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Qiu C, Sun N, Zeng S, Chen L, Gong F, Tian J, Xiong Y, Peng L, He H, Ming Y. Unveiling the therapeutic promise of EphA2 in glioblastoma: a comprehensive review. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:501. [PMID: 39331302 PMCID: PMC11436538 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01380-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), a primary brain tumor, exhibits remarkable invasiveness and is characterized by its intricate location, infiltrative behavior, the presence of both the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB), phenotypic diversity, an immunosuppressive microenvironment with limited development yet rich vascularity, as well as the resistant nature of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) towards traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. These formidable factors present substantial obstacles in the quest for effective GBM treatments. Following extensive research spanning three decades, the hepatocellular receptor A2 (EphA2) receptor tyrosine kinase has emerged as a promising molecular target with translational potential in the realm of cancer therapy. Numerous compounds aimed at targeting EphA2 have undergone rigorous evaluation and clinical investigation. This article provides a comprehensive account of the distinctive roles played by canonical and non-canonical EphA2 signaling in various contexts, while also exploring the involvement of the EphA2-ephrin A1 signaling axis in GBM pathogenesis. Additionally, the review offers an overview of completed clinical trials targeting EphA2 for GBM treatment, shedding light on both the prospects and challenges associated with EphA2-directed interventions in the domain of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caohang Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
- Neurological Diseases and Brain Function Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Sun
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Shan Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
- Neurological Diseases and Brain Function Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ligang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
- Neurological Diseases and Brain Function Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Feilong Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
- Neurological Diseases and Brain Function Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
- Neurological Diseases and Brain Function Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
- Neurological Diseases and Brain Function Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lilei Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
- Neurological Diseases and Brain Function Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiping He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
- Neurological Diseases and Brain Function Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Ming
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China.
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China.
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China.
- Neurological Diseases and Brain Function Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China.
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Huynh PN, Cheng C. Spatial-temporal comparison of Eph/Ephrin gene expression in ocular lenses from aging and knockout mice. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2024; 4:1410860. [PMID: 38984128 PMCID: PMC11182306 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2024.1410860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Cataracts, defined as any opacity in the transparent ocular lens, remain the leading cause of blindness and visual impairment in the world; however, the etiology of this pathology is not fully understood. Studies in mice and humans have found that the EphA2 receptor and the ephrin-A5 ligand play important roles in maintaining lens homeostasis and transparency. However, due to the diversity of the family of Eph receptors and ephrin ligands and their promiscuous binding, identifying functional interacting partners remains a challenge. Previously, 12 of the 14 Ephs and 8 of 8 ephrins in mice were characterized to be expressed in the mouse lens. To further narrow down possible genes of interest in life-long lens homeostasis, we collected and separated the lens epithelium from the fiber cell mass and isolated RNA from each compartment in samples from young adult and middle-aged mice that were either wild-type, EphA2-/- (knockout), or ephrin-A5 -/- . Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was implemented to compare transcript levels of 33 Eph and ephrin gene variants in each tissue compartment. Our results show that, of the Eph and ephrin variants screened, 5 of 33 showed age-related changes, and 2 of 33 showed genotype-related changes in lens epithelium. In the isolated fibers, more dynamic gene expression changes were observed, in which 12 of 33 variants showed age-related changes, and 6 of 33 showed genotype-related changes. These data allow for a more informed decision in determining mechanistic leads in Eph-ephrin-mediated signaling in the lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Huynh
- School of Optometry and Vision Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Catherine Cheng
- School of Optometry and Vision Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
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Veiga RN, de Azevedo ALK, de Oliveira JC, Gradia DF. Targeting EphA2: a promising strategy to overcome chemoresistance and drug resistance in cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:479-493. [PMID: 38393661 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-024-02431-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular A2 (EphA2) is a vital member of the Eph tyrosine kinase receptor family and has been associated with developmental processes. However, it is often overexpressed in tumors and correlates with cancer progression and worse prognosis due to the activation of its noncanonical signaling pathway. Throughout cancer treatment, the emergence of drug-resistant tumor cells is relatively common. Since the early 2000s, researchers have focused on understanding the role of EphA2 in promoting drug resistance in different types of cancer, as well as finding efficient and secure EphA2 inhibitors. In this review, the current knowledge regarding induced resistance by EphA2 in cancer treatment is summarized, and the types of cancer that lead to the most cancer-related deaths are highlighted. Some EphA2 inhibitors were also investigated. Regardless of whether the cancer treatment has reached a drug-resistance stage in EphA2-overexpressing tumors, once EphA2 is involved in cancer progression and aggressiveness, targeting EphA2 is a promising therapeutic strategy, especially in combination with other target-drugs for synergistic effect. For that reason, monoclonal antibodies against EphA2 and inhibitors of this receptor should be investigated for efficacy and drug toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Nasser Veiga
- Laboratory of Human Cytogenetics and Oncogenetics, Postgraduate Program in Genetics. Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Rua Coronel Francisco Heráclito Dos Santos, 100, Jardim das AméricasCuritiba, CEP, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Luiz Korte de Azevedo
- Laboratory of Human Cytogenetics and Oncogenetics, Postgraduate Program in Genetics. Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Rua Coronel Francisco Heráclito Dos Santos, 100, Jardim das AméricasCuritiba, CEP, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Carvalho de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Human Cytogenetics and Oncogenetics, Postgraduate Program in Genetics. Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Rua Coronel Francisco Heráclito Dos Santos, 100, Jardim das AméricasCuritiba, CEP, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Daniela Fiori Gradia
- Laboratory of Human Cytogenetics and Oncogenetics, Postgraduate Program in Genetics. Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Rua Coronel Francisco Heráclito Dos Santos, 100, Jardim das AméricasCuritiba, CEP, 81531-980, Brazil.
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Vail ME, Farnsworth RH, Hii L, Allen S, Arora S, Anderson RL, Dickins RA, Orimo A, Wu SZ, Swarbrick A, Scott AM, Janes PW. Inhibition of EphA3 Expression in Tumour Stromal Cells Suppresses Tumour Growth and Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4646. [PMID: 37760615 PMCID: PMC10527215 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour progression relies on interactions with untransformed cells in the tumour microenvironment (TME), including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which promote blood supply, tumour progression, and immune evasion. Eph receptor tyrosine kinases are cell guidance receptors that are most active during development but re-emerge in cancer and are recognised drug targets. EphA3 is overexpressed in a wide range of tumour types, and we previously found expression particularly in stromal and vascular tissues of the TME. To investigate its role in the TME, we generated transgenic mice with inducible shRNA-mediated knockdown of EphA3 expression. EphA3 knockdown was confirmed in aortic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which displayed reduced angiogenic capacity. In mice with syngeneic lung tumours, EphA3 knockdown reduced vasculature and CAF/MSC-like cells in tumours, and inhibited tumour growth, which was confirmed also in a melanoma model. Single cell RNA sequencing analysis of multiple human tumour types confirmed EphA3 expression in CAFs, including in breast cancer, where EphA3 was particularly prominent in perivascular- and myofibroblast-like CAFs. Our results thus indicate expression of the cell guidance receptor EphA3 in distinct CAF subpopulations is important in supporting tumour angiogenesis and tumour growth, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Vail
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Rae H. Farnsworth
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Linda Hii
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Stacey Allen
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Sakshi Arora
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Robin L. Anderson
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Ross A. Dickins
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Akira Orimo
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Sunny Z. Wu
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and School of Clinical Medicine, University of NSW, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Alexander Swarbrick
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and School of Clinical Medicine, University of NSW, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Andrew M. Scott
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Peter W. Janes
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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Kim Y, Ahmed S, Miller WT. Colorectal cancer-associated mutations impair EphB1 kinase function. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105115. [PMID: 37527777 PMCID: PMC10463257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin-producing hepatoma (Eph) receptor tyrosine kinases regulate the migration and adhesion of cells that are required for many developmental processes and adult tissue homeostasis. In the intestinal epithelium, Eph signaling controls the positioning of cell types along the crypt-villus axis. Eph activity can suppress the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). The most frequently mutated Eph receptor in metastatic CRC is EphB1. However, the functional effects of EphB1 mutations are mostly unknown. We expressed and purified the kinase domains of WT and five cancer-associated mutant EphB1 and developed assays to assess the functional effects of the mutations. Using purified proteins, we determined that CRC-associated mutations reduce the activity and stability of the folded structure of EphB1. By mammalian cell expression, we determined that CRC-associated mutant EphB1 receptors inhibit signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 signaling. In contrast to the WT, the mutant EphB1 receptors are unable to suppress the migration of human CRC cells. The CRC-associated mutations also impair cell compartmentalization in an assay in which EphB1-expressing cells are cocultured with ligand (ephrin B1)-expressing cells. These results suggest that somatic mutations impair the kinase-dependent tumor suppressor function of EphB1 in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyoung Kim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Sultan Ahmed
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - W Todd Miller
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York, USA.
