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Miskin RP, DiPersio CM. Roles for epithelial integrin α3β1 in regulation of the microenvironment during normal and pathological tissue remodeling. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C1308-C1319. [PMID: 38497112 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00128.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Integrin receptors for the extracellular matrix activate intracellular signaling pathways that are critical for tissue development, homeostasis, and regeneration/repair, and their loss or dysregulation contributes to many developmental defects and tissue pathologies. This review will focus on tissue remodeling roles for integrin α3β1, a receptor for laminins found in the basement membranes (BMs) that underlie epithelial cell layers. As a paradigm, we will discuss literature that supports a role for α3β1 in promoting ability of epidermal keratinocytes to modify their tissue microenvironment during skin development, wound healing, or tumorigenesis. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that this role depends largely on ability of α3β1 to govern the keratinocyte's repertoire of secreted proteins, or the "secretome," including 1) matrix proteins and proteases involved in matrix remodeling and 2) paracrine-acting growth factors/cytokines that stimulate other cells with important tissue remodeling functions (e.g., endothelial cells, fibroblasts, inflammatory cells). Moreover, α3β1 signaling controls gene expression that helps epithelial cells carry out these functions, including genes that encode secreted matrix proteins, proteases, growth factors, or cytokines. We will review what is known about α3β1-dependent gene regulation through both transcription and posttranscriptional mRNA stability. Regarding the latter, we will discuss examples of α3β1-dependent alternative splicing (AS) or alternative polyadenylation (APA) that prevents inclusion of cis-acting mRNA sequences that would otherwise target the transcript for degradation via nonsense-mediated decay or destabilizing AU-rich elements (AREs) in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR). Finally, we will discuss prospects and anticipated challenges of exploiting α3β1 as a clinical target for the treatment of cancer or wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Michael DiPersio
- Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States
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2
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Contribution of Endothelial Laminin-Binding Integrins to Cellular Processes Associated with Angiogenesis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050816. [PMID: 35269439 PMCID: PMC8909174 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells engage extracellular matrix and basement membrane components through integrin-mediated adhesion to promote angiogenesis. Angiogenesis involves the sprouting of endothelial cells from pre-existing vessels, their migration into surrounding tissue, the upregulation of angiogenesis-associated genes, and the formation of new endothelial tubes. To determine whether the endothelial laminin-binding integrins, α6β4, and α3β1 contribute to these processes, we employed RNAi technology in organotypic angiogenesis assays, as well in migration assays, in vitro. The endothelial depletion of either α6β4 or α3β1 inhibited endothelial sprouting, indicating that these integrins have non-redundant roles in this process. Interestingly, these phenotypes were accompanied by overlapping and distinct changes in the expression of angiogenesis-associated genes. Lastly, depletion of α6β4, but not α3β1, inhibited migration. Taken together, these results suggest that laminin-binding integrins regulate processes associated with angiogenesis by distinct and overlapping mechanisms.
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3
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Wang B, Zheng B, Cao L, Liao K, Huang D, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Zheng S. T-lymphoma invasion and metastasis 1 promotes invadopodia formation and is regulated by the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Exp Cell Res 2021; 407:112806. [PMID: 34487727 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
At present, there are still many poorly understood aspects of the mechanisms underlying hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) invasion and metastasis. Invadopodia are important structures for cancer cell invasion and metastasis. We determined that high T-lymphoma invasion and metastasis 1 (Tiam1) expression is associated with HCC invasion and metastasis and poor patient prognosis after surgery. Gain- and loss-of-function studies confirmed that Tiam1 promotes invadopodia formation in HCC by activating Rac1. A series of biochemical experiments confirmed that this effect is regulated by the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. We also confirmed that PIP2 facilitates this effect. In summary, these findings reveal that Tiam1 plays an important role in invadopodia formation in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Wang
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China; Department of Surgery, The 63650th Troop Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Urumqi, Xinjinag, 841700, China
| | - Bowen Zheng
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Li Cao
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Kexi Liao
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Deng Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary, General Hospital of Tibet Military Command Area, Lhasa, Tibet, 850000, China
| | - Yujun Zhang
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Shuguo Zheng
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
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4
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Cheng J, Scala F, Blanco FA, Niu S, Firozi K, Keehan L, Mulherkar S, Froudarakis E, Li L, Duman JG, Jiang X, Tolias KF. The Rac-GEF Tiam1 Promotes Dendrite and Synapse Stabilization of Dentate Granule Cells and Restricts Hippocampal-Dependent Memory Functions. J Neurosci 2021; 41:1191-1206. [PMID: 33328293 PMCID: PMC7888217 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3271-17.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) controls information flow into the hippocampus and is critical for learning, memory, pattern separation, and spatial coding, while DG dysfunction is associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Despite its importance, the molecular mechanisms regulating DG neural circuit assembly and function remain unclear. Here, we identify the Rac-GEF Tiam1 as an important regulator of DG development and associated memory processes. In the hippocampus, Tiam1 is predominantly expressed in the DG throughout life. Global deletion of Tiam1 in male mice results in DG granule cells with simplified dendritic arbors, reduced dendritic spine density, and diminished excitatory synaptic transmission. Notably, DG granule cell dendrites and synapses develop normally in Tiam1 KO mice, resembling WT mice at postnatal day 21 (P21), but fail to stabilize, leading to dendrite and synapse loss by P42. These results indicate that Tiam1 promotes DG granule cell dendrite and synapse stabilization late in development. Tiam1 loss also increases the survival, but not the production, of adult-born DG granule cells, possibly because of greater circuit integration as a result of decreased competition with mature granule cells for synaptic inputs. Strikingly, both male and female mice lacking Tiam1 exhibit enhanced contextual fear memory and context discrimination. Together, these results suggest that Tiam1 is a key regulator of DG granule cell stabilization and function within hippocampal circuits. Moreover, based on the enhanced memory phenotype of Tiam1 KO mice, Tiam1 may be a potential target for the treatment of disorders involving memory impairments.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The dentate gyrus (DG) is important for learning, memory, pattern separation, and spatial navigation, and its dysfunction is associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling DG formation and function remain elusive. By characterizing mice lacking the Rac-GEF Tiam1, we demonstrate that Tiam1 promotes the stabilization of DG granule cell dendritic arbors, spines, and synapses, whereas it restricts the survival of adult-born DG granule cells, which compete with mature granule cells for synaptic integration. Notably, mice lacking Tiam1 also exhibit enhanced contextual fear memory and context discrimination. These findings establish Tiam1 as an essential regulator of DG granule cell development, and identify it as a possible therapeutic target for memory enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxuan Cheng
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Federico Scala
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Francisco A Blanco
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Science Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Sanyong Niu
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Karen Firozi
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Laura Keehan
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Shalaka Mulherkar
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | | | - Lingyong Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Joseph G Duman
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Xiaolong Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Kimberley F Tolias
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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5
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Tang H, Wang X, Zhang M, Yan Y, Huang S, Ji J, Xu J, Zhang Y, Cai Y, Yang B, Lan W, Huang M, Zhang L. MicroRNA-200b/c-3p regulate epithelial plasticity and inhibit cutaneous wound healing by modulating TGF-β-mediated RAC1 signaling. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:931. [PMID: 33122632 PMCID: PMC7596237 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous wound healing is pivotal for human skin to regain barrier function against pathogens. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been found to play regulatory roles in wound healing. However, the mechanism of miRNA regulation remains largely unknown. In this study, we focused on microRNA-200b/c-3p (miR-200b/c-3p) whose expression was abundant in intact epidermis, but dramatically decreased in skin wounds. In silico prediction identified RAC1 as a potential miR-200b/c-3p target. Luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-200b/c-p repressed RAC1 by direct targeting to its mRNA 3′UTR. Consistently, miR-200b/c-3p expression was discordantly related to RAC1 protein level during wound healing. Forced miR-200b/c-3p expression repressed RAC1 and inhibited keratinocyte migration as well as re-epithelialization in a mouse back skin full-thickness wound healing model. Mechanistically, miR-200b/c-3p modulated RAC1 to inhibit cell migration by repressing lamellipodia formation and intercellular adhesion dissolution in keratinocytes. Furthermore, we found that TGF-β1, which was highly expressed in skin wounds, contributed to the downregulation of miR-200b/c-3p in wound edge keratinocytes. Taken together, miR-200b/c-3p-mediated RAC1 repression inhibited keratinocyte migration to delay re-epithelialization. TGF-β1 induction attenuated miR-200b/c-3p regulation of RAC1 signaling in cutaneous wounds and the repression of miR-200b/c-3p accelerated keratinocyte migration to promote wound healing. Our data provide new insight into how miR-200b/c-3p affects keratinocyte migration and highlight the potential of miR-200b/c-3p targeting for accelerating wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyi Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueer Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Simin Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahao Ji
