1
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Morales EA, Wang S. Salivary gland developmental mechanics. Curr Top Dev Biol 2024; 160:1-30. [PMID: 38937029 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The salivary gland undergoes branching morphogenesis to elaborate into a tree-like structure with numerous saliva-secreting acinar units, all joined by a hierarchical ductal system. The expansive epithelial surface generated by branching morphogenesis serves as the structural basis for the efficient production and delivery of saliva. Here, we elucidate the process of salivary gland morphogenesis, emphasizing the role of mechanics. Structurally, the developing salivary gland is characterized by a stratified epithelium tightly encased by the basement membrane, which is in turn surrounded by a mesenchyme consisting of a dense network of interstitial matrix and mesenchymal cells. Diverse cell types and extracellular matrices bestow this developing organ with organized, yet spatially varied mechanical properties. For instance, the surface epithelial sheet of the bud is highly fluidic due to its high cell motility and weak cell-cell adhesion, rendering it highly pliable. In contrast, the inner core of the bud is more rigid, characterized by reduced cell motility and strong cell-cell adhesion, which likely provide structural support for the tissue. The interactions between the surface epithelial sheet and the inner core give rise to budding morphogenesis. Furthermore, the basement membrane and the mesenchyme offer mechanical constraints that could play a pivotal role in determining the higher-order architecture of a fully mature salivary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Angelo Morales
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, United States
| | - Shaohe Wang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, United States.
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2
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Lan Q, Trela E, Lindström R, Satta JP, Kaczyńska B, Christensen MM, Holzenberger M, Jernvall J, Mikkola ML. Mesenchyme instructs growth while epithelium directs branching in the mouse mammary gland. eLife 2024; 13:e93326. [PMID: 38441552 PMCID: PMC10959526 DOI: 10.7554/elife.93326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland is a unique organ that undergoes dynamic alterations throughout a female's reproductive life, making it an ideal model for developmental, stem cell and cancer biology research. Mammary gland development begins in utero and proceeds via a quiescent bud stage before the initial outgrowth and subsequent branching morphogenesis. How mammary epithelial cells transit from quiescence to an actively proliferating and branching tissue during embryogenesis and, importantly, how the branch pattern is determined remain largely unknown. Here, we provide evidence indicating that epithelial cell proliferation and onset of branching are independent processes, yet partially coordinated by the Eda signaling pathway. Through heterotypic and heterochronic epithelial-mesenchymal recombination experiments between mouse mammary and salivary gland tissues and ex vivo live imaging, we demonstrate that unlike previously concluded, the mode of branching is an intrinsic property of the mammary epithelium whereas the pace of growth and the density of ductal tree are determined by the mesenchyme. Transcriptomic profiling and ex vivo and in vivo functional studies in mice disclose that mesenchymal Wnt/ß-catenin signaling, and in particular IGF-1 downstream of it critically regulate mammary gland growth. These results underscore the general need to carefully deconstruct the different developmental processes producing branched organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Lan
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Ewelina Trela
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Riitta Lindström
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Jyoti Prabha Satta
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Beata Kaczyńska
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Mona M Christensen
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Jukka Jernvall
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Marja L Mikkola
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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3
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Darrigrand JF, Salowka A, Torres-Cano A, Tapia-Rojo R, Zhu T, Garcia-Manyes S, Spagnoli FM. Acinar-ductal cell rearrangement drives branching morphogenesis of the murine pancreas in an IGF/PI3K-dependent manner. Dev Cell 2024; 59:326-338.e5. [PMID: 38237591 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
During organ formation, progenitor cells need to acquire different cell identities and organize themselves into distinct structural units. How these processes are coordinated and how tissue architecture(s) is preserved despite the dramatic cell rearrangements occurring in developing organs remain unclear. Here, we identified cellular rearrangements between acinar and ductal progenitors as a mechanism to drive branching morphogenesis in the pancreas while preserving the integrity of the acinar-ductal functional unit. Using ex vivo and in vivo mouse models, we found that pancreatic ductal cells form clefts by protruding and pulling on the acinar basement membrane, which leads to acini splitting. Newly formed acini remain connected to the bifurcated branches generated by ductal cell rearrangement. Insulin growth factor (IGF)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway finely regulates this process by controlling pancreatic ductal tissue fluidity, with a simultaneous impact on branching and cell fate acquisition. Together, our results explain how acinar structure multiplication and branch bifurcation are synchronized during pancreas organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Darrigrand
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, Great Maze Pond, SE1 9RT London, UK
| | - Anna Salowka
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, Great Maze Pond, SE1 9RT London, UK
| | - Alejo Torres-Cano
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, Great Maze Pond, SE1 9RT London, UK
| | - Rafael Tapia-Rojo
- Department of Physics, London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tong Zhu
- Department of Physics, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Centre for the Physical Science of Life and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, London, UK; Single-Molecule Mechanobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Sergi Garcia-Manyes
- Department of Physics, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Centre for the Physical Science of Life and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, London, UK; Single-Molecule Mechanobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Francesca M Spagnoli
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, Great Maze Pond, SE1 9RT London, UK.