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Banerjee SL, Lessard F, Chartier FJM, Jacquet K, Osornio-Hernandez AI, Teyssier V, Ghani K, Lavoie N, Lavoie JN, Caruso M, Laprise P, Elowe S, Lambert JP, Bisson N. EPH receptor tyrosine kinases phosphorylate the PAR-3 scaffold protein to modulate downstream signaling networks. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111031. [PMID: 35793621 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
EPH receptors (EPHRs) constitute the largest family among receptor tyrosine kinases in humans. They are mainly involved in short-range cell-cell communication events that regulate cell adhesion, migration, and boundary formation. However, the molecular mechanisms by which EPHRs control these processes are less understood. To address this, we unravel EPHR-associated complexes under native conditions using mass-spectrometry-based BioID proximity labeling. We obtain a composite proximity network from EPHA4, -B2, -B3, and -B4 that comprises 395 proteins, most of which were not previously linked to EPHRs. We examine the contribution of several BioID-identified candidates via loss-of-function in an EPHR-dependent cell-segregation assay. We find that the signaling scaffold PAR-3 is required for cell sorting and that EPHRs directly phosphorylate PAR-3. We also delineate a signaling complex involving the C-terminal SRC kinase (CSK), whose recruitment to PAR-3 is dependent on EPHR signals. Our work describes signaling networks by which EPHRs regulate cellular phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Banerjee
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec-Université Laval, Division Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Lessard
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec-Université Laval, Division Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - François J M Chartier
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec-Université Laval, Division Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Kévin Jacquet
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec-Université Laval, Division Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Ana I Osornio-Hernandez
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec-Université Laval, Division Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Valentine Teyssier
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec-Université Laval, Division Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Karim Ghani
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec-Université Laval, Division Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Noémie Lavoie
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec-Université Laval, Division Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Josée N Lavoie
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec-Université Laval, Division Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Manuel Caruso
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec-Université Laval, Division Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick Laprise
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec-Université Laval, Division Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Sabine Elowe
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec-Université Laval, Division Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Lambert
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche en données massives de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec-Université Laval, Division Endocrinologie-néphrologie, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Bisson
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec-Université Laval, Division Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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MINCER ST, NIETHAMER TK, TENG T, BUSH JO, PERCIVAL CJ. Investigating the effects of compound paralogous EPHB receptor mutations on mouse facial development. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:1138-1155. [PMID: 35025117 PMCID: PMC9924224 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variation in facial shape may arise from the combinatorial or overlapping actions of paralogous genes. Given its many members, and overlapping expression and functions, the EPH receptor family is a compelling candidate source of craniofacial morphological variation. We performed a detailed morphometric analysis of an allelic series of E14.5 Ephb1-3 receptor mutants to determine the effect of each paralogous receptor gene on craniofacial morphology. RESULTS We found that Ephb1, Ephb2, and Ephb3 genotypes significantly influenced facial shape, but Ephb1 effects were weaker than Ephb2 and Ephb3 effects. Ephb2-/- and Ephb3-/- mutations affected similar aspects of facial morphology, but Ephb3-/- mutants had additional facial shape effects. Craniofacial differences across the allelic series were largely consistent with predicted additive genetic effects. However, we identified a potentially important nonadditive effect where Ephb1 mutants displayed different morphologies depending on the combination of other Ephb paralogs present, where Ephb1+/- , Ephb1-/- , and Ephb1-/- ; Ephb3-/- mutants exhibited a consistent deviation from their predicted facial shapes. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a detailed assessment of the effects of Ephb receptor gene paralogs on E14.5 mouse facial morphology and demonstrates how the loss of specific receptors contributes to facial dysmorphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T. MINCER
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Terren K. NIETHAMER
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America,Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Teng TENG
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America,Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey O. BUSH
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America,Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. PERCIVAL
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
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8
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Salokas K, Liu X, Öhman T, Chowdhury I, Gawriyski L, Keskitalo S, Varjosalo M. Physical and functional interactome atlas of human receptor tyrosine kinases. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54041. [PMID: 35384245 PMCID: PMC9171411 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Much cell-to-cell communication is facilitated by cell surface receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). These proteins phosphorylate their downstream cytoplasmic substrates in response to stimuli such as growth factors. Despite their central roles, the functions of many RTKs are still poorly understood. To resolve the lack of systematic knowledge, we apply three complementary methods to map the molecular context and substrate profiles of RTKs. We use affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry (AP-MS) to characterize stable binding partners and RTK-protein complexes, proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) to identify transient and proximal interactions, and an in vitro kinase assay to identify RTK substrates. To identify how kinase interactions depend on kinase activity, we also use kinase-deficient mutants. Our data represent a comprehensive, systemic mapping of RTK interactions and substrates. This resource adds information regarding well-studied RTKs, offers insights into the functions of less well-studied RTKs, and highlights RTK-RTK interactions and shared signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Salokas
- Institute of BiotechnologyHiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- Institute of BiotechnologyHiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Tiina Öhman
- Institute of BiotechnologyHiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Lisa Gawriyski
- Institute of BiotechnologyHiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Salla Keskitalo
- Institute of BiotechnologyHiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of BiotechnologyHiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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9
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Abstract
The EPH receptor tyrosine kinases and their signaling partners, the EPHRINS, comprise a large class of cell signaling molecules that plays diverse roles in development. As cell membrane-anchored signaling molecules, they regulate cellular organization by modulating the strength of cellular contacts, usually by impacting the actin cytoskeleton or cell adhesion programs. Through these cellular functions, EPH/EPHRIN signaling often regulates tissue shape. Indeed, recent evidence indicates that this signaling family is ancient and associated with the origin of multicellularity. Though extensively studied, our understanding of the signaling mechanisms employed by this large family of signaling proteins remains patchwork, and a truly "canonical" EPH/EPHRIN signal transduction pathway is not known and may not exist. Instead, several foundational evolutionarily conserved mechanisms are overlaid by a myriad of tissue -specific functions, though common themes emerge from these as well. Here, I review recent advances and the related contexts that have provided new understanding of the conserved and varied molecular and cellular mechanisms employed by EPH/EPHRIN signaling during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey O Bush
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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10
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Motz CT, Kabat V, Saxena T, Bellamkonda RV, Zhu C. Neuromechanobiology: An Expanding Field Driven by the Force of Greater Focus. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100102. [PMID: 34342167 PMCID: PMC8497434 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The brain processes information by transmitting signals through highly connected and dynamic networks of neurons. Neurons use specific cellular structures, including axons, dendrites and synapses, and specific molecules, including cell adhesion molecules, ion channels and chemical receptors to form, maintain and communicate among cells in the networks. These cellular and molecular processes take place in environments rich of mechanical cues, thus offering ample opportunities for mechanical regulation of neural development and function. Recent studies have suggested the importance of mechanical cues and their potential regulatory roles in the development and maintenance of these neuronal structures. Also suggested are the importance of mechanical cues and their potential regulatory roles in the interaction and function of molecules mediating the interneuronal communications. In this review, the current understanding is integrated and promising future directions of neuromechanobiology are suggested at the cellular and molecular levels. Several neuronal processes where mechanics likely plays a role are examined and how forces affect ligand binding, conformational change, and signal induction of molecules key to these neuronal processes are indicated, especially at the synapse. The disease relevance of neuromechanobiology as well as therapies and engineering solutions to neurological disorders stemmed from this emergent field of study are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara T Motz
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
| | - Victoria Kabat
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
| | - Tarun Saxena
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Ravi V Bellamkonda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
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11
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Xu Y, Robev D, Saha N, Wang B, Dalva MB, Xu K, Himanen JP, Nikolov DB. The Ephb2 Receptor Uses Homotypic, Head-to-Tail Interactions within Its Ectodomain as an Autoinhibitory Control Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10473. [PMID: 34638814 PMCID: PMC8508685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their ephrin ligands direct axon pathfinding and neuronal cell migration, as well as mediate many other cell-cell communication events. Their dysfunctional signaling has been shown to lead to various diseases, including cancer. The Ephs and ephrins both localize to the plasma membrane and, upon cell-cell contact, form extensive signaling assemblies at the contact sites. The Ephs and the ephrins are divided into A and B subclasses based on their sequence conservation and affinities for each other. The molecular details of Eph-ephrin recognition have been previously revealed and it has been documented that ephrin binding induces higher-order Eph assemblies, which are essential for full biological activity, via multiple, distinct Eph-Eph interfaces. One Eph-Eph interface type is characterized by a homotypic, head-to-tail interaction between the ligand-binding and the fibronectin domains of two adjacent Eph molecules. While the previous Eph ectodomain structural studies were focused on A class receptors, we now report the crystal structure of the full ectodomain of EphB2, revealing distinct and unique head-to-tail receptor-receptor interactions. The EphB2 structure and structure-based mutagenesis document that EphB2 uses the head-to-tail interactions as a novel autoinhibitory control mechanism for regulating downstream signaling and that these interactions can be modulated by posttranslational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (Y.X.); (K.X.)
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; (D.R.); (N.S.)
| | - Dorothea Robev
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; (D.R.); (N.S.)
| | - Nayanendu Saha
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; (D.R.); (N.S.)
| | - Bingcheng Wang
- Rammelkamp Center for Research, MetroHealth Medical Center, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA;
| | - Matthew B. Dalva
- Department of Neuroscience and Jefferson Center for Synaptic Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Room 324, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (Y.X.); (K.X.)
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; (D.R.); (N.S.)
| | - Juha P. Himanen
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; (D.R.); (N.S.)
| | - Dimitar B. Nikolov
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; (D.R.); (N.S.)