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfu Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijia Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjie Cai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bobo Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqi Lan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mianbo Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Ueyama T, Sakuma M, Nakatsuji M, Uebi T, Hamada T, Aiba A, Saito N. Rac-Dependent Signaling from Keratinocytes Promotes Differentiation of Intradermal White Adipocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:75-84.e6. [PMID: 31351086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.06.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Rac signaling affects numerous downstream targets in vitro; however, few studies have established in vivo levels. We generated mice with a single knockout (KO) of Rac1 (Keratin5(K5)-Cre;Rac1flox/flox, Rac1-KO) and double KO of Rac1 and Rac3 (K5-Cre;Rac1flox/flox;Rac3-/-, Rac1/Rac3-DKO) in keratinocytes. The hairless phenotype in Rac1-KO mice was markedly exacerbated in Rac1/Rac3-DKO mice. Strikingly, Rac1-KO mice exhibited thinner dermal white adipose tissue, which was considerably further reduced in Rac1/Rac3-DKO mice. DNA microarray using primary keratinocytes from Rac1/Rac3-DKO mice exhibited decreased mRNA levels of Bmp2, Bmp5, Fgf20, Fgf21, Fgfbp1, and Pdgfα. Combinational treatment with bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2 and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 in culture medium, but not individual purified recombinant proteins, could differentiate 3T3-L1 fibroblasts into adipocytes, as could culture media from primary keratinocytes. Conversely, addition of anti-BMP2 or anti-FGF21 antibodies into the culture medium inhibited fibroblast differentiation. In addition, BMP2 and FGF21 treatment promoted adipocyte differentiation only of rat primary white adipocyte precursors but not rat primary brown adipocyte precursors. Furthermore, BMP2 and FGF21 treatment enhanced adipogenesis of normal human dermal fibroblasts. Notably, brown adipogenesis promoted by FGF21 was inhibited by BMP2. Thus, we propose a complex paracrine pathway from keratinocytes to intradermal pre-adipocytes, which functions as a Rac-dependent modulator of both white and brown adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Ueyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Megumi Sakuma
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mio Nakatsuji
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Uebi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hamada
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Atsu Aiba
- Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoaki Saito
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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7
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De Rosa L, Secone Seconetti A, De Santis G, Pellacani G, Hirsch T, Rothoeft T, Teig N, Pellegrini G, Bauer JW, De Luca M. Laminin 332-Dependent YAP Dysregulation Depletes Epidermal Stem Cells in Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa. Cell Rep 2019; 27:2036-2049.e6. [PMID: 31091444 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Laminin 332-deficient junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) is a severe genetic skin disease. JEB is marked by epidermal stem cell depletion, the origin of which is unknown. We show that dysregulation of the YAP and TAZ pathway underpins such stem cell depletion. Laminin 332-mediated YAP activity sustains human epidermal stem cells, detected as holoclones. Ablation of YAP selectively depletes holoclones, while enforced YAP blocks conversion of stem cells into progenitors and indefinitely extends the keratinocyte lifespan. YAP is dramatically decreased in JEB keratinocytes, which contain only phosphorylated, inactive YAP. In normal keratinocytes, laminin 332 and α6β4 ablation abolish YAP activity and recapitulate the JEB phenotype. In JEB keratinocytes, laminin 332-gene therapy rescues YAP activity and epidermal stem cells in vitro and in vivo. In JEB cells, enforced YAP recapitulates laminin 332-gene therapy, thus uncoupling adhesion from proliferation in epidermal stem cells. This work has important clinical implication for ex vivo gene therapy of JEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura De Rosa
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine "Stefano Ferrari," Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alessia Secone Seconetti
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine "Stefano Ferrari," Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giorgio De Santis
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pellacani
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry, and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Tobias Hirsch
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Centre, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Tobias Rothoeft
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, University Children's Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Norbert Teig
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, University Children's Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Graziella Pellegrini
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine "Stefano Ferrari," Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry, and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Johann W Bauer
- EB House Austria and Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michele De Luca
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine "Stefano Ferrari," Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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8
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Acevedo A, González-Billault C. Crosstalk between Rac1-mediated actin regulation and ROS production. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 116:101-113. [PMID: 29330095 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The small RhoGTPase Rac1 is implicated in a variety of events related to actin cytoskeleton rearrangement. Remarkably, another event that is completely different from those related to actin regulation has the same relevance; the Rac1-mediated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through NADPH oxidases (NOX). Each outcome involves different Rac1 downstream effectors; on one hand, events related to the actin cytoskeleton require Rac1 to bind to WAVEs proteins and PAKs that ultimately promote actin branching and turnover, on the other, NOX-derived ROS production demands active Rac1 to be bound to a cytosolic activator of NOX. How Rac1-mediated signaling ends up promoting actin-related events, NOX-derived ROS, or both is poorly understood. Rac1 regulators, including scaffold proteins, are known to exert tight control over its functions. Hence, evidence of Rac1 regulatory events leading to both actin remodeling and NOX-mediated ROS generation are discussed. Moreover, cellular functions linked to physiological and pathological conditions that exhibit crosstalk between Rac1 outcomes are analyzed, while plausible roles in neuronal functions (and dysfunctions) are highlighted. Together, discussed evidence shed light on cellular mechanisms which requires Rac1 to direct either actin- and/or ROS-related events, helping to understand crucial roles of Rac1 dual functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Acevedo
- FONDAP Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Christian González-Billault
- FONDAP Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 7800024, Chile; The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, USA.
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9
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Pizza FX, Martin RA, Springer EM, Leffler MS, Woelmer BR, Recker IJ, Leaman DW. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 augments myoblast adhesion and fusion through homophilic trans-interactions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5094. [PMID: 28698658 PMCID: PMC5506053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The overall objective of the study was to identify mechanisms through which intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) augments the adhesive and fusogenic properties of myogenic cells. Hypotheses were tested using cultured myoblasts and fibroblasts, which do not constitutively express ICAM-1, and myoblasts and fibroblasts forced to express full length ICAM-1 or a truncated form lacking the cytoplasmic domain of ICAM-1. ICAM-1 mediated myoblast adhesion and fusion were quantified using novel assays and cell mixing experiments. We report that ICAM-1 augments myoblast adhesion to myoblasts and myotubes through homophilic trans-interactions. Such adhesive interactions enhanced levels of active Rac in adherent and fusing myoblasts, as well as triggered lamellipodia, spreading, and fusion of myoblasts through the signaling function of the cytoplasmic domain of ICAM-1. Rac inhibition negated ICAM-1 mediated lamellipodia, spreading, and fusion of myoblasts. The fusogenic property of ICAM-1-ICAM-1 interactions was restricted to myogenic cells, as forced expression of ICAM-1 by fibroblasts did not augment their fusion to ICAM-1+ myoblasts/myotubes. We conclude that ICAM-1 augments myoblast adhesion and fusion through its ability to self-associate and initiate Rac-mediated remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis X Pizza
- School of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA.
| | - Ryan A Martin
- School of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Evan M Springer
- School of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Maxwell S Leffler
- School of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Bryce R Woelmer
- School of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Isaac J Recker
- School of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Douglas W Leaman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA.,Wright State University, 4035 Colonel Glenn Hwy., Suite 300, Beavercreek, OH, 45431, USA
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10
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Benedicto I, Lehmann GL, Ginsberg M, Nolan DJ, Bareja R, Elemento O, Salfati Z, Alam NM, Prusky GT, Llanos P, Rabbany SY, Maminishkis A, Miller SS, Rafii S, Rodriguez-Boulan E. Concerted regulation of retinal pigment epithelium basement membrane and barrier function by angiocrine factors. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15374. [PMID: 28524846 PMCID: PMC5454459 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The outer blood-retina barrier is established through the coordinated terminal maturation of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), fenestrated choroid endothelial cells (ECs) and Bruch's membrane, a highly organized basement membrane that lies between both cell types. Here we study the contribution of choroid ECs to this process by comparing their gene expression profile before (P5) and after (P30) the critical postnatal period when mice acquire mature visual function. Transcriptome analyses show that expression of extracellular matrix-related genes changes dramatically over this period. Co-culture experiments support the existence of a novel regulatory pathway: ECs secrete factors that remodel RPE basement membrane, and integrin receptors sense these changes triggering Rho GTPase signals that modulate RPE tight junctions and enhance RPE barrier function. We anticipate our results will spawn a search for additional roles of choroid ECs in RPE physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Benedicto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Guillermo L Lehmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Michael Ginsberg
- Angiocrine Bioscience, Inc., 11575 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite 217, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Daniel J Nolan
- Angiocrine Bioscience, Inc., 11575 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite 217, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Rohan Bareja
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Zelda Salfati
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Nazia M Alam
- Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, New York 10605, USA
| | - Glen T Prusky
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, New York 10605, USA
| | - Pierre Llanos
- Bioengineering Program, DeMatteis School of Engineering and Applied Science, Hofstra University, 1000 Fulton Avenue, Hempstead, New York 11549, USA
| | - Sina Y Rabbany
- Bioengineering Program, DeMatteis School of Engineering and Applied Science, Hofstra University, 1000 Fulton Avenue, Hempstead, New York 11549, USA.,Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Arvydas Maminishkis
- Section of Epithelial and Retinal Physiology and Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive MSC 2510, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2510, USA
| | - Sheldon S Miller
- Section of Epithelial and Retinal Physiology and Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive MSC 2510, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2510, USA
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Enrique Rodriguez-Boulan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
