reader proteins, including YTH domain-containing family protein 2 (YTHDF2). YTHDF2 is necessary for development while its dysregulation is seen in various cancers, including prostate cancer. However, the mechanism underlying the dysregulation and function of YTHDF2 in cancer remains elusive. Here, we find that the deubiquitinase OUT domain-containing ubiquitin aldehyde-binding protein 1 (OTUB1) increases YTHDF2 protein stability by inhibiting its ubiquitination. With in vivo and in vitro ubiquitination assays, OTUB1 is shown to block ubiquitin transfer to YTHDF2 independent of its deubiquitinase activity. Furthermore, analysis of functional transcriptomic data and m6A-sequencing data identifies PRSS8 as a potential tumor suppressor gene. OTUB1 and YTHDF2 decrease mRNA and protein levels of PRSS8, which is a trypsin-like serine protease. Mechanistically, YTHDF2 binds PRSS8 mRNA and promotes its degradation in an m6A-dependent manner. Further functional study on cellular and mouse models reveals PRSS8 is a critical downstream effector of the OTUB1-YTHDF2 axis in prostate cancer. We find in prostate cancer cells, PRSS8 decreases nuclear β-catenin level through E-cadherin, which is independent of its protease activity. Collectively, our study uncovers a key regulator of YTHDF2 protein stability and establishes a functional OTUB1-YTHDF2-PRSS8 axis in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Suli Lv
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Neng Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingli Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lidong Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cell Architecture Research Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Tanjing Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cell Architecture Research Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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6
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Rickman OJ, Guignard E, Chabanon T, Bertoldi G, Auberson M, Hummler E. Tmprss2 maintains epithelial barrier integrity and transepithelial sodium transport. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302304. [PMID: 38171596 PMCID: PMC10765116 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The mouse cortical collecting duct cell line presents a tight epithelium with regulated ion and water transport. The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is localized in the apical membrane and constitutes the rate-limiting step for sodium entry, thereby enabling transepithelial transport of sodium ions. The membrane-bound serine protease Tmprss2 is co-expressed with the alpha subunit of ENaC. αENaC gene expression followed the Tmprss2 expression, and the absence of Tmprss2 resulted not only in down-regulation of αENaC gene and protein expression but also in abolished transepithelial sodium transport. In addition, RNA-sequencing analyses unveiled drastic down-regulation of the membrane-bound protease CAP3/St14, the epithelial adhesion molecule EpCAM, and the tight junction proteins claudin-7 and claudin-3 as also confirmed by immunohistochemistry. In summary, our data clearly demonstrate a dual role of Tmprss2 in maintaining not only ENaC-mediated transepithelial but also EpCAM/claudin-7-mediated paracellular barrier; the tight epithelium of the mouse renal mCCD cells becomes leaky. Our working model proposes that Tmprss2 acts via CAP3/St14 on EpCAM/claudin-7 tight junction complexes and through regulating transcription of αENaC on ENaC-mediated sodium transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia J Rickman
- https://ror.org/019whta54 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emma Guignard
- https://ror.org/019whta54 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Chabanon
- https://ror.org/019whta54 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Bertoldi
- https://ror.org/019whta54 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Muriel Auberson
- https://ror.org/019whta54 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Edith Hummler
- https://ror.org/019whta54 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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7
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Schwartz B, Levi H, Menon G, Maria R, Upcher A, Kotlovski Y, Oss-Ronen L, Cohen I. ZNF750 Regulates Skin Barrier Function by Driving Cornified Envelope and Lipid Processing Pathways. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:296-306.e3. [PMID: 37660780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The epidermis is a constantly renewing stratified epithelial tissue that provides essential protective barrier functions. The major barrier is located at the outermost layers of the epidermis, formed by terminally differentiated keratinocytes reinforced by proteins of their cornified envelope and sequestered intercellular lipids. Disruptions to epidermal differentiation characterize various skin disorders. ZNF750 is an epithelial transcription factor essential for in vitro keratinocyte differentiation, whose truncating mutation in humans causes autosomal dominant psoriasis-like skin disease. In this study, we utilized an epidermal-specific Znf750 conditional knockout mouse model to uncover the role ZNF750 plays in epidermal development. We show that deletion of Znf750 in the developing skin does not block epidermal differentiation completely, suggesting in vivo compensatory feedback mechanisms, although it does result in impaired barrier function and perinatal lethality. Molecular dissection revealed ultrastructural defects in the differentiated layers of the epidermis, accompanied by alterations in the expression of ZNF750-dependent genes encoding key cornified envelope precursor proteins and lipid-processing enzymes, including gene subsets known to be mutated in human skin diseases involving impaired barrier function. Together, our findings provide molecular insights into the pathogenesis of human skin disease by linking ZNF750 to a subset of epidermal differentiation genes involved in barrier formation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bar Schwartz
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Hilla Levi
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Raquel Maria
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Alexander Upcher
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yulia Kotlovski
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Liat Oss-Ronen
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Idan Cohen
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
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8
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Aufy M, Hussein AM, Stojanovic T, Studenik CR, Kotob MH. Proteolytic Activation of the Epithelial Sodium Channel (ENaC): Its Mechanisms and Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17563. [PMID: 38139392 PMCID: PMC10743461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) are integral to maintaining salt and water homeostasis in various biological tissues, including the kidney, lung, and colon. They enable the selective reabsorption of sodium ions, which is a process critical for controlling blood pressure, electrolyte balance, and overall fluid volume. ENaC activity is finely controlled through proteolytic activation, a process wherein specific enzymes, or proteases, cleave ENaC subunits, resulting in channel activation and increased sodium reabsorption. This regulatory mechanism plays a pivotal role in adapting sodium transport to different physiological conditions. In this review article, we provide an in-depth exploration of the role of proteolytic activation in regulating ENaC activity. We elucidate the involvement of various proteases, including furin-like convertases, cysteine, and serine proteases, and detail the precise cleavage sites and regulatory mechanisms underlying ENaC activation by these proteases. We also discuss the physiological implications of proteolytic ENaC activation, focusing on its involvement in blood pressure regulation, pulmonary function, and intestinal sodium absorption. Understanding the mechanisms and consequences of ENaC proteolytic activation provides valuable insights into the pathophysiology of various diseases, including hypertension, pulmonary disorders, and various gastrointestinal conditions. Moreover, we discuss the potential therapeutic avenues that emerge from understanding these mechanisms, offering new possibilities for managing diseases associated with ENaC dysfunction. In summary, this review provides a comprehensive discussion of the intricate interplay between proteases and ENaC, emphasizing the significance of proteolytic activation in maintaining sodium and fluid balance in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Aufy
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.M.H.); (M.H.K.)
| | - Ahmed M. Hussein
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.M.H.); (M.H.K.)
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Tamara Stojanovic
- Programme for Proteomics, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Christian R. Studenik
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.M.H.); (M.H.K.)
| | - Mohamed H. Kotob
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.M.H.); (M.H.K.)
