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Sonnberger J, Kasper L, Lange T, Brunke S, Hube B. "We've got to get out"-Strategies of human pathogenic fungi to escape from phagocytes. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:341-358. [PMID: 37800630 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Human fungal pathogens are a deadly and underappreciated risk to global health that most severely affect immunocompromised individuals. A virulence attribute shared by some of the most clinically relevant fungal species is their ability to survive inside macrophages and escape from these immune cells. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms behind intracellular survival and elaborate how escape is mediated by lytic and non-lytic pathways as well as strategies to induce programmed host cell death. We also discuss persistence as an alternative to rapid host cell exit. In the end, we address the consequences of fungal escape for the host immune response and provide future perspectives for research and development of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Sonnberger
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Lydia Kasper
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Theresa Lange
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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2
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Kaczmarek A, Wrońska AK, Boguś MI. The Changes in Mitochondrial Morphology and Physiology Accompanying Apoptosis in Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) Immunocompetent Cells during Conidiobolus coronatus (Entomophthorales) Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10169. [PMID: 37373316 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria have been shown to play an important role in apoptosis using mammalian cell lines. However, their role in insects is not fully understood; thus, more indepth studies of insect cell apoptosis are necessary. The present study investigates mitochondrial involvement during Conidiobolus coronatus-induced apoptosis in Galleria mellonella hemocytes. Previous research has shown that fungal infection could induce apoptosis in insect hemocytes. Our findings indicate that mitochondria undergo several morphological and physiological changes during fungal infection, e.g., loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, megachannel formation, disturbances in intracellular respiration, increased nonrespiratory oxygen consumption in mitochondria, decreased ATP-coupled oxygen consumption and increased non-ATP-coupled oxygen consumption, decreased extracellular and intracellular oxygen consumption, and increased extracellular pH. Our findings confirm that G. mellonella immunocompetent cells demonstrate Ca2+ overload in mitochondria, translocation of cytochrome c-like protein from mitochondrial to cytosol fraction, and higher activation of caspase-9-like protein after C. coronatus infection. Most importantly, several of the changes observed in insect mitochondria are similar to those accompanying apoptosis in mammalian cells, suggesting that the process is evolutionarily conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kaczmarek
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Science, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warsaw, Poland
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-875 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Katarzyna Wrońska
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Science, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warsaw, Poland
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-875 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mieczysława Irena Boguś
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Science, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warsaw, Poland
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-875 Warsaw, Poland
- Biomibo, 04-872 Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Huber EM. Epipolythiodioxopiperazine-Based Natural Products: Building Blocks, Biosynthesis and Biological Activities. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200341. [PMID: 35997236 PMCID: PMC10086836 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Epipolythiodioxopiperazines (ETPs) are fungal secondary metabolites that share a 2,5-diketopiperazine scaffold built from two amino acids and bridged by a sulfide moiety. Modifications of the core and the amino acid side chains, for example by methylations, acetylations, hydroxylations, prenylations, halogenations, cyclizations, and truncations create the structural diversity of ETPs and contribute to their biological activity. However, the key feature responsible for the bioactivities of ETPs is their sulfide moiety. Over the last years, combinations of genome mining, reverse genetics, metabolomics, biochemistry, and structural biology deciphered principles of ETP production. Sulfurization via glutathione and uncovering of the thiols followed by either oxidation or methylation crystallized as fundamental steps that impact expression of the biosynthesis cluster, toxicity and secretion of the metabolite as well as self-tolerance of the producer. This article showcases structure and activity of prototype ETPs such as gliotoxin and discusses the current knowledge on the biosynthesis routes of these exceptional natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Huber
- Chair of Biochemistry, Center for Protein Assemblies, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
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4
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Wang Z, Aweya JJ, Yao D, Zheng Z, Wang C, Zhao Y, Li S, Zhang Y. Taurine metabolism is modulated in Vibrio-infected Penaeus vannamei to shape shrimp antibacterial response and survival. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:213. [PMID: 36464721 PMCID: PMC9721036 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous microorganisms are found in aquaculture ponds, including several pathogenic bacteria. Infection of cultured animals by these pathogens results in diseases and metabolic dysregulation. However, changes in the metabolic profiles that occur at different infection stages in the same ponds and how these metabolic changes can be modulated by exogenous metabolites in Penaeus vannamei remain unknown. RESULTS Here, we collected gastrointestinal tract (GIT) samples from healthy, diseased, and moribund P. vannamei in the same aquaculture pond for histological, metabolic, and transcriptome profiling. We found that diseased and moribund shrimp with empty GITs and atrophied hepatopancreas were mainly infected with Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio harveyi. Although significant dysregulation of crucial metabolites and their enzymes were observed in diseased and moribund shrimps, diseased shrimp expressed high levels of taurine and taurine metabolism-related enzymes, while moribund shrimp expressed high levels of hypoxanthine and related metabolism enzymes. Moreover, a strong negative correlation was observed between taurine levels and the relative abundance of V. parahaemolyticus and V. harveyi. Besides, exogenous taurine enhanced shrimp survival against V. parahaemolyticus challenge by increasing the expression of key taurine metabolism enzymes, mainly, cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) and cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSD). CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed that taurine metabolism could be modulated by exogenous supplementation to improve crustacean immune response against pathogenic microbes. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyan Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Jude Juventus Aweya
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Defu Yao
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhihong Zheng
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuanqi Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongzhen Zhao
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China.
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458, China.
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5
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Pathogenesis of Fungal Infections in the Central Nervous System: Host and Pathogen Factors in Neurotropism. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-022-00444-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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6
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The Toxic Mechanism of Gliotoxins and Biosynthetic Strategies for Toxicity Prevention. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413510. [PMID: 34948306 PMCID: PMC8705807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliotoxin is a kind of epipolythiodioxopiperazine derived from different fungi that is characterized by a disulfide bridge. Gliotoxins can be biosynthesized by a gli gene cluster and regulated by a positive GliZ regulator. Gliotoxins show cytotoxic effects via the suppression the function of macrophage immune function, inflammation, antiangiogenesis, DNA damage by ROS production, peroxide damage by the inhibition of various enzymes, and apoptosis through different signal pathways. In the other hand, gliotoxins can also be beneficial with different doses. Low doses of gliotoxin can be used as an antioxidant, in the diagnosis and treatment of HIV, and as an anti-tumor agent in the future. Gliotoxins have also been used in the control of plant pathogens, including Pythium ultimum and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Thus, it is important to elucidate the toxic mechanism of gliotoxins. The toxic mechanism of gliotoxins and biosynthetic strategies to reduce the toxicity of gliotoxins and their producing strains are summarized in this review.
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Bojarska J, Mieczkowski A, Ziora ZM, Skwarczynski M, Toth I, Shalash AO, Parang K, El-Mowafi SA, Mohammed EHM, Elnagdy S, AlKhazindar M, Wolf WM. Cyclic Dipeptides: The Biological and Structural Landscape with Special Focus on the Anti-Cancer Proline-Based Scaffold. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1515. [PMID: 34680148 PMCID: PMC8533947 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic dipeptides, also know as diketopiperazines (DKP), the simplest cyclic forms of peptides widespread in nature, are unsurpassed in their structural and bio-functional diversity. DKPs, especially those containing proline, due to their unique features such as, inter alia, extra-rigid conformation, high resistance to enzyme degradation, increased cell permeability, and expandable ability to bind a diverse of targets with better affinity, have emerged in the last years as biologically pre-validated platforms for the drug discovery. Recent advances have revealed their enormous potential in the development of next-generation theranostics, smart delivery systems, and biomaterials. Here, we present an updated review on the biological and structural profile of these appealing biomolecules, with a particular emphasis on those with anticancer properties, since cancers are the main cause of death all over the world. Additionally, we provide a consideration on supramolecular structuring and synthons, based on the proline-based DKP privileged scaffold, for inspiration in the design of compound libraries in search of ideal ligands, innovative self-assembled nanomaterials, and bio-functional architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Bojarska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of General & Inorganic Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Adam Mieczkowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Zyta M. Ziora
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (Z.M.Z.); (I.T.)
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.S.); (A.O.S.)
| | - Istvan Toth
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (Z.M.Z.); (I.T.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.S.); (A.O.S.)
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Ahmed O. Shalash
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.S.); (A.O.S.)