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4
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Jones RA, Trejo B, Sil P, Little KA, Pasolli HA, Joyce B, Posfai E, Devenport D. An mTurq2-Col4a1 mouse model allows for live visualization of mammalian basement membrane development. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202309074. [PMID: 38051393 PMCID: PMC10697824 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202309074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Basement membranes (BMs) are specialized sheets of extracellular matrix that underlie epithelial and endothelial tissues. BMs regulate the traffic of cells and molecules between compartments, and participate in signaling, cell migration, and organogenesis. The dynamics of mammalian BMs, however, are poorly understood, largely due to a lack of models in which core BM components are endogenously labeled. Here, we describe the mTurquoise2-Col4a1 mouse in which we fluorescently tag collagen IV, the main component of BMs. Using an innovative planar-sagittal live imaging technique to visualize the BM of developing skin, we directly observe BM deformation during hair follicle budding and basal progenitor cell divisions. The BM's inherent pliability enables dividing cells to remain attached to and deform the BM, rather than lose adhesion as generally thought. Using FRAP, we show BM collagen IV is extremely stable, even during periods of rapid epidermal growth. These findings demonstrate the utility of the mTurq2-Col4a1 mouse to shed new light on mammalian BM developmental dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Jones
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Brandon Trejo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Parijat Sil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - H. Amalia Pasolli
- Electron Microscopy Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bradley Joyce
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Eszter Posfai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Danelle Devenport
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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5
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Mohammadi A, Koruji M, Azami M, Shabani R, Mohandesnezhad S, Bashiri Z, Asgari H. Polycaprolactone/Testicular Extracellular Matrix/Graphene Oxide-Based Electrospun Tubular Scaffolds for Reproductive Medicine: Biomimetic Architecture of Seminiferous Tubules. Macromol Biosci 2024; 24:e2300342. [PMID: 37729950 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Numerous scaffolds are developed in the field of testicular bioengineering. However, effectively replicating the spatial characteristics of native tissue, poses a challenge in maintaining the requisite cellular arrangement essential for spermatogenesis. In order to mimic the structural properties of seminiferous tubules, the objective is to fabricate a biocompatible tubular scaffold. Following the decellularization process of the testicular tissue, validation of cellular remnants' elimination from the specimens is conducted using 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and DNA content analysis. The presence of extracellular matrix (ECM) components is confirmed through Alcian blue, Orcein, and Masson's trichrome staining techniques. The electrospinning technique is employed to synthesize the scaffolds using polycaprolactone (PCL), extracted ECM, and varying concentrations of graphene oxide (GO) (0.5%, 1%, and 2%). Subsequently, comprehensive evaluations are performed to assess the properties of the synthetic scaffolds. These evaluations encompass Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy imaging, scaffold degradation testing, mechanical behavior analysis, methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay, and in vivo biocompatibility assessment. The PCL/decellularized extracellular matrix with 0.5% GO formulation exhibits superior fiber morphology and enhanced mechanical properties, and outperforms other groups in terms of in vitro biocompatibility. Consequently, these scaffolds present a viable option for implementation in "in vitro spermatogenesis" procedures, holding promise for future sperm production from spermatogonial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Mohammadi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 88770048, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614525, Iran
| | - Morteza Koruji
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 88770048, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614525, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Azami
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417755469, Iran
- Joint Reconstruction Research Center (JRRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417755469, Iran
| | - Ronak Shabani
- Reproductive Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
| | - Sanam Mohandesnezhad
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417755469, Iran
| | - Zahra Bashiri
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614525, Iran
- Endometrium and Endometriosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, 6517789971, Iran
- Omid Fertility & Infertility Clinic, Hamedan, 6516796198, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Asgari
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 88770048, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614525, Iran
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6