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
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9
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Paul AA, Szulc NA, Kobiela A, Brown SJ, Pokrzywa W, Gutowska-Owsiak D. In silico analysis of the profilaggrin sequence indicates alterations in the stability, degradation route, and intracellular protein fate in filaggrin null mutation carriers. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1105678. [PMID: 37200867 PMCID: PMC10185843 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1105678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Loss of function mutation in FLG is the major genetic risk factor for atopic dermatitis (AD) and other allergic manifestations. Presently, little is known about the cellular turnover and stability of profilaggrin, the protein encoded by FLG. Since ubiquitination directly regulates the cellular fate of numerous proteins, their degradation and trafficking, this process could influence the concentration of filaggrin in the skin. Objective: To determine the elements mediating the interaction of profilaggrin with the ubiquitin-proteasome system (i.e., degron motifs and ubiquitination sites), the features responsible for its stability, and the effect of nonsense and frameshift mutations on profilaggrin turnover. Methods: The effect of inhibition of proteasome and deubiquitinases on the level and modifications of profilaggrin and processed products was assessed by immunoblotting. Wild-type profilaggrin sequence and its mutated variants were analysed in silico using the DEGRONOPEDIA and Clustal Omega tool. Results: Inhibition of proteasome and deubiquitinases stabilizes profilaggrin and its high molecular weight of presumably ubiquitinated derivatives. In silico analysis of the sequence determined that profilaggrin contains 18 known degron motifs as well as multiple canonical and non-canonical ubiquitination-prone residues. FLG mutations generate products with increased stability scores, altered usage of the ubiquitination marks, and the frequent appearance of novel degrons, including those promoting C-terminus-mediated degradation routes. Conclusion: The proteasome is involved in the turnover of profilaggrin, which contains multiple degrons and ubiquitination-prone residues. FLG mutations alter those key elements, affecting the degradation routes and the mutated products' stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argho Aninda Paul
- Experimental and Translational Immunology Group, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Natalia A. Szulc
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrian Kobiela
- Experimental and Translational Immunology Group, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sara J. Brown
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Wojciech Pokrzywa
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Danuta Gutowska-Owsiak
- Experimental and Translational Immunology Group, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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10
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Lu DD, Huang N, Li SWA, Fang JR, Lai CH, Wang JK, Chan KS, Johnson MD, Lin CY. HAI-1 is required for the novel role of FGFBP1 in maintenance of cell morphology and F-actin rearrangement in human keratinocytes. Hum Cell 2023:10.1007/s13577-023-00906-6. [PMID: 37076641 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-00906-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Formation and maintenance of skin barrier function require tightly controlled membrane-associated proteolysis, in which the integral membrane Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor, HAI-1, functions as the primary inhibitor of the membrane-associated serine proteases, matriptase and prostasin. Previously, HAI-1 loss in HaCaT human keratinocytes resulted in an expected increase in prostasin proteolysis but a paradoxical decrease in matriptase proteolysis. The paradoxical decrease in shed active matriptase is further investigated in this study with an unexpected discovery of novel functions of fibroblast growth factor-binding protein 1 (FGFBP1), which acts as an extracellular ligand that can rapidly elicit F-actin rearrangement and subsequently affect the morphology of human keratinocytes. This novel growth factor-like function is in stark contrast to the canonical activity of this protein through interactions with FGFs for its pathophysiological functions. This discovery began with the observation that HAI-1 KO HaCaT cells lose the characteristic cobblestone morphology of the parental cells and exhibit aberrant F-actin formation along with altered subcellular targeting of matriptase and HAI-2. The alterations in cell morphology and F-actin status caused by targeted HAI-1 deletion can be restored by treatment with conditioned medium from parental HaCaT cells, in which FGFBP1 was identified by tandem mass spectrometry. Recombinant FGFBP1 down to 1 ng/ml was able to revert the changes caused by HAI-1 loss. Our study reveals a novel function of FGFBP1 in the maintenance of keratinocyte morphology, which depends on HAI-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajun D Lu
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, W422 Research Building, Georgetown University, W416 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Nanxi Huang
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, W422 Research Building, Georgetown University, W416 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Sheng-Wen A Li
- School of Medicine National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Jessica R Fang
- , Winston Churchill High School, Potomac, MD, 20854, USA
| | - Chih-Hsin Lai
- Department of Dentistry Renai Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Jehng-Kang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Khee-Siang Chan
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, No.901, Chung-Hwa Road, Yung-Kang District, Tainan City, 71004, Taiwan.
| | - Michael D Johnson
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, W422 Research Building, Georgetown University, W416 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, W422 Research Building, Georgetown University, W416 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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11
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Lindberger E, Ahlsson F, Junus K, Kunovac Kallak T, Lager S, Nordlöf Callbo P, Wikström AK, Sundström Poromaa I. Early Mid-pregnancy Blood-Based Proteins as Possible Biomarkers of Increased Infant Birth Size in Sex-Stratified Analyses. Reprod Sci 2023; 30:1165-1175. [PMID: 36180668 PMCID: PMC9524307 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-022-01093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations of 92 maternal blood-based proteins with increased infant birth size. The study was performed at the Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden, and included 857 mother and child dyads. The mean age of the women was 30.3 years, and 53.2% were nulliparous. Blood samples were collected at mean 18 + 2 weeks' gestation, and the Olink cardiovascular II panel was used to measure 92 proteins, either known to be or suspected to be markers of cardiovascular and inflammatory disease in humans. Multiple linear regression models adjusted for maternal age, parity, pre-conception BMI, height, and smoking were performed to evaluate the association of each individual protein with infant birth size. We also performed sex-stratified analyses. Eight proteins (Matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12), Prostasin (PRSS8), Adrenomedullin (ADM), Pappalysin-1 (PAPP-A), Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), Sortilin (SORT1), Lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1), and Thrombomodulin (TM)) were associated with infant birth size after false discovery rate adjustment. In the analyses including only female infants, ten proteins (MMP-12, Growth/differentiation factor 2 (GDF-2), PRSS8, SORT1, ADM, Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IL-1ra), Leptin (LEP), ACE2, TM, and Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11A (TNFRSF11A)) were associated with infant birth size. Two proteins (PAPP-A and PRSS8) were associated with infant birth size among male infants. Our study suggests several proteins as potential biomarkers for increased birth weight, and our findings could act as a base for future research to identify new potential markers that could be added to improve screening for large infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Lindberger
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Fredrik Ahlsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katja Junus
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Susanne Lager
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paliz Nordlöf Callbo
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Wikström
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Lu Y, Xing H, Liu C, Huang D, Sun C, Yu M, Meng L, Lv H, Zhang W, Wang Z, Yuan Y, Xie Z. Pathogenic PSAT1 Variants and Autosomal Recessive Axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease With Ichthyosis. Pediatr Neurol 2023; 140:25-34. [PMID: 36599231 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biallelic pathogenic phosphoserine aminotransferase 1 (PSAT1) variants generally cause a severe phenotype predominantly involving the central nervous system. Here, for the first time, we report two patients harboring pathogenic PSAT1 variants only manifested as polyneuropathy and ichthyosis. METHODS Two patients from unrelated families presenting with polyneuropathy and ichthyosis were enrolled. Whole exome sequencing was performed to identify possible disease-causing variants. Their clinical, electrophysiological, imaging, biochemical, and pathologic changes were in detail assessed and investigated. RESULTS Homozygous variant c.43G>C and compound heterozygous variants c.112A>C and c.43G>C in PSAT1 were identified in patients 1 and 2, respectively. Nerve conduction studies revealed preserved or mild slowing motor nerve conduction velocities of the median nerves in the two patients, whereas the compound motor action potential in patient 1 was severely decreased. Brain magnetic resonance imaging of the two patients found no abnormalities. Median nerve enlargement was observed on ultrasound in patient 1. Both patients had normal level of serine and glycine in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Sural nerve biopsy found severe loss of myelinated fibers. Electron microscopy revealed neurofilament accumulation and mitochondrial aggregation in axons. Both variants in PSAT1 were classified as likely pathogenic or pathogenic variants according to the standard guidelines. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms that pathogenic PSAT1 variants can cause a mild phenotype, predominantly as autosomal recessive axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Lu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haiying Xing
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Diandian Huang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chengyue Sun
- Department of Neurology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lingchao Meng
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - He Lv
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhiying Xie
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
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13
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Shamseldin HE, Derar N, Alzaidan H, AlHathal N, Alfalah A, Abdulwahab F, Alzaid T, Alkeraye S, Alobaida SA, Alkuraya FS. PRSS8, encoding prostasin, is mutated in patients with autosomal recessive ichthyosis. Hum Genet 2023; 142:477-482. [PMID: 36715754 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-023-02527-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ichthyosis is a genetically heterogeneous genodermatosis characterized by severely rough, dry and scaly skin. We report two consanguineous families with congenital ichthyosis. Combined positional mapping and exome sequencing of the two families revealed novel homozygous likely deleterious variants in PRSS8 (encoding prostasin) within a linkage locus on chromosome 16. One variant involved a canonical splice site and was associated with reduced abundance of the normal transcript, while the other was a missense variant that altered a highly conserved residue. The phenotype of Prss8 knockout mouse bears a striking resemblance to the one we describe in human patients, including the skin histopathology. Our data suggest a novel PRSS8-related ichthyosis disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan E Shamseldin
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada Derar
- Department of Medical Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad Alzaidan
- Department of Medical Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif AlHathal
- Department of Urology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alfalah
- Department of Medical Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Firdous Abdulwahab
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Alzaid
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim Alkeraye
- Department of Dermatology, King Khalid University Hospital and College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud A Alobaida
- Department of Dermatology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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14