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (K.P.); (S.A.E.-M.); (E.H.M.M.)
| | - Shaima A. El-Mowafi
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (K.P.); (S.A.E.-M.); (E.H.M.M.)
| | - Eman H. M. Mohammed
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (K.P.); (S.A.E.-M.); (E.H.M.M.)
| | - Sherif Elnagdy
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt; (S.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Maha AlKhazindar
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt; (S.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Wojciech M. Wolf
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of General & Inorganic Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
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8
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Zhou L, Zhang C, Qiang Y, Huang M, Ren X, Li Y, Shao J, Xu L. Anthocyanin from purple sweet potato attenuates lead-induced reproductive toxicity mediated by JNK signaling pathway in male mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 224:112683. [PMID: 34438266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present work aimed to explore the protective effect of APSP on Pb-induced reproductive toxicity and possible mechanism. APSP (100 mg/kg) was administered to Pb-intoxicated (0.2% lead acetate) male Kunming mice once daily by oral gavage for 6 weeks. Our results showed that APSP exerted male reproductive protection effects as showed by attenuated Pb-induced testicular injury, improved sperm count and motility, and reduced sperm abnormality rate. APSP also restored Pb-induced decrease in both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, and GSH/GSSG ratio, but inhibited lipid peroxidation in serum and testes. Moreover, APSP downregulated Pb-induced Bax mRNA and protein expressions, suppressed activation of caspase-3, upregulated Bcl-2 protein expression, and prevented Pb-induced DNA damage. APSP treatment also interfered with Pb-induced testicular JNK signaling through inhibition of JNK mRNA expression and phosphorylation, resulting in inhibition of c-Jun expression. These effects of APSP were abolished by Pb. In conclusion, APSP represents a potential therapeutic agent for preventing Pb-caused reproductive toxicity, which is attributed to its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties, as well as, modulation of JNK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
| | - Chaoqin Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yu Qiang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiangmei Ren
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yuanhong Li
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jihong Shao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lichun Xu
- Department of Hygiene, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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9
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Mohamed AF, Abuamara TMM, Amer ME, Ei-Moselhy LE, Gomah TA, Matar ER, Shebl RI, Desouky SE, Abu-Elghait M. Genetic and Histopathological Alterations in Caco-2 and HuH-7 Cells Treated with Secondary Metabolites of Marine fungi. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 53:480-495. [PMID: 33974218 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-021-00640-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present work aimed to study the activity of naturally derived fungal secondary metabolites as anticancer agents concerning their cytotoxicity, apoptotic, genetic, and histopathological profile. It was noticed that Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus fumigatus induced variable toxic potential that was cell type, secondary metabolite type, and concentration dependent. Human colonic adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2) showed less sensitivity than hepatocyte-derived cellular carcinoma cells (HuH-7), and in turn, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was variable. Also, the apoptotic potential of Aspergillus species-derived fungal secondary metabolites was proven via detection of up-regulated pro-apoptotic genes and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic genes. The expression level was cell type dependent. Concurrently, apoptotic profile was accompanied with cellular DNA accumulation at the G2/M phase, as well as an elevation in Pre-G1 phase but not during G0/G1 and S phases. Also, there were characteristic apoptotic features of treated cells presented as abnormal intra-nuclear eosinophilic structures, dead cells with mixed euchromatin and heterochromatin, ruptured cell membranes, apoptotic cells with irregular cellular and nuclear membranes, as well as peripheral chromatin condensation. It can be concluded that Aspergillus secondary metabolites are promising agents that can be used as supplementary agents to the currently applied anti-cancer drug regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aly Fahmy Mohamed
- The International center for training and advanced researches (ICTAR -Egypt), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tamer M M Abuamara
- Histology department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Amer
- Histology department, Faculty of medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Laila E Ei-Moselhy
- Histology department, Faculty of medicine (girls), Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt
| | | | - Emadeldin R Matar
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania Ibrahim Shebl
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Said E Desouky
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar Uniersity, 11847, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Abu-Elghait
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar Uniersity, 11847, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
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10
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Understanding the fundamental role of virulence determinants to combat Aspergillus fumigatus infections: exploring beyond cell wall. Mycol Prog 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-021-01677-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Brown R, Priest E, Naglik JR, Richardson JP. Fungal Toxins and Host Immune Responses. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:643639. [PMID: 33927703 PMCID: PMC8076518 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.643639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are ubiquitous organisms that thrive in diverse natural environments including soils, plants, animals, and the human body. In response to warmth, humidity, and moisture, certain fungi which grow on crops and harvested foodstuffs can produce mycotoxins; secondary metabolites which when ingested have a deleterious impact on health. Ongoing research indicates that some mycotoxins and, more recently, peptide toxins are also produced during active fungal infection in humans and experimental models. A combination of innate and adaptive immune recognition allows the host to eliminate invading pathogens from the body. However, imbalances in immune homeostasis often facilitate microbial infection. Despite the wide-ranging effects of fungal toxins on health, our understanding of toxin-mediated modulation of immune responses is incomplete. This review will explore the current understanding of fungal toxins and how they contribute to the modulation of host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jonathan P. Richardson
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Williams TJ, Gonzales-Huerta LE, Armstrong-James D. Fungal-Induced Programmed Cell Death. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7030231. [PMID: 33804601 PMCID: PMC8003624 DOI: 10.3390/jof7030231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are a cause of morbidity in humans, and despite the availability of a range of antifungal treatments, the mortality rate remains unacceptably high. Although our knowledge of the interactions between pathogenic fungi and the host continues to grow, further research is still required to fully understand the mechanism underpinning fungal pathogenicity, which may provide new insights for the treatment of fungal disease. There is great interest regarding how microbes induce programmed cell death and what this means in terms of the immune response and resolution of infection as well as microbe-specific mechanisms that influence cell death pathways to aid in their survival and continued infection. Here, we discuss how programmed cell death is induced by fungi that commonly cause opportunistic infections, including Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Cryptococcus neoformans, the role of programmed cell death in fungal immunity, and how fungi manipulate these pathways.
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13
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Esteban P, Redrado S, Comas L, Domingo MP, Millán-Lou MI, Seral C, Algarate S, Lopez C, Rezusta A, Pardo J, Arias M, Galvez EM. In Vitro and In Vivo Antibacterial Activity of Gliotoxin Alone and in Combination with Antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020085. [PMID: 33498622 PMCID: PMC7911140 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the major causes of hospital-acquired and community infections and pose a challenge to the human health care system. Therefore, it is important to find new drugs that show activity against these bacteria, both in monotherapy and in combination with other antimicrobial drugs. Gliotoxin (GT) is a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus fumigatus and other fungi of the Aspergillus genus. Some evidence suggests that GT shows antimicrobial activity against S. aureus in vitro, albeit its efficacy against multidrug-resistant strains such as MRSA or vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) strainsis not known. This work aimed to evaluate the antibiotic efficacy of GT as monotherapy or in combination with other therapeutics against MRSA in vitro and in vivo using a Caenorhabditis elegans infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Esteban
- Fundacion Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Aragon (IIS Aragon), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.E.); (J.P.)
| | - Sergio Redrado
- Instituto de Carboquımica ICB-CSIC, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.R.); (L.C.); (M.P.D.)
| | - Laura Comas
- Instituto de Carboquımica ICB-CSIC, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.R.); (L.C.); (M.P.D.)
| | - M. Pilar Domingo
- Instituto de Carboquımica ICB-CSIC, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.R.); (L.C.); (M.P.D.)
| | - M. Isabel Millán-Lou
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.I.M.-L.); (C.L.); (A.R.)
| | - Cristina Seral
- Department of Microbiology, University Clinic Hospital Lozano Blesa, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.S.); (S.A.)
- Department of Microbiology, Pediatrics, Radiology and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sonia Algarate
- Department of Microbiology, University Clinic Hospital Lozano Blesa, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Concepción Lopez
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.I.M.-L.); (C.L.); (A.R.)
| | - Antonio Rezusta
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.I.M.-L.); (C.L.); (A.R.)
| | - Julian Pardo
- Fundacion Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Aragon (IIS Aragon), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.E.); (J.P.)
- Department of Microbiology, Pediatrics, Radiology and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon I+D Foundation (ARAID), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maykel Arias
- Instituto de Carboquımica ICB-CSIC, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.R.); (L.C.); (M.P.D.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (E.M.G.)
| | - Eva M. Galvez
- Instituto de Carboquımica ICB-CSIC, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.R.); (L.C.); (M.P.D.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (E.M.G.)