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11
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Winge MCG, Marinkovich MP. Epidermal activation of the small GTPase Rac1 in psoriasis pathogenesis. Small GTPases 2017; 10:163-168. [PMID: 28055293 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1273861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (RAC1) plays a central role in skin homeostasis, including barrier function, wound healing and inflammatory responses. Psoriasis is a common skin disease characterized by deregulation of these functions, and affected skin exhibit keratinocyte hyperproliferation, inflammation and immune cell infiltration. Although psoriasis is often triggered by environmental stimulus, there is a strong genetic association with genes expressed in both immune cells and keratinocytes, of which several are linked to Rac1 signaling. Rac1 is highly active in human psoriatic lesional skin and keratinocytes, and keratinocyte-specific overexpression of an activated mutant of Rac1, Rac1V12, in a transgenic mouse model closely mimics the presentation of human psoriasis. Both Rac1 activation in keratinocytes and immune derived stimulus are required to drive psoriasiform signaling in transgenic mouse and human xenograft models of psoriasis. Therefore, understanding how increased Rac1 activation in psoriatic epidermis is regulated is central to understanding how the abnormal crosstalk between keratinocytes and immune cells is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mårten C G Winge
- a Program in Epithelial Biology , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - M Peter Marinkovich
- a Program in Epithelial Biology , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA.,b Dermatology Service , Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Palo Alto , CA , USA
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12
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Lin L, You J, Qian Y, Han Y, Xiong H, Zhu T, Xia K, Su T. The prognostic value of T Lymphoma Invasion and Metastasis 1 (TIAM1) expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2016; 31. [PMID: 27862620 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lin
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing YouAn Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing 100069 People's Republic of China
| | - Jingmin You
- Department of Stomatology; The First People's Hospital of Changde; Changde 415003 People's Republic of China
| | - Yunmei Qian
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Hospital; Central-South University; Changsha 410008 People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Hospital; Central-South University; Changsha 410008 People's Republic of China
| | - Haofeng Xiong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Hospital; Central-South University; Changsha 410008 People's Republic of China
| | - Tengfei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics; Central South University; Changsha 410078 People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics; Central South University; Changsha 410078 People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Su
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Hospital; Central-South University; Changsha 410008 People's Republic of China
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13
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Integrin-mediated regulation of epidermal wound functions. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 365:467-82. [PMID: 27351421 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
During cutaneous wound healing, keratinocyte proliferation and migration are critical for re-epithelialization. In addition the epidermis secretes growth factors, cytokines, proteases, and matricellular proteins into the wound microenvironment that modify the extracellular matrix and stimulate other wound cells that control the inflammatory response, promote angiogenesis and facilitate tissue contraction and remodeling. Wound keratinocytes express at least seven different integrins-the major cell adhesion receptors for the extracellular matrix-that collectively control essential cell-autonomous functions to ensure proper re-epithelialization, including migration, proliferation, survival and basement membrane assembly. Moreover, it has become evident in recent years that some integrins can regulate paracrine signals from wound epidermis that stimulate other wound cells involved in angiogenesis, contraction and inflammation. Importantly, it is likely that abnormal integrin expression or function in the epidermis contributes to wound pathologies such as over-exuberant healing (e.g., hypertrophic scar formation) or diminished healing (e.g., chronic wounds). In this review, we discuss current knowledge of integrin function in the epidermis, which implicates them as attractive therapeutic targets to promote wound healing or treat wound pathologies. We also discuss challenges that arise from the complex roles that multiple integrins play in wound epidermis, which may be regulated through extracellular matrix remodeling that determines ligand availability. Indeed, understanding how different integrin functions are temporally coordinated in wound epidermis and which integrin functions go awry in pathological wounds, will be important to determine how best to target them clinically to achieve maximum therapeutic benefit. Graphical abstract In addition to their well-characterized roles in keratinocyte adhesion, migration and wound re-epithelialization, epidermal integrins play important roles in modifying the wound microenvironment by regulating the expression and secretion of growth factors, extracellular proteases, and matricellular proteins that stimulate other wound cells, including vascular endothelial cells and fibroblasts/myofibroblasts.
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14
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Johnston T, Chandra A, Hewitt AW. Current Understanding of the Genetic Architecture of Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment. Ophthalmic Genet 2016; 37:121-9. [PMID: 26757352 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2015.1033557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is a common and potentially blinding surgical retinal disease. While the precise molecular mechanisms leading to RRD are poorly understood, there is an increasing body of literature supporting the role of heritable factors in the pathogenesis of the condition. Much work has been undertaken investigating genes important in syndromic forms of RRD (e.g., Stickler, Wagner Syndrome, etc.) and research pertaining to genetic investigations of idiopathic or non-syndromic RRD has also recently been reported. To date, at least 12 genetic loci have been implicated in the development of syndromes of which RRD is a feature. A recent GWAS identified five loci implicated in the development of idiopathic RRD.This article provides an overview of the genetic mechanisms of both syndromic and idiopathic RRD. The genetics of predisposing conditions, such as myopia and lattice degeneration, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Johnston
- a Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia and
| | - Aman Chandra
- a Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia and
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- a Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia and.,b School of Medicine, Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania , Hobart , Tasmania , Australia
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15
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Bravo-Cordero JJ, Cordani M, Soriano SF, Díez B, Muñoz-Agudo C, Casanova-Acebes M, Boullosa C, Guadamillas MC, Ezkurdia I, González-Pisano D, del Pozo MA, Montoya MC. A novel high content analysis tool reveals Rab8-driven actin and FA reorganization through Rho GTPases and calpain/MT1. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:1734-49. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.174920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab8 is a small Ras-related GTPase that regulates polarized membrane transport to the plasma membrane. A high content analysis (HCA) tool developed to dissect Rab8-mediated actin and focal adhesion (FA) reorganization revealed that Rab8 activation significantly induced Rac1/Tiam1 to mediate cortical actin (CA) formation and RhoA-dependent stress fibre (SF) disassembly. Rab8 activation increased Rac1 activity, while its depletion activated RhoA, which led to reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Rab8 was also associated with FA, promoting their disassembly in a microtubule dependent manner. This Rab8 effect involved Calpain, MT1-MMP and Rho GTPases. Moreover, we demonstrate the role of Rab8 in the cell migration process. Indeed, Rab8 is required for EGF-induced cell polarization and chemotaxis as well as for the directional persistency of intrinsic cell motility. These data reveal that Rab8 drives cell motility by mechanisms both dependent and independent of Rho GTPases, thereby regulating the establishment of cell polarity, turnover of FA, and actin cytoskeleton rearrangements, thus determining the directionality of cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J. Bravo-Cordero
- Current Address: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, Box 1079, USA
| | - Marco Cordani
- Integrin Signaling Laboratory, Cell Biology & Physiology Program; Cell & Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, E28029, Spain
| | - Silvia F. Soriano
- Integrin Signaling Laboratory, Cell Biology & Physiology Program; Cell & Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, E28029, Spain
| | - Begoña Díez
- Cellomics Unit. Cell Biology & Physiology Program; Cell & Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares CNIC. C/ Melchor Fernandez Almagro, 3. Madrid, E28029, Spain
| | - Carmen Muñoz-Agudo
- Cellomics Unit. Cell Biology & Physiology Program; Cell & Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares CNIC. C/ Melchor Fernandez Almagro, 3. Madrid, E28029, Spain
| | - María Casanova-Acebes
- Cellomics Unit. Cell Biology & Physiology Program; Cell & Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares CNIC. C/ Melchor Fernandez Almagro, 3. Madrid, E28029, Spain
| | - César Boullosa
- Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), C/Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid E28029, Spain
| | - Marta C. Guadamillas
- Integrin Signaling Laboratory, Cell Biology & Physiology Program; Cell & Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, E28029, Spain
| | - Iakes Ezkurdia
- Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), C/Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid E28029, Spain
| | - David González-Pisano
- Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), C/Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid E28029, Spain
| | - Miguel A. del Pozo
- Integrin Signaling Laboratory, Cell Biology & Physiology Program; Cell & Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, E28029, Spain
| | - María C. Montoya
- Cellomics Unit. Cell Biology & Physiology Program; Cell & Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares CNIC. C/ Melchor Fernandez Almagro, 3. Madrid, E28029, Spain
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16
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Kutys ML, Yamada KM. Rho GEFs and GAPs: emerging integrators of extracellular matrix signaling. Small GTPases 2015; 6:16-9. [PMID: 25862162 DOI: 10.4161/21541248.2014.989792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating cell migration in 3D settings has revealed that specific extracellular matrix environments require differential activities of the Rho GTPases for efficient migration. However, it is largely unknown how the activities of specific Rho GTPases are modulated to direct cell migration in response to different extracellular matrix cues. We have recently reported that extracellular matrix-dependent regulation of a specific Rho GEF is a fundamental mechanism governing cell migration in different microenvironments, providing a direct mechanism for extracellular matrix-specific regulation of Rho GTPase activity directing cell motility. We discovered that the Rho GEF βPix has a unique function during cell migration in fibrillar collagen environments by restraining RhoA signaling through a conserved signaling axis involving Cdc42 and the Rho GAP srGAP1. In this Commentary, we expand upon this new pathway and discuss potential mechanotransductive and therapeutic applications. Additionally, we speculate on a generalized role for Rho GEFs and GAPs in providing localized, context-dependent responses to the cellular microenvironment during cell migration and other cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Kutys