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12
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Enderle L, Shalaby KH, Gorelik M, Weiss A, Blazer LL, Paduch M, Cardarelli L, Kossiakoff A, Adams JJ, Sidhu SS. A T cell redirection platform for co-targeting dual antigens on solid tumors. MAbs 2021; 13:1933690. [PMID: 34190031 PMCID: PMC8253144 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1933690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to direct T cells to specific features of solid cancer cells, we engineered a bispecific antibody format, named Dual Antigen T cell Engager (DATE), by fusing a single-chain variable fragment targeting CD3 to a tumor-targeting antigen-binding fragment. In this format, multiple novel paratopes against different tumor antigens were able to recruit T-cell cytotoxicity to tumor cells in vitro and in an in vivo pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma xenograft model. Since unique surface antigens in solid tumors are limited, in order to enhance selectivity, we further engineered “double-DATEs” targeting two tumor antigens simultaneously. The double-DATE contains an additional autonomous variable heavy-chain domain, which binds a second tumor antigen without itself eliciting a cytotoxic response. This novel modality provides a strategy to enhance the selectivity of immune redirection through binary targeting of native tumor antigens. The modularity and use of a common, stable human framework for all components enables a pipeline approach to rapidly develop a broad repertoire of tailored DATEs and double-DATEs with favorable biophysical properties and high potencies and selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Enderle
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Karim H Shalaby
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maryna Gorelik
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alexander Weiss
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Levi L Blazer
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marcin Paduch
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Gordon Center for Integrative Science, Chicago, USA
| | - Lia Cardarelli
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anthony Kossiakoff
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Gordon Center for Integrative Science, Chicago, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Jarrett J Adams
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sachdev S Sidhu
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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13
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Kaczmarek R, Gajdzis P, Gajdzis M. Eph Receptors and Ephrins in Retinal Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126207. [PMID: 34201393 PMCID: PMC8227845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal diseases are the leading cause of irreversible blindness. They affect people of all ages, from newborns in retinopathy of prematurity, through age-independent diabetic retinopathy and complications of retinal detachment, to age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which occurs mainly in the elderly. Generally speaking, the causes of all problems are disturbances in blood supply, hypoxia, the formation of abnormal blood vessels, and fibrosis. Although the detailed mechanisms underlying them are varied, the common point is the involvement of Eph receptors and ephrins in their pathogenesis. In our study, we briefly discussed the pathophysiology of the most common retinal diseases (diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, and choroidal neovascularization) and collected available research results on the role of Eph and ephrins. We also discussed the safety aspect of the use of drugs acting on Eph and ephrin for ophthalmic indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslaw Kaczmarek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Pawel Gajdzis
- Department of Pathomorphology and Oncological Cytology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Malgorzata Gajdzis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +00-48-71-736-4300
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14
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Human ribonuclease 1 serves as a secretory ligand of ephrin A4 receptor and induces breast tumor initiation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2788. [PMID: 33986289 PMCID: PMC8119676 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human ribonuclease 1 (hRNase 1) is critical to extracellular RNA clearance and innate immunity to achieve homeostasis and host defense; however, whether it plays a role in cancer remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that hRNase 1, independently of its ribonucleolytic activity, enriches the stem-like cell population and enhances the tumor-initiating ability of breast cancer cells. Specifically, secretory hRNase 1 binds to and activates the tyrosine kinase receptor ephrin A4 (EphA4) signaling to promote breast tumor initiation in an autocrine/paracrine manner, which is distinct from the classical EphA4-ephrin juxtacrine signaling through contact-dependent cell-cell communication. In addition, analysis of human breast tumor tissue microarrays reveals a positive correlation between hRNase 1, EphA4 activation, and stem cell marker CD133. Notably, high hRNase 1 level in plasma samples is positively associated with EphA4 activation in tumor tissues from breast cancer patients, highlighting the pathological relevance of the hRNase 1-EphA4 axis in breast cancer. The discovery of hRNase 1 as a secretory ligand of EphA4 that enhances breast cancer stemness suggests a potential treatment strategy by inactivating the hRNase 1-EphA4 axis.
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15
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Cioce M, Fazio VM. EphA2 and EGFR: Friends in Life, Partners in Crime. Can EphA2 Be a Predictive Biomarker of Response to Anti-EGFR Agents? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040700. [PMID: 33572284 PMCID: PMC7915460 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eph receptors represent the largest group among Receptor Tyrosine kinase (RTK) families. The Eph/ephrin signaling axis plays center stage during development, and the deep perturbation of signaling consequent to its dysregulation in cancer reveals the multiplicity and complexity underlying its function. In the last decades, they have emerged as key players in solid tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC); however, what causes EphA2 to switch between tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting function is still an active theater of investigation. This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding EphA2 function in cancer, with detail on the molecular determinants of the oncogene-tumor suppressor switch function of EphA2. We describe tumor context-specific examples of EphA2 signaling and the emerging role EphA2 plays in supporting cancer-stem-cell-like populations and overcoming therapy-induced stress. In such a frame, we detail the interaction of the EphA2 and EGFR pathway in solid tumors, including colorectal cancer. We discuss the contribution of the EphA2 oncogenic signaling to the resistance to EGFR blocking agents, including cetuximab and TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cioce
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (V.M.F.)
| | - Vito Michele Fazio
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (V.M.F.)
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16
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Tu Y, Cai Q, Zhu X, Xu M. Down-regulation of HCP5 inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion through regulating EPHA7 by competitively binding miR-101 in osteosarcoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 54:e9161. [PMID: 33439936 PMCID: PMC7798137 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20209161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients with osteosarcoma (OS) usually have poor overall survival because of frequent metastasis. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to be associated with tumorigenesis and metastasis. In this study, we investigated the expression and roles of lncRNA human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex P5 (HCP5) in OS, aiming to provide a novel molecular mechanism for OS. HCP5 was up-regulated both in OS tissues and cell lines and high expression of HCP5 was associated to low survival in OS patients. Down-regulation of HCP5 inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, suggesting its carcinogenic role in OS. miR-101 was targeted by HCP5 and its expression was decreased in OS. The inhibitor of miR-101 reversed the impact of HCP5 down-regulation on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis in OS. Ephrin receptor 7 (EPHA7) was proved to be a target of miR-101 and had ability to recover the effects of miR-101 inhibitor in OS. In conclusion, lncRNA HCP5 knockdown suppressed cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and induced apoptosis through depleting the expression of EPHA7 by binding to miR-101, providing a potential therapeutic strategy of HCP5 in OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangmao Tu
- Department of Orthopedics, Jingzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jingzhou, China
| | - Qing Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, Jingzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Zhu
- Jingzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine - Functional Section, Jingzhou, China
| | - Min Xu
- Jingzhou Institute of Technology, College of Textile and Apparel Design and Art, Jingzhou, China
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17
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EphrinA1-Fc Attenuates Ventricular Remodeling and Dysfunction in Chronically Nonreperfused WT but not EphA2-R-M mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165811. [PMID: 32823610 PMCID: PMC7461052 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: EphrinA1-Fc abolishes acute I/R injury and attenuates nonreperfused cardiac injury 4 days after permanent occlusion in mice. The goal of this study was to assess the capacity of a single intramyocardial administration of ephrinA1-Fc at the time of coronary artery ligation, to determine the degree to which early salvage effects translate to reduced adverse remodeling after 4 weeks of nonreperfused myocardial infarction (MI) in wild-type B6 and EphA2-R-M (EphA2 receptor null) mice. Methods: At 4 weeks post-MI, echocardiography, histologic and immunohistochemical analyses of B6 mouse hearts were performed. Primary mouse cardiac fibroblasts (FBs) isolated from B6 mice cultured in the presence of low and high dose ephrinA1-Fc, both with and without pro-fibrotic TGF-β stimulation and Western blots, were probed for relative expression of remodeling proteins MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-1, in addition to DDR2 and (p)SMAD2/3/totalSMAD2/3. Results: EphrinA1-Fc preserved a significant degree of contractile function, decreased adverse left ventricular remodeling, attenuated excessive compensatory hypertrophy, and decreased interstitial fibrosis in wild-type (WT) B6 mouse hearts. In contrast, most of these parameters were poorer in ephrinA1-Fc-treated EphA2-R-M mice. Of note, fibrosis was proportionately decreased, implying that other EphA receptor(s) are more important in regulating the pro-fibrotic response. Primary FBs showed disparate alteration of MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-1, as well as DDR2 and p-SMAD2/3/totalSMAD2/3, which indicates that matrix remodeling and cardiac fibrosis in the injured heart are influenced by ephrinA1-Fc. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the capacity of a single administration of ephrinA1-Fc at the onset of injury to attenuate long-term nonreperfused post-MI ventricular remodeling that results in progressive heart failure, and the important role of EphA2 in mitigating the deleterious effects.