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Hrncir HR, Bombin S, Goodloe B, Hogan CB, Jadi O, Gracz AD. Sox9 links biliary maturation to branching morphogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.15.574730. [PMID: 38293117 PMCID: PMC10827067 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.15.574730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis couples cellular differentiation with development of tissue architecture. Intrahepatic bile duct (IHBD) morphogenesis is initiated with biliary epithelial cell (BEC) specification and eventually forms a heterogeneous network of large ducts and small ductules. Here, we show that Sox9 is required for developmental establishment of small ductules. IHBDs emerge as a webbed structure by E15.5 and undergo morphological maturation through 2 weeks of age. Developmental knockout of Sox9 leads to decreased postnatal branching morphogenesis, manifesting as loss of ductules in adult livers. In the absence of Sox9, BECs fail to mature and exhibit elevated TGF-β signaling and Activin A. Activin A induces developmental gene expression and morphological defects in BEC organoids and represses ductule formation in postnatal livers. Our data demonstrate that adult IHBD morphology and BEC maturation is regulated by the Sox9-dependent formation of precursors to ductules during development, mediated in part by downregulation of Activin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Hrncir
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University. Atlanta, GA USA
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology, Emory University
| | - Sergei Bombin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University. Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Brianna Goodloe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University. Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Connor B Hogan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University. Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Othmane Jadi
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Adam D Gracz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University. Atlanta, GA USA
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology, Emory University
- Lead contact:
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7
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Sumbal J, Fre S, Sumbalova Koledova Z. Fibroblast-induced mammary epithelial branching depends on fibroblast contractility. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002093. [PMID: 38198514 PMCID: PMC10805323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelial branching morphogenesis is an essential process in living organisms, through which organ-specific epithelial shapes are created. Interactions between epithelial cells and their stromal microenvironment instruct branching morphogenesis but remain incompletely understood. Here, we employed fibroblast-organoid or fibroblast-spheroid co-culture systems and time-lapse imaging to reveal that physical contact between fibroblasts and epithelial cells and fibroblast contractility are required to induce mammary epithelial branching. Pharmacological inhibition of ROCK or non-muscle myosin II, or fibroblast-specific knock-out of Myh9 abrogate fibroblast-induced epithelial branching. The process of fibroblast-induced branching requires epithelial proliferation and is associated with distinctive epithelial patterning of yes associated protein (YAP) activity along organoid branches, which is dependent on fibroblast contractility. Moreover, we provide evidence for the in vivo existence of contractile fibroblasts specifically surrounding terminal end buds (TEBs) of pubertal murine mammary glands, advocating for an important role of fibroblast contractility in branching in vivo. Together, we identify fibroblast contractility as a novel stromal factor driving mammary epithelial morphogenesis. Our study contributes to comprehensive understanding of overlapping but divergent employment of mechanically active fibroblasts in developmental versus tumorigenic programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Sumbal
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institut Curie, Laboratory of Genetics and Developmental Biology, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, PSL Université Paris, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, Paris, France
| | - Silvia Fre
- Institut Curie, Laboratory of Genetics and Developmental Biology, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, PSL Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Zuzana Sumbalova Koledova
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Brno, Czech Republic
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8
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Rose SC, Larsen M, Xie Y, Sharfstein ST. Salivary Gland Bioengineering. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 11:28. [PMID: 38247905 PMCID: PMC10813147 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland dysfunction affects millions globally, and tissue engineering may provide a promising therapeutic avenue. This review delves into the current state of salivary gland tissue engineering research, starting with a study of normal salivary gland development and function. It discusses the impact of fibrosis and cellular senescence on salivary gland pathologies. A diverse range of cells suitable for tissue engineering including cell lines, primary salivary gland cells, and stem cells are examined. Moreover, the paper explores various supportive biomaterials and scaffold fabrication methodologies that enhance salivary gland cell survival, differentiation, and engraftment. Innovative engineering strategies for the improvement of vascularization, innervation, and engraftment of engineered salivary gland tissue, including bioprinting, microfluidic hydrogels, mesh electronics, and nanoparticles, are also evaluated. This review underscores the promising potential of this research field for the treatment of salivary gland dysfunction and suggests directions for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C. Rose
- Department of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, College of Nanotechnology, Science, and Engineering, University at Albany, SUNY, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA (Y.X.)