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Camilli G, Blagojevic M, Naglik JR, Richardson JP. Programmed Cell Death: Central Player in Fungal Infections. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 31:179-196. [PMID: 33293167 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fungal diseases contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality in humans. Although recent research has improved our understanding of the complex and dynamic interplay that occurs between pathogenic fungi and the human host, much remains to be elucidated concerning the molecular mechanisms that drive fungal pathogenicity and host responses to fungal infections. In recent times, there has been a significant increase in studies investigating the immunological functions of microbial-induced host cell death. In addition, pathogens use many strategies to manipulate host cell death pathways to facilitate their survival and dissemination. This review will focus on the mechanisms of host programmed cell death that occur during opportunistic fungal infections, and explore how cell death pathways may affect immunity towards pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Camilli
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Mariana Blagojevic
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Julian R Naglik
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Jonathan P Richardson
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
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15
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Abreu SC, Hampton TH, Hoffman E, Dearborn J, Ashare A, Singh Sidhu K, Matthews DE, McKenna DH, Amiel E, Barua J, Krasnodembskaya A, English K, Mahon B, Dos Santos C, Cruz FF, Chambers DC, Liu KD, Matthay MA, Cramer RA, Stanton BA, Rocco PRM, Wargo MJ, Weiss DJ, Rolandsson Enes S. Differential effects of the cystic fibrosis lung inflammatory environment on mesenchymal stromal cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L908-L925. [PMID: 32901521 PMCID: PMC7792680 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00218.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence demonstrates that human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) modify their in vivo anti-inflammatory actions depending on the specific inflammatory environment encountered. Understanding this better is crucial to refine MSC-based cell therapies for lung and other diseases. Using acute exacerbations of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease as a model, the effects of ex vivo MSC exposure to clinical bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples, as a surrogate for the in vivo clinical lung environment, on MSC viability, gene expression, secreted cytokines, and mitochondrial function were compared with effects of BALF collected from healthy volunteers. CF BALF samples that cultured positive for Aspergillus sp. (Asp) induced rapid MSC death, usually within several hours of exposure. Further analyses suggested the fungal toxin gliotoxin as a potential mediator contributing to CF BALF-induced MSC death. RNA sequencing analyses of MSCs exposed to either Asp+ or Asp- CF BALF samples identified a number of differentially expressed transcripts, including those involved in interferon signaling, antimicrobial gene expression, and cell death. Toxicity did not correlate with bacterial lung infections. These results suggest that the potential use of MSC-based cell therapies for CF or other lung diseases may not be warranted in the presence of Aspergillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia C Abreu
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thomas H Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Evan Hoffman
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Jacob Dearborn
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Alix Ashare
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | | | - Dwight E Matthews
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - David H McKenna
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Eyal Amiel
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Jayita Barua
- Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, University of Vermont, and The Vermont Lung Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Anna Krasnodembskaya
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Karen English
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Biology Department, Human Health Research Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Bernard Mahon
- Immunology & Cell Biology Laboratory, Biology Department, Human Health Research Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Claudia Dos Santos
- Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine and the Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fernanda F Cruz
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel C Chambers
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queenland Lung Transplant Service, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kathleen D Liu
- Departments of Medicine and Anesthesiology and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael A Matthay
- Departments of Medicine and Anesthesiology and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Robert A Cramer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Bruce A Stanton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Patricia R M Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Matthew J Wargo
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Daniel J Weiss
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Sara Rolandsson Enes
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lung Biology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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16
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Comas L, Polo E, Domingo MP, Hernández Y, Arias M, Esteban P, Martínez-Lostao L, Pardo J, Martínez de la Fuente J, Gálvez EM. Intracellular Delivery of Biologically-Active Fungal Metabolite Gliotoxin Using Magnetic Nanoparticles. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12071092. [PMID: 30987007 PMCID: PMC6480141 DOI: 10.3390/ma12071092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gliotoxin (GT), a secondary metabolite produced by Aspergillus molds, has been proposed as a potential anti-tumor agent. Here we have developed a nanoparticle approach to enhance delivery of GT in tumor cells and establish a basis for its potential use as therapeutical drug. GT bound to magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) retained a high anti-tumor activity, correlating with efficient intracellular delivery, which was increased in the presence of glucose. Our results show that the attachment of GT to MNPs by covalent bonding enhances intracellular GT delivery without affecting its biological activity. This finding represents the first step to use this potent anti-tumor agent in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Comas
- Instituto de Carboquímica (ICB-CSIC), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Esther Polo
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - M Pilar Domingo
- Instituto de Carboquímica (ICB-CSIC), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Yulán Hernández
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru, Departamento de Ciencias - Sección Química, Lima 1761, Peru.
| | - Maykel Arias
- Instituto de Carboquímica (ICB-CSIC), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | | | - Luis Martínez-Lostao
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Aragón (IIS), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
- Departamento de Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
- Servicio de Inmunologia, Hospital Clinico Lozano Blesa, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Julián Pardo
- Departamento de Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Aragón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
- Fundacion Agencia Aragonesa para la Investigación y el Desarrollo (ARAID), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, ICMA-CSIC, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Jesús Martínez de la Fuente
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, ICMA-CSIC, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Eva M Gálvez
- Instituto de Carboquímica (ICB-CSIC), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
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17
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Wang R, Wen B, Sun D. miR-573 regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis by targeting Bax in nucleus pulposus cells. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2019; 24:2. [PMID: 30936926 PMCID: PMC6425651 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-018-0132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNA (miRNA) plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). The expression and potential mechanism of miR-573 in human nucleus pulposus (NP) remains to be elucidated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of miR-573 in IDD. Methods Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis was applied to examine the expression of miR-573 and Bax in idiopathic scoliosis tissues and IDD tissues. Human NP cells were employed for analysis. Moreover, the proliferation and apoptosis of NP cells were detected using MTT and flow cytometry assay respectively. The expression levels of Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, caspase-3 and caspase-9 in degenerative NP cells were measured by Western blotting assay. Furthermore, a luciferase reporter assay was used to verify the relationship between miR-573 and Bax. Results The results revealed that the mRNA expression level of miR-573 was down-regulated whereas Bax was up-regulated notably in degenerative NP cells. In addition, overexpression of miR-573 increased cell viability remarkably, coupled with inhibition of cell apoptosis. The expression level of Bcl-2 was increased while cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9 expression levels were decreased in miR-573 overexpression NP cells. Additionally, the bioinformatics analysis underscored that Bax was a direct target gene of miR-573. Conclusion These results suggest that overexpression of miR-573 inhibited NP cell apoptosis by down-regulating Bax, which proved to be a novel effective strategy for IDD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- 1Department of Massage and Physiotherapy, Guang Xing Hospital, Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 453, Tiyuchang Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310007 People's Republic of China
| | - Boping Wen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Western Theater General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610011 People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Sun
- 1Department of Massage and Physiotherapy, Guang Xing Hospital, Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 453, Tiyuchang Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310007 People's Republic of China
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18
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Arias M, Santiago L, Vidal-García M, Redrado S, Lanuza P, Comas L, Domingo MP, Rezusta A, Gálvez EM. Preparations for Invasion: Modulation of Host Lung Immunity During Pulmonary Aspergillosis by Gliotoxin and Other Fungal Secondary Metabolites. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2549. [PMID: 30459771 PMCID: PMC6232612 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary aspergillosis is a severe infectious disease caused by some members of the Aspergillus genus, that affects immunocompetent as well as immunocompromised patients. Among the different disease forms, Invasive Aspergillosis is the one causing the highest mortality, mainly, although not exclusively, affecting neutropenic patients. This genus is very well known by humans, since different sectors like pharmaceutical or food industry have taken advantage of the biological activity of some molecules synthetized by the fungus, known as secondary metabolites, including statins, antibiotics, fermentative compounds or colorants among others. However, during infection, in response to a hostile host environment, the fungal secondary metabolism is activated, producing different virulence factors to increase its survival chances. Some of these factors also contribute to fungal dissemination and invasion of adjacent and distant organs. Among the different secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus spp. Gliotoxin (GT) is the best known and better characterized virulence factor. It is able to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the disulfide bridge present in its structure. It also presents immunosuppressive activity related with its ability to kill mammalian cells and/or inactivate critical immune signaling pathways like NFkB. In this comprehensive review, we will briefly give an overview of the lung immune response against Aspergillus as a preface to analyse the effect of different secondary metabolites on the host immune response, with a special attention to GT. We will discuss the results reported in the literature on the context of the animal models employed to analyse the role of GT as virulence factor, which is expected to greatly depend on the immune status of the host: why should you hide when nobody is seeking for you? Finally, GT immunosuppressive activity will be related with different human diseases predisposing to invasive aspergillosis in order to have a global view on the potential of GT to be used as a target to treat IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maykel Arias
- Instituto de Carboquímica ICB-CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
- Immune Effector Cells Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Llipsy Santiago
- Immune Effector Cells Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Fac. Ciencias, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Matxalen Vidal-García
- Immune Effector Cells Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Servicio de Microbiología - Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Pilar Lanuza
- Immune Effector Cells Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Fac. Ciencias, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Comas
- Instituto de Carboquímica ICB-CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
- Immune Effector Cells Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Fac. Ciencias, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Rezusta
- Servicio de Microbiología - Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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19
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Islam MT, Mishra SK, Tripathi S, de Alencar MVOB, e Sousa JMDC, Rolim HML, de Medeiros MDGF, Ferreira PMP, Rouf R, Uddin SJ, Mubarak MS, Melo-Cavalcante AADC. Mycotoxin-assisted mitochondrial dysfunction and cytotoxicity: Unexploited tools against proliferative disorders. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:1084-1092. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development; Ton Duc Thang University; Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Ton Duc Thang University; Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam
| | - Siddhartha Kumar Mishra
- Cancer Biology Laboratory; School of Biological Sciences (Zoology), Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University; Sagar 470003 Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Swati Tripathi
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology; Amity University; Noida 201313 Uttar Pradesh India
| | | | - João Marcelo de Castro e Sousa
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Piaui; Teresina 64 049-550 Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Piauí; Picos Piauí 64 067-670 Brazil
| | - Hercília Maria Lins Rolim
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Piaui; Teresina 64 049-550 Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Freire de Medeiros
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development; Ton Duc Thang University; Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam
- Department of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Piauí; Picos Piauí 64 067-670 Brazil
| | - Paulo Michel Pinheiro Ferreira
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Piaui; Teresina 64 049-550 Brazil
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology; Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, Federal University of Piauí; Teresina Piauí 64 049-550 Brazil
| | - Razina Rouf
- Department of Pharmacy; Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science & Technology University; Gopalganj Bangladesh
| | - Shaikh Jamal Uddin
- Pharmacy Discipline; Life Science School, Khulna University; Khulna Bangladesh
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20
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Haun F, Neumann S, Peintner L, Wieland K, Habicht J, Schwan C, Østevold K, Koczorowska MM, Biniossek M, Kist M, Busch H, Boerries M, Davis RJ, Maurer U, Schilling O, Aktories K, Borner C. Identification of a novel anoikis signalling pathway using the fungal virulence factor gliotoxin. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3524. [PMID: 30166526 PMCID: PMC6117259 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05850-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Anoikis is a form of apoptosis induced by cell detachment. Integrin inactivation plays a major role in the process but the exact signalling pathway is ill-defined. Here we identify an anoikis pathway using gliotoxin (GT), a virulence factor of the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, which causes invasive aspergillosis in humans. GT prevents integrin binding to RGD-containing extracellular matrix components by covalently modifying cysteines in the binding pocket. As a consequence, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is inhibited resulting in dephosphorylation of p190RhoGAP, allowing activation of RhoA. Sequential activation of ROCK, MKK4/MKK7 and JNK then triggers pro-apoptotic phosphorylation of Bim. Cells in suspension or lacking integrin surface expression are insensitive to GT but are sensitised to ROCK-MKK4/MKK7-JNK-dependent anoikis upon attachment to fibronectin or integrin upregulation. The same signalling pathway is triggered by FAK inhibition or inhibiting integrin αV/β3 with Cilengitide. Thus, GT can target integrins to induce anoikis on lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Haun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Neumann
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Peintner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Wieland
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jüri Habicht
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Schwan
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79102, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kristine Østevold
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79102, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maria Magdalena Koczorowska
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Biniossek
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kist
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Institute of Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roger J Davis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute & Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Ulrich Maurer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Schänzlestrasse 14, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Schänzlestrasse 14, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Aktories
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79102, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Schänzlestrasse 14, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany. .,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany. .,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Schänzlestrasse 14, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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21
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Genome-based deletion analysis in Aspergillus terreus reveals the acetylaranotin bis-thiomethyltransferase gene. Fungal Genet Biol 2018; 119:1-6. [PMID: 30096370 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acetylaranotin is an epipolythiodiketopiperazine (ETP) secondary metabolite with a broad range of bioactivities. We demonstrated that ATEG_01465.1 located outside of acetylaranotin gene cluster is responsible for catalyzing the S-methylation of its biosynthetic pathway. Combining the previous characterization of acetylaranotin biosynthetic gene cluster together with the identification of its S-methyltransferase provides a means to obtain second-generation acetylaranotin derivatives previously inaccessible. By permutations of targeted deletions of ATEG_01465.1, acetyltransferase (AtaH), and benzoate hydroxylase (AtaY), three novel acetylaranotin derivatives were produced by Aspergillus terreus.