- a Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology; National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research; National Institutes of Health
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17
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Cheng W, Liu Y, Zuo Z, Yin X, Jiang B, Chen D, Peng C, Yang J. Biological effects of RNAi targeted inhibiting Tiam1 gene expression on cholangiocarcinoma cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:15511-15526. [PMID: 26884821 PMCID: PMC4730034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the characteristics of Tiam1 gene expression in human cholangiocarcinoma tissues and benign bile duct tissues, and to analyze the correlations between Tiam1 gene expression and the degree of tumor differentiation, invasive and metastatic abilities. To explore the effect of targeted inhibiting Tiam1 gene expression on proliferation and migration activity of human cholangiocarcinoma cells. METHODS Expression of Tiam1 in 83 cases of cholangiocarcinoma tissues and 25 cases of benign bile tissues was detected using immunohistochemistry. The clinical data of patients with cholangiocarcinoma were collected. The correlations between Tiam1 gene expression and the clinicopathologic features in patients with cholangiocarcinoma were analyzed. The human cholangiocarcinoma RBE cells were divided into 3 groups. Cells in experimental group and control group were respectively transfected with Tiam1 shRNA lentiviral vectors and negative shRNA lentiviral control vectors. Cells in blank group received no treatment. Real-time PCR endogenesis was used to verify Tiam1 gene expression. Cell cycle experiments and MTT assay were used to measure cell proliferation activity. Transwell test was used to detect cell migration activity. RESULTS The negative rate Tiam1 protein expression in cholangiocarcinoma tissues was significantly higher than that in benign bile tissues (P<0.001). Tiam1 protein expression in cholangiocarcinoma tissues had correlations with cholangiocarcinoma differentiation degree, TNM stage and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05), and had no significant correlations with gender, age and distant metastasis (P>0.05). Real-time PCR detection indicated that Tiam1 expression of experimental group was significantly lower than that in control group and blank group (P<0.05), demonstrating that Tiam1 shRNA was effective on Tiam1 gene silencing in RBE cells. Cell cycle experiment showed that the percentage of S phase in cell cycle in experimental group was lower than that in control group and blank group (P<0.05), demonstrating that after the down-regulation of Tiam1 gene expression, the speed of cell proliferation was inhibited. MTT assay results showed that the total growth speed in experimental group was significantly lower than that in control group and blank group (P<0.05), indicating that the proliferation activity of cholangiocarcinoma cells was inhibited after targeted inhibition of Tiam1 gene expression. Transwell detection results showed that the metastasis rate in experimental group was significantly lower than that in control group and blank group (P<0.05), demonstrating that targeted inhibition of Tiam1 gene expression could significantly inhibit migration ability of RBE cells. CONCLUSION Tiam1 expression significantly increased in cholangiocarcinoma tissues, and increased along with the degree of malignancy of cholangiocarcinoma. Targeted silencing Tiam1 expression could inhibit proliferation and migration activity of cholangiocarcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yaling Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhi Zuo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinmin Yin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Daojin Chen
- The Third Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chuang Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianhui Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
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18
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Namba T, Funahashi Y, Nakamuta S, Xu C, Takano T, Kaibuchi K. Extracellular and Intracellular Signaling for Neuronal Polarity. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:995-1024. [PMID: 26133936 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are one of the highly polarized cells in the body. One of the fundamental issues in neuroscience is how neurons establish their polarity; therefore, this issue fascinates many scientists. Cultured neurons are useful tools for analyzing the mechanisms of neuronal polarization, and indeed, most of the molecules important in their polarization were identified using culture systems. However, we now know that the process of neuronal polarization in vivo differs in some respects from that in cultured neurons. One of the major differences is their surrounding microenvironment; neurons in vivo can be influenced by extrinsic factors from the microenvironment. Therefore, a major question remains: How are neurons polarized in vivo? Here, we begin by reviewing the process of neuronal polarization in culture conditions and in vivo. We also survey the molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal polarization. Finally, we introduce the theoretical basis of neuronal polarization and the possible involvement of neuronal polarity in disease and traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Namba
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Funahashi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinichi Nakamuta
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chundi Xu
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takano
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kozo Kaibuchi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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19
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Ketema M, Secades P, Kreft M, Nahidiazar L, Janssen H, Jalink K, de Pereda JM, Sonnenberg A. The rod domain is not essential for the function of plectin in maintaining tissue integrity. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:2402-17. [PMID: 25971800 PMCID: PMC4571296 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-01-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plectin is a cytoskeletal linker protein that consists of a central rod domain connecting two globular domains. Rodless plectin is able to functionally compensate for the loss of full-length plectin in mice and, like full-length plectin, is able to form dimers. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex associated with late-onset muscular dystrophy (EBS-MD) is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting from mutations in the plectin gene. The majority of these mutations occur within the large exon 31 encoding the central rod domain and leave the production of a low-level rodless plectin splice variant unaffected. To investigate the function of the rod domain, we generated rodless plectin mice through conditional deletion of exon 31. Rodless plectin mice develop normally without signs of skin blistering or muscular dystrophy. Plectin localization and hemidesmosome organization are unaffected in rodless plectin mice. However, superresolution microscopy revealed a closer juxtaposition of the C-terminus of plectin to the integrin β4 subunit in rodless plectin keratinocytes. Wound healing occurred slightly faster in rodless plectin mice than in wild-type mice, and keratinocytes migration was increased in the absence of the rod domain. The faster migration of rodless plectin keratinocytes is not due to altered biochemical properties because, like full-length plectin, rodless plectin is a dimeric protein. Our data demonstrate that rodless plectin can functionally compensate for the loss of full-length plectin in mice. Thus the low expression level of plectin rather than the absence of the rod domain dictates the development of EBS-MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Ketema
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pablo Secades
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maaike Kreft
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Leila Nahidiazar
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hans Janssen
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kees Jalink
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jose M de Pereda
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cancer, University of Salamanca-CSIC, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Arnoud Sonnenberg
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
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20
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Burke RM, Berk BC. The Role of PB1 Domain Proteins in Endothelial Cell Dysfunction and Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:1243-56. [PMID: 25686626 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE There are a limited number of proteins containing the Phox-Bem1 (PB1) protein interaction domain, and almost all of them play some role in endothelial cell (EC) function, health, and homeostasis. RECENT ADVANCES Most of these proteins have been shown to physically interact through PB1-PB1 binding and, as such, are linked together to form complexes that are responsive to hemodynamic force. These complexes range from redox regulation to inflammation to autophagy and back, and they employ multiple feedback mechanisms that are reliant on PB1 domain proteins. CRITICAL ISSUES Pathologic roles for PB1 domain-containing proteins have been demonstrated in multiple diseases, including vascular disease, cancer, liver disease, and myriad other concerns. Findings cited in this review show that dimerization of PB1 proteins exerts novel effects on EC function that may be important in multiple cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, inflammation, and hypertension. FUTURE DIRECTIONS As mechanistic understanding of the component pathways (redox regulation, cell polarity, inflammation, atheroprotection, and autophagy) is continually increasing, the larger picture of how these pathways interact with one another is evolving rapidly. We can now evaluate the PB1 domain proteins as a family in the context of multiple phenotypic readouts in EC function as well as evaluate them as drug targets against disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Burke
- Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
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21
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Integrin-mediated adhesion and mechano-sensing in cutaneous wound healing. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 360:571-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Goicoechea SM, Awadia S, Garcia-Mata R. I'm coming to GEF you: Regulation of RhoGEFs during cell migration. Cell Adh Migr 2014; 8:535-49. [PMID: 25482524 PMCID: PMC4594598 DOI: 10.4161/cam.28721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is a highly regulated multistep process that requires the coordinated regulation of cell adhesion, protrusion, and contraction. These processes require numerous protein–protein interactions and the activation of specific signaling pathways. The Rho family of GTPases plays a key role in virtually every aspect of the cell migration cycle. The activation of Rho GTPases is mediated by a large and diverse family of proteins; the guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs). GEFs work immediately upstream of Rho proteins to provide a direct link between Rho activation and cell–surface receptors for various cytokines, growth factors, adhesion molecules, and G protein-coupled receptors. The regulated targeting and activation of RhoGEFs is essential to coordinate the migratory process. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the role of RhoGEFs in the regulation of cell migration.
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Key Words
- DH, Dbl-homology
- DHR, DOCK homology region
- DOCK, dedicator of cytokinesis
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- FA, focal adhesion
- FN, fibronectin
- GAP, GTPase activating protein
- GDI, guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor
- GEF, guanine nucleotide exchange factor
- GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- LPA, lysophosphatidic acid
- MII, myosin II
- PA, phosphatidic acid
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PH, pleckstrin-homology
- PIP2, phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate
- PIP3, phosphatidylinositol (3, 4, 5)-trisphosphate.