| | - Melinda Larsen
- Department of Biological Sciences and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12222, USA;
| | - Yubing Xie
- Department of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, College of Nanotechnology, Science, and Engineering, University at Albany, SUNY, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA (Y.X.)
| | - Susan T. Sharfstein
- Department of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, College of Nanotechnology, Science, and Engineering, University at Albany, SUNY, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA (Y.X.)
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9
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Rauner G, Traugh NC, Trepicchio CJ, Parrish ME, Mushayandebvu K, Kuperwasser C. Advancements in Human Breast Organoid Culture: Modeling Complex Tissue Structures and Developmental Insights. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.02.560364. [PMID: 37873154 PMCID: PMC10592625 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.560364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Organoids have been widely used for studying tissue growth and modeling diseases, but achieving physiologically relevant architecture, size, and function has remained a challenge. Here, we develop a next-generation organotypic culture method that enables the formation of a highly patterned, complex, branched tissue that is spatially organized to accurately recapitulate the morphology, scale, cellular, transcriptional, and tissue-level heterogeneity of human breast tissue. Hormone responsiveness of organoids is also a feature allowing for examination of androgen therapy or post-menopausal changes to breast tissue development and regeneration. Live imaging allows for studying stem cell dynamics during organoid formation and is adaptable to a high throughput setting. Real-time imaging of organoid formation reveals activation of latent epithelial organogenesis programs and inductive cellular dynamics that drive formation of a miniature breast tissue along with its mesenchyme akin to tissue stroma. By advancing human breast organoid technology, this model can elucidate cell- and tissue-level consequences to hormonal changes and therapy. In addition, this method can lead to new insights into the cellular, molecular, and tissue-level processes involved in organogenesis and regeneration, as well as disease.
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10
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Bonnet H, Isidro Alonso CA, Gupta IR. Submandibular gland epithelial development and the importance of junctions. Tissue Barriers 2023; 11:2161255. [PMID: 36576256 PMCID: PMC10606785 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2022.2161255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary glands consist of highly specialized epithelial cells that secrete the fluid, saliva, and/or transport saliva into the oral cavity. Saliva is essential to lubricate the oral cavity for food consumption and to maintain the hygiene of the oral cavity. In this review, we will focus on the formation of the epithelial cell lineage and the cell junctions that are essential for formation of saliva and maintenance of the epithelial barrier between the ducts that transport saliva and the extracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Agustin Isidro Alonso
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Indra R. Gupta
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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11
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White MJ, Singh T, Wang E, Smith Q, Kutys ML. 'Chip'-ing away at morphogenesis - application of organ-on-chip technologies to study tissue morphogenesis. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261130. [PMID: 37795818 PMCID: PMC10565497 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emergent cell behaviors that drive tissue morphogenesis are the integrated product of instructions from gene regulatory networks, mechanics and signals from the local tissue microenvironment. How these discrete inputs intersect to coordinate diverse morphogenic events is a critical area of interest. Organ-on-chip technology has revolutionized the ability to construct and manipulate miniaturized human tissues with organotypic three-dimensional architectures in vitro. Applications of organ-on-chip platforms have increasingly transitioned from proof-of-concept tissue engineering to discovery biology, furthering our understanding of molecular and mechanical mechanisms that operate across biological scales to orchestrate tissue morphogenesis. Here, we provide the biological framework to harness organ-on-chip systems to study tissue morphogenesis, and we highlight recent examples where organ-on-chips and associated microphysiological systems have enabled new mechanistic insight in diverse morphogenic settings. We further highlight the use of organ-on-chip platforms as emerging test beds for cell and developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. White
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tania Singh
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- UCSF-UC Berkeley Joint Program in Bioengineering, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eric Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Quinton Smith
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Matthew L. Kutys
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- UCSF-UC Berkeley Joint Program in Bioengineering, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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12