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22
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Shankar J, Tiwari S, Shishodia SK, Gangwar M, Hoda S, Thakur R, Vijayaraghavan P. Molecular Insights Into Development and Virulence Determinants of Aspergilli: A Proteomic Perspective. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:180. [PMID: 29896454 PMCID: PMC5986918 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus species are the major cause of health concern worldwide in immunocompromised individuals. Opportunistic Aspergilli cause invasive to allergic aspergillosis, whereas non-infectious Aspergilli have contributed to understand the biology of eukaryotic organisms and serve as a model organism. Morphotypes of Aspergilli such as conidia or mycelia/hyphae helped them to survive in favorable or unfavorable environmental conditions. These morphotypes contribute to virulence, pathogenicity and invasion into hosts by excreting proteins, enzymes or toxins. Morphological transition of Aspergillus species has been a critical step to infect host or to colonize on food products. Thus, we reviewed proteins from Aspergilli to understand the biological processes, biochemical, and cellular pathways that are involved in transition and morphogenesis. We majorly analyzed proteomic studies on A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. terreus, and A. niger to gain insight into mechanisms involved in the transition from conidia to mycelia along with the role of secondary metabolites. Proteome analysis of morphotypes of Aspergilli provided information on key biological pathways required to exit conidial dormancy, consortia of virulent factors and mycotoxins during the transition. The application of proteomic approaches has uncovered the biological processes during development as well as intermediates of secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathway. We listed key proteins/ enzymes or toxins at different morphological types of Aspergillus that could be applicable in discovery of novel therapeutic targets or metabolite based diagnostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jata Shankar
- Genomic Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, India
| | - Shraddha Tiwari
- Genomic Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, India
| | - Sonia K Shishodia
- Genomic Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, India
| | - Manali Gangwar
- Genomic Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, India
| | - Shanu Hoda
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Raman Thakur
- Genomic Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, India
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23
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Schmidt H, Vlaic S, Krüger T, Schmidt F, Balkenhol J, Dandekar T, Guthke R, Kniemeyer O, Heinekamp T, Brakhage AA. Proteomics of Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia-containing Phagolysosomes Identifies Processes Governing Immune Evasion. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:1084-1096. [PMID: 29507050 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive infections by the human pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus start with the outgrowth of asexual, airborne spores (conidia) into the lung tissue of immunocompromised patients. The resident alveolar macrophages phagocytose conidia, which end up in phagolysosomes. However, A. fumigatus conidia resist phagocytic degradation to a certain degree. This is mainly attributable to the pigment 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin located in the cell wall of conidia, which manipulates the phagolysosomal maturation and prevents their intracellular killing. To get insight in the underlying molecular mechanisms, we comparatively analyzed proteins of mouse macrophage phagolysosomes containing melanized wild-type (wt) or nonmelanized pksP mutant conidia. For this purpose, a protocol to isolate conidia-containing phagolysosomes was established and a reference protein map of phagolysosomes was generated. We identified 637 host and 22 A. fumigatus proteins that were differentially abundant in the phagolysosome. 472 of the host proteins were overrepresented in the pksP mutant and 165 in the wt conidia-containing phagolysosome. Eight of the fungal proteins were produced only in pksP mutant and 14 proteins in wt conidia-containing phagolysosomes. Bioinformatical analysis compiled a regulatory module, which indicates host processes affected by the fungus. These processes include vATPase-driven phagolysosomal acidification, Rab5 and Vamp8-dependent endocytic trafficking, signaling pathways, as well as recruitment of the Lamp1 phagolysosomal maturation marker and the lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin Z. Western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses confirmed the proteome data and moreover showed differential abundance of the major metabolic regulator mTOR. Taken together, with the help of a protocol optimized to isolate A. fumigatus conidia-containing phagolysosomes and a potent bioinformatics algorithm, we were able to confirm A. fumigatus conidia-dependent modification of phagolysosomal processes that have been described before and beyond that, identify pathways that have not been implicated in A. fumigatus evasion strategy, yet.Mass spectrometry proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifiers PXD005724 and PXD006134.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hella Schmidt
- From the ‡Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Vlaic
- §Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Krüger
- From the ‡Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Schmidt
- From the ‡Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Balkenhol
- ¶Department of Bioinformatics, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- ¶Department of Bioinformatics, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Guthke
- §Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Olaf Kniemeyer
- From the ‡Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Thorsten Heinekamp
- From the ‡Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- From the ‡Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany; .,‖Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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24
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Chen J, Lou Q, He L, Wen C, Lin M, Zhu Z, Wang F, Huang L, Lan W, Iwamoto A, Yang X, Liu H. Reduced-gliotoxin induces ROS-mediated anoikis in human colorectal cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2018; 52:1023-1032. [PMID: 29393399 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced-gliotoxin is a small molecule derived from the secondary metabolites of marine fungi; compared to other gliotoxin analogues, it exhibits potent anticancer effects. However, the molecular basis of the death of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells induced by reduced-gliotoxin is unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the potency of reduced-gliotoxin against CRC cells and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Cell morphology, flow cytometric analysis and western bolt analysis were performed to examine the functions and mechanisms of cell death induced by reduced-gliotoxin. Our findings demonstrated that reduced-gliotoxin triggered rapid cell detachment and induced anoikis in CRC cells. Mechanistically, our data indicated that the anoikis induced by reduced-gliotoxin was associated with the disruption of integrin-associated cell detachment and multiple signaling pathways. Furthermore, reduced-gliotoxin induced the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), resulting in the activation of both endogenous and exogenous apoptotic pathways and eventually, in the apoptosis of CRC cells. The blockage of ROS generation with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) attenuated the anoikis induced by reduced-gliotoxin. Taken together, these results suggest that reduced-gliotoxin may prove to be a potential candidate in the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiong Chen
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology and the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Lou
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology and the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, P.R. China
| | - Lu He
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology and the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, P.R. China
| | - Chuangyu Wen
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology and the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, P.R. China
| | - Mengmeng Lin
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology and the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, P.R. China
| | - Zefeng Zhu
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology and the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology and the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, P.R. China
| | - Lanlan Huang
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology and the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, P.R. China
| | - Wenjian Lan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Aikichi Iwamoto
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiangling Yang
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology and the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, P.R. China
| | - Huanliang Liu
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology and the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, P.R. China
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25
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Mikkola R, Andersson MA, Grigoriev P, Heinonen M, Salkinoja-Salonen MS. The toxic mode of action of cyclic lipodepsipeptide fusaricidins, produced by Paenibacillus polymyxa, toward mammalian cells. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:436-449. [PMID: 28557348 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Toxigenic strains of Paenibacillus polymyxa were isolated from buildings connected with the symptoms of ill health. Our aim was to identify the toxic compounds of Paenibacillus polymyxa and to describe their toxic actions. METHODS AND RESULTS The toxins of Paenibacillus polymyxa were purified and analysed by HPLC and mass spectrometry. Toxic fusaricidins A and B, and LI-F05a with mass ions at m/z 883·7, 897·6 and 897·6, respectively, were found. The cytotoxicity of purified fusaricidins A and B was measured using boar sperm, porcine tubular kidney epithelial cells and murine fibroblasts. The ion channel forming properties of fusaricidins were studied using the black lipid membrane (BLM) technique. Fusaricidins A and B depolarized the mitochondria of boar sperm, porcine tubular kidney epithelial cells and murine fibroblasts at concentrations of 0·5-1 μg ml-1 and caused nuclear fragmentation and induced apoptosis at concentrations of 2·5-5 μg ml-1 . Furthermore, fusaricidins A and B induced K+ permeating single channels. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that fusaricidins were toxic to mitochondria and induced apoptosis in mammalian cells. It was proposed that the observed toxicity of fusaricidins is due their ion channel forming properties. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This paper revealed, for the first time, the mode of action of Paenibacillus polymyxa fusaricidins toxins towards mammalian cells. Fusaricidins, due to their potassium ionophoricity and mitochondria depolarizing impacts, may have contributed to the health damage observed at sites where the producer strains were isolated at high density.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mikkola
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland
| | - M A Andersson
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland.,Department of Food and Environmental Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Grigoriev
- Department of Food and Environmental Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Biophysics of Cell, Russian Academy of Science, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - M Heinonen
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M S Salkinoja-Salonen
- Department of Food and Environmental Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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26
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Mishra AK, Choi J, Choi SJ, Baek KH. Cyclodipeptides: An Overview of Their Biosynthesis and Biological Activity. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101796. [PMID: 29065531 PMCID: PMC6151668 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclodipeptides (CDP) represent a diverse family of small, highly stable, cyclic peptides that are produced as secondary functional metabolites or side products of protein metabolism by bacteria, fungi, and animals. They are widespread in nature, and exhibit a broad variety of biological and pharmacological activities. CDP synthases (CDPSs) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) catalyze the biosynthesis of the CDP core structure, which is further modified by tailoring enzymes often associated with CDP biosynthetic gene clusters. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of CDP biosynthetic pathways and modifying enzymes. We also discuss the biological properties of some known CDPs and their possible applications in metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awdhesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea.