- Rho GEFs
- Rho GTPases
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- cell migration
- cell polarization
- focal adhesions
- guanine nucleotide exchange factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia M Goicoechea
- a Department of Biological Sciences ; University of Toledo ; Toledo , OH USA
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23
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Mulherkar S, Uddin MD, Couvillon AD, Sillitoe RV, Tolias KF. The small GTPases RhoA and Rac1 regulate cerebellar development by controlling cell morphogenesis, migration and foliation. Dev Biol 2014; 394:39-53. [PMID: 25128586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The small GTPases RhoA and Rac1 are key cytoskeletal regulators that function in a mutually antagonistic manner to control the migration and morphogenesis of a broad range of cell types. However, their role in shaping the cerebellum, a unique brain structure composed of an elaborate set of folia separated by fissures of different lengths, remains largely unexplored. Here we show that dysregulation of both RhoA and Rac1 signaling results in abnormal cerebellar ontogenesis. Ablation of RhoA from neuroprogenitor cells drastically alters the timing and placement of fissure formation, the migration and positioning of granule and Purkinje cells, the alignment of Bergmann glia, and the integrity of the basement membrane, primarily in the anterior lobules. Furthermore, in the absence of RhoA, granule cell precursors located at the base of fissures fail to undergo cell shape changes required for fissure initiation. Many of these abnormalities can be recapitulated by deleting RhoA specifically from granule cell precursors but not postnatal glia, indicating that RhoA functions in granule cell precursors to control cerebellar morphogenesis. Notably, mice with elevated Rac1 activity due to loss of the Rac1 inhibitors Bcr and Abr show similar anterior cerebellar deficits, including ectopic neurons and defects in fissure formation, Bergmann glia organization and basement membrane integrity. Together, our results suggest that RhoA and Rac1 play indispensable roles in patterning cerebellar morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalaka Mulherkar
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Anthony D Couvillon
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children׳s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kimberley F Tolias
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, M.S. BCM 295, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Hopkinson SB, Hamill KJ, Wu Y, Eisenberg JL, Hiroyasu S, Jones JC. Focal Contact and Hemidesmosomal Proteins in Keratinocyte Migration and Wound Repair. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2014; 3:247-263. [PMID: 24669360 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2013.0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: During wound healing of the skin, keratinocytes should move over while still adhering to their underlying matrix. Thus, mechanistic insights into the wound-healing process require an understanding of the forms and functions of keratinocyte matrix adhesions, specifically focal contacts and hemidesmosomes, and their components. Recent Advances: Although the structure and composition of focal contacts and hemidesmosomes are relatively well defined, the functions of their components are only now being delineated using mouse genetic models and knockdown approaches in cell culture systems. Remarkably, both focal contact and hemidesmosomal proteins appear involved in determining the speed and directional migration of epidermal cells by modulating several signal transduction pathways. Critical Issues: Although many publications are centered on focal contacts, their existence in tissues such as the skin is controversial. Nonetheless, focal contact proteins are central to mechanisms that regulate skin cell motility. Conversely, hemidesmosomes have been identified in intact skin but whether hemidesmosomal components play a positive regulatory function in keratinocyte motility remains debated in the field. Future Directions: Defective wound healing is a developing problem in the aged, hospitalized and diabetic populations. Hence, deriving new insights into the molecular roles of matrix adhesion proteins in wound healing is a prerequisite to the development of novel therapeutics to enhance tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan B. Hopkinson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kevin J. Hamill
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yvonne Wu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jessica L. Eisenberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sho Hiroyasu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jonathan C.R. Jones
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois
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25
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Longmate WM, DiPersio CM. Integrin Regulation of Epidermal Functions in Wounds. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2014; 3:229-246. [PMID: 24669359 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2013.0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Integrins are bidirectional signaling receptors for extracellular matrix that regulate both inside-out signaling that controls keratinocyte-mediated changes to the wound microenvironment and outside-in signaling that controls keratinocyte responses to microenvironmental changes. As such, integrins represent attractive therapeutic targets for treatment of chronic wounds or general promotion of wound healing. Advances in wound management are particularly important as the elderly and diabetic populations within the United States continue to grow. Recent Advances: Although integrins are best known for mediating cell adhesion and migration, integrins in wound epidermis also control cell survival, proliferation, matrix remodeling, and paracrine crosstalk to other cellular compartments of the wound. Importantly, the concept of targeting integrins in the clinic has been established for treatment of certain cancers and other diseases, laying the groundwork for similar exploitation of integrins as targets to treat chronic wounds. Critical Issues: Despite their attractiveness as therapeutic targets, integrins have complex roles in wound healing that are impacted by both their own expression and a highly dynamic wound microenvironment that determines ligand availability. Therefore, identifying relevant integrin ligands in the wound and understanding both distinct and overlapping functions that different integrins play in the epidermis will be critical to determine their precise roles in wound healing. Future Directions: Future research should focus on gaining a thorough understanding of the highly coordinated functions of different integrins in wound epidermis, and on determining which of these functions go awry in pathological wounds. This focus should facilitate development of integrin-targeting therapeutics for treating chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney M. Longmate
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - C. Michael DiPersio
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
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26
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Xiao L, Hu C, Yang W, Guo D, Li C, Shen W, Liu X, Aijun H, Dan W, He C. NMDA receptor couples Rac1-GEF Tiam1 to direct oligodendrocyte precursor cell migration. Glia 2013; 61:2078-99. [PMID: 24123220 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiao
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education; Neuroscience Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Hu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education; Neuroscience Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education; Neuroscience Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Dazhi Guo
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education; Neuroscience Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Cui Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education; Neuroscience Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Weiran Shen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education; Neuroscience Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuyun Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education; Neuroscience Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Huang Aijun
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education; Neuroscience Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Dan
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education; Neuroscience Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng He
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education; Neuroscience Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
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27
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Torricelli AAM, Singh V, Santhiago MR, Wilson SE. The corneal epithelial basement membrane: structure, function, and disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:6390-400. [PMID: 24078382 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The corneal epithelial basement membrane (BM) is positioned between basal epithelial cells and the stroma. This highly specialized extracellular matrix functions not only to anchor epithelial cells to the stroma and provide scaffolding during embryonic development but also during migration, differentiation, and maintenance of the differentiated epithelial phenotype. Basement membranes are composed of a diverse assemblage of extracellular molecules, some of which are likely specific to the tissue where they function; but in general they are composed of four primary components--collagens, laminins, heparan sulfate proteoglycans, and nidogens--in addition to other components such as thrombospondin-1, matrilin-2, and matrilin-4 and even fibronectin in some BM. Many studies have focused on characterizing BM due to their potential roles in normal tissue function and disease, and these structures have been well characterized in many tissues. Comparatively few studies, however, have focused on the function of the epithelial BM in corneal physiology. Since the normal corneal stroma is avascular and has relatively low keratocyte density, it is expected that the corneal BM would be different from the BM in other tissues. One function that appears critical in homeostasis and wound healing is the barrier function to penetration of cytokines from the epithelium to stroma (such as transforming growth factor β-1), and possibly from stroma to epithelium (such as keratinocyte growth factor). The corneal epithelial BM is also involved in many inherited and acquired corneal diseases. This review examines this structure in detail and discusses the importance of corneal epithelial BM in homeostasis, wound healing, and disease.
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Kirin M, Chandra A, Charteris DG, Hayward C, Campbell S, Celap I, Bencic G, Vatavuk Z, Kirac I, Richards AJ, Tenesa A, Snead MP, Fleck BW, Singh J, Harsum S, Maclaren RE, den Hollander AI, Dunlop MG, Hoyng CB, Wright AF, Campbell H, Vitart V, Mitry D. Genome-wide association study identifies genetic risk underlying primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:3174-85. [PMID: 23585552 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is an important cause of vision loss and can potentially lead to blindness. The underlying pathogenesis is complex and incompletely understood. We applied a two-stage genetic association discovery phase followed by a replication phase in a combined total of 2833 RRD cases and 7871 controls. The discovery phase involved a genome-wide association scan of 867 affected individuals and 1953 controls from Scotland, followed by genotyping and testing 4347 highest ranking or candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in independent sets of cases (1000) and controls (2912) of Dutch and British origin. None of the SNPs selected reached a Bonferroni-corrected threshold for significance (P < 1.27 × 10(-7)). The strongest association, for rs12960119 (P = 1.58 × 10(-7)) located within an intron of the SS18 gene. Further testing was carried out in independent case-control series from London (846 cases) and Croatia (120 cases). The combined meta-analysis identified one association reaching genome-wide significance for rs267738 (OR = 1.29, P = 2.11 × 10(-8)), a missense coding SNP and eQTL for CERS2 encoding the protein ceramide synthase 2. Several of the top signals showing suggestive significance in the combined meta-analysis encompassed genes with a documented role in cell adhesion or migration, including SS18, TIAM1, TSTA3 and LDB2, which warrant further investigation. This first genetic association study of RRD supports a polygenic component underlying RRD risk since 27.4% of the underlying RRD liability could be explained by the collective additive effects of the genotyped SNP from the discovery genome-wide scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Kirin