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Higashi T, Saito AC, Fukazawa Y, Furuse M, Higashi AY, Ono M, Chiba H. EpCAM proteolysis and release of complexed claudin-7 repair and maintain the tight junction barrier. J Cell Biol 2022; 222:213688. [PMID: 36378161 PMCID: PMC9671161 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202204079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
TJs maintain the epithelial barrier by regulating paracellular permeability. Since TJs are under dynamically fluctuating intercellular tension, cells must continuously survey and repair any damage. However, the underlying mechanisms allowing cells to sense TJ damage and repair the barrier are not yet fully understood. Here, we showed that proteinases play an important role in the maintenance of the epithelial barrier. At TJ break sites, EpCAM-claudin-7 complexes on the basolateral membrane become accessible to apical membrane-anchored serine proteinases (MASPs) and the MASPs cleave EpCAM. Biochemical data and imaging analysis suggest that claudin-7 released from EpCAM contributes to the rapid repair of damaged TJs. Knockout (KO) of MASPs drastically reduced barrier function and live-imaging of TJ permeability showed that MASPs-KO cells exhibited increased size, duration, and frequency of leaks. Together, our results reveal a novel mechanism of TJ maintenance through the localized proteolysis of EpCAM at TJ leaks, and provide a better understanding of the dynamic regulation of epithelial permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Higashi
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan,Correspondence to Tomohito Higashi:
| | - Akira C. Saito
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yugo Fukazawa
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Science, Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Mikio Furuse
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan,Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Atsuko Y. Higashi
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hideki Chiba
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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15
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Resolution of Eczema with Multivalent Peptides. JID INNOVATIONS 2022; 2:100142. [PMID: 36039327 PMCID: PMC9418603 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2022.100142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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16
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Anand D, Hummler E, Rickman OJ. ENaC activation by proteases. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 235:e13811. [PMID: 35276025 PMCID: PMC9540061 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are fundamental for a plethora of biological processes, including signalling and tissue remodelling, and dysregulated proteolytic activity can result in pathogenesis. In this review, we focus on a subclass of membrane‐bound and soluble proteases that are defined as channel‐activating proteases (CAPs), since they induce Na+ ion transport through an autocrine mechanism when co‐expressed with the highly amiloride‐sensitive epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in Xenopus oocytes. These experiments first identified CAP1 (channel‐activating protease 1, prostasin) followed by CAP2 (channel‐activating protease 2, TMPRSS4) and CAP3 (channel‐activating protease 3, matriptase) as in vitro mediators of ENaC current. Since then, more serine‐, cysteine‐ and metalloproteases were confirmed as in vitro CAPs that potentially cleave and regulate ENaC, and thus this nomenclature was not further followed, but is accepted as functional term or alias. The precise mechanism of ENaC modulation by proteases has not been fully elucidated. Studies in organ‐specific protease knockout models revealed evidence for their role in increasing ENaC activity, although the proteases responsible for ENaC activation are yet to be identified. We summarize recent findings in animal models of these CAPs with respect to their implication in ENaC activation. We discuss the consequences of dysregulated CAPs underlying epithelial phenotypes in pathophysiological conditions, and the role of selected protease inhibitors. We believe that these proteases may present interesting therapeutic targets for diseases with aberrant sodium homoeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Anand
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- National Center of Competence in Research, Kidney.CH Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Edith Hummler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- National Center of Competence in Research, Kidney.CH Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Olivia J. Rickman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- National Center of Competence in Research, Kidney.CH Lausanne Switzerland
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17
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Sure F, Bertog M, Afonso S, Diakov A, Rinke R, Madej MG, Wittmann S, Gramberg T, Korbmacher C, Ilyaskin AV. Transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) proteolytically activates the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) by cleaving the channel's γ-subunit. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102004. [PMID: 35504352 PMCID: PMC9163703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is a heterotrimer consisting of α-, β-, and γ-subunits. Channel activation requires proteolytic release of inhibitory tracts from the extracellular domains of α-ENaC and γ-ENaC; however, the proteases involved in the removal of the γ-inhibitory tract remain unclear. In several epithelial tissues, ENaC is coexpressed with the transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). Here, we explored the effect of human TMPRSS2 on human αβγ-ENaC heterologously expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. We found that coexpression of TMPRSS2 stimulated ENaC-mediated whole-cell currents by approximately threefold, likely because of an increase in average channel open probability. Furthermore, TMPRSS2-dependent ENaC stimulation was not observed using a catalytically inactive TMPRSS2 mutant and was associated with fully cleaved γ-ENaC in the intracellular and cell surface protein fractions. This stimulatory effect of TMPRSS2 on ENaC was partially preserved when inhibiting its proteolytic activity at the cell surface using aprotinin but was abolished when the γ-inhibitory tract remained attached to its binding site following introduction of two cysteine residues (S155C–Q426C) to form a disulfide bridge. In addition, computer simulations and site-directed mutagenesis experiments indicated that TMPRSS2 can cleave γ-ENaC at sites both proximal and distal to the γ-inhibitory tract. This suggests a dual role of TMPRSS2 in the proteolytic release of the γ-inhibitory tract. Finally, we demonstrated that TMPRSS2 knockdown in cultured human airway epithelial cells (H441) reduced baseline proteolytic activation of endogenously expressed ENaC. Thus, we conclude that TMPRSS2 is likely to contribute to proteolytic ENaC activation in epithelial tissues in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Sure
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marko Bertog
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sara Afonso
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexei Diakov
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralf Rinke
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Gregor Madej
- Department of Biophysics II/Structural Biology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Wittmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Gramberg
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Korbmacher
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Alexandr V Ilyaskin
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Erlangen, Germany
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18
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Rodrigues de Souza I, Savio de Araujo-Souza P, Morais Leme D. Genetic variants affecting chemical mediated skin immunotoxicity. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2022; 25:43-95. [PMID: 34979876 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2021.2013372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The skin is an immune-competent organ and this function may be impaired by exposure to chemicals, which may ultimately result in immune-mediated dermal disorders. Interindividual variability to chemical-induced skin immune reactions is associated with intrinsic individual characteristics and their genomes. In the last 30-40 years, several genes influencing susceptibility to skin immune reactions were identified. The aim of this review is to provide information regarding common genetic variations affecting skin immunotoxicity. The polymorphisms selected for this review are related to xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (CYPA1 and CYPB1 genes), antioxidant defense (GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 genes), aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway (AHR and ARNT genes), skin barrier function transepidermal water loss (FLG, CASP14, and SPINK5 genes), inflammation (TNF, IL10, IL6, IL18, IL31, and TSLP genes), major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and neuroendocrine system peptides (CALCA, TRPV1, ACE genes). These genes present variants associated with skin immune responses and diseases, as well as variants associated with protecting skin immune homeostasis following chemical exposure. The molecular and association studies focusing on these genetic variants may elucidate their functional consequences and contribution in the susceptibility to skin immunotoxicity. Providing information on how genetic variations affect the skin immune system may reduce uncertainties in estimating chemical hazards/risks for human health in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniela Morais Leme
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
- National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, Brazil
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19
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Hoober JK, Eggink LL. The Discovery and Function of Filaggrin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031455. [PMID: 35163390 PMCID: PMC8835998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratohyalin granules were discovered in the mid-19th century in cells that terminally differentiate to form the outer, cornified layer of the epidermis. The first indications of the composition of these structures emerged in the 1960s from a histochemical stain for histidine, followed by radioautographic evidence of a high incidence of histidine incorporation into newly synthesized proteins in cells containing the granules. Research during the next three decades revealed the structure and function of a major protein in these granules, which was initially called the ‘histidine-rich protein’. Steinert and Dale named the protein ‘filaggrin’ in 1981 because of its ability to aggregate keratin intermediate filaments. The human gene for the precursor, ‘profilaggrin,’ was reported in 1991 to encode 10, 11 or 12 nearly identical repeats. Remarkably, the mouse and rat genes encode up to 20 repeats. The lifetime of filaggrin is the time required for keratinocytes in the granular layer to move into the inner cornified layer. During this transition, filaggrin facilitates the collapse of corneocytes into ‘building blocks’ that become an impermeable surface barrier. The subsequent degradation of filaggrin is as remarkable as its synthesis, and the end-products aid in maintaining moisture in the cornified layer. It was apparent that ichthyosis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis were associated with the absence of this protein. McLean’s team in 2006 identified the cause of these diseases by discovering loss-of-function mutations in the profilaggrin gene, which led to dysfunction of the surface barrier. This story illustrates the complexity in maintaining a healthy, functional epidermis.
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20
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Cracking the Skin Barrier: Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation Shines under the Skin. JID INNOVATIONS 2021; 1:100036. [PMID: 34909733 PMCID: PMC8659386 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Central to forming and sustaining the skin’s barrier, epidermal keratinocytes (KCs) fluxing to the skin surface undergo a rapid and enigmatic transformation into flat, enucleated squames. At the crux of this transformation are intracellular keratohyalin granules (KGs) that suddenly disappear as terminally differentiating KCs transition to the cornified skin surface. Defects in KGs have long been linked to skin barrier disorders. Through the biophysical lens of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), these enigmatic KGs recently emerged as liquid-like membraneless organelles whose assembly and subsequent pH-triggered disassembly drive squame formation. To stimulate future efforts toward cracking the complex process of skin barrier formation, in this review, we integrate the key concepts and foundational work spanning the fields of LLPS and epidermal biology. We review the current progress in the skin and discuss implications in the broader context of membraneless organelles across stratifying epithelia. The discovery of environmentally sensitive LLPS dynamics in the skin points to new avenues for dissecting the skin barrier and for addressing skin barrier disorders. We argue that skin and its appendages offer outstanding models to uncover LLPS-driven mechanisms in tissue biology.