| | - Jaehyuk Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea.
| | - Seong-Jin Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea.
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea.
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27
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Wallet P, Benaoudia S, Mosnier A, Lagrange B, Martin A, Lindgren H, Golovliov I, Michal F, Basso P, Djebali S, Provost A, Allatif O, Meunier E, Broz P, Yamamoto M, Py BF, Faudry E, Sjöstedt A, Henry T. IFN-γ extends the immune functions of Guanylate Binding Proteins to inflammasome-independent antibacterial activities during Francisella novicida infection. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006630. [PMID: 28968459 PMCID: PMC5624647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanylate binding proteins (GBPs) are interferon-inducible proteins involved in the cell-intrinsic immunity against numerous intracellular pathogens. The molecular mechanisms underlying the potent antibacterial activity of GBPs are still unclear. GBPs have been functionally linked to the NLRP3, the AIM2 and the caspase-11 inflammasomes. Two opposing models are currently proposed to explain the GBPs-inflammasome link: i) GBPs would target intracellular bacteria or bacteria-containing vacuoles to increase cytosolic PAMPs release ii) GBPs would directly facilitate inflammasome complex assembly. Using Francisella novicida infection, we investigated the functional interactions between GBPs and the inflammasome. GBPs, induced in a type I IFN-dependent manner, are required for the F. novicida-mediated AIM2-inflammasome pathway. Here, we demonstrate that GBPs action is not restricted to the AIM2 inflammasome, but controls in a hierarchical manner the activation of different inflammasomes complexes and apoptotic caspases. IFN-γ induces a quantitative switch in GBPs levels and redirects pyroptotic and apoptotic pathways under the control of GBPs. Furthermore, upon IFN-γ priming, F. novicida-infected macrophages restrict cytosolic bacterial replication in a GBP-dependent and inflammasome-independent manner. Finally, in a mouse model of tularemia, we demonstrate that the inflammasome and the GBPs are two key immune pathways functioning largely independently to control F. novicida infection. Altogether, our results indicate that GBPs are the master effectors of IFN-γ-mediated responses against F. novicida to control antibacterial immune responses in inflammasome-dependent and independent manners. The cell-intrinsic immunity is defined as the mechanisms allowing a host cell infected by an intracellular pathogen to mount effective immune mechanisms to detect and eliminate pathogens without any help from other immune cells. In infected macrophages, the Guanylate Binding Proteins (GBPs) are immune proteins, induced at low levels in a cell autonomous manner by endogenous type I IFN or at high levels following IFN-γ production by innate and adaptive lymphocytes. The antibacterial activity of GBPs has been recently tightly linked to the inflammasomes. Inflammasomes are innate immune complexes leading to inflammatory caspases activation and death of the infected cell. Francisella novicida, a bacterium replicating in the macrophage cytosol, is closely related to F. tularensis, the agent of tularemia and is used as a model to study cytosolic immunity. GBPs contribute to F. novicida lysis within the host cytosol leading to DNA release and AIM2 inflammasome activation. In addition to their regulation of the AIM2 inflammasome, we identified that GBPs also control several other pyroptotic and apoptotic pathways activated in a hierarchical manner. Furthermore, we demonstrate that IFN-γ priming extends GBPs anti-microbial responses from the inflammasome-dependent control of cell death to an inflammasome-independent control of cytosolic bacterial replication. Our results, validated in a mouse model of tularemia, thus segregate the antimicrobial activities of inflammasomes and GBPs as well as highlight GBPs as the master effectors of IFN-γ-mediated cytosolic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Wallet
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sacha Benaoudia
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Amandine Mosnier
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Brice Lagrange
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Amandine Martin
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Helena Lindgren
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden and Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Igor Golovliov
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden and Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fanny Michal
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pauline Basso
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, ERL5261, CEA, BIG-BCI, Inserm, U1036, Grenoble, France
| | - Sophia Djebali
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Angelina Provost
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Omran Allatif
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Etienne Meunier
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Petr Broz
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Bénédicte F. Py
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Eric Faudry
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, ERL5261, CEA, BIG-BCI, Inserm, U1036, Grenoble, France
| | - Anders Sjöstedt
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden and Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas Henry
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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28
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Basso P, Wallet P, Elsen S, Soleilhac E, Henry T, Faudry E, Attrée I. Multiple Pseudomonas species secrete exolysin-like toxins and provoke Caspase-1-dependent macrophage death. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:4045-4064. [PMID: 28654176 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria secrete protein toxins that provoke apoptosis or necrosis of eukaryotic cells. Here, we developed a live-imaging method, based on incorporation of a DNA-intercalating dye into membrane-damaged host cells, to study the kinetics of primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) mortality induced by opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa expressing either Type III Secretion System (T3SS) toxins or the pore-forming toxin, Exolysin (ExlA). We found that ExlA promotes the activation of Caspase-1 and maturation of interleukin-1β. BMDMs deficient for Caspase-1 and Caspase-11 were resistant to ExlA-induced death. Furthermore, by using KO BMDMs, we determined that the upstream NLRP3/ASC complex leads to the Caspase-1 activation. We also demonstrated that Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas protegens and the Drosophila pathogen Pseudomonas entomophila, which naturally express ExlA-like toxins, are cytotoxic toward macrophages and provoke the same type of pro-inflammatory death as does ExlA+ P. aeruginosa. These results demonstrate that ExlA-like toxins of two-partner secretion systems from diverse Pseudomonas species activate the NLRP3 inflammasome and provoke inflammatory pyroptotic death of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Basso
- CNRS-ERL5261, INSERM, U1036, CEA, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, University Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - Pierre Wallet
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, F-69007, France
| | - Sylvie Elsen
- CNRS-ERL5261, INSERM, U1036, CEA, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, University Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - Emmanuelle Soleilhac
- CMBA Platform, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM; Genetics & Chemogenomics, France
| | - Thomas Henry
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, F-69007, France
| | - Eric Faudry
- CNRS-ERL5261, INSERM, U1036, CEA, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, University Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - Ina Attrée
- CNRS-ERL5261, INSERM, U1036, CEA, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, University Grenoble Alpes, France
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29
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Fink SL, Jayewickreme TR, Molony RD, Iwawaki T, Landis CS, Lindenbach BD, Iwasaki A. IRE1α promotes viral infection by conferring resistance to apoptosis. Sci Signal 2017; 10:eaai7814. [PMID: 28588082 PMCID: PMC5535312 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aai7814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an ancient cellular pathway that detects and alleviates protein-folding stresses. The UPR components X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) and inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) promote type I interferon (IFN) responses. We found that Xbp1-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts and macrophages had impaired antiviral resistance. However, this was not because of a defect in type I IFN responses but rather an inability of Xbp1-deficient cells to undergo viral-induced apoptosis. The ability to undergo apoptosis limited infection in wild-type cells. Xbp1-deficient cells were generally resistant to the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis through an indirect mechanism involving activation of the nuclease IRE1α. We observed an IRE1α-dependent reduction in the abundance of the proapoptotic microRNA miR-125a and a corresponding increase in the amounts of the members of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family. The activation of IRE1α by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) protein NS4B in XBP1-proficient cells also conferred apoptosis resistance and promoted viral replication. Furthermore, we found evidence of IRE1α activation and decreased miR-125a abundance in liver biopsies from patients infected with HCV compared to those in the livers of healthy controls. Our results reveal a prosurvival role for IRE1α in virally infected cells and suggest a possible target for IFN-independent antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Fink
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Ryan D Molony
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Takao Iwawaki
- Division of Cell Medicine, Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Charles S Landis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Brett D Lindenbach
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20814, USA
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30
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Ohayon D, De Chiara A, Chapuis N, Candalh C, Mocek J, Ribeil JA, Haddaoui L, Ifrah N, Hermine O, Bouillaud F, Frachet P, Bouscary D, Witko-Sarsat V. Cytoplasmic proliferating cell nuclear antigen connects glycolysis and cell survival in acute myeloid leukemia. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35561. [PMID: 27759041 PMCID: PMC5069676 DOI: 10.1038/srep35561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a scaffolding protein involved in DNA replication, has been described as a key element in survival of mature neutrophil granulocytes, which are non-proliferating cells. Herein, we demonstrated an active export of PCNA involved in cell survival and chemotherapy resistance. Notably, daunorubicin-resistant HL-60 cells (HL-60R) have a prominent cytosolic PCNA localization due to increased nuclear export compared to daunorubicin-sensitive HL-60 cells (HL-60S). By interacting with nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), a protein involved in NAD biosynthesis, PCNA coordinates glycolysis and survival, especially in HL-60R cells. These cells showed a dramatic increase in intracellular NAD+ concentration as well as glycolysis including increased expression and activity of hexokinase 1 and increased lactate production. Furthermore, this functional activity of cytoplasmic PCNA was also demonstrated in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Our data uncover a novel pathway of nuclear export of PCNA that drives cell survival by increasing metabolism flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Ohayon
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Center of Excellence, Labex Inflamex, France
| | - Alessia De Chiara
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Center of Excellence, Labex Inflamex, France
| | - Nicolas Chapuis
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Hematology Department, Cochin Hospital, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France.,FILO: French Innovative Leukemia Organization (GOELAMS), CHU Bretonneau, TOURS France
| | - Céline Candalh
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Center of Excellence, Labex Inflamex, France
| | - Julie Mocek