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18
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Shin WS, Park MK, Lee YH, Kim KW, Lee H, Lee ST. The catalytically defective receptor protein tyrosine kinase EphA10 promotes tumorigenesis in pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:3292-3302. [PMID: 32644283 PMCID: PMC7469775 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
EphA10 (erythropoietin‐producing hepatocellular carcinoma receptor A10) is a catalytically defective receptor protein tyrosine kinase in the ephrin receptor family. Although EphA10 is involved in the malignancy of some types of cancer, its role as an oncogene has not been extensively studied. Here, we investigated the influence of EphA10 on the tumorigenic potential of pancreatic cancer cells. Analysis of expression profiles from The Cancer Genome Atlas confirmed that EphA10 was elevated and higher in tumor tissues than in normal tissues in some cancer types, including pancreatic cancer. EphA10 silencing reduced the proliferation, migration, and adhesion of MIA PaCa‐2 and AsPC‐1 pancreatic cancer cells. These effects were reversed by overexpression of EphA10 in MIA PaCa‐2 cells. Importantly, overexpression and silencing of EphA10 respectively increased and decreased the weight, volume, and number of Ki‐67‐positive proliferating cells in MIA PaCa‐2 xenograft tumors. Further, EphA10 expression was positively correlated with invasion and gelatin degradation in MIA PaCa‐2 cells. Moreover, overexpression of EphA10 enhanced the expression and secretion of MMP‐9 in MIA PaCa‐2 cells and increased the expression of MMP‐9 and the vascular density in xenograft tumors. Finally, expression of EphA10 increased the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, AKT, FAK, and NF‐κB, which are important for cell proliferation, survival, adhesion, migration, and invasion. Therefore, we suggest that EphA10 plays a pivotal role in the tumorigenesis of pancreatic epithelial cells and is a novel therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Sik Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Park
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Young Hun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Woo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Lee
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Seung-Taek Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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19
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Wagner MJ, Hsiung MS, Gish GD, Bagshaw RD, Doodnauth SA, Soliman MA, Jørgensen C, Tucholska M, Rottapel R. The Shb scaffold binds the Nck adaptor protein, p120 RasGAP, and Chimaerins and thereby facilitates heterotypic cell segregation by the receptor EphB2. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:3932-3944. [PMID: 32060095 PMCID: PMC7086039 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Eph receptors are a family of receptor tyrosine kinases that control directional cell movement during various biological processes, including embryogenesis, neuronal pathfinding, and tumor formation. The biochemical pathways of Eph receptors are context-dependent in part because of the varied composition of a heterotypic, oligomeric, active Eph receptor complex. Downstream of the Eph receptors, little is known about the essential phosphorylation events that define the context and instruct cell movement. Here, we define a pathway that is required for Eph receptor B2 (EphB2)-mediated cell sorting and is conserved among multiple Eph receptors. Utilizing a HEK293 model of EphB2+/ephrinB1+ cell segregation, we found that the scaffold adaptor protein SH2 domain-containing adaptor protein B (Shb) is essential for EphB2 functionality. Further characterization revealed that Shb interacts with known modulators of cytoskeletal rearrangement and cell mobility, including Nck adaptor protein (Nck), p120-Ras GTPase-activating protein (RasGAP), and the α- and β-Chimaerin Rac GAPs. We noted that phosphorylation of Tyr297, Tyr246, and Tyr336 of Shb is required for EphB2-ephrinB1 boundary formation, as well as binding of Nck, RasGAP, and the chimaerins, respectively. Similar complexes were formed in the context of EphA4, EphA8, EphB2, and EphB4 receptor activation. These results indicate that phosphotyrosine-mediated signaling through Shb is essential in EphB2-mediated heterotypic cell segregation and suggest a conserved function for Shb downstream of multiple Eph receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melany J Wagner
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Marilyn S Hsiung
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Gerald D Gish
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Rick D Bagshaw
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Sasha A Doodnauth
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Mohamed A Soliman
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Claus Jørgensen
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Monika Tucholska
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Robert Rottapel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
- Departments of Medicine, Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S, Canada
- Division of Rheumatology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
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20
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Gorecka J, Fereydooni A, Gonzalez L, Lee SR, Liu S, Ono S, Xu J, Liu J, Taniguchi R, Matsubara Y, Gao X, Gao M, Langford J, Yatsula B, Dardik A. Molecular Targets for Improving Arteriovenous Fistula Maturation and Patency. VASCULAR INVESTIGATION AND THERAPY 2019; 2:33-41. [PMID: 31608322 DOI: 10.4103/vit.vit_9_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of chronic and end-stage renal disease creates an increased need for reliable vascular access, and although arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) are the preferred mode of hemodialysis access, 60% fail to mature and only 50% remain patent at one year. Fistulae mature by diameter expansion and wall thickening; this outward remodeling of the venous wall in the fistula environment relies on a delicate balance of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, inflammation, growth factor secretion, and cell adhesion molecule upregulation in the venous wall. AVF failure occurs via two distinct mechanisms with early failure secondary to lack of outward remodeling, that is insufficient diameter expansion or wall thickening, whereas late failure occurs with excessive wall thickening due to neointimal hyperplasia (NIH) and insufficient diameter expansion in a previously functional fistula. In recent years, the molecular basis of AVF maturation and failure are becoming understood in order to develop potential therapeutic targets to aide maturation and prevent access loss. Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma (Eph) receptors, along with their ligands, ephrins, determine vascular identity and are critical for vascular remodeling in the embryo. Manipulation of Eph receptor signaling in adults, as well as downstream pathways, is a potential treatment strategy to improve the rates of AVF maturation and patency. This review examines our current understanding of molecular changes occurring following fistula creation, factors predictive of fistula success, and potential areas of intervention to decrease AVF failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Gorecka
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program and the Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Arash Fereydooni
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program and the Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Luis Gonzalez
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program and the Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Shin Rong Lee
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program and the Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Shirley Liu
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program and the Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Shun Ono
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program and the Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Jianbiao Xu
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program and the Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Jia Liu
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program and the Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, USA.,The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ryosuke Taniguchi
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program and the Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Yutaka Matsubara
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program and the Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Xixiang Gao
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program and the Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, USA.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingjie Gao
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program and the Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, USA.,Department of Vascular Ultrasonography, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - John Langford
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program and the Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Bogdan Yatsula
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program and the Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Alan Dardik
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program and the Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, USA.,Section of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, USA
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21
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Liang LY, Patel O, Janes PW, Murphy JM, Lucet IS. Eph receptor signalling: from catalytic to non-catalytic functions. Oncogene 2019; 38:6567-6584. [PMID: 31406248 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0931-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Eph receptors, the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases, are linked with proliferative disease, such as cancer, as a result of their deregulated expression or mutation. Unlike other tyrosine kinases that have been clinically targeted, the development of therapeutics against Eph receptors remains at a relatively early stage. The major reason is the limited understanding on the Eph receptor regulatory mechanisms at a molecular level. The complexity in understanding Eph signalling in cells arises due to following reasons: (1) Eph receptors comprise 14 members, two of which are pseudokinases, EphA10 and EphB6, with relatively uncharacterised function; (2) activation of Eph receptors results in dimerisation, oligomerisation and formation of clustered signalling centres at the plasma membrane, which can comprise different combinations of Eph receptors, leading to diverse downstream signalling outputs; (3) the non-catalytic functions of Eph receptors have been overlooked. This review provides a structural perspective of the intricate molecular mechanisms that drive Eph receptor signalling, and investigates the contribution of intra- and inter-molecular interactions between Eph receptors intracellular domains and their major binding partners. We focus on the non-catalytic functions of Eph receptors with relevance to cancer, which are further substantiated by exploring the role of the two pseudokinase Eph receptors, EphA10 and EphB6. Throughout this review, we carefully analyse and reconcile the existing/conflicting data in the field, to allow researchers to further the current understanding of Eph receptor signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lung-Yu Liang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Onisha Patel
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Peter W Janes
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - James M Murphy
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
| | - Isabelle S Lucet
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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22
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Großkopf AK, Schlagowski S, Hörnich BF, Fricke T, Desrosiers RC, Hahn AS. EphA7 Functions as Receptor on BJAB Cells for Cell-to-Cell Transmission of the Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus and for Cell-Free Infection by the Related Rhesus Monkey Rhadinovirus. J Virol 2019; 93:e00064-19. [PMID: 31118261 PMCID: PMC6639272 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00064-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma and is associated with two B cell malignancies, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and the plasmablastic variant of multicentric Castleman's disease. On several adherent cell types, EphA2 functions as a cellular receptor for the gH/gL glycoprotein complex of KSHV. KSHV gH/gL also has previously been found to interact weakly with other members of the Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases (Ephs), and other A-type Ephs have been shown to be able to compensate for the absence of EphA2 using overexpression systems. However, whether these interactions are of functional consequence at endogenous protein levels has remained unclear so far. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that endogenously expressed EphA7 in BJAB B cells is critical for the cell-to-cell transmission of KSHV from producer iSLK cells to BJAB target cells. The BJAB lymphoblastoid cell line often serves as a model for B cell infection and expresses only low levels of all Eph family receptors other than EphA7. Endogenous EphA7 could be precipitated from the cellular lysate of BJAB cells using recombinant gH/gL, and knockout of EphA7 significantly reduced transmission of KSHV into BJAB target cells. Knockout of EphA5, the second most expressed A-type Eph in BJAB cells, had a similar, although less pronounced, effect on KSHV infection. Receptor function of EphA7 was conserved for cell-free infection by the related rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (RRV), which is relatively even more dependent on EphA7 for infection of BJAB cells.IMPORTANCE Infection of B cells is relevant for two KSHV-associated malignancies, the plasmablastic variant of multicentric Castleman's disease and PEL. Therefore, elucidating the process of B cell infection is important for the understanding of KSHV pathogenesis. While the high-affinity receptor for the gH/gL glycoprotein complex, EphA2, has been shown to function as an entry receptor for various types of adherent cells, the gH/gL complex can also interact with other Eph receptor tyrosine kinases with lower avidity. We analyzed the Eph interactions required for infection of BJAB cells, a model for B cell infection by KSHV. We identified EphA7 as the principal Eph receptor for infection of BJAB cells by KSHV and the related rhesus monkey rhadinovirus. While two analyzed PEL cell lines exhibited high EphA2 and low EphA7 expression, a third PEL cell line, BCBL-1, showed high EphA7 and low EphA2 expression, indicating a possible relevance for KSHV pathology.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- B-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/physiology