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH89AG, UK
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29
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Kong M, Muñoz N, Valdivia A, Alvarez A, Herrera-Molina R, Cárdenas A, Schneider P, Burridge K, Quest AFG, Leyton L. Thy-1-mediated cell-cell contact induces astrocyte migration through the engagement of αVβ3 integrin and syndecan-4. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:1409-20. [PMID: 23481656 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix proteins occurs through interactions with integrins that bind to Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) tripeptides, and syndecan-4, which recognizes the heparin-binding domain of other proteins. Both receptors trigger signaling pathways, including those that activate RhoGTPases such as RhoA and Rac1. This sequence of events modulates cell adhesion to the ECM and cell migration. Using a neuron-astrocyte model, we have reported that the neuronal protein Thy-1 engages αVβ3 integrin and syndecan-4 to induce RhoA activation and strong astrocyte adhesion to their underlying substrate. Thus, because cell-cell interactions and strong cell attachment to the matrix are considered antagonistic to cell migration, we hypothesized that Thy-1 stimulation of astrocytes should preclude cell migration. Here, we studied the effect of Thy-1 expressing neurons on astrocyte polarization and migration using a wound-healing assay and immunofluorescence analysis. Signaling molecules involved were studied by affinity precipitation, western blotting and the usage of specific antibodies. Intriguingly, Thy-1 interaction with its two receptors was found to increase astrocyte polarization and migration. The latter events required interactions of these receptors with both the RGD-like sequence and the heparin-binding domain of Thy-1. Additionally, prolonged Thy-1-receptor interactions inhibited RhoA activation while activating FAK, PI3K and Rac1. Therefore, sustained engagement of integrin and syndecan-4 with the neuronal surface protein Thy-1 induces astrocyte migration. Interestingly we identify here, a cell-cell interaction that despite initially inducing strong cell attachment, favors cell migration upon persistent stimulation by engaging the same signaling receptors and molecules as those utilized by the extracellular matrix proteins to stimulate cell movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milene Kong
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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30
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Mack NA, Porter AP, Whalley HJ, Schwarz JP, Jones RC, Khaja ASS, Bjartell A, Anderson KI, Malliri A. β2-syntrophin and Par-3 promote an apicobasal Rac activity gradient at cell-cell junctions by differentially regulating Tiam1 activity. Nat Cell Biol 2012; 14:1169-80. [PMID: 23103911 PMCID: PMC3498067 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although Rac and its activator Tiam1 are known to stimulate cell-cell adhesion, the mechanisms regulating their activity in cell-cell junction formation are poorly understood. Here, we identify β2-syntrophin as a Tiam1 interactor required for optimal cell-cell adhesion. We show that during tight-junction (TJ) assembly β2-syntrophin promotes Tiam1-Rac activity, in contrast to the function of the apical determinant Par-3 whose inhibition of Tiam1-Rac activity is necessary for TJ assembly. We further demonstrate that β2-syntrophin localizes more basally than Par-3 at cell-cell junctions, thus generating an apicobasal Rac activity gradient at developing cell-cell junctions. Targeting active Rac to TJs shows that this gradient is required for optimal TJ assembly and apical lumen formation. Consistently, β2-syntrophin depletion perturbs Tiam1 and Rac localization at cell-cell junctions and causes defects in apical lumen formation. We conclude that β2-syntrophin and Par-3 fine-tune Rac activity along cell-cell junctions controlling TJ assembly and the establishment of apicobasal polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Mack
- Cell Signalling Group, Cancer Research UK Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
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31
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O’TOOLE TIMOTHYE, BIALKOWSKA KATARZYNA, LI XIAOHONG, FOX JOANE. Tiam1 is recruited to β1-integrin complexes by 14-3-3ζ where it mediates integrin-induced Rac1 activation and motility. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:2965-78. [PMID: 21302295 PMCID: PMC6385608 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
14-3-3 is an adaptor protein that localizes to the leading edge of spreading cells, returning to the cytoplasm as spreading ceases. Previously, we showed that integrin-induced Rac1 activation and spreading were inhibited by sequestration of 14-3-3ζ and restored by its overexpression. Here, we determined whether 14-3-3 mediates integrin signaling by localizing a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) to Rac1-activating integrin complexes. We showed that GST-14-3-3ζ recruited the Rac1-GEF, Tiam1, from cell lysates through Tiam1 residues 1-182 (N(1-182) Tiam1). The physiological relevance of this interaction was examined in serum-starved Hela cells plated on fibronectin. Both Tiam1 and N(1-182) Tiam1 were recruited to 14-3-3-containing β1-integrin complexes, as shown by co-localization and co-immunoprecipitation. Integrin-induced Rac1 activation was inhibited when Tiam1 was depleted with siRNA or by overexpression of catalytically inactive N(1-182) Tiam1, which was incorporated into 14-3-3/β1-integrin complexes and inhibited spreading in a manner that was overcome by constitutively active Rac1. Integrin-induced Rac1 activation, spreading, and migration were also inhibited by overexpression of 14-3-3ζ S58D, which was unable to recruit Tiam1 from lysates, co-immunoprecipitate with Tiam1, or mediate its incorporation into β1-integrin complexes. Taken together, these findings suggest a previously unrecognized mechanism of integrin-induced Rac1 activation in which 14-3-3 dimers localize Tiam1 to integrin complexes, where it mediates integrin-dependent Rac1 activation, thus initiating motility-inducing pathways. Moreover, since Tiam1 is recruited to other sites of localized Rac1 activation through its PH-CC-EX domain, the present findings show that a mechanism involving its N-terminal 182 residues is utilized to recruit Tiam1 to motility-inducing integrin complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- TIMOTHY E. O’TOOLE
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, The Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - KATARZYNA BIALKOWSKA
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, The Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - XIAOHONG LI
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, The Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - JOAN E.B. FOX
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, The Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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32
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Grönholm M, Jahan F, Marchesan S, Karvonen U, Aatonen M, Narumanchi S, Gahmberg CG. TCR-induced activation of LFA-1 involves signaling through Tiam1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:3613-9. [PMID: 21876037 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion is pivotal for most leukocyte functions, and the β(2) integrin family of adhesion molecules plays a central role. The integrins need activation to become functional, but the molecular events resulting in adhesion have remained incompletely understood. In human T cells, activation through the TCR results in specific phosphorylation of the T758 on the β(2) chain of LFA-1. We now show that this phosphorylation leads to downstream binding of 14-3-3 proteins, followed by engagement of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor protein Tiam1 and Rac1 activation. Downregulation of the signaling molecules inhibits LFA-1 activity. Activation by the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1α also results in T758 phosphorylation and integrin activation. Thus, TCR and chemokine activation converges on LFA-1 phosphorylation, followed by similar downstream events affecting adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela Grönholm
- Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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33
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Control of mammary myoepithelial cell contractile function by α3β1 integrin signalling. EMBO J 2011; 30:1896-906. [PMID: 21487391 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the functionally differentiated mammary gland, basal myoepithelial cells contract to eject the milk produced by luminal epithelial cells from the body. We report that conditional deletion of a laminin receptor, α3β1 integrin, from myoepithelial cells leads to low rates of milk ejection due to a contractility defect but does not interfere with the integrity or functional differentiation of the mammary epithelium. In lactating mammary gland, in the absence of α3β1, focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation is impaired, the Rho/Rac balance is altered and myosin light-chain (MLC) phosphorylation is sustained. Cultured mammary myoepithelial cells depleted of α3β1 contract in response to oxytocin, but are unable to maintain the state of post-contractile relaxation. The expression of constitutively active Rac or its effector p21-activated kinase (PAK), or treatment with MLC kinase (MLCK) inhibitor, rescues the relaxation capacity of mutant cells, strongly suggesting that α3β1-mediated stimulation of the Rac/PAK pathway is required for the inhibition of MLCK activity, permitting completion of the myoepithelial cell contraction/relaxation cycle and successful lactation. This is the first study highlighting the impact of α3β1 integrin signalling on mammary gland function.
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34
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Hemidesmosomes and focal contact proteins: functions and cross-talk in keratinocytes, bullous diseases and wound healing. J Dermatol Sci 2011; 62:1-7. [PMID: 21376539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The outer most layer of the skin, the epidermis, is attached to the dermis via a sheet of extracellular matrix proteins termed the basement membrane zone (BMZ). In the intact skin, adhesion of the keratinocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis to the BMZ is facilitated primarily by hemidesmosomes which associate with the keratin cytoskeleton. Cultured keratinocytes do not assemble bona fide hemidesmosomes although hemidesmosome protein clusters (stable anchoring contacts) are found along the substrate-attached surface of the cells and towards the leading edge of keratinocytes repopulating scratch wounds. Actin cytoskeleton-associated matrix adhesion devices termed focal contacts are not thought to play an important role in the adhesion of keratinocytes to the BMZ in intact skin but are prominent in cultured keratinocytes where they are believed to regulate cell migration. We review the molecular components, functions, dynamics and cross-talk of hemidesmosomes and focal contacts in keratinocytes. In addition, we briefly describe what is known about their role in autoimmune and genetic blistering diseases of the skin. We also discuss recent publications which indicate, contrary to expectation, that certain focal contact proteins retard keratinocyte migration while hemidesmosomal proteins regulate directed keratinocyte motility during wound healing.