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Center of Excellence, Labex Inflamex, France
| | - Jean-Antoine Ribeil
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Biotherapy Department, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Lamya Haddaoui
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,FILO: French Innovative Leukemia Organization (GOELAMS), CHU Bretonneau, TOURS France
| | - Norbert Ifrah
- FILO: French Innovative Leukemia Organization (GOELAMS), CHU Bretonneau, TOURS France.,Hematology Department CHU &UMR INSERM U892/CNRS6299, Université d'Angers, France
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Hematology Department, Necker Hospital Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), France.,INSERM UMR1163, CNRS ERL 8254, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Bouillaud
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Frachet
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Centre Etude Atomique, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5075, Grenoble, France
| | - Didier Bouscary
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Hematology Department, Cochin Hospital, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France.,FILO: French Innovative Leukemia Organization (GOELAMS), CHU Bretonneau, TOURS France
| | - Véronique Witko-Sarsat
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Center of Excellence, Labex Inflamex, France
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Gliotoxin Suppresses Macrophage Immune Function by Subverting Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-Trisphosphate Homeostasis. mBio 2016; 7:e02242. [PMID: 27048806 PMCID: PMC4817266 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02242-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, spreads in the environment by releasing numerous conidia that are capable of reaching the small alveolar airways of mammalian hosts. In otherwise healthy individuals, macrophages are responsible for rapidly phagocytosing and eliminating these conidia, effectively curbing their germination and consequent invasion of pulmonary tissue. However, under some circumstances, the fungus evades phagocyte-mediated immunity and persists in the respiratory tree. Here, we report that A. fumigatus escapes macrophage recognition by strategically targeting phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3] metabolism through gliotoxin, a potent immunosuppressive mycotoxin. Time-lapse microscopy revealed that, in response to the toxin, macrophages cease to ruffle, undergo abrupt membrane retraction, and fail to phagocytose large targets effectively. Gliotoxin was found to prevent integrin activation and interfere with actin dynamics, both of which are instrumental for phagocytosis; similar effects were noted in immortalized and primary phagocytes. Detailed studies of the underlying molecular mechanisms of toxicity revealed that inhibition of phagocytosis is attributable to impaired accumulation of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and the associated dysregulation of downstream effectors, including Rac and/or Cdc42. Strikingly, in response to the diacylglycerol mimetic phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, gliotoxin-treated macrophages reactivate beta integrins, reestablish actin dynamics, and regain phagocytic capacity, despite the overt absence of plasmalemmal PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. Together, our findings identify phosphoinositide metabolism as a critical upstream target of gliotoxin and also indicate that increased diacylglycerol levels can bypass the requirement for PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 signaling during membrane ruffling and phagocytosis. Aspergillus fumigatus is the most frequent cause of human infections in the Aspergillus genus. In immunocompromised populations, invasive aspergillosis (IA) is associated with a mortality rate of up to 90%, and current antifungal therapies have failed to prevent or reverse the infection. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the interactions between A. fumigatus and its host is required. In healthy humans, alveolar macrophages can ingest and eliminate fungal spores, thus limiting their germination into mycotoxin-producing hyphae. Our studies reveal that gliotoxin—the most abundant Aspergillus mycotoxin—undermines the ability of phagocytes to carry out their protective functions. By targeting PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 signaling and downregulating phagocytic immune defenses, the toxin could also exacerbate polymicrobial infections. Notably, we were able to reverse gliotoxin toxicity by addition of diacylglycerol analogues, which may provide the basis for therapeutic interventions.
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Scharf DH, Brakhage AA, Mukherjee PK. Gliotoxin--bane or boon? Environ Microbiol 2015; 18:1096-109. [PMID: 26443473 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gliotoxin (GT) is the most important epidithiodioxopiperazine (ETP)-type fungal toxin. GT was originally isolated from Trichoderma species as an antibiotic substance involved in biological control of plant pathogenic fungi. A few isolates of GT-producing Trichoderma virens are commercially marketed for biological control and widely used in agriculture. Furthermore, GT is long known as an immunosuppressive agent and also reported to have anti-tumour properties. However, recent publications suggest that GT is a virulence determinant of the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. This compound is thus important on several counts - it has medicinal properties, is a pathogenicity determinant, is a potential diagnostic marker and is important in biological crop protection. The present article addresses this paradox and the ecological role of GT. We discuss the function of GT as defence molecule, the role in aspergillosis and suggest solutions for safe application of Trichoderma-based biofungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Scharf
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI) and Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI) and Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Prasun K Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
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33
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Giessen TW, Marahiel MA. Rational and combinatorial tailoring of bioactive cyclic dipeptides. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:785. [PMID: 26284060 PMCID: PMC4519757 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Modified cyclic dipeptides represent a diverse family of microbial secondary metabolites. They display a broad variety of biological and pharmacological activities and have long been recognized as privileged structures with the ability to bind to a wide range of receptors. This is due to their conformationally constrained 2, 5-diketopiperazine (DKP) scaffold and the diverse set of DKP tailoring enzymes present in nature. After initial DKP assembly through different biosynthetic systems modifying enzymes are responsible for installing functional groups crucial for the biological activities of the resulting modified DKPs. They represent a vast and largely untapped enzyme repository very useful for synthetic biology approaches aiming at introducing structural variations into DKP scaffolds. In this review we focus on these DKP modification enzymes found in various microbial secondary metabolite gene clusters. We will give a brief overview of their distribution and highlight a select number of characterized DKP tailoring enzymes before turning to their application potential in combinatorial biosynthesis with the aim of producing molecules with improved or entirely new biological and medicinally relevant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias W Giessen
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA ; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston MA, USA
| | - Mohamed A Marahiel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg Marburg, Germany ; LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-University Marburg Marburg, Germany
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34
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Maurer E, Browne N, Surlis C, Jukic E, Moser P, Kavanagh K, Lass-Flörl C, Binder U. Galleria mellonella as a host model to study Aspergillus terreus virulence and amphotericin B resistance. Virulence 2015; 6:591-8. [PMID: 26107350 PMCID: PMC4720272 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1045183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate if the alternative in vivo model Galleria mellonella can be used (i) to determine differences in pathogenicity of amphotericin B (AMB) resistant and susceptible A. terreus isolates, (ii) to evaluate AMB efficacy in vivo (iii) and to correlate outcome to in vitro susceptibility data. Larvae were infected with 2 A. terreus AMB resistant (ATR) and 3 AMB susceptible (ATS) isolates and survival rates were correlated to physiological attributes and killing ability of larval haemocytes. Additionally, infected larvae were treated with different concentrations of L-AMB. Haemocyte density were ascertained to evaluate the influence of L-AMB on the larval immune cells. Larvae were sensitive to A. terreus infection in an inoculum-size and temperature dependent manner. In vitro susceptibility to L-AMB correlated with in vivo outcome of antifungal treatment, defining an AMB susceptible strain cluster of A. terreus. Susceptibility to L-AMB increased virulence potential in the larval model, but this increase was also in accordance with faster growth and less damage caused by larval haemocytes. L-AMB treatment primed the larval immune response by increasing haemocyte density. G. mellonella provides a convenient model for the in vivo screening of A. terreus virulence and treatment options, contributing to the generation of a hypothesis that can be further tested in refined experiments in mammalian models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Maurer
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Niall Browne
- Medical Mycology Unit; Department of Biology; Maynooth University; Maynooth; Kildare, Ireland
| | - Carla Surlis
- Medical Mycology Unit; Department of Biology; Maynooth University; Maynooth; Kildare, Ireland
| | - Emina Jukic
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrizia Moser
- Department of Pathology; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kevin Kavanagh
- Medical Mycology Unit; Department of Biology; Maynooth University; Maynooth; Kildare, Ireland
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ulrike Binder
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck, Austria
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35
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Mikkola R, Andersson MA, Hautaniemi M, Salkinoja-Salonen MS. Toxic indole alkaloids avrainvillamide and stephacidin B produced by a biocide tolerant indoor mold Aspergillus westerdijkiae. Toxicon 2015; 99:58-67. [PMID: 25804991 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Toxic Aspergillus westerdijkiae were present in house dust and indoor air fall-out from a residence and a kindergarten where the occupants suffered from building related ill health. The A. westerdijkiae isolates produced indole alkaloids avrainvillamide (445 Da) and its dimer stephacidin B (890 Da). It grew and sporulated in presence of high concentrations of boron or polyguanidine (PHMB, PHMG) based antimicrobial biocides used to remediate mold infested buildings. The boar sperm cells were used as sensor cells to purify toxins from HPLC fractions of the fungal biomass. Submicromolar concentrations (EC50 0.3-0.4 μM) blocked boar spermatozoan motility and killed porcine kidney tubular epithelial cells (PK-15). Plate grown hyphal mass of the A. westerdijkiae isolates contained 300-750 ng of avrainvillamide and 30-300 ng of stephacidin B per mg (wet weight). The toxins induced rapid (30 min) loss of boar sperm motility, followed (24 h) by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). Apoptotic cell death was observed in PK-15 cell monolayers, prior to cessation of glucose uptake or loss of ΔΨm. Avrainvillamide and stephacidin B were 100-fold more potent towards the porcine cells than the mycotoxins stephacidin A, ochratoxin A, sterigmatocystin and citrinin. The high toxicity of stephacidin B indicates a role of nitrone group in the mechanism of toxicity. Avrainvillamide and stephacidin B represent a new class of toxins with possible a threat to human health in buildings. Furthermore, the use of biocides highly enhanced the growth of toxigenic A. westerdijkiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimo Mikkola
- Dept of Food and Environmental Science, POB56, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland.