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Primary Effusion/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Primary Effusion/pathology
- Macaca mulatta
- Receptor, EphA7/genetics
- Receptor, EphA7/metabolism
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Rhadinovirus/genetics
- Rhadinovirus/metabolism
- Rhadinovirus/physiology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/metabolism
- Virus Internalization
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Großkopf
- Junior Research Group Herpesviruses, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Schlagowski
- Junior Research Group Herpesviruses, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bojan F Hörnich
- Junior Research Group Herpesviruses, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Fricke
- Junior Research Group Herpesviruses, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ronald C Desrosiers
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Alexander S Hahn
- Junior Research Group Herpesviruses, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
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23
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Darling TK, Lamb TJ. Emerging Roles for Eph Receptors and Ephrin Ligands in Immunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1473. [PMID: 31333644 PMCID: PMC6620610 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eph receptors are the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases and mediate a myriad of essential processes in humans from embryonic development to adult tissue homeostasis through interactions with membrane-bound ephrin ligands. The ubiquitous expression of Eph receptors and ephrin ligands among the cellular players of the immune system underscores the importance of these molecules in orchestrating an optimal immune response. This review provides an overview of the various roles of Eph receptors and ephrin ligands in immune cell development, activation, and migration. We also discuss the role of Eph receptors in disease pathogenesis as well as the implications of Eph receptors as future immunotherapy targets. Given the diverse and critical roles of Eph receptors and ephrin ligands throughout the immune system during both resting and activated states, this review aims to highlight the critical yet underappreciated roles of this family of signaling molecules in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayer K Darling
- Immunology and Molecular Pathogenesis Program, Emory University Laney Graduate School, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Tracey J Lamb
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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24
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Mu X, Huang O, Jiang M, Xie Z, Chen D, Zhang X. Prognostic value of ephrin B receptors in breast cancer: An online survival analysis using the microarray data of 3,554 patients. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:742-750. [PMID: 31289549 PMCID: PMC6540016 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The roles of Ephrin B (EphB) receptors in cancer are relatively unknown as these receptors are associated with complex signaling pathways. A limited number of studies have investigated the association between EphB receptors and prognosis. Using the Kaplan-Meier plotter database, the present study investigated the associations between the mRNA expression levels of five EphB receptors and the outcomes of 3,554 patients with breast cancer who had been followed-up for 20 years. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to assess the relative risk of survival. The results demonstrated that high mRNA expression levels of EphB2 (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.66-0.84; P=2.1×10-6), EphB4 (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.72-0.93; P=0.0023) and EphB6 (HR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.61-0.78; P=3×10-9) were significantly associated with improved survival, while a high mRNA expression level of EphB3 (HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.01-1.28; P=0.029) was associated with worse survival for patients with breast cancer. High expression levels of all EphB receptors, including EphB1 (HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.02-1.94; P=0.039), EphB2 (HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.07-1.67; P=0.011), EphB3 (HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.11-1.73, P=0.0038), EphB4 (HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.06-1.67; P=0.013) and EphB6 (HR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.05-1.65; P=0.016), were associated with an increased risk of mortality in patients with lymph-node-positive breast cancer. High mRNA expression levels of EphB1 were not associated with survival for all patients with breast cancer (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.72-1.01; P=0.058). The results of the present suggested that EphB receptors may be useful as prognostic biomarkers of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Mu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Ou Huang
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Zuoquan Xie
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Debo Chen
- Department of Breast Oncology, The First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Breast Oncology, The First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
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25
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Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) play important roles in cell growth, motility, differentiation, and survival. These single-pass membrane proteins are grouped into subfamilies based on the similarity of their extracellular domains. They are generally thought to be activated by ligand binding, which promotes homodimerization and then autophosphorylation in trans. However, RTK interactions are more complicated, as RTKs can interact in the absence of ligand and heterodimerize within and across subfamilies. Here, we review the known cross-subfamily RTK heterointeractions and their possible biological implications, as well as the methodologies which have been used to study them. Moreover, we demonstrate how thermodynamic models can be used to study RTKs and to explain many of the complicated biological effects which have been described in the literature. Finally, we discuss the concept of the RTK interactome: a putative, extensive network of interactions between the RTKs. This RTK interactome can produce unique signaling outputs; can amplify, inhibit, and modify signaling; and can allow for signaling backups. The existence of the RTK interactome could provide an explanation for the irreproducibility of experimental data from different studies and for the failure of some RTK inhibitors to produce the desired therapeutic effects. We argue that a deeper knowledge of RTK interactome thermodynamics can lead to a better understanding of fundamental RTK signaling processes in health and disease. We further argue that there is a need for quantitative, thermodynamic studies that probe the strengths of the interactions between RTKs and their ligands and between different RTKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Paul
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218
| | - Kalina Hristova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218
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26
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Niethamer TK, Bush JO. Getting direction(s): The Eph/ephrin signaling system in cell positioning. Dev Biol 2019; 447:42-57. [PMID: 29360434 PMCID: PMC6066467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the Eph/ephrin family of signaling molecules is a large group of membrane-bound proteins that signal through a myriad of mechanisms and effectors to play diverse roles in almost every tissue and organ system. Though Eph/ephrin signaling has functions in diverse biological processes, one core developmental function is in the regulation of cell position and tissue morphology by regulating cell migration and guidance, cell segregation, and boundary formation. Often, the role of Eph/ephrin signaling is to translate patterning information into physical movement of cells and changes in morphology that define tissue and organ systems. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the regulation of these processes, and our evolving understanding of the in vivo signaling mechanisms utilized in distinct developmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terren K Niethamer
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Program in Craniofacial Biology, and Institute of Human Genetics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey O Bush
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Program in Craniofacial Biology, and Institute of Human Genetics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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27
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Kindberg AA, Bush JO. Cellular organization and boundary formation in craniofacial development. Genesis 2019; 57:e23271. [PMID: 30548771 PMCID: PMC6503678 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial morphogenesis is a highly dynamic process that requires changes in the behaviors and physical properties of cells in order to achieve the proper organization of different craniofacial structures. Boundary formation is a critical process in cellular organization, patterning, and ultimately tissue separation. There are several recurring cellular mechanisms through which boundary formation and cellular organization occur including, transcriptional patterning, cell segregation, cell adhesion and migratory guidance. Disruption of normal boundary formation has dramatic morphological consequences, and can result in human craniofacial congenital anomalies. In this review we discuss boundary formation during craniofacial development, specifically focusing on the cellular behaviors and mechanisms underlying the self-organizing properties that are critical for craniofacial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail A. Kindberg
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Program in Craniofacial Biology, and Institute of Human Genetics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey O. Bush
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Program in Craniofacial Biology, and Institute of Human Genetics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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28
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TerBush AA, Hafkamp F, Lee HJ, Coscoy L. A Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Infection Mechanism Is Independent of Integrins α3β1, αVβ3, and αVβ5. J Virol 2018; 92:e00803-18. [PMID: 29899108 PMCID: PMC6096800 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00803-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Host receptor usage by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has been best studied using primary microvascular endothelial and fibroblast cells, although the virus infects a wide variety of cell types in culture and in natural infections. In these two infection models, KSHV adheres to the cell though heparan sulfate (HS) binding and then interacts with a complex of EphA2, xCT, and integrins α3β1, αVβ3, and αVβ5 to catalyze viral entry. We dissected this receptor complex at the genetic level with CRISPR-Cas9 to precisely determine receptor usage in two epithelial cell lines. Surprisingly, we discovered an infection mechanism that requires HS and EphA2 but is independent of αV- and β1-family integrin expression. Furthermore, infection appears to be independent of the EphA2 intracellular domain. We also demonstrated that while two other endogenous Eph receptors were dispensable for KSHV infection, transduced EphA4 and EphA5 significantly enhanced infection of cells lacking EphA2.IMPORTANCE Our data reveal an integrin-independent route of KSHV infection and suggest that multiple Eph receptors besides EphA2 can promote and regulate infection. Since integrins and Eph receptors are large protein families with diverse expression patterns across cells and tissues, we propose that KSHV may engage with several proteins from both families in different combinations to negotiate successful entry into diverse cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Alwan TerBush
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Florianne Hafkamp
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hee Jun Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Laurent Coscoy
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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29
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Dong M, Spelke DP, Lee YK, Chung JK, Yu CH, Schaffer DV, Groves JT. Spatiomechanical Modulation of EphB4-Ephrin-B2 Signaling in Neural Stem Cell Differentiation. Biophys J 2018; 115:865-873. [PMID: 30075851 PMCID: PMC6127455 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between EphB4 receptor tyrosine kinases and their membrane-bound ephrin-B2 ligands on apposed cells play a regulatory role in neural stem cell differentiation. With both receptor and ligand constrained to move within the membranes of their respective cells, this signaling system inevitably experiences spatial confinement and mechanical forces in conjunction with receptor-ligand binding. In this study, we reconstitute the EphB4-ephrin-B2 juxtacrine signaling geometry using a supported-lipid-bilayer system presenting laterally mobile and monomeric ephrin-B2 ligands to live neural stem cells. This experimental platform successfully reconstitutes EphB4-ephrin-B2 binding, lateral clustering, downstream signaling activation, and neuronal differentiation, all in a configuration that preserves the spatiomechanical aspects of the natural juxtacrine signaling geometry. Additionally, the supported bilayer system allows control of lateral movement and clustering of the receptor-ligand complexes through patterns of physical barriers to lateral diffusion fabricated onto the underlying substrate. The results from this study reveal a distinct spatiomechanical effect on the ability of EphB4-ephrin-B2 signaling to induce neuronal differentiation. These observations parallel similar studies of the EphA2-ephrin-A1 system in a very different biological context, suggesting that such spatiomechanical regulation may be a common feature of Eph-ephrin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meimei Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California; Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Dawn P Spelke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California; Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Young Kwang Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Jean K Chung
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Cheng-Han Yu
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David V Schaffer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California; Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California.
| | - Jay T Groves
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California; Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California.