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Jones RA, Trejo B, Sil P, Little KA, Pasolli HA, Joyce B, Posfai E, Devenport D. A Window into Mammalian Basement Membrane Development: Insights from the mTurq2-Col4a1 Mouse Model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.27.559396. [PMID: 37808687 PMCID: PMC10557719 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.27.559396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Basement membranes (BMs) are specialized sheets of extracellular matrix that underlie epithelial and endothelial tissues. BMs regulate traffic of cells and molecules between compartments, and participate in signaling, cell migration and organogenesis. The dynamics of mammalian BMs, however, are poorly understood, largely due to a lack of models in which core BM components are endogenously labelled. Here, we describe the mTurquoise2-Col4a1 mouse, in which we fluorescently tag collagen IV, the main component of BMs. Using an innovative Planar-Sagittal live imaging technique to visualize the BM of developing skin, we directly observe BM deformation during hair follicle budding and basal progenitor cell divisions. The BM's inherent pliability enables dividing cells to remain attached to and deform the BM, rather than lose adhesion as generally thought. Using FRAP, we show BM collagen IV is extremely stable, even during periods of rapid epidermal growth. These findings demonstrate the utility of the mTurq2-Col4a1 mouse to shed new light on mammalian BM developmental dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Jones
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Brandon Trejo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Parijat Sil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Katherine A Little
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - H Amalia Pasolli
- Electron Microscopy Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065
| | - Bradley Joyce
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Eszter Posfai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Danelle Devenport
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
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13
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Myllymäki SM, Kaczyńska B, Lan Q, Mikkola ML. Spatially coordinated cell cycle activity and motility govern bifurcation of mammary branches. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202209005. [PMID: 37367826 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202209005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis is an evolutionary solution to maximize epithelial function in a compact organ. It involves successive rounds of branch elongation and branch point formation to generate a tubular network. In all organs, branch points can form by tip splitting, but it is unclear how tip cells coordinate elongation and branching. Here, we addressed these questions in the embryonic mammary gland. Live imaging revealed that tips advance by directional cell migration and elongation relies upon differential cell motility that feeds a retrograde flow of lagging cells into the trailing duct, supported by tip proliferation. Tip bifurcation involved localized repression of cell cycle and cell motility at the branch point. Cells in the nascent daughter tips remained proliferative but changed their direction to elongate new branches. We also report the fundamental importance of epithelial cell contractility for mammary branching morphogenesis. The co-localization of cell motility, non-muscle myosin II, and ERK activities at the tip front suggests coordination/cooperation between these functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu-Marja Myllymäki
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Beata Kaczyńska
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Qiang Lan
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja L Mikkola
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Tixi W, Maldonado M, Chang YT, Chiu A, Yeung W, Parveen N, Nelson MS, Hart R, Wang S, Hsu WJ, Fueger P, Kopp JL, Huising MO, Dhawan S, Shih HP. Coordination between ECM and cell-cell adhesion regulates the development of islet aggregation, architecture, and functional maturation. eLife 2023; 12:e90006. [PMID: 37610090 PMCID: PMC10482429 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islets are three-dimensional cell aggregates consisting of unique cellular composition, cell-to-cell contacts, and interactions with blood vessels. Cell aggregation is essential for islet endocrine function; however, it remains unclear how developing islets establish aggregation. By combining genetic animal models, imaging tools, and gene expression profiling, we demonstrate that islet aggregation is regulated by extracellular matrix signaling and cell-cell adhesion. Islet endocrine cell-specific inactivation of extracellular matrix receptor integrin β1 disrupted blood vessel interactions but promoted cell-cell adhesion and the formation of larger islets. In contrast, ablation of cell-cell adhesion molecule α-catenin promoted blood vessel interactions yet compromised islet clustering. Simultaneous removal of integrin β1 and α-catenin disrupts islet aggregation and the endocrine cell maturation process, demonstrating that establishment of islet aggregates is essential for functional maturation. Our study provides new insights into understanding the fundamental self-organizing mechanism for islet aggregation, architecture, and functional maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilma Tixi
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Maricela Maldonado
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, California State University, Long BeachLong BeachUnited States
| | - Ya-Ting Chang
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Amy Chiu
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Wilson Yeung
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Nazia Parveen
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Michael S Nelson
- Light Microscopy Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Ryan Hart
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Shihao Wang
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Wu Jih Hsu
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Patrick Fueger