| | - Maria A Andersson
- Dept of Food and Environmental Science, POB56, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
| | - Maria Hautaniemi
- Finnish Food Safety Authority (EVIRA), Mustialankatu 3, FI000790 Helsinki, Finland
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36
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Resistance is not futile: gliotoxin biosynthesis, functionality and utility. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:419-28. [PMID: 25766143 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gliotoxin biosynthesis is encoded by the gli gene cluster in Aspergillus fumigatus. The biosynthesis of gliotoxin is influenced by a suite of transcriptionally-active regulatory proteins and a bis-thiomethyltransferase. A self-protection system against gliotoxin is present in A. fumigatus. Several additional metabolites are also produced via the gliotoxin biosynthetic pathway. Moreover, the biosynthesis of unrelated natural products appears to be influenced either by gliotoxin or by the activity of specific reactions within the biosynthetic pathway. The activity of gliotoxin against animal cells and fungi, often mediated by interference with redox homeostasis or protein modification, is revealing new metabolic interactions within eukaryotic systems. Nature has provided a most useful natural product with which to reveal some of its many molecular secrets.
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37
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Heinekamp T, Schmidt H, Lapp K, Pähtz V, Shopova I, Köster-Eiserfunke N, Krüger T, Kniemeyer O, Brakhage AA. Interference of Aspergillus fumigatus with the immune response. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 37:141-52. [PMID: 25404120 PMCID: PMC4326658 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0465-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a saprotrophic filamentous fungus and also the most prevalent airborne fungal pathogen of humans. Depending on the host’s immune status, the variety of diseases caused by A. fumigatus ranges from allergies in immunocompetent hosts to life-threatening invasive infections in patients with impaired immunity. In contrast to the majority of other Aspergillus species, which are in most cases nonpathogenic, A. fumigatus features an armory of virulence determinants to establish an infection. For example, A. fumigatus is able to evade the human complement system by binding or degrading complement regulators. Furthermore, the fungus interferes with lung epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages, and neutrophil granulocytes to prevent killing by these immune cells. This chapter summarizes the different strategies of A. fumigatus to manipulate the immune response. We also discuss the potential impact of recent advances in immunoproteomics to improve diagnosis and therapy of an A. fumigatus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Heinekamp
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany,
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38
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Owens RA, Hammel S, Sheridan KJ, Jones GW, Doyle S. A proteomic approach to investigating gene cluster expression and secondary metabolite functionality in Aspergillus fumigatus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106942. [PMID: 25198175 PMCID: PMC4157829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A combined proteomics and metabolomics approach was utilised to advance the identification and characterisation of secondary metabolites in Aspergillus fumigatus. Here, implementation of a shotgun proteomic strategy led to the identification of non-redundant mycelial proteins (n = 414) from A. fumigatus including proteins typically under-represented in 2-D proteome maps: proteins with multiple transmembrane regions, hydrophobic proteins and proteins with extremes of molecular mass and pI. Indirect identification of secondary metabolite cluster expression was also achieved, with proteins (n = 18) from LaeA-regulated clusters detected, including GliT encoded within the gliotoxin biosynthetic cluster. Biochemical analysis then revealed that gliotoxin significantly attenuates H2O2-induced oxidative stress in A. fumigatus (p>0.0001), confirming observations from proteomics data. A complementary 2-D/LC-MS/MS approach further elucidated significantly increased abundance (p<0.05) of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), NADH-quinone oxidoreductase and the gliotoxin oxidoreductase GliT, along with significantly attenuated abundance (p<0.05) of a heat shock protein, an oxidative stress protein and an autolysis-associated chitinase, when gliotoxin and H2O2 were present, compared to H2O2 alone. Moreover, gliotoxin exposure significantly reduced the abundance of selected proteins (p<0.05) involved in de novo purine biosynthesis. Significantly elevated abundance (p<0.05) of a key enzyme, xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase Xpt1, utilised in purine salvage, was observed in the presence of H2O2 and gliotoxin. This work provides new insights into the A. fumigatus proteome and experimental strategies, plus mechanistic data pertaining to gliotoxin functionality in the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Owens
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Stephen Hammel
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Kevin J. Sheridan
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Gary W. Jones
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Sean Doyle
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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Svahn KS, Göransson U, Chryssanthou E, Olsen B, Sjölin J, Strömstedt AA. Induction of gliotoxin secretion in Aspergillus fumigatus by bacteria-associated molecules. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93685. [PMID: 24705440 PMCID: PMC3976306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common causative agent of mold diseases in humans, giving rise to life-threatening infections in immunocompromised individuals. One of its secreted metabolites is gliotoxin, a toxic antimicrobial agent. The aim of this study was to determine whether the presence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns in broth cultures of A. fumigatus could induce gliotoxin production. Gliotoxin levels were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The presence of a bacteria-derived lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, or lipoteichoic acid in the growth media at a concentration of 5 μg/ml increased the gliotoxin concentration in the media by 37%, 65%, and 35%, respectively. The findings reveal a correlation between the concentrations of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and gliotoxin secretion. This shows that there is a yet uncharacterized detection system for such compounds within fungi. Inducing secondary metabolite production by such means in fungi is potentially relevant for drug discovery research. Our results also give a possible explanation for the increased virulence of A. fumigatus during bacterial co-infection, one that is important for the transition from colonization to invasiveness in this pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Stefan Svahn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Göransson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erja Chryssanthou
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital & Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Department of Medicinal Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Sjölin
- Department of Medicinal Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adam A. Strömstedt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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40
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Thornton CR. Breaking the mould - novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in the immune deficient patient. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:771-80. [PMID: 24689528 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.904747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) caused by the ubiquitous environmental fungus Aspergillus is a frequently fatal lung disease of immunocompromised humans accounting for more than 200,000 infections each year, with an associated mortality rate of 30-90%. This review addresses the current status of IPA diagnosis and treatment and the urgent need to develop accurate, non-invasive strategies for identifying pulmonary infections in the ever-expanding population of immune deficient patients at risk of acquiring opportunistic fungal infections including hematological malignancy and hematopoetic stem cell transplant patients. Recent advances in the use of an Aspergillus-specific monoclonal antibody, JF5, for point-of-care diagnosis of IPA using lateral-flow technology is examined, as is its use in PET/MRI bioimaging and radio-immunotherapy using radionuclide-labeled single chain antibody fragments, Fab fragments, and a fully humanized JF5 derivative.