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30
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Lindsey RC, Rundle CH, Mohan S. Role of IGF1 and EFN-EPH signaling in skeletal metabolism. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:T87-T102. [PMID: 29581239 PMCID: PMC5966337 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF1) and ephrin ligand (EFN)-receptor (EPH) signaling are both crucial for bone cell function and skeletal development and maintenance. IGF1 signaling is the major mediator of growth hormone-induced bone growth, but a host of different signals and factors regulate IGF1 signaling at the systemic and local levels. Disruption of the Igf1 gene results in reduced peak bone mass in both experimental animal models and humans. Additionally, EFN-EPH signaling is a complex system which, particularly through cell-cell interactions, contributes to the development and differentiation of many bone cell types. Recent evidence has demonstrated several ways in which the IGF1 and EFN-EPH signaling pathways interact with and depend upon each other to regulate bone cell function. While much remains to be elucidated, the interaction between these two signaling pathways opens a vast array of new opportunities for investigation into the mechanisms of and potential therapies for skeletal conditions such as osteoporosis and fracture repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Lindsey
- Musculoskeletal Disease CenterVA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Division of BiochemistryDepartment of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular MedicineDepartment of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Charles H Rundle
- Musculoskeletal Disease CenterVA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Department of MedicineLoma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease CenterVA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Division of BiochemistryDepartment of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular MedicineDepartment of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Department of MedicineLoma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
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31
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Locke C, Machida K, Tucker CL, Wu Y, Yu J. Optogenetic activation of EphB2 receptor in dendrites induced actin polymerization by activating Arg kinase. Biol Open 2017; 6:1820-1830. [PMID: 29158322 PMCID: PMC5769660 DOI: 10.1242/bio.029900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular (Eph) receptors regulate a wide array of developmental processes by responding to cell-cell contacts. EphB2 is well-expressed in the brain and known to be important for dendritic spine development, as well as for the maintenance of the synapses, although the mechanisms of these functions have not been fully understood. Here we studied EphB2's functions in hippocampal neurons with an optogenetic approach, which allowed us to specify spatial regions of signal activation and monitor in real-time the consequences of signal activation. We designed and constructed OptoEphB2, a genetically encoded photoactivatable EphB2. Photoactivation of OptoEphB2 in fibroblast cells induced receptor phosphorylation and resulted in cell rounding ------- a well-known cellular response to EphB2 activation. In contrast, local activation of OptoEphb2 in dendrites of hippocampal neurons induces rapid actin polymerization, resulting dynamic dendritic filopodial growth. Inhibition of Rac1 and CDC42 did not abolish OptoEphB2-induced actin polymerization. Instead, we identified Abelson tyrosine-protein kinase 2 (Abl2/Arg) as a necessary effector in OptoEphB2-induced filopodia growth in dendrites. These findings provided new mechanistic insight into EphB2's role in neural development and demonstrated the advantage of OptoEphB as a new tool for studying EphB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Locke
- Richard D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Kazuya Machida
- Richard D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | | | - Yi Wu
- Richard D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Ji Yu
- Richard D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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32
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Husa AM, Magić Ž, Larsson M, Fornander T, Pérez-Tenorio G. EPH/ephrin profile and EPHB2 expression predicts patient survival in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 7:21362-80. [PMID: 26870995 PMCID: PMC5008291 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The EPH and ephrins function as both receptor and ligands and the output on their complex signaling is currently investigated in cancer. Previous work shows that some EPH family members have clinical value in breast cancer, suggesting that this family could be a source of novel clinical targets. Here we quantified the mRNA expression levels of EPH receptors and their ligands, ephrins, in 65 node positive breast cancer samples by RT-PCR with TaqMan® Micro Fluidics Cards Microarray. Upon hierarchical clustering of the mRNA expression levels, we identified a subgroup of patients with high expression, and poor clinical outcome. EPHA2, EPHA4, EFNB1, EFNB2, EPHB2 and EPHB6 were significantly correlated with the cluster groups and particularly EPHB2 was an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis and in four public databases. The EPHB2 protein expression was also analyzed by immunohistochemistry in paraffin embedded material (cohort 2). EPHB2 was detected in the membrane and cytoplasmic cell compartments and there was an inverse correlation between membranous and cytoplasmic EPHB2. Membranous EPHB2 predicted longer breast cancer survival in both univariate and multivariate analysis while cytoplasmic EPHB2 indicated shorter breast cancer survival in univariate analysis. Concluding: the EPH/EFN cluster analysis revealed that high EPH/EFN mRNA expression is an independent prognostic factor for poor survival. Especially EPHB2 predicted poor breast cancer survival in several materials and EPHB2 protein expression has also prognostic value depending on cell localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Husa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Current address: CCRI, Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung e.V., Vienna, Austria
| | - Željana Magić
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Malin Larsson
- Bioinformatics Infrastructure for Life Sciences (BILS) and Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Tommy Fornander
- Department of Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gizeh Pérez-Tenorio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Guidance of retinal axons in mammals. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 85:48-59. [PMID: 29174916 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to navigate through the surrounding environment many mammals, including humans, primarily rely on vision. The eye, composed of the choroid, sclera, retinal pigmented epithelium, cornea, lens, iris and retina, is the structure that receives the light and converts it into electrical impulses. The retina contains six major types of neurons involving in receiving and modifying visual information and passing it onto higher visual processing centres in the brain. Visual information is relayed to the brain via the axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), a projection known as the optic pathway. The proper formation of this pathway during development is essential for normal vision in the adult individual. Along this pathway there are several points where visual axons face 'choices' in their direction of growth. Understanding how these choices are made has advanced significantly our knowledge of axon guidance mechanisms. Thus, the development of the visual pathway has served as an extremely useful model to reveal general principles of axon pathfinding throughout the nervous system. However, due to its particularities, some cellular and molecular mechanisms are specific for the visual circuit. Here we review both general and specific mechanisms involved in the guidance of mammalian RGC axons when they are traveling from the retina to the brain to establish precise and stereotyped connections that will sustain vision.
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A role of the SAM domain in EphA2 receptor activation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45084. [PMID: 28338017 PMCID: PMC5364462 DOI: 10.1038/srep45084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the 20 subfamilies of protein receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), Eph receptors are unique in possessing a sterile alpha motif (SAM domain) at their C-terminal ends. However, the functions of SAM domains in Eph receptors remain elusive. Here we report on a combined cell biology and quantitative fluorescence study to investigate the role of the SAM domain in EphA2 function. We observed elevated tyrosine autophosphorylation levels upon deletion of the EphA2 SAM domain (EphA2ΔS) in DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer cells and a skin tumor cell line derived from EphA1/A2 knockout mice. These results suggest that SAM domain deletion induced constitutive activation of EphA2 kinase activity. In order to explain these effects, we applied fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to investigate the lateral molecular organization of EphA2. Our results indicate that SAM domain deletion (EphA2ΔS-GFP) increases oligomerization compared to the full length receptor (EphA2FL-GFP). Stimulation with ephrinA1, a ligand for EphA2, induced further oligomerization and activation of EphA2FL-GFP. The SAM domain deletion mutant, EphA2ΔS-GFP, also underwent further oligomerization upon ephrinA1 stimulation, but the oligomers were larger than those observed for EphA2FL-GFP. Based on these results, we conclude that the EphA2 SAM domain inhibits kinase activity by reducing receptor oligomerization.