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Janel L Kopp
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Mark O Huising
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Sangeeta Dhawan
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Hung Ping Shih
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
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15
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Molina López E, Kabanova A, Winkel A, Franze K, Palacios IM, Martín-Bermudo MD. Constriction imposed by basement membrane regulates developmental cell migration. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002172. [PMID: 37379333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The basement membrane (BM) is a specialized extracellular matrix (ECM), which underlies or encases developing tissues. Mechanical properties of encasing BMs have been shown to profoundly influence the shaping of associated tissues. Here, we use the migration of the border cells (BCs) of the Drosophila egg chamber to unravel a new role of encasing BMs in cell migration. BCs move between a group of cells, the nurse cells (NCs), that are enclosed by a monolayer of follicle cells (FCs), which is, in turn, surrounded by a BM, the follicle BM. We show that increasing or reducing the stiffness of the follicle BM, by altering laminins or type IV collagen levels, conversely affects BC migration speed and alters migration mode and dynamics. Follicle BM stiffness also controls pairwise NC and FC cortical tension. We propose that constraints imposed by the follicle BM influence NC and FC cortical tension, which, in turn, regulate BC migration. Encasing BMs emerge as key players in the regulation of collective cell migration during morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Molina López
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo CSIC-University Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Anna Kabanova
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo CSIC-University Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
- Department Physiology of Cognitive Processes, MPI for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Winkel
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kristian Franze
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute of Medical Physics and Micro-Tissue Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Isabel M Palacios
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - María D Martín-Bermudo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo CSIC-University Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
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16
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Bordeu I, Chatzeli L, Simons BD. Inflationary theory of branching morphogenesis in the mouse salivary gland. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3422. [PMID: 37296120 PMCID: PMC10256724 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39124-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that regulate the patterning of branched epithelia remain a subject of long-standing debate. Recently, it has been proposed that the statistical organization of multiple ductal tissues can be explained through a local self-organizing principle based on the branching-annihilating random walk (BARW) in which proliferating tips drive a process of ductal elongation and stochastic bifurcation that terminates when tips encounter maturing ducts. Here, applied to mouse salivary gland, we show the BARW model struggles to explain the large-scale organization of tissue. Instead, we propose that the gland develops as a tip-driven branching-delayed random walk (BDRW). In this framework, a generalization of the BARW, tips inhibited through steric interaction with proximate ducts may continue their branching program as constraints become alleviated through the persistent expansion of the surrounding tissue. This inflationary BDRW model presents a general paradigm for branching morphogenesis when the ductal epithelium grows cooperatively with the domain into which it expands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Bordeu
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physics, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lemonia Chatzeli
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benjamin D Simons
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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17
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Urciuolo A, Giobbe GG, Dong Y, Michielin F, Brandolino L, Magnussen M, Gagliano O, Selmin G, Scattolini V, Raffa P, Caccin P, Shibuya S, Scaglioni D, Wang X, Qu J, Nikolic M, Montagner M, Galea GL, Clevers H, Giomo M, De Coppi P, Elvassore N. Hydrogel-in-hydrogel live bioprinting for guidance and control of organoids and organotypic cultures. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3128. [PMID: 37253730 PMCID: PMC10229611 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37953-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional hydrogel-based organ-like cultures can be applied to study development, regeneration, and disease in vitro. However, the control of engineered hydrogel composition, mechanical properties and geometrical constraints tends to be restricted to the initial time of fabrication. Modulation of hydrogel characteristics over time and according to culture evolution is often not possible. Here, we overcome these limitations by developing a hydrogel-in-hydrogel live bioprinting approach that enables the dynamic fabrication of instructive hydrogel elements within pre-existing hydrogel-based organ-like cultures. This can be achieved by crosslinking photosensitive hydrogels via two-photon absorption at any time during culture. We show that instructive hydrogels guide neural axon directionality in growing organotypic spinal cords, and that hydrogel geometry and mechanical properties control differential cell migration in developing cancer organoids. Finally, we show that hydrogel constraints promote cell polarity in liver organoids, guide small intestinal organoid morphogenesis and control lung tip bifurcation according to the hydrogel composition and shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Urciuolo