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Key Words
- 3D, three-dimensional
- AD, atopic dermatitis
- CE, cornified envelope
- EDC, epidermal differentiation complex
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- IDP, intrinsically-disordered protein
- KC, keratinocyte
- KG, keratohyalin granule
- LCST, lower critical solution temperature
- LLPS, liquid-liquid phase separation
- PTM, post-translational modification
- TG, trichohyalin granule
- UCST, upper critical solution temperature
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21
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Rickert-Zacharias V, Schultz M, Mall MA, Schultz C. Visualization of Ectopic Serine Protease Activity by Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-Based Reporters. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2174-2184. [PMID: 34726893 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Channel-activating proteases (CAPs) play a fundamental role in the regulation of sodium transport across epithelial tissues mainly via cleavage-mediated fine-tuning of the activity of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). Hyperactivity of CAPs and subsequently increased ENaC activity have been associated with various diseases, including cystic fibrosis (CF). To date, there is only a limited number of tools available to investigate CAP activity. Here, we developed ratiometric, peptide-based Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) reporters useful to visualize and quantify the activity of ectopic serine proteases including the CAPs prostasin and matriptase in human and murine samples in a temporally and spatially resolved manner. Lipidated varieties were inserted into the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane to detect enzyme activity on the surface of individual cells, that is, close to the protease substrates. The FRET reporters (termed CAPRee) selectively detected the activity of ectopic serine proteases such as CAPs in solution and on the surface of human and murine cells. We found increased CAP activity on the surface of cells with a genetic background of CF. The new reporters will contribute to a better understanding of ectopic serine protease activity and their regulation under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Rickert-Zacharias
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) and University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Collaboration for Joint Ph.D. Degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Madeleine Schultz
- Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcus A. Mall
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) and University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité─Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, 10178 Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Associated
Partner Site, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Schultz
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) and University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
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22
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Beck MA, Fischer H, Grabner LM, Groffics T, Winter M, Tangermann S, Meischel T, Zaussinger‐Haas B, Wagner P, Fischer C, Folie C, Arand J, Schöfer C, Ramsahoye B, Lagger S, Machat G, Eisenwort G, Schneider S, Podhornik A, Kothmayer M, Reichart U, Glösmann M, Tamir I, Mildner M, Sheibani‐Tezerji R, Kenner L, Petzelbauer P, Egger G, Sibilia M, Ablasser A, Seiser C. DNA hypomethylation leads to cGAS-induced autoinflammation in the epidermis. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108234. [PMID: 34586646 PMCID: PMC8591534 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is a fundamental epigenetic modification, important across biological processes. The maintenance methyltransferase DNMT1 is essential for lineage differentiation during development, but its functions in tissue homeostasis are incompletely understood. We show that epidermis-specific DNMT1 deletion severely disrupts epidermal structure and homeostasis, initiating a massive innate immune response and infiltration of immune cells. Mechanistically, DNA hypomethylation in keratinocytes triggered transposon derepression, mitotic defects, and formation of micronuclei. DNA release into the cytosol of DNMT1-deficient keratinocytes activated signaling through cGAS and STING, thus triggering inflammation. Our findings show that disruption of a key epigenetic mark directly impacts immune and tissue homeostasis, and potentially impacts our understanding of autoinflammatory diseases and cancer immunotherapy.
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23
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Blicharz L, Rudnicka L, Czuwara J, Waśkiel-Burnat A, Goldust M, Olszewska M, Samochocki Z. The Influence of Microbiome Dysbiosis and Bacterial Biofilms on Epidermal Barrier Function in Atopic Dermatitis-An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168403. [PMID: 34445108 PMCID: PMC8395079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory dermatosis affecting up to 30% of children and 10% of adults worldwide. AD is primarily driven by an epidermal barrier defect which triggers immune dysregulation within the skin. According to recent research such phenomena are closely related to the microbial dysbiosis of the skin. There is growing evidence that cutaneous microbiota and bacterial biofilms negatively affect skin barrier function, contributing to the onset and exacerbation of AD. This review summarizes the latest data on the mechanisms leading to microbiome dysbiosis and biofilm formation in AD, and the influence of these phenomena on skin barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Blicharz
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland; (L.R.); (J.C.); (A.W.-B.); (M.O.); (Z.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lidia Rudnicka
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland; (L.R.); (J.C.); (A.W.-B.); (M.O.); (Z.S.)
| | - Joanna Czuwara
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland; (L.R.); (J.C.); (A.W.-B.); (M.O.); (Z.S.)
| | - Anna Waśkiel-Burnat
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland; (L.R.); (J.C.); (A.W.-B.); (M.O.); (Z.S.)
| | - Mohamad Goldust
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Małgorzata Olszewska
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland; (L.R.); (J.C.); (A.W.-B.); (M.O.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zbigniew Samochocki
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland; (L.R.); (J.C.); (A.W.-B.); (M.O.); (Z.S.)
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24
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Minowa E, Kurashige Y, Islam ST, Yoshida K, Sakakibara S, Okada Y, Fujita Y, Bolortsetseg D, Murai Y, Abiko Y, Saitoh M. Increased integrity of cell-cell junctions accompanied by increased expression of claudin 4 in keratinocytes stimulated with vitamin D3. Med Mol Morphol 2021; 54:346-355. [PMID: 34324049 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-021-00299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The stratified squamous epithelium has a multilayer structure formed by the differentiation of the keratinized epithelium, which covers the skin and oral mucosa. The epithelium plays a central role in regulating the interactions between the immune system and pathogens. The tight junction (TJ) barrier, which is composed of adhesion molecules called claudins (CLDN), is critical for the homeostasis of the skin and oral mucosa. Furthermore, the crucial roles of vitamin D3 (VD3) in the pathogeneses of skin and oral mucosal disease have been suggested. The aim of this in vitro study was to observe the correlations between the integrity of the keratinocyte population and the expression levels of CLDN1 and CLDN4 in gingival epithelial cells, stimulated with VD3. CLDN 1 and 4 expression levels were down and upregulated, respectively, in the cells stimulated with VD3. Additionally, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) levels were increased in the stimulated cells when compared to the controls. These findings indicate that CLDN 4 may play a more important role in the TJ barrier than CLDN 1. Hence, the therapeutic effect of VD3 in skin and oral diseases may be regulated by the increase in the expression of CLDN 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Minowa
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Tobetsu, Ishikari, Hokkaido, 0610293, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Kurashige
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Tobetsu, Ishikari, Hokkaido, 0610293, Japan
| | - Syed Taufiqul Islam
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Tobetsu, Ishikari, Hokkaido, 0610293, Japan
| | - Koki Yoshida
- Division of Oral Medicine and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Sayaka Sakakibara
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Tobetsu, Ishikari, Hokkaido, 0610293, Japan
| | - Yunosuke Okada
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Tobetsu, Ishikari, Hokkaido, 0610293, Japan
| | - Yusuke Fujita
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Tobetsu, Ishikari, Hokkaido, 0610293, Japan
| | - Dembereldorj Bolortsetseg
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Tobetsu, Ishikari, Hokkaido, 0610293, Japan
| | - Yuji Murai
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Tobetsu, Ishikari, Hokkaido, 0610293, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Abiko
- Division of Oral Medicine and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masato Saitoh
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Tobetsu, Ishikari, Hokkaido, 0610293, Japan.
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25
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Yamamoto K, Yamashita F, Kawaguchi M, Izumi A, Kiwaki T, Kataoka H, Kaneuji T, Yamashita Y, Fukushima T. Decreased prostasin expression is associated with aggressiveness of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Hum Cell 2021; 34:1434-1445. [PMID: 34250582 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00575-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prostasin is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored serine protease widely expressed in epithelial cells, with crucial epidermal barrier functions. Evidence has suggested prostasin may have served as a tumor suppressor in various cancers, but its role in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains unclear. Thus, herein, we conducted an immunohistochemical prostasin study in 119 resected OSCC cases. Prostasin expression was decreased in 63% (75/119) of cases. OSCC with decreased prostasin immunoreactivity (low prostasin cases) tended to show a higher histological grade (p = 0.0088) and a more infiltrative cancer cell morphology (p = 0.0024). We then explored the role of prostasin in the OSCC cell lines: SAS and HSC-4. SAS did not express detectable prostasin levels, whereas HSC-4 expressed low but distinct levels. Prostasin overexpression suppressed the proliferation and migration of both OSCC lines in vitro. Conversely, prostasin silencing significantly enhanced growth rates of HSC-4. Finally, we analyzed the impact of prostasin expression on the prognosis of patients with OSCC; decreased expression tended to correlate with shorter overall survival (p = 0.0291) after resection. This trend was supported by our analyses using a public database (Kaplan-Meier plotter) of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. In conclusion, we showed decreased prostasin expression was associated with aggressive features and a poorer prognosis of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yamamoto
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Fumiki Yamashita
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Makiko Kawaguchi
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Aya Izumi
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takumi Kiwaki
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kataoka
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kaneuji
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yamashita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Fukushima
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan.