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35
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Moyano JV, Greciano PG, Buschmann MM, Koch M, Matlin KS. Autocrine transforming growth factor-{beta}1 activation mediated by integrin {alpha}V{beta}3 regulates transcriptional expression of laminin-332 in Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:3654-68. [PMID: 20844080 PMCID: PMC2965683 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-06-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminin (LM)-332 is an extracellular matrix protein that plays a structural role in normal tissues and is also important in facilitating recovery of epithelia from injury. We have shown that expression of LM-332 is up-regulated during renal epithelial regeneration after ischemic injury, but the molecular signals that control expression are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells LM-332 expression occurs only in subconfluent cultures and is turned-off after a polarized epithelium has formed. Addition of active transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 to confluent MDCK monolayers is sufficient to induce transcription of the LM α3 gene and LM-332 protein expression via the TGF-β type I receptor (TβR-I) and the Smad2-Smad4 complex. Significantly, we show that expression of LM-332 in MDCK cells is an autocrine response to endogenous TGF-β1 secretion and activation mediated by integrin αVβ3 because neutralizing antibodies block LM-332 production in subconfluent cells. In confluent cells, latent TGF-β1 is secreted apically, whereas TβR-I and integrin αVβ3 are localized basolaterally. Disruption of the epithelial barrier by mechanical injury activates TGF-β1, leading to LM-332 expression. Together, our data suggest a novel mechanism for triggering the production of LM-332 after epithelial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose V Moyano
- Department of Surgery, Committee on Cell Physiology, and Committee on Molecular Pathogenesis and Molecular Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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36
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Kruegel J, Miosge N. Basement membrane components are key players in specialized extracellular matrices. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:2879-95. [PMID: 20428923 PMCID: PMC2921489 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
More than three decades ago, basement membranes (BMs) were described as membrane-like structures capable of isolating a cell from and connecting a cell to its environment. Since this time, it has been revealed that BMs are specialized extracellular matrices (sECMs) with unique components that support important functions including differentiation, proliferation, migration, and chemotaxis of cells during development. The composition of these sECM is as unique as the tissues to which they are localized, opening the possibility that such matrices can fulfill distinct functions. Changes in BM composition play significant roles in facilitating the development of various diseases. Furthermore, tissues have to provide sECM for their stem cells during development and for their adult life. Here, we briefly review the latest research on these unique sECM and their components with a special emphasis on embryonic and adult stem cells and their niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Kruegel
- Tissue Regeneration Work Group, Department of Prosthodontics, Georg August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicolai Miosge
- Tissue Regeneration Work Group, Department of Prosthodontics, Georg August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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38
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Hamill KJ, Kligys K, Hopkinson SB, Jones JCR. Laminin deposition in the extracellular matrix: a complex picture emerges. J Cell Sci 2010; 122:4409-17. [PMID: 19955338 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.041095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminins are structural components of basement membranes. In addition, they are key extracellular-matrix regulators of cell adhesion, migration, differentiation and proliferation. This Commentary focuses on a relatively understudied aspect of laminin biology: how is laminin deposited into the extracellular matrix? This topic has fascinated researchers for some time, particularly considering the diversity of patterns of laminin that can be visualized in the matrix of cultured cells. We discuss current ideas of how laminin matrices are assembled, the role of matrix receptors in this process and how laminin-associated proteins modulate matrix deposition. We speculate on the role of signaling pathways that are involved in laminin-matrix deposition and on how laminin patterns might play an important role in specifying cell behaviors, especially directed migration. We conclude with a description of new developments in the way that laminin deposition is being studied, including the use of tagged laminin subunits that should allow the visualization of laminin-matrix deposition and assembly by living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Hamill
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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39
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Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell migration is important during vascular development and contributes to lesion formation in the adult vasculature. The mechanisms regulating migration of this cell type are therefore of great interest. Recent work has shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from NADPH oxidases are important mediators of promigratory signaling pathways. ROS regulate the intracellular signals responsible for lamellipodia formation, actin cytoskeleton remodeling, focal adhesion turnover, and contraction of the cell body. In addition, they contribute to matrix remodeling, a critical step to initiate and support vascular smooth muscle cell motility. Despite these recent advances in our understanding of the redox mechanisms that contribute to migration, additional work is needed to evaluate fully the potential of ROS-sensitive molecular signals as therapeutic targets to prevent inappropriate smooth muscle cell migration.
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Filla MS, Schwinn MK, Sheibani N, Kaufman PL, Peters DM. Regulation of cross-linked actin network (CLAN) formation in human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells by convergence of distinct beta1 and beta3 integrin pathways. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 50:5723-31. [PMID: 19643963 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-3215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the beta1/beta3 integrin-mediated pathways that regulate cross-linked actin network (CLAN) formation in human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells. CLANs form in glaucomatous and steroid-treated TM cells, which may contribute to reducing outflow facility through the TM. METHODS Expression of CD47 (an alphavbeta3 integrin coreceptor/thrombospondin-1 receptor) and integrins alphavbeta3 and beta1 was assessed by FACS. CLANs were induced by plating cells on fibronectin (a beta1 integrin ligand) in the absence or presence of the beta3 integrin-activating mAb AP-5 and were identified by phalloidin labeling. The role of Src kinases, PI-3 kinase (PI-3K), Rac1, and CD47 was determined by incubating cells with the inhibitors PP2 and EPA (Src kinases), LY294002 (PI-3K), or NSC23766 (Rac1). Tiam1 and Trio siRNAs and dominant-negative Tiam1 were used to determine which Rac1-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor was involved. The role of CD47 was determined using the thrombospondin-1-derived agonist peptide 4N1K and the CD47 function blocking antibody B6H12.2. RESULTS HTM cells expressed CD47 and integrins alphavbeta3 and beta1. beta3 Integrin or CD47 activation significantly increased CLAN formation over beta1 integrin-induced levels, whereas anti-CD47 mAb B6H12.2 inhibited this increase. PP2, NSC23766, and Trio siRNA decreased beta3-induced CLAN formation by 72%, 45%, and 67%, respectively, whereas LY294002 and dominant negative Tiam1 had no effect. LY294002 decreased beta1 integrin-mediated CLAN formation by 42%, and PP2 completely blocked it. CONCLUSIONS Distinct beta1 and alphavbeta3 integrin signaling pathways converge to enhance CLAN formation. beta1-Mediated CLAN formation was PI-3K dependent, whereas beta3-mediated CLAN formation was CD47 and Rac1/Trio dependent and might have been regulated by thrombospondin-1. Both integrin pathways were Src dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Filla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Huveneers S, Danen EHJ. Adhesion signaling - crosstalk between integrins, Src and Rho. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:1059-69. [PMID: 19339545 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.039446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 640] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix coordinate signaling pathways that control various aspects of cellular behavior. Integrins sense the physical properties of the extracellular matrix and organize the cytoskeleton accordingly. In turn, this modulates signaling pathways that are triggered by various other transmembrane receptors and augments the cellular response to growth factors. Over the past years, it has become clear that there is extensive crosstalk between integrins, Src-family kinases and Rho-family GTPases at the heart of such adhesion signaling. In this Commentary, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the dynamic regulation of the molecular connections between these three protein families. We also discuss how this signaling network can regulate a range of cellular processes that are important for normal tissue function and disease, including cell adhesion, spreading, migration and mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Huveneers
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Ho E, Irvine T, Vilk GJA, Lajoie G, Ravichandran KS, D'Souza SJA, Dagnino L. Integrin-linked kinase interactions with ELMO2 modulate cell polarity. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:3033-43. [PMID: 19439446 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-01-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarization is a key prerequisite for directed migration during development, tissue regeneration, and metastasis. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a scaffold protein essential for cell polarization, but very little is known about the precise mechanisms whereby ILK modulates polarization in normal epithelia. Elucidating these mechanisms is essential to understand tissue morphogenesis, transformation, and repair. Here we identify a novel ILK protein complex that includes Engulfment and Cell Motility 2 (ELMO2). We also demonstrate the presence of RhoG in ILK-ELMO2 complexes, and the localization of this multiprotein species specifically to the leading lamellipodia of polarized cells. Significantly, the ability of RhoG to bind ELMO is crucial for ILK induction of cell polarization, and the joint expression of ILK and ELMO2 synergistically promotes the induction of front-rear polarity and haptotactic migration. This places RhoG-ELMO2-ILK complexes in a key position for the development of cell polarity and forward movement. Although ILK is a component of many diverse multiprotein species that may contribute to cell polarization, expression of dominant-negative ELMO2 mutants is sufficient to abolish the ability of ILK to promote cell polarization. Thus, its interaction with ELMO2 and RhoG is essential for the ability of ILK to induce front-rear cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Ho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Child Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Mitchell K, Szekeres C, Milano V, Svenson KB, Nilsen-Hamilton M, Kreidberg JA, DiPersio CM. Alpha3beta1 integrin in epidermis promotes wound angiogenesis and keratinocyte-to-endothelial-cell crosstalk through the induction of MRP3. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:1778-87. [PMID: 19435806 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.040956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