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Giuseppe Giobbe
- GOSICH Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yixiao Dong
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Federica Michielin
- GOSICH Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, University College London, London, UK
| | - Luca Brandolino
- Dept. of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Michael Magnussen
- GOSICH Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, University College London, London, UK
| | - Onelia Gagliano
- Dept. of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Selmin
- GOSICH Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Paolo Raffa
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Caccin
- Dept. of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Soichi Shibuya
- GOSICH Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dominic Scaglioni
- GOSICH Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, University College London, London, UK
| | - Xuechun Wang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ju Qu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Marko Nikolic
- GOSICH Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marco Montagner
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gabriel L Galea
- GOSICH Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED) of Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Monica Giomo
- Dept. of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo De Coppi
- GOSICH Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, University College London, London, UK
- Dept. of Specialist Neonatal and Paediatric Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Nicola Elvassore
- GOSICH Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, University College London, London, UK.
- Dept. of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.
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18
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Ray AT, Soriano P. FGF signaling regulates salivary gland branching morphogenesis by modulating cell adhesion. Development 2023; 150:dev201293. [PMID: 36861436 PMCID: PMC10112918 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Loss of FGF signaling leads to defects in salivary gland branching, but the mechanisms underlying this phenotype remain largely unknown. We disrupted expression of Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 in salivary gland epithelial cells and found that both receptors function coordinately in regulating branching. Strikingly, branching morphogenesis in double knockouts is restored by Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 (Fgfr1/2) knock-in alleles incapable of engaging canonical RTK signaling, suggesting that additional FGF-dependent mechanisms play a role in salivary gland branching. Fgfr1/2 conditional null mutants showed defective cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, both of which have been shown to play instructive roles in salivary gland branching. Loss of FGF signaling led to disordered cell-basement membrane interactions in vivo as well as in organ culture. This was partially restored upon introducing Fgfr1/2 wild-type or signaling alleles that are incapable of eliciting canonical intracellular signaling. Together, our results identify non-canonical FGF signaling mechanisms that regulate branching morphogenesis through cell-adhesion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan T. Ray
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Philippe Soriano
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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19
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Growth anisotropy of the extracellular matrix shapes a developing organ. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1220. [PMID: 36869053 PMCID: PMC9984492 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36739-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Final organ size and shape result from volume expansion by growth and shape changes by contractility. Complex morphologies can also arise from differences in growth rate between tissues. We address here how differential growth guides the morphogenesis of the growing Drosophila wing imaginal disc. We report that 3D morphology results from elastic deformation due to differential growth anisotropy between the epithelial cell layer and its enveloping extracellular matrix (ECM). While the tissue layer grows in plane, growth of the bottom ECM occurs in 3D and is reduced in magnitude, thereby causing geometric frustration and tissue bending. The elasticity, growth anisotropy and morphogenesis of the organ are fully captured by a mechanical bilayer model. Moreover, differential expression of the Matrix metalloproteinase MMP2 controls growth anisotropy of the ECM envelope. This study shows that the ECM is a controllable mechanical constraint whose intrinsic growth anisotropy directs tissue morphogenesis in a developing organ.
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20
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Sekiguchi R, Mehlferber M, Matsumoto K, Wang S. Efficient Gene Knockout in Salivary Gland Epithelial Explant Cultures. J Dent Res 2023; 102:197-206. [PMID: 36366748 PMCID: PMC9893391 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221128201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed methods to achieve efficient CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene knockout in ex vivo mouse embryonic salivary epithelial explants. Salivary epithelial explants provide a valuable model for characterizing cell signaling, differentiation, and epithelial morphogenesis