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26
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Davis A, Greenwold MJ. Evolution of an Epidermal Differentiation Complex (EDC) Gene Family in Birds. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050767. [PMID: 34069986 PMCID: PMC8157837 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The transition of amniotes to a fully terrestrial lifestyle involved the adaptation of major molecular innovations to the epidermis, often in the form of epidermal appendages such as hair, scales and feathers. Feathers are diverse epidermal structures of birds, and their evolution has played a key role in the expansion of avian species to a wide range of lifestyles and habitats. As with other epidermal appendages, feather development is a complex process which involves many different genetic and protein elements. In mammals, many of the genetic elements involved in epidermal development are located at a specific genetic locus known as the epidermal differentiation complex (EDC). Studies have identified a homologous EDC locus in birds, which contains several genes expressed throughout epidermal and feather development. A family of avian EDC genes rich in aromatic amino acids that also contain MTF amino acid motifs (EDAAs/EDMTFs), that includes the previously reported histidine-rich or fast-protein (HRP/fp), an important marker in feather development, has expanded significantly in birds. Here, we characterize the EDAA gene family in birds and investigate the evolutionary history and possible functions of EDAA genes using phylogenetic and sequence analyses. We provide evidence that the EDAA gene family originated in an early archosaur ancestor, and has since expanded in birds, crocodiles and turtles, respectively. Furthermore, this study shows that the respective amino acid compositions of avian EDAAs are characteristic of structural functions associated with EDC genes and feather development. Finally, these results support the hypothesis that the genes of the EDC have evolved through tandem duplication and diversification, which has contributed to the evolution of the intricate avian epidermis and epidermal appendages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
| | - Matthew J. Greenwold
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA
- Correspondence:
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27
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Germer G, Ohigashi T, Yuzawa H, Kosugi N, Flesch R, Rancan F, Vogt A, Rühl E. Improved Skin Permeability after Topical Treatment with Serine Protease: Probing the Penetration of Rapamycin by Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:12213-12222. [PMID: 34056375 PMCID: PMC8154144 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Drug penetration in human skin ex vivo following a modification of skin barrier permeability is systematically investigated by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy. Element-selective excitation is used in the O 1s regime for probing quantitatively the penetration of topically applied rapamycin in different formulations with a spatial resolution reaching <75 nm. The data were analyzed by a comparison of two methods: (i) two-photon energies employing the Beer-Lambert law and (ii) a singular value decomposition approach making use of the full spectral information in each pixel of the X-ray micrographs. The latter approach yields local drug concentrations more reliably and sensitively probed than the former. The present results from both approaches indicate that rapamycin is not observed within the stratum corneum of nontreated skin ex vivo, providing evidence for the observation that this high-molecular-weight drug inefficiently penetrates intact skin. However, rapamycin is observed to penetrate more efficiently the stratum corneum when modifications of the skin barrier are induced by the topical pretreatment with the serine protease trypsin for variable time periods ranging from 2 to 16 h. After the longest exposure time to serine protease, the drug is even found in the viable epidermis. High-resolution micrographs indicate that the lipophilic drug preferably associates with corneocytes, while signals found in the intercellular lipid compartment were less pronounced. This result is discussed in comparison to previous work obtained from low-molecular-weight lipophilic drugs as well as polymer nanocarriers, which were found to penetrate the intact stratum corneum exclusively via the lipid layers between the corneocytes. Also, the role of the tight junction barrier in the stratum granulosum is briefly discussed with respect to modifications of the skin barrier induced by enhanced serine protease activity, a phenomenon of clinical relevance in a range of inflammatory skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Germer
- Physical
Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Takuji Ohigashi
- UVSOR
Synchrotron Facility, Institute for Molecular
Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Hayato Yuzawa
- UVSOR
Synchrotron Facility, Institute for Molecular
Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kosugi
- UVSOR
Synchrotron Facility, Institute for Molecular
Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Roman Flesch
- Physical
Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | | | - Annika Vogt
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Eckart Rühl
- Physical
Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, Berlin 14195, Germany
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28
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Essigke D, Ilyaskin AV, Wörn M, Bohnert BN, Xiao M, Daniel C, Amann K, Birkenfeld AL, Szabo R, Bugge TH, Korbmacher C, Artunc F. Zymogen-locked mutant prostasin (Prss8) leads to incomplete proteolytic activation of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and severely compromises triamterene tolerance in mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 232:e13640. [PMID: 33650216 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM The serine protease prostasin (Prss8) is expressed in the distal tubule and stimulates proteolytic activation of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in co-expression experiments in vitro. The aim of this study was to explore the role of prostasin in proteolytic ENaC activation in the kidney in vivo. METHODS We used genetically modified knockin mice carrying a Prss8 mutation abolishing proteolytic activity (Prss8-S238A) or a mutation leading to a zymogen-locked state (Prss8-R44Q). Mice were challenged with low sodium diet and diuretics. Regulation of ENaC activity by Prss8-S238A and Prss8-R44Q was studied in vitro using the Xenopus laevis oocyte expression system. RESULTS Co-expression of murine ENaC with Prss8-wt or Prss8-S238A in oocytes caused maximal proteolytic ENaC activation, whereas ENaC was activated only partially in oocytes co-expressing Prss8-R44Q. This was paralleled by a reduced proteolytic activity at the cell surface of Prss8-R44Q expressing oocytes. Sodium conservation under low sodium diet was preserved in Prss8-S238A and Prss8-R44Q mice but with higher plasma aldosterone concentrations in Prss8-R44Q mice. Treatment with the ENaC inhibitor triamterene over four days was tolerated in Prss8-wt and Prss8-S238A mice, whereas Prss8-R44Q mice developed salt wasting and severe weight loss associated with hyperkalemia and acidosis consistent with impaired ENaC function and renal failure. CONCLUSION Unlike proteolytically inactive Prss8-S238A, zymogen-locked Prss8-R44Q produces incomplete proteolytic ENaC activation in vitro and causes a severe renal phenotype in mice treated with the ENaC inhibitor triamterene. This indicates that Prss8 plays a role in proteolytic ENaC activation and renal function independent of its proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Essigke
- Department of Internal Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology University Hospital Tübingen Tuebingen Germany
| | - Alexandr V. Ilyaskin
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology Friedrich‐Alexander University Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Matthias Wörn
- Department of Internal Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology University Hospital Tübingen Tuebingen Germany
| | - Bernhard N. Bohnert
- Department of Internal Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology University Hospital Tübingen Tuebingen Germany
- Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Tübingen Tuebingen Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) at the University Tübingen Tuebingen Germany
| | - Mengyun Xiao
- Department of Internal Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology University Hospital Tübingen Tuebingen Germany
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Institute of Pathology Department of Nephropathology Friedrich‐Alexander University Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Institute of Pathology Department of Nephropathology Friedrich‐Alexander University Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Andreas L. Birkenfeld
- Department of Internal Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology University Hospital Tübingen Tuebingen Germany
- Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Tübingen Tuebingen Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) at the University Tübingen Tuebingen Germany
| | - Roman Szabo
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial ResearchNational Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
| | - Thomas H. Bugge
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial ResearchNational Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
| | - Christoph Korbmacher
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology Friedrich‐Alexander University Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Ferruh Artunc
- Department of Internal Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology University Hospital Tübingen Tuebingen Germany
- Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Tübingen Tuebingen Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) at the University Tübingen Tuebingen Germany
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29
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Svenningsen P. Non-enzymatic function of prostasin and sodium balance. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 232:e13649. [PMID: 33721422 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Per Svenningsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular and Renal Research University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
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30
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Lu DD, Gu Y, Li SWA, Barndt RJ, Huang SM, Wang JK, Su HC, Johnson MD, Lin CY. Targeted deletion of HAI-1 increases prostasin proteolysis but decreases matriptase proteolysis in human keratinocytes. Hum Cell 2021; 34:771-784. [PMID: 33486722 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal differentiation and barrier function require well-controlled matriptase and prostasin proteolysis, in which the Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor HAI-1 represents the primary enzymatic inhibitor for both proteases. HAI-1, however, also functions as a chaperone-like protein necessary for normal matriptase synthesis and intracellular trafficking. Furthermore, other protease inhibitors, such as antithrombin and HAI-2, can also inhibit matriptase and prostasin in solution or in keratinocytes. It remains unclear, therefore, whether aberrant increases in matriptase and prostasin enzymatic activity would be the consequence of targeted deletion of HAI-1 and so subsequently contribute to the epidermal defects observed in HAI-1 knockout mice. The impact of HAI-1 deficiency on matriptase and prostasin proteolysis was, here, investigated in HaCaT human keratinocytes. Our results show that HAI-1 deficiency causes an increase in prostasin proteolysis via increased protein expression and zymogen activation. It remains unclear, however, whether HAI-1 deficiency increases "net" prostasin enzymatic activity because all of the activated prostasin was detected in complexes with HAI-2, suggesting that prostasin enzymatic activity is still under tight control in HAI-1-deficient keratinocytes. Matriptase proteolysis is, however, unexpectedly suppressed by HAI-1 deficiency, as manifested by decreases in zymogen activation, shedding of active matriptase, and matriptase-dependent prostasin zymogen activation. This suppressed proteolysis results mainly from the reduced ability of HAI-1-deficient HaCaT cells to activate matriptase and the rapid inhibition of nascent active matriptase by HAI-2 and other yet-to-be-identified protease inhibitors. Our study provides novel insights with opposite impacts by HAI-1 deficiency on matriptase versus prostasin proteolysis in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajun D Lu
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Yayun Gu
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Sheng-Wen A Li
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Robert J Barndt
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Shih-Ming Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Jehng-Kang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Hui Chen Su
- Department of Pharmacy, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Michael D Johnson
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Skin barrier dysfunction caused by endogenous or exogenous factors can lead to various disorders such as xerosis cutis, ichthyoses, and atopic dermatitis. Filaggrin is a pivotal structural protein of the stratum corneum (SC) and provides natural moisturizing factors that play a role in skin barrier functions. Filaggrin aggregates keratin filaments, resulting in the formation of a keratin network, which binds cornified envelopes and collapse keratinocytes to flattened corneocytes. This complex network contributes to the physical strength of the skin. Filaggrin is degraded by caspase-14, calpain 1, and bleomycin hydrolases into amino acids and amino acid metabolites such as trans-urocanic acid and pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, which are pivotal natural moisturizing factors in the SC. Accordingly, filaggrin is important for the pathophysiology of skin barrier disorders, and its deficiency or dysfunction leads to a variety of skin disorders. Here, the roles and biology of filaggrin, related skin diseases, and a therapeutic strategy targeting filaggrin are reviewed. In addition, several drug candidates of different mode of actions targeting filaggrin, along with their clinical efficacy, are discussed.