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Mathot L, Kundu S, Ljungström V, Svedlund J, Moens L, Adlerteg T, Falk-Sörqvist E, Rendo V, Bellomo C, Mayrhofer M, Cortina C, Sundström M, Micke P, Botling J, Isaksson A, Moustakas A, Batlle E, Birgisson H, Glimelius B, Nilsson M, Sjöblom T. Somatic Ephrin Receptor Mutations Are Associated with Metastasis in Primary Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1730-1740. [PMID: 28108514 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of somatic mutations to metastasis of colorectal cancers is currently unknown. To find mutations involved in the colorectal cancer metastatic process, we performed deep mutational analysis of 676 genes in 107 stages II to IV primary colorectal cancer, of which half had metastasized. The mutation prevalence in the ephrin (EPH) family of tyrosine kinase receptors was 10-fold higher in primary tumors of metastatic colorectal than in nonmetastatic cases and preferentially occurred in stage III and IV tumors. Mutational analyses in situ confirmed expression of mutant EPH receptors. To enable functional studies of EPHB1 mutations, we demonstrated that DLD-1 colorectal cancer cells expressing EPHB1 form aggregates upon coculture with ephrin B1 expressing cells. When mutations in the fibronectin type III and kinase domains of EPHB1 were compared with wild-type EPHB1 in DLD-1 colorectal cancer cells, they decreased ephrin B1-induced compartmentalization. These observations provide a mechanistic link between EPHB receptor mutations and metastasis in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res; 77(7); 1730-40. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Mathot
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Snehangshu Kundu
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Viktor Ljungström
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Jessica Svedlund
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Lotte Moens
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Tom Adlerteg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Elin Falk-Sörqvist
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Verónica Rendo
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Claudia Bellomo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ludwig Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Markus Mayrhofer
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Carme Cortina
- Oncology Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magnus Sundström
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Patrick Micke
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Johan Botling
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Anders Isaksson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ludwig Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Eduard Batlle
- Oncology Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helgi Birgisson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Colorectal Surgery, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Bengt Glimelius
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Mats Nilsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Tobias Sjöblom
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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Sullivan CS, Kümper M, Temple BS, Maness PF. The Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM) Promotes Clustering and Activation of EphA3 Receptors in GABAergic Interneurons to Induce Ras Homolog Gene Family, Member A (RhoA)/Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK)-mediated Growth Cone Collapse. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:26262-26272. [PMID: 27803162 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.760017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishment of a proper balance of excitatory and inhibitory connectivity is achieved during development of cortical networks and adjusted through synaptic plasticity. The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and the receptor tyrosine kinase EphA3 regulate the perisomatic synapse density of inhibitory GABAergic interneurons in the mouse frontal cortex through ephrin-A5-induced growth cone collapse. In this study, it was demonstrated that binding of NCAM and EphA3 occurred between the NCAM Ig2 domain and EphA3 cysteine-rich domain (CRD). The binding interface was further refined through molecular modeling and mutagenesis and shown to be comprised of complementary charged residues in the NCAM Ig2 domain (Arg-156 and Lys-162) and the EphA3 CRD (Glu-248 and Glu-264). Ephrin-A5 induced co-clustering of surface-bound NCAM and EphA3 in GABAergic cortical interneurons in culture. Receptor clustering was impaired by a charge reversal mutation that disrupted NCAM/EphA3 association, emphasizing the importance of the NCAM/EphA3 binding interface for cluster formation. NCAM enhanced ephrin-A5-induced EphA3 autophosphorylation and activation of RhoA GTPase, indicating a role for NCAM in activating EphA3 signaling through clustering. NCAM-mediated clustering of EphA3 was essential for ephrin-A5-induced growth cone collapse in cortical GABAergic interneurons, and RhoA and a principal effector, Rho-associated protein kinase, mediated the collapse response. This study delineates a mechanism in which NCAM promotes ephrin-A5-dependent clustering of EphA3 through interaction of the NCAM Ig2 domain and the EphA3 CRD, stimulating EphA3 autophosphorylation and RhoA signaling necessary for growth cone repulsion in GABAergic interneurons in vitro, which may extend to remodeling of axonal terminals of interneurons in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea S Sullivan
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, R. L. Juliano Structural Bioinformatics Core, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7264
| | - Maike Kümper
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, R. L. Juliano Structural Bioinformatics Core, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7264
| | - Brenda S Temple
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, R. L. Juliano Structural Bioinformatics Core, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7264
| | - Patricia F Maness
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, R. L. Juliano Structural Bioinformatics Core, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7264
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37
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Eph receptor interclass cooperation is required for the regulation of cell proliferation. Exp Cell Res 2016; 348:10-22. [PMID: 27565439 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer often arises by the constitutive activation of mitogenic pathways by mutations in stem cells. Eph receptors are unusual in that although they regulate the proliferation of stem/progenitor cells in many adult organs, they typically fail to transform cells. Multiple ephrins and Eph receptors are often co-expressed and are thought to be redundant, but we here describe an unexpected dichotomy with two homologous ligands, ephrin-B1 and ephrin-B2, regulating specifically migration or proliferation in the intestinal stem cell niche. We demonstrate that the combined activity of two different coexpressed Eph receptors of the A and B class assembled into common signaling clusters in response to ephrin-B2 is required for mitogenic signaling. The requirement of two different Eph receptors to convey mitogenic signals identifies a new type of cooperation within this receptor family and helps explain why constitutive activation of a single receptor fails to transform cells.
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38
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Atapattu L, Saha N, Chheang C, Eissman MF, Xu K, Vail ME, Hii L, Llerena C, Liu Z, Horvay K, Abud HE, Kusebauch U, Moritz RL, Ding BS, Cao Z, Rafii S, Ernst M, Scott AM, Nikolov DB, Lackmann M, Janes PW. An activated form of ADAM10 is tumor selective and regulates cancer stem-like cells and tumor growth. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1741-57. [PMID: 27503072 PMCID: PMC4995075 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane metalloprotease ADAM10 sheds a range of cell surface proteins, including ligands and receptors of the Notch, Eph, and erbB families, thereby activating signaling pathways critical for tumor initiation and maintenance. ADAM10 is thus a promising therapeutic target. Although widely expressed, its activity is normally tightly regulated. We now report prevalence of an active form of ADAM10 in tumors compared with normal tissues, in mouse models and humans, identified by our conformation-specific antibody mAb 8C7. Structure/function experiments indicate mAb 8C7 binds an active conformation dependent on disulfide isomerization and oxidative conditions, common in tumors. Moreover, this active ADAM10 form marks cancer stem-like cells with active Notch signaling, known to mediate chemoresistance. Importantly, specific targeting of active ADAM10 with 8C7 inhibits Notch activity and tumor growth in mouse models, particularly regrowth after chemotherapy. Our results indicate targeted inhibition of active ADAM10 as a potential therapy for ADAM10-dependent tumor development and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakmali Atapattu
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Nayanendu Saha
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Chanly Chheang
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Moritz F Eissman
- Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Kai Xu
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Mary E Vail
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Linda Hii
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Carmen Llerena
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Zhanqi Liu
- Tumor Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Katja Horvay
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Helen E Abud
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | | | | | - Bi-Sen Ding
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Zhongwei Cao
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Andrew M Scott
- Tumor Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Dimitar B Nikolov
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Martin Lackmann
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Peter W Janes
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Abstract
Ephrins and Eph receptors enable contact-mediated interactions between cells at every stage of nervous system development. In spite of their broad binding affinities, Eph proteins facilitate specificity in neuronal migration and axon targeting. This review focuses on recent studies that demonstrate how these proteins interact with each other, and with other signaling pathways, to guide specificity in a diverse set of developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina S Cramer
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ilona J Miko
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Moody PR, Sayers EJ, Magnusson JP, Alexander C, Borri P, Watson P, Jones AT. Receptor Crosslinking: A General Method to Trigger Internalization and Lysosomal Targeting of Therapeutic Receptor:Ligand Complexes. Mol Ther 2015; 23:1888-98. [PMID: 26412588 PMCID: PMC4700114 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A major unmet clinical need is a universal method for subcellular targeting of bioactive molecules to lysosomes. Delivery to this organelle enables either degradation of oncogenic receptors that are overexpressed in cancers, or release of prodrugs from antibody–drug conjugates. Here, we describe a general method that uses receptor crosslinking to trigger endocytosis and subsequently redirect trafficking of receptor:cargo complexes from their expected route, to lysosomes. By incubation of plasma membrane receptors with biotinylated cargo and subsequent addition of streptavidin to crosslink receptor:cargo–biotin complexes, we achieved rapid and selective lysosomal targeting of transferrin, an anti-MHC class I antibody, and the clinically approved anti-Her2 antibody trastuzumab. These three protein ligands each target a receptor with a distinct cellular function and intracellular trafficking profile. Importantly, we confirmed that crosslinking of trastuzumab increased lysosomal degradation of its cognate oncogenic receptor Her2 in breast cancer cell lines SKBR3 and BT474. These data suggest that crosslinking could be exploited for a wide range of target receptors, for navigating therapeutics through the endolysosomal pathway, for significant therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Moody
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Edward J Sayers
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | | | | | - Paola Borri
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Peter Watson
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Arwyn T Jones
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
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Abstract
Epithelial cells are tightly coupled together through specialized intercellular junctions, including adherens junctions, desmosomes, tight junctions, and gap junctions. A growing body of evidence suggests epithelial cells also directly exchange information at cell-cell contacts via the Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases and their membrane-associated ephrin ligands. Ligand-dependent and -independent signaling via Eph receptors as well as reverse signaling through ephrins impact epithelial tissue homeostasis by organizing stem cell compartments and regulating cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, differentiation, and survival. This review focuses on breast, gut, and skin epithelia as representative examples for how Eph receptors and ephrins modulate diverse epithelial cell responses in a context-dependent manner. Abnormal Eph receptor and ephrin signaling is implicated in a variety of epithelial diseases raising the intriguing possibility that this cell-cell communication pathway can be therapeutically harnessed to normalize epithelial function in pathological settings like cancer or chronic inflammation.
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Key Words
- ADAM, a disintegrin and metalloprotease
- Apc, adenomatous polyposis coli
- Breast
- ER, estrogen receptor
- Eph receptor
- Eph, erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular
- Erk, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- GEF, guanine nucleotide exchange factor
- GPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol
- HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- KLF, Krüppel-like factor
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MMTV-LTR, mouse mammary tumor virus-long terminal repeat
- MT1-MMP, membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase
- PDZ, postsynaptic density protein 95, discs large 1, and zonula occludens-1
- PTP, protein tyrosine phosphatase
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- SH2, Src homology 2
- SHIP2, SH2 inositol phosphatase 2
- SLAP, Src-like adaptor protein
- TCF, T-cell specific transcription factor
- TEB, terminal end bud
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α.