During cutaneous wound healing, epidermal keratinocytes play essential roles in the secretion of factors that promote angiogenesis. However, specific cues in the wound microenvironment that trigger the production of pro-angiogenic factors by keratinocytes, and the cellular receptors that mediate this response, remain unclear. In this study, we exploited a model of conditional integrin knockout to demonstrate impaired wound angiogenesis in mice that lack alpha3beta1 integrin in epidermis. In addition, we used genetic and shRNA approaches to determine that alpha3beta1-integrin deficiency in keratinocytes leads to reduced mRNA and protein expression of the pro-angiogenic factor mitogen-regulated protein 3 (MRP3; also known as PRL2C4), and to demonstrate that this regulation provides a mechanism of keratinocyte-to-endothelial-cell crosstalk that promotes endothelial-cell migration. Finally, we showed that the impaired wound angiogenesis in epidermis-specific alpha3-integrin-knockout mice is correlated with reduced expression of MRP3 in wounded epidermis. These findings identify a novel role for alpha3beta1 integrin in promoting wound angiogenesis through a mechanism of crosstalk from epidermal to endothelial cells, and they implicate MRP3 in this integrin-dependent crosstalk. Such a mechanism represents a novel paradigm for integrin-mediated regulation of wound angiogenesis that extends beyond traditional roles for integrins in cell adhesion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Mitchell
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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Miyamoto M, Iwashita S, Yamaguchi S, Ono Y. Role of nm23 in the regulation of cell shape and migration via Rho family GTPase signals. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 329:175-9. [PMID: 19381785 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0106-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rho family small GTPase plays a key role in the regulation of cell shape and migration in mammalian cells. Constitutive activation of Rho GTPase leads to the aberrant cell morphology and migration. We identified nm23-H2 as a binding partner of Lbc proto-oncogene product, which specifically activates RhoA, and revealed that nm23-H2 could act as a negative regulator of Rho activity. Furthermore, we found that Lbc, nm23-H2 and ICAP1-alpha could form tertial complex in cells, and this complex formation was thought to be critical for cell migration stimulated by integrin. It is reported that nm23-H1 bound to Tiam1 and Dbl, which activates Rac and Cdc42 small GTPase, respectively. We discuss the role of nm23 in the regulation of cell morphology and cell migration via Rho family GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Miyamoto
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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Hamelers IHL, Staffhorst RWHM, Voortman J, de Kruijff B, Reedijk J, van Bergen en Henegouwen PMP, de Kroon AIPM. High cytotoxicity of cisplatin nanocapsules in ovarian carcinoma cells depends on uptake by caveolae-mediated endocytosis. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:1259-68. [PMID: 19228729 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cisplatin nanocapsules, nanoprecipitates of cisplatin encapsulated in phospholipid bilayers, exhibit increased in vitro toxicity compared with the free drug toward a panel of human ovarian carcinoma cell lines. To elucidate the mechanism of cell killing by nanocapsules and to understand the cell line dependence of nanocapsule efficacy, the route of uptake and the intracellular fate of the nanocapsules were investigated. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Intracellular platinum accumulation and cisplatin-DNA-adduct formation were measured in cell lines that differ in sensitivity to cisplatin nanocapsules. Confocal fluorescence microscopy in combination with down-regulation with small interfering RNA was used to map the route of cellular uptake of nanocapsules containing fluorescein-labeled cisplatin. RESULTS In sensitive cell lines, cisplatin from nanocapsules is taken up much more efficiently than the free compound. In IGROV-1 cells, the increased platinum accumulation results in augmented cisplatin-DNA-adduct formation. Confocal fluorescence microscopy revealed that the uptake of nanocapsules is energy dependent. Colocalization with markers of early and late endosomes indicated uptake via endocytosis. Down-regulation of caveolin-1 with small interfering RNA inhibited the uptake and cytotoxic effect of nanocapsules in IGROV-1 cells. Ovarian carcinoma cells, in which the nanocapsules are less effective than in IGROV-1 cells, do not internalize the nanocapsules (OVCAR-3) or accumulate them in an endocytic compartment after clathrin-mediated endocytosis (A2780). CONCLUSIONS The high cytotoxicity of cisplatin nanocapsules requires caveolin-1-dependent endocytosis that is followed by release of the drug from a late endosomal/lysosomal compartment and cisplatin-DNA-adduct formation. The findings may be applied in predicting the efficacy of nanoparticulate anticancer drug delivery systems in treating different tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene H L Hamelers
- Biochemistry of Membranes, Bijvoet Institute, Department of Cellular Architecture and Dynamics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Gahmberg CG, Fagerholm SC, Nurmi SM, Chavakis T, Marchesan S, Grönholm M. Regulation of integrin activity and signalling. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1790:431-44. [PMID: 19289150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability of cells to attach to each other and to the extracellular matrix is of pivotal significance for the formation of functional organs and for the distribution of cells in the body. Several molecular families of proteins are involved in adhesion, and recent work has substantially improved our understanding of their structures and functions. Also, these molecules are now being targeted in the fight against disease. However, less is known about how their activity is regulated. It is apparent that among the different classes of adhesion molecules, the integrin family of adhesion receptors is unique in the sense that they constitute a large group of widely distributed receptors, they are unusually complex and most importantly their activities are strictly regulated from the inside of the cell. The activity regulation is achieved by a complex interplay of cytoskeletal proteins, protein kinases, phosphatases, small G proteins and adaptor proteins. Obviously, we are only in the beginning of our understanding of how the integrins function, but already now fascinating details have become apparent. Here, we describe recent progress in the field, concentrating mainly on mechanistical and structural studies of integrin regulation. Due to the large number of articles dealing with integrins, we focus on what we think are the most exciting and rewarding directions of contemporary research on cell adhesion and integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl G Gahmberg
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5, 00014, Finland.
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Abstract
Cells within tissues are continuously exposed to physical forces including hydrostatic pressure, shear stress, and compression and tension forces. Cells dynamically adapt to force by modifying their behaviour and remodelling their microenvironment. They also sense these forces through mechanoreceptors and respond by exerting reciprocal actomyosin- and cytoskeletal-dependent cell-generated force by a process termed 'mechanoreciprocity'. Loss of mechanoreciprocity has been shown to promote the progression of disease, including cancer. Moreover, the mechanical properties of a tissue contribute to disease progression, compromise treatment and might also alter cancer risk. Thus, the changing force that cells experience needs to be considered when trying to understand the complex nature of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darci T Butcher
- Department of Surgery and Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Margadant C, Raymond K, Kreft M, Sachs N, Janssen H, Sonnenberg A. Integrin alpha3beta1 inhibits directional migration and wound re-epithelialization in the skin. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:278-88. [PMID: 19118220 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.029108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Re-epithelialization after skin wounding requires both migration and hyperproliferation of keratinocytes. Laminin-332 is deposited during migration over the provisional matrix. To investigate the function of the laminin-332 binding integrin alpha3beta1 in wound re-epithelialization, we generated Itga3flox/flox; K14-Cre mice lacking the alpha3 subunit specifically in the basal layer of the epidermis. These mice are viable but display several skin defects, including local inflammation, hair loss, basement membrane duplication and microblistering at the dermal-epidermal junction, whereas hemidesmosome assembly and keratinocyte differentiation are not impaired. Wound healing is slightly faster in the absence of integrin alpha3beta1, whereas proliferation, the distribution of other integrins and the deposition of basement membrane proteins in the wound bed are unaltered. In vitro, cell spreading is rescued by increased surface expression of alpha6beta1 integrin in the absence of integrin alpha3. The alpha3-deficient keratinocytes migrate with an increased velocity and persistence, whereas proliferation, growth factor signaling, hemidesmosome assembly, and laminin-332 deposition appeared to be normal. We suggest that integrin alpha3beta1 delays keratinocyte migration during wound re-epithelialization, by binding to the laminin-332 that is newly deposited on the wound bed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coert Margadant
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Easley CA, Brown CM, Horwitz AF, Tombes RM. CaMK-II promotes focal adhesion turnover and cell motility by inducing tyrosine dephosphorylation of FAK and paxillin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 65:662-74. [PMID: 18613116 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Transient elevations in Ca2+ have previously been shown to promote focal adhesion disassembly and cell motility through an unknown mechanism. In this study, evidence is provided to show that CaMK-II, a Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase, influences fibroblast adhesion and motility. TIRF microscopy reveals a dynamic population of CaMK-II at the cell surface in migrating cells. Inhibition of CaMK-II with two mechanistically distinct, membrane permeant inhibitors (KN-93 and myr-AIP) freezes lamellipodial dynamics, accelerates spreading on fibronectin, enlarges paxillin-containing focal adhesions and blocks cell motility. In contrast, constitutively active CaMK-II is not found at the cell surface, reduces cell attachment, eliminates paxillin from focal adhesions and decreases the phospho-tyrosine levels of both FAK and paxillin; all of these events can be reversed with myr-AIP. Thus, both CaMK-II inhibition and constitutive activation block cell motility through over-stabilization or destabilization of focal adhesions, respectively. Coupled with the existence of transient Ca2+ elevations and a dynamic CaMK-II population, these findings provide the first direct evidence that CaMK-II enables cell motility by transiently and locally stimulating tyrosine dephosphorylation of focal adhesion proteins to promote focal adhesion turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Easley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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D'Alessio S, Gerasi L, Blasi F. uPAR-deficient mouse keratinocytes fail to produce EGFR-dependent laminin-5, affecting migration in vivo and in vitro. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:3922-32. [PMID: 19001498 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.037549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The urokinase receptor (uPAR) is involved in a series of pathological processes, from inflammation to cancer. We have analyzed in detail the role of uPAR and the mechanisms involved in keratinocyte behavior during wound healing by exploiting uPAR-knockout (KO) mice. In vivo, uPAR-KO mice showed delayed wound healing, with abnormal keratinocyte migration and proliferation. In vitro, unlike wild-type cells, primary uPAR-KO keratinocytes did not proliferate in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF), their growth and migration were not inhibited by EGF-receptor (EGFR) inhibitors, and they did not adhere to uncoated surfaces. Whereas EGFR levels in uPAR-KO keratinocytes were normal, there was no tyrosine phosphorylation upon addition of EGF, and its downstream targets, extracellular-signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), were not activated. Re-introduction of mouse uPAR rescued all phenotypes. In vitro adhesion and migration defects were associated with the failure of uPAR-KO keratinocytes to normally produce and secrete laminin-5 (LN5), an event that requires EGFR signaling. These results were confirmed in vivo, with LN5 being upregulated during wound healing in wild-type but not in uPAR-KO epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia D'Alessio
- Università Vita Salute San Raffaele and Istituto Scientifico H San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
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