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32
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Basharat S, Gilani SA, Iftikhar F, Murtaza MA, Basharat A, Sattar A, Qamar MM, Ali M. Capsaicin: Plants of the Genus Capsicum and Positive Effect of Oriental Spice on Skin Health. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 33:331-341. [PMID: 33401283 DOI: 10.1159/000512196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Capsaicin, the main pungent ingredient in hot chili peppers, causes excitation of small sensory neurons. It also provides the basic pungent flavor in Capsicum fruits. SUMMARY Capsaicin plays a vital role as an agonist for the TRPV1 (transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 1) receptor. TRPV1 is essential for the reduction of oxidative stress, pain sensations, and inflammation. Therefore, it has many pros related to health issue. Activation and positive impact of TRPV1 via capsaicin has been studied in various dermatological conditions and in other skin-related issues. Past studies documented that capsaicin plays a vital role in the prevention of atopic dermatitis as well as psoriasis. Moreover, TRPV1 is also very important for skin health because it acts as a capsaicin receptor. It is found in nociceptive nerve fibers and nonneural structures. It prompts the release of a compound that is involved in communicating pain between the spinal cord nerves and other parts of the body. Key Messages: Here, we summarize the growing evidence for the beneficial role of capsaicin and TRPV1 and how they help in the relief of skin diseases such as inflammation, permeation, dysfunction, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis and in pain amplification syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnai Basharat
- University Institute of Diet & Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Sargodha, Pakistan,
| | - Syed Amir Gilani
- Dean, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Iftikhar
- University Institute of Diet & Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | - Ayesha Basharat
- Sargodha Medical College, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Ahsan Sattar
- Food Microbiology and Technology, Bahaudin Zikriya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mustafa Qamar
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sargodha Medical College, The University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, Sargodha Medical College, The University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
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33
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Insights into the regulation of the matriptase-prostasin proteolytic system. Biochem J 2020; 477:4349-4365. [PMID: 33094801 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The membrane-associated prostasin and matriptase belonging to the S1A subfamily of serine proteases, are critical for epithelial development and maintenance. The two proteases are involved in the activation of each other and are both regulated by the protease inhibitors, HAI-1 and HAI-2. The S1A subfamily of serine proteases are generally produced as inactive zymogens requiring a cleavage event to obtain activity. However, contrary to the common case, the zymogen form of matriptase exhibits proteolytic activity, which can be inhibited by HAI-1 and HAI-2, as for the activated counterpart. We provide strong evidence that also prostasin exhibits proteolytic activity in its zymogen form. Furthermore, we show that the activity of zymogen prostasin can be inhibited by HAI-1 and HAI-2. We report that zymogen prostasin is capable of activating zymogen matriptase, but unable to activate its own zymogen form. We propose the existence of an unusual enzyme-enzyme relationship consisting of proteolytically active zymogen forms of both matriptase and prostasin, kept under control by HAI-1 and HAI-2, and located at the pinnacle of an important proteolytic pathway in epithelia. Perturbed balance in this proteolytic system is likely to cause rapid and efficient activation of matriptase by the dual action of zymogen matriptase and zymogen prostasin. Previous studies suggest that the zymogen form of matriptase performs the normal proteolytic functions of the protease, whereas excess matriptase activation likely causes carcinogenesis. HAI-1 and HAI-2 are thus important for the prevention of matriptase activation whether catalysed by zymogen/activated prostasin (this study) or zymogen/activated matriptase (previous studies).
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Murray AS, Hyland TE, Sala-Hamrick KE, Mackinder JR, Martin CE, Tanabe LM, Varela FA, List K. The cell-surface anchored serine protease TMPRSS13 promotes breast cancer progression and resistance to chemotherapy. Oncogene 2020; 39:6421-6436. [PMID: 32868877 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01436-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer progression is accompanied by increased expression of extracellular and cell-surface proteases capable of degrading the extracellular matrix as well as cleaving and activating downstream targets. The type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) are a family of cell-surface proteases that play critical roles in numerous types of cancers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify novel and uncharacterized TTSPs with differential expression in breast cancer and to determine their potential roles in progression. Systematic in silico data analysis followed by immunohistochemical validation identified increased expression of the TTSP family member, TMPRSS13 (transmembrane protease, serine 13), in invasive ductal carcinoma patient tissue samples compared to normal breast tissue. To test whether loss of TMPRSS13 impacts tumor progression, TMPRSS13 was genetically ablated in the oncogene-induced transgenic MMTV-PymT tumor model. TMPRSS13 deficiency resulted in a significant decrease in overall tumor burden and growth rate, as well as a delayed formation of detectable mammary tumors, thus suggesting a causal relationship between TMPRSS13 expression and the progression of breast cancer. Complementary studies using human breast cancer cell culture models revealed that siRNA-mediated silencing of TMPRSS13 expression decreases proliferation, induces apoptosis, and attenuates invasion. Importantly, targeting TMPRSS13 expression renders aggressive triple-negative breast cancer cell lines highly responsive to chemotherapy. At the molecular level, knockdown of TMPRSS13 in breast cancer cells led to increased protein levels of the tumor-suppressive protease prostasin. TMPRSS13/prostasin co-immunoprecipitation and prostasin zymogen activation experiments identified prostasin as a potential novel target for TMPRSS13. Regulation of prostasin levels may be a mechanism that contributes to the pro-oncogenic properties of TMPRSS13 in breast cancer. TMPRSS13 represents a novel candidate for targeted therapy in combination with standard of care chemotherapy agents in patients with hormone receptor-negative breast cancer or in patients with tumors refractory to endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Murray
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Thomas E Hyland
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Jacob R Mackinder
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Carly E Martin
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Lauren M Tanabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Fausto A Varela
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Karin List
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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35
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Chang SC, Chiang CP, Lai CH, Du PWA, Hung YS, Chen YH, Yang HY, Fang HY, Lee SP, Tang HJ, Wang JK, Johnson MD, Lin CY. Matriptase and prostasin proteolytic activities are differentially regulated in normal and wounded skin. Hum Cell 2020; 33:990-1005. [PMID: 32617892 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-020-00385-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Orchestrated control of multiple overlapping and sequential processes is required for the maintenance of epidermal homeostasis and the response to and recovery from a variety of skin insults. Previous studies indicate that membrane-associated serine protease matriptase and prostasin play essential roles in epidermal development, differentiation, and barrier formation. The control of proteolysis is a highly regulated process, which depends not only on gene expression but also on zymogen activation and the balance between protease and protease inhibitor. Subcellular localization can affect the accessibility of protease inhibitors to proteases and, thus, also represents an integral component of the control of proteolysis. To understand how membrane-associated proteolysis is regulated in human skin, these key aspects of matriptase and prostasin were determined in normal and injured human skin by immunohistochemistry. This staining shows that matriptase is expressed predominantly in the zymogen form at the periphery of basal and spinous keratinocytes, and prostasin appears to be constitutively activated at high levels in polarized organelle-like structures of the granular keratinocytes in the adjacent quiescent skin. The membrane-associated proteolysis appears to be elevated via an increase in matriptase zymogen activation and prostasin protein expression in areas of skin recovering from epidermal insults. There was no noticeable change observed in other regulatory aspects, including the expression and tissue distribution of their cognate inhibitors HAI-1 and HAI-2. This study reveals that the membrane-associated proteolysis may be a critical epidermal mechanism involved in responding to, and recovering from, damage to human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Cheng Chang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Integrated Burn and Wound Care Center, Department of Surgery, Shuang-Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, 235, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ping Chiang
- Department of Dermatology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, 114, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Ming-Chung E. Rd, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Lai
- Department of Dentistry Renai Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wen A Du
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Yu-Sin Hung
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Ming-Chung E. Rd, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Ming-Chung E. Rd, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yu Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Ming-Chung E. Rd, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Yu Fang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Ming-Chung E. Rd, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Shiao-Pieng Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jen Tang
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, No.901, Chung-Hwa Rd., Yung-Kang Dist., Tainan City, 71004, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Jehng-Kang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Ming-Chung E. Rd, Taipei, 114, Taiwan.