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41
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Huber F, Bignell E. Distribution, expression and expansion of Aspergillus fumigatus LINE-like retrotransposon populations in clinical and environmental isolates. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 64:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Nguyen VT, Lee JS, Qian ZJ, Li YX, Kim KN, Heo SJ, Jeon YJ, Park WS, Choi IW, Je JY, Jung WK. Gliotoxin isolated from marine fungus Aspergillus sp. induces apoptosis of human cervical cancer and chondrosarcoma cells. Mar Drugs 2013; 12:69-87. [PMID: 24368570 PMCID: PMC3917261 DOI: 10.3390/md12010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliotoxin, a secondary metabolite produced by marine fungus Aspergillus sp., possesses various biological activities including anticancer activity. However, the mechanism underlying gliotoxin-induced cytotoxicity on human cervical cancer (Hela) and human chondrosarcoma (SW1353) cells remains unclear. In this study, we focused on the effect of gliotoxin induction on apoptosis, the activating expressions of caspase family enzymes in the cells. Apoptotic cell levels were measured through DAPI and Annexin V/Propidium Iodide (PI) double staining analysis. The apoptotic protein expression of Bcl-2 and caspase family was detected by Western blot in Hela and SW1353 cells. Our results showed that gliotoxin treatment inhibited cell proliferation and induced significant morphological changes. Gliotoxin induced apoptosis was further confirmed by DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation and disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential. Gliotoxin-induced activation of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9, down-regulation of Bcl-2, up-regulation of Bax and cytochromec (cyt c) release showed evidence for the gliotoxin activity on apoptosis. These findings suggest that gliotoxin isolated from marine fungus Aspergillus sp. induced apoptosis in Hela and SW1353 cells via the mitochondrial pathway followed by downstream events leading to apoptotic mode of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Tinh Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Centre for Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology (BK21 Plus) Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Jung Suck Lee
- Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Zhong-Ji Qian
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; E-Mail:
| | - Yong-Xin Li
- Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Kil-Nam Kim
- Marine Bio Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Jeju 690-140, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Soo-Jin Heo
- Global Bioresources Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Ansan 426-744, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Il-Whan Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 608-737, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Jae-Young Je
- Department of Marine Bio-Food Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 550-749, Korea
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (J.-Y.J.); (W.-K.J.); Tel.: +82-61-659-7416 (J.-Y.J.); Fax: +82-61-659-7419 (J.-Y.J.); Tel./Fax: +82-51-629-5775 (W.-K.J.)
| | - Won-Kyo Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Centre for Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology (BK21 Plus) Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea; E-Mail:
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (J.-Y.J.); (W.-K.J.); Tel.: +82-61-659-7416 (J.-Y.J.); Fax: +82-61-659-7419 (J.-Y.J.); Tel./Fax: +82-51-629-5775 (W.-K.J.)
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Bronner DN, O'Riordan MXD, He Y. Caspase-2 mediates a Brucella abortus RB51-induced hybrid cell death having features of apoptosis and pyroptosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:83. [PMID: 24350060 PMCID: PMC3842122 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) can play a crucial role in tuning the immune response to microbial infection. Although PCD can occur in different forms, all are mediated by a family of proteases called caspases. Caspase-2 is the most conserved caspase, however, its function in cell death is ill-defined. Previously we demonstrated that live attenuated cattle vaccine strain Brucella abortus RB51 induces caspase-2-mediated and caspase-1-independent PCD of infected macrophages. We also discovered that rough attenuated B. suis strain VTRS1 induces a caspase-2-mediated and caspase-1-independent proinflammatory cell death in infected macrophages, which was tentatively coined "caspase-2-mediated pyroptosis". However, the mechanism of caspase-2-mediated cell death pathway remained unclear. In this study, we found that caspase-2 mediated proinflammatory cell death of RB51-infected macrophages and regulated many genes in different PCD pathways. We show that the activation of proapoptotic caspases-3 and -8 was dependent upon caspase-2. Caspase-2 regulated mitochondrial cytochrome c release and TNFα production, both of which are known to activate caspase-3 and caspase-8, respectively. In addition to TNFα, RB51-induced caspase-1 and IL-1β production was also driven by caspase-2-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. Interestingly, pore formation, a phenomenon commonly associated with caspase-1-mediated pyroptosis, occurred; however, unlike its role in S. typhimurium-induced pyroptosis, pore formation did not contribute to RB51-induced proinflammatory cell death. Our data suggest that caspase-2 acts as an initiator caspase that mediates a novel RB51-induced hybrid cell death that simulates but differs from typical non-proinflammatory apoptosis and caspase-1-mediated proinflammatory pyroptosis. The initiator role of the caspase-2-mediated cell death was also conserved in cellular stress-induced cell death of macrophages treated with etoposide, naphthalene, or anti-Fas. Caspase-2 also regulated caspase-3 and -8 activation, as well as cell death in macrophages treated with each of the three reagents. Taken together, our data has demonstrated that caspase-2 can play an important role in mediating a proinflammatory response and a hybrid cell death that demonstrates features of both apoptosis and pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise N Bronner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mary X D O'Riordan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yongqun He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- G Häcker
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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De Chiara A, Pederzoli-Ribeil M, Mocek J, Candalh C, Mayeux P, Millet A, Witko-Sarsat V. Characterization of cytosolic proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in neutrophils: antiapoptotic role of the monomer. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:723-31. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1212637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Gu B, He S, Yan X, Zhang L. Tentative biosynthetic pathways of some microbial diketopiperazines. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:8439-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5175-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Apoptosis induced by the fungal pathogen gliotoxin requires a triple phosphorylation of Bim by JNK. Cell Death Differ 2013; 20:1317-29. [PMID: 23832115 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that gliotoxin (GT), the major virulence factor of the mold Aspergillus fumigatus causing invasive aspergillosis (IA) in immunocompromised patients, induces apoptosis in a Bak-dependent manner. The signaling pathway leading to Bak activation and subsequent mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) is elusive. Here, we show that GT and the supernatant of A. fumigatus (but not its GT-defective mutant) activate the JNK pathway and require a co-operative JNK-mediated BimEL phosphorylation at three sites (S100, T112 and S114) to induce apoptosis in mouse fibroblasts, human bronchial and mouse alveolar epithelial cells. Cells (i) treated with the JNK inhibitor SP600125, (ii) deleted or knocked down for JNK1/2 or Bim or (iii) carrying the BimEL triple phosphomutant S100A/T112A/S114A instead of wild-type BimEL are similarly resistant to GT-induced apoptosis. Triple-phosphorylated BimEL is more stable, redistributes from a cytoskeletal to a membrane fraction, better interacts with Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL and more effectively activates Bak than the unphosphorylated mutant. These data indicate that JNK-mediated BimEL phosphorylation at S100, T112 and S114 constitutes a novel regulatory mechanism to activate Bim in response to apoptotic stimuli.
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Guo CJ, Yeh HH, Chiang YM, Sanchez JF, Chang SL, Bruno KS, Wang CCC. Biosynthetic pathway for the epipolythiodioxopiperazine acetylaranotin in Aspergillus terreus revealed by genome-based deletion analysis. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:7205-13. [PMID: 23586797 DOI: 10.1021/ja3123653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Epipolythiodioxopiperazines (ETPs) are a class of fungal secondary metabolites derived from diketopiperazines. Acetylaranotin belongs to one structural subgroup of ETPs characterized by the presence of a seven-membered 4,5-dihydrooxepine ring. Defining the genes involved in acetylaranotin biosynthesis should provide a means to increase the production of these compounds and facilitate the engineering of second-generation molecules. The filamentous fungus Aspergillus terreus produces acetylaranotin and related natural products. Using targeted gene deletions, we have identified a cluster of nine genes (including one nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene, ataP) that is required for acetylaranotin biosynthesis. Chemical analysis of the wild-type and mutant strains enabled us to isolate 17 natural products from the acetylaranotin biosynthesis pathway. Nine of the compounds identified in this study are natural products that have not been reported previously. Our data have allowed us to propose a biosynthetic pathway for acetylaranotin and related natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jun Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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50
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Miller AV, Hicks MA, Nakajima W, Richardson AC, Windle JJ, Harada H. Paclitaxel-induced apoptosis is BAK-dependent, but BAX and BIM-independent in breast tumor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60685. [PMID: 23577147 PMCID: PMC3618047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel (Taxol)-induced cell death requires the intrinsic cell death pathway, but the specific participants and the precise mechanisms are poorly understood. Previous studies indicate that a BH3-only protein BIM (BCL-2 Interacting Mediator of cell death) plays a role in paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. We show here that BIM is dispensable in apoptosis with paclitaxel treatment using bim−/− MEFs (mouse embryonic fibroblasts), the bim−/− mouse breast tumor model, and shRNA-mediated down-regulation of BIM in human breast cancer cells. In contrast, both bak−/− MEFs and human breast cancer cells in which BAK was down-regulated by shRNA were more resistant to paclitaxel. However, paclitaxel sensitivity was not affected in bax−/− MEFs or in human breast cancer cells in which BAX was down-regulated, suggesting that paclitaxel-induced apoptosis is BAK-dependent, but BAX-independent. In human breast cancer cells, paclitaxel treatment resulted in MCL-1 degradation which was prevented by a proteasome inhibitor, MG132. A Cdk inhibitor, roscovitine, blocked paclitaxel-induced MCL-1 degradation and apoptosis, suggesting that Cdk activation at mitotic arrest could induce subsequent MCL-1 degradation in a proteasome-dependent manner. BAK was associated with MCL-1 in untreated cells and became activated in concert with loss of MCL-1 expression and its release from the complex. Our data suggest that BAK is the mediator of paclitaxel-induced apoptosis and could be an alternative target for overcoming paclitaxel resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Miller
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Hicks
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Wataru Nakajima
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Amanda C. Richardson
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jolene J. Windle
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Hisashi Harada
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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