- cell-cell
- ephrin
- epithelial
- intestine
- receptor tyrosine kinase
- skin
- stem cell
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Nikolov DB, Xu K, Himanen JP. Homotypic receptor-receptor interactions regulating Eph signaling. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 8:360-5. [PMID: 25530219 DOI: 10.4161/19336918.2014.971684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their ephrin ligands direct axon pathfinding and neuronal cell migration, and mediate many other cell-cell communication events. The Ephs and ephrins both localize to the plasma membrane and, upon cell-cell contact, form extensive signaling assemblies at the contact sites. Recent structural, biochemical and cell-biological studies revealed that these assemblies are generated not only via Eph-ephrin interactions, but also via homotypic interactions between neighboring receptor molecules. In addition, Eph-Eph interactions mediate receptor pre-clustering, which ensures fast and efficient activation once ligands come into contact range. Here we summarize the current knowledge about the homotypic Eph-Eph interactions and discuss how they could modulate the initiation of Eph/ephrin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar B Nikolov
- a Structural Biology Program; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center ; New York , NY USA
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43
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Thiede-Stan NK, Schwab ME. Attractive and repulsive factors act through multi-subunit receptor complexes to regulate nerve fiber growth. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2403-14. [PMID: 26116576 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.165555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the nervous system, attractive and repulsive factors guide neuronal growth, pathfinding and target innervation during development, learning and regeneration after injury. Repulsive and growth-inhibitory factors, such as some ephrins, semaphorins, netrins and myelin-associated growth inhibitors, restrict nerve fiber growth, whereas neurotrophins, and other ephrins, semaphorins and netrins attract fibers and promote neurite growth. Several of these guidance molecules also play crucial roles in vasculogenesis, and regulate cell migration and tissue formation in different organs. Precise and highly specific signal transduction in space and time is required in all these cases, which primarily depends on the presence and function of specific receptors. Interestingly, many of these ligands act through multi-subunit receptor complexes. In this Commentary, we review the current knowledge of how complexes of the receptors for attractive and repulsive neurite growth regulatory factors are reorganized in a spatial and temporal manner, and reveal the implications that such dynamics have on the signaling events that coordinate neurite fiber growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina K Thiede-Stan
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Department of Health Sciences & Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Martin E Schwab
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Department of Health Sciences & Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
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44
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Molecular Mechanoneurobiology: An Emerging Angle to Explore Neural Synaptic Functions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:486827. [PMID: 26106609 PMCID: PMC4461725 DOI: 10.1155/2015/486827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neural synapses are intercellular asymmetrical junctions that transmit biochemical and biophysical information between a neuron and a target cell. They are very tight, dynamic, and well organized by many synaptic adhesion molecules, signaling receptors, ion channels, and their associated cytoskeleton that bear forces. Mechanical forces have been an emerging factor in regulating axon guidance and growth, synapse formation and plasticity in physiological and pathological brain activity. Therefore, mechanical forces are undoubtedly exerted on those synaptic molecules and modulate their functions. Here we review current progress on how mechanical forces regulate receptor-ligand interactions, protein conformations, ion channels activation, and cytoskeleton dynamics and discuss how these regulations potentially affect synapse formation, stabilization, and plasticity.
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45
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Aharon R, Janes PW, Burgess AW, Hamza K, Klebaner F, Lackmann M. A mathematical model for eph/ephrin-directed segregation of intermingled cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111803. [PMID: 25436892 PMCID: PMC4249859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eph receptors, the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases, control cell-cell adhesion/de-adhesion, cell morphology and cell positioning through interaction with cell surface ephrin ligands. Bi-directional signalling from the Eph and ephrin complexes on interacting cells have a significant role in controlling normal tissue development and oncogenic tissue patterning. Eph-mediated tissue patterning is based on the fine-tuned balance of adhesion and de-adhesion reactions between distinct Eph- and ephrin-expressing cell populations, and adhesion within like populations (expressing either Eph or ephrin). Here we develop a stochastic, Lagrangian model that is based on Eph/ephrin biology: incorporating independent Brownian motion to describe cell movement and a deterministic term (the drift term) to represent repulsive and adhesive interactions between neighbouring cells. Comparison between the experimental and computer simulated Eph/ephrin cell patterning events shows that the model recapitulates the dynamics of cell-cell segregation and cell cluster formation. Moreover, by modulating the term for Eph/ephrin-mediated repulsion, the model can be tuned to match the actual behaviour of cells with different levels of Eph expression or activity. Together the results of our experiments and modelling suggest that the complexity of Eph/ephrin signalling mechanisms that control cell-cell interactions can be described well by a mathematical model with a single term balancing adhesion and de-adhesion between interacting cells. This model allows reliable prediction of Eph/ephrin-dependent control of cell patterning behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Aharon
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (RA); (PWJ)
| | - Peter W. Janes
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (RA); (PWJ)
| | - Anthony W. Burgess
- Structural Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kais Hamza
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fima Klebaner
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin Lackmann
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Scott AM, Tiganis T. Pioneer of Eph biology and therapeutics: Martin Lackmann (1956-2014). Growth Factors 2014; 32:171-3. [PMID: 25401411 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2014.983226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Scott
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
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Ma B, Kolb S, Diprima M, Karna M, Tosato G, Yang Q, Huang Q, Nussinov R. Investigation of the interactions between the EphB2 receptor and SNEW peptide variants. Growth Factors 2014; 32:236-46. [PMID: 25410963 PMCID: PMC4627370 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2014.985786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
EphB2 interacts with cell surface-bound ephrin ligands to relay bidirectional signals. Overexpression of the EphB2 receptor protein has been linked to different types of cancer. The SNEW (SNEWIQPRLPQH) peptide binds with high selectivity and moderate affinity to EphB2, inhibiting Eph-ephrin interactions by competing with ephrin ligands for the EphB2 high-affinity pocket. We used rigorous free energy perturbation (FEP) calculations to re-evaluate the binding interactions of SNEW peptide with the EphB2 receptor, followed by experimental testing of the computational results. Our results provide insight into dynamic interactions of EphB2 with SNEW peptide. While the first four residues of the SNEW peptide are already highly optimized, change of the C-terminal end of the peptide has the potential to improve SNEW-binding affinity. We identified a PXSPY motif that can be similarly aligned with several other EphB2-binding peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buyong Ma
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Stephanie Kolb
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Michael Diprima
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Molleshree Karna
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Giovanna Tosato
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Qiqi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Sackler Inst. of Molecular Medicine, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Abstract
Eph receptor tyrosine kinases control cell-cell interactions during normal and oncogenic development, and are implicated in a range of processes including angiogenesis, stem cell maintenance and metastasis. They are thus of great interest as targets for cancer therapy. EphA3, originally isolated from leukemic and melanoma cells, is presently one of the most promising therapeutic targets, with multiple tumor-promoting roles in a variety of cancer types. This review focuses on EphA3, its functions in controlling cellular behavior, both in normal and pathological development, and most particularly in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Janes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University , Victoria , Australia and
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Gucciardo E, Sugiyama N, Lehti K. Eph- and ephrin-dependent mechanisms in tumor and stem cell dynamics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3685-710. [PMID: 24794629 PMCID: PMC11113620 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular (Eph) receptors comprise the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Initially regarded as axon-guidance and tissue-patterning molecules, Eph receptors have now been attributed with various functions during development, tissue homeostasis, and disease pathogenesis. Their ligands, ephrins, are synthesized as membrane-associated molecules. At least two properties make this signaling system unique: (1) the signal can be simultaneously transduced in the receptor- and the ligand-expressing cell, (2) the signaling outcome through the same molecules can be opposite depending on cellular context. Moreover, shedding of Eph and ephrin ectodomains as well as ligand-dependent and -independent receptor crosstalk with other RTKs, proteases, and adhesion molecules broadens the repertoire of Eph/ephrin functions. These integrated pathways provide plasticity to cell-microenvironment communication in varying tissue contexts. The complex molecular networks and dynamic cellular outcomes connected to the Eph/ephrin signaling in tumor-host communication and stem cell niche are the main focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Gucciardo
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, P.O.B. 63, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nami Sugiyama
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, P.O.B. 63, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosystems Science and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kaisa Lehti
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, P.O.B. 63, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Akada M, Harada K, Negishi M, Katoh H. EphB6 promotes anoikis by modulating EphA2 signaling. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2879-84. [PMID: 25239188 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Anoikis is a specific type of apoptosis induced by detachment of epithelial cells from extracellular matrix, and acquiring resistance to anoikis is an important step that enables cancer cells to metastasize. EphA2, which is overexpressed in a variety of human cancers, is phosphorylated by Akt on serine 897 and mediates ligand ephrin-independent promotion of anoikis resistance through the RhoG activator Ephexin4. EphB6 is frequently silenced in invasive and metastatic cancers; however, its role in cancer progression is poorly understood. Here we show that EphB6 interacts with EphA2 and suppresses EphA2-mediated promotion of anoikis resistance in MCF7 breast cancer cells. On the other hand, knockdown of EphB6 promotes anoikis resistance. We further show that expression of EphB6 decreases serine 897 phosphorylation of EphA2 and suppresses EphA2-Ephexin4 interaction and the RhoG activation. These findings implicate EphB6 as a negative regulator of EphA2 oncogenic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Akada
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kohei Harada
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Manabu Negishi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hironori Katoh
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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