| | - Michael D Johnson
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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36
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Touati A, Saeidian AH, Youssefian L, Faghankhani M, Niaziorimi F, Pajouhanfar S, Vahidnezhad H, Uitto J. The matriptase-prostasin proteolytic cascade in dermatologic diseases. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:580-587. [PMID: 32347581 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The proper development and function of skin and hair are dependent on proteolytic activities. Specifically, the matriptase-prostasin cascade is a series of proteolytic reactions in the epidermis integral to normal regulation of desquamation. An increasing amount of research describing this pathway has recently become available, and the importance of this pathway is exhibited by the association of genetic defects in this pathway with human diseases of the skin and hair. Given the relevance of this pathway to dermatology, we provide a review of the current understanding of its relevance to distinct clinical entities, including ichthyosis-hypotrichosis and Netherton syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Touati
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amir Hossein Saeidian
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leila Youssefian
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Faghankhani
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fatemeh Niaziorimi
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sara Pajouhanfar
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hassan Vahidnezhad
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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37
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Membrane-anchored serine proteases as regulators of epithelial function. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:517-528. [PMID: 32196551 PMCID: PMC9869603 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cleavage of proteins in the extracellular milieu, including hormones, growth factors and their receptors, ion channels, and various cell adhesion and extracellular matrix molecules, plays a key role in the regulation of cell behavior. Among more than 500 proteolytic enzymes encoded by mammalian genomes, membrane-anchored serine proteases (MASPs), which are expressed on the surface of epithelial cells of all major organs, are excellently suited to mediate signal transduction across the epithelia and are increasingly being recognized as important regulators of epithelial development, function, and disease [ 1-3]. In this minireview, we summarize current knowledge of the in vivo roles of MASPs in acquisition and maintenance of some of the defining functions of epithelial tissues, such as barrier formation, ion transport, and sensory perception.
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38
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Harbig A, Mernberger M, Bittel L, Pleschka S, Schughart K, Steinmetzer T, Stiewe T, Nist A, Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E. Transcriptome profiling and protease inhibition experiments identify proteases that activate H3N2 influenza A and influenza B viruses in murine airways. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:11388-11407. [PMID: 32303635 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleavage of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) by host proteases is essential for virus infectivity. HA of most influenza A and B (IAV/IBV) viruses is cleaved at a monobasic motif by trypsin-like proteases. Previous studies have reported that transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) is essential for activation of H7N9 and H1N1pdm IAV in mice but that H3N2 IAV and IBV activation is independent of TMPRSS2 and carried out by as-yet-undetermined protease(s). Here, to identify additional H3 IAV- and IBV-activating proteases, we used RNA-Seq to investigate the protease repertoire of murine lower airway tissues, primary type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECIIs), and the mouse lung cell line MLE-15. Among 13 candidates identified, TMPRSS4, TMPRSS13, hepsin, and prostasin activated H3 and IBV HA in vitro IBV activation and replication was reduced in AECIIs from Tmprss2/Tmprss4-deficient mice compared with WT or Tmprss2-deficient mice, indicating that murine TMPRSS4 is involved in IBV activation. Multicycle replication of H3N2 IAV and IBV in AECIIs of Tmprss2/Tmprss4-deficient mice varied in sensitivity to protease inhibitors, indicating that different, but overlapping, sets of murine proteases facilitate H3 and IBV HA cleavages. Interestingly, human hepsin and prostasin orthologs did not activate H3, but they did activate IBV HA in vitro Our results indicate that TMPRSS4 is an IBV-activating protease in murine AECIIs and suggest that TMPRSS13, hepsin, and prostasin cleave H3 and IBV HA in mice. They further show that hepsin and prostasin orthologs might contribute to the differences observed in TMPRSS2-independent activation of H3 in murine and human airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Harbig
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Marco Mernberger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Linda Bittel
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Schughart
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stiewe
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany.,Genomics Core Facility, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Nist
- Genomics Core Facility, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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39
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Boon L, Ugarte-Berzal E, Vandooren J, Opdenakker G. Protease propeptide structures, mechanisms of activation, and functions. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:111-165. [PMID: 32290726 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1742090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are a diverse group of hydrolytic enzymes, ranging from single-domain catalytic molecules to sophisticated multi-functional macromolecules. Human proteases are divided into five mechanistic classes: aspartate, cysteine, metallo, serine and threonine proteases, based on the catalytic mechanism of hydrolysis. As a protective mechanism against uncontrolled proteolysis, proteases are often produced and secreted as inactive precursors, called zymogens, containing inhibitory N-terminal propeptides. Protease propeptide structures vary considerably in length, ranging from dipeptides and propeptides of about 10 amino acids to complex multifunctional prodomains with hundreds of residues. Interestingly, sequence analysis of the different protease domains has demonstrated that propeptide sequences present higher heterogeneity compared with their catalytic domains. Therefore, we suggest that protease inhibition targeting propeptides might be more specific and have less off-target effects than classical inhibitors. The roles of propeptides, besides keeping protease latency, include correct folding of proteases, compartmentalization, liganding, and functional modulation. Changes in the propeptide sequence, thus, have a tremendous impact on the cognate enzymes. Small modifications of the propeptide sequences modulate the activity of the enzymes, which may be useful as a therapeutic strategy. This review provides an overview of known human proteases, with a focus on the role of their propeptides. We review propeptide functions, activation mechanisms, and possible therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Boon
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Immunobiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Estefania Ugarte-Berzal
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Immunobiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jennifer Vandooren
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Immunobiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Immunobiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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40
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Sugitani Y, Nishida A, Inatomi O, Ohno M, Imai T, Kawahara M, Kitamura K, Andoh A. Sodium absorption stimulator prostasin (PRSS8) has an anti-inflammatory effect via downregulation of TLR4 signaling in inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol 2020; 55:408-417. [PMID: 31916038 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-019-01660-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostasin (PRSS8) is a stimulator of epithelial sodium transport. In this study, we evaluated alteration of prostasin expression in the inflamed mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and investigated the role of prostasin in the gut inflammation. METHODS Prostasin expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-colitis was induced in mice lacking prostasin specifically in intestinal epithelial cells (PRSS8ΔIEC mice). RESULTS In colonic mucosa of healthy individuals, prostasin was strongly expressed at the apical surfaces of epithelial cells, and this was markedly decreased in active mucosa of both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. DSS-colitis was exacerbated in PRSS8ΔIEC mice compared to control PRSS8lox/lox mice. Toll-like receptor4 (TLR4) expression in colonic epithelial cells was stronger in DSS-treated PRSS8ΔIEC mice than in DSS-treated PRSS8 lox/lox mice. NF-κB activation in colonic epithelial cells was more pronounced in DSS-treated PRSS8ΔIEC mice than in DSS-treated PRSS8lox/lox mice, and the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines was significantly higher in DSS-treated PRSS8ΔIEC mice. Broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment completely suppressed the exacerbation of DSS-colitis in PRSS8ΔIEC mice. The mRNA expression of tight junction proteins and mucosal permeability assessed using FITC-dextran were comparable between DSS-treated PRSS8lox/lox and DSS-treated PRSS8ΔIEC mice. CONCLUSION Prostasin has an anti-inflammatory effect via downregulation of TLR4 expression in colonic epithelial cells. Reduced prostasin expression in IBD mucosa is linked to the deterioration of local anti-inflammatory activity and may contribute to the persistence of mucosal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Sugitani
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nishida
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Osamu Inatomi
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Masashi Ohno
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Takayuki Imai
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kawahara
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Kitamura
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110, Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Akira Andoh
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan.
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41
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Abstract
Over the last two decades, a novel subgroup of serine proteases, the cell surface-anchored serine proteases, has emerged as an important component of the human degradome, and several members have garnered significant attention for their roles in cancer progression and metastasis. A large body of literature describes that cell surface-anchored serine proteases are deregulated in cancer and that they contribute to both tumor formation and metastasis through diverse molecular mechanisms. The loss of precise regulation of cell surface-anchored serine protease expression and/or catalytic activity may be contributing to the etiology of several cancer types. There is therefore a strong impetus to understand the events that lead to deregulation at the gene and protein levels, how these precipitate in various stages of tumorigenesis, and whether targeting of selected proteases can lead to novel cancer intervention strategies. This review summarizes current knowledge about cell surface-anchored serine proteases and their role in cancer based on biochemical characterization, cell culture-based studies, expression studies, and in vivo experiments. Efforts to develop inhibitors to target cell surface-anchored serine proteases in cancer therapy will also be summarized.
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42
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Kleyman TR, Eaton DC. Regulating ENaC's gate. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C150-C162. [PMID: 31721612 PMCID: PMC6985836 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00418.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial Na+ channels (ENaCs) are members of a family of cation channels that function as sensors of the extracellular environment. ENaCs are activated by specific proteases in the biosynthetic pathway and at the cell surface and remove embedded inhibitory tracts, which allows channels to transition to higher open-probability states. Resolved structures of ENaC and an acid-sensing ion channel revealed highly organized extracellular regions. Within the periphery of ENaC subunits are unique domains formed by antiparallel β-strands containing the inhibitory tracts and protease cleavage sites. ENaCs are inhibited by Na+ binding to specific extracellular site(s), which promotes channel transition to a lower open-probability state. Specific inositol phospholipids and channel modification by Cys-palmitoylation enhance channel open probability. How these regulatory factors interact in a concerted manner to influence channel open probability is an important question that has not been resolved. These various factors are reviewed, and the impact of specific factors on human disorders is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Kleyman
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, and Departments of Cell Biology and of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Douglas C Eaton
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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43
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Nakajima S, Nomura T, Common J, Kabashima K. Insights into atopic dermatitis gained from genetically defined mouse models. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 143:13-25. [PMID: 30612664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by severe pruritus and recurrent eczema with a chronic disease course. Impaired skin barrier function, hyperactivated TH2 cell-type inflammation, and pruritus-induced scratching contribute to the disease pathogenesis of AD. Skin microbial alterations complicate the pathogenesis of AD further. Mouse models are a powerful tool to analyze such intricate pathophysiology of AD, with a caution that anatomy and immunology of the skin differ between human subjects and mice. Here we review recent understanding of AD etiology obtained using mouse models, which address the epidermal barrier, skin microbiome, TH2 immune response, and pruritus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeko Nakajima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - John Common
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Singapore.
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Singapore; Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore.
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44
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Callies LK, Tadeo D, Simper J, Bugge TH, Szabo R. Iterative, multiplexed CRISPR-mediated gene editing for functional analysis of complex protease gene clusters. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15987-15996. [PMID: 31501243 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of gene function by reverse genetics in animal models frequently is complicated by the functional redundancy of homologous genes. This obstacle often is compounded by the tight clustering of homologous genes, which precludes the generation of multigene-deficient animals through standard interbreeding of single-deficient animals. Here, we describe an iterative, multiplexed CRISPR-based approach for simultaneous gene editing in the complex seven-member human airway trypsin-like protease/differentially expressed in a squamous cell carcinoma (HAT/DESC) cluster of membrane-anchored serine proteases. Through four cycles of targeting, we generated a library of 18 unique congenic mouse strains lacking combinations of HAT/DESC proteases, including a mouse strain deficient in all seven proteases. Using this library, we demonstrate that HAT/DESC proteases are dispensable for term development, postnatal health, and fertility and that the recently described function of the HAT-like 4 protease in epidermal barrier formation is unique among all HAT/DESC proteases. The study demonstrates the potential of iterative, multiplexed CRISPR-mediated gene editing for functional analysis of multigene clusters, and it provides a large array of new congenic mouse strains for the study of HAT/DESC proteases in physiological and in pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- LuLu K Callies
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Daniel Tadeo
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jan Simper
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Thomas H Bugge
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Roman Szabo
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Henehan M, De Benedetto A. Update on protease‐activated receptor 2 in cutaneous barrier, differentiation, tumorigenesis and pigmentation, and its role in related dermatologic diseases. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:877-885. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mason Henehan
- Department of Dermatology College of Medicine University of Florida Gainesville Florida
| | - Anna De Benedetto
- Department of Dermatology College of Medicine University of Florida Gainesville Florida
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LPA Induces Keratinocyte Differentiation and Promotes Skin Barrier Function through the LPAR1/LPAR5-RHO-ROCK-SRF Axis. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:1010-1022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kim S, Back SK, Na HS, Kee SH. Capsaicin induces atopic dermatitis-like manifestations through dysregulation of proteolytic system and alteration of filaggrin processing in rats. Exp Dermatol 2019; 27:332-339. [PMID: 29509988 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex disease featuring pruritic skin inflammation. Many animal models have been developed. In a rat model, subcutaneous capsaicin injection within 48 hours after birth induces AD-like skin manifestations of dermatitis and scratching behaviour 3 weeks after the injection. When 2- to 4-week-old rats were injected with capsaicin, the lag period was shortened, and the severity of skin manifestations was significantly reduced, suggesting influences of postnatal development. Lgr6 is an epidermal stem cell marker that is normally restricted to the isthmus area of hair follicles at postnatal 2 weeks. Lgr6 persisted in the interfollicular epidermis of capsaicin-injected rats beyond 3 weeks after birth, indicating that capsaicin-induced skin manifestations were influenced by postnatal epidermal development. Capsaicin injection induced alteration of proteolytic processing of filaggrin and corneodesmosin, suggesting epidermal barrier dysfunction. Inappropriate degradation of matriptase was observed. Degrees of proteolysis of these proteins were corelated with the severity of manifestations, suggesting that inappropriate proteolysis might be a possible cause of the skin manifestations. These results strongly suggest that capsaicin may dysregulate the protease system, resulting in alteration of profilaggrin and corneodesmosin proteolysis and skin manifestations. These events may be influenced by postnatal epidermal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sewon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Keun Back
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Science, Konyang University, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Heung Sik Na
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun-Ho Kee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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Rostampour N, Appelt CM, Abid A, Boughner JC. Expression of new genes in vertebrate tooth development and p63 signaling. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:744-755. [PMID: 30875130 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND p63 is an evolutionarily ancient transcription factor essential to vertebrate tooth development. Our recent gene expression screen comparing wild-type and "toothless" p63-/- mouse embryos implicated in tooth development several new genes that we hypothesized act downstream of p63 in dental epithelium, where p63 is also expressed. RESULTS Via in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we probed mouse embryos (embryonic days 10.5-14.5) and spotted gar fish embryos (14 days postfertilization) for these newly linked genes, Cbln1, Cldn23, Fermt1, Krt15, Pltp and Prss8, which were expressed in mouse and gar dental epithelium. Loss of p63 altered expression levels but not domains. Expression was comparable between murine upper and lower tooth organs, implying conserved gene functions in maxillary and mandibular dentitions. Our meta-analysis of gene expression databases supported that these genes act within a p63-driven gene regulatory network important to tooth development in mammals and more evolutionary ancient vertebrates (fish, amphibians). CONCLUSIONS Cbln1, Cldn23, Fermt1, Krt15, Pltp, and Prss8 were expressed in mouse and fish dental epithelium at placode, bud, and/or cap stages. We theorize that these genes participate in cell-cell adhesion, cell polarity, and extracellular matrix signaling to support dental epithelium integrity, folding, and epithelial-mesenchymal cross talk during tooth development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Rostampour
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Cassy M Appelt
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Aunum Abid
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Julia C Boughner
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
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Mutchler SM, Kleyman TR. New insights regarding epithelial Na+ channel regulation and its role in the kidney, immune system and vasculature. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2019; 28:113-119. [PMID: 30585851 PMCID: PMC6349474 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review describes recent findings regarding the epithelial Na channel (ENaC) and its roles in physiologic and pathophysiologic states. We discuss new insights regarding ENaC's structure, its regulation by various factors, its potential role in hypertension and nephrotic syndrome, and its roles in the immune system and vasculature. RECENT FINDINGS A recently resolved structure of ENaC provides clues regarding mechanisms of ENaC activation by proteases. The use of amiloride in nephrotic syndrome, and associated complications are discussed. ENaC is expressed in dendritic cells and contributes to immune system activation and increases in blood pressure in response to NaCl. ENaC is expressed in endothelial ENaC and has a role in regulating vascular tone. SUMMARY New findings have emerged regarding ENaC and its role in the kidney, immune system, and vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Mutchler
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Thomas R. Kleyman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Monteiro-Reis S, Lobo J, Henrique R, Jerónimo C. Epigenetic Mechanisms Influencing Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Bladder Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E297. [PMID: 30642115 PMCID: PMC6358899 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most incident neoplasms worldwide, and its treatment remains a significant challenge, since the mechanisms underlying disease progression are still poorly understood. The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been proven to play an important role in the tumorigenic process, particularly in cancer cell invasiveness and metastatic potential. Several studies have reported the importance of epigenetic mechanisms and enzymes, which orchestrate them in several features of cancer cells and, specifically, in EMT. In this paper, we discuss the epigenetic enzymes, protein-coding and non-coding genes, and mechanisms altered in the EMT process occurring in bladder cancer cells, as well as its implications, which allows for improved understanding of bladder cancer biology and for the development of novel targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Monteiro-Reis
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| | - João Lobo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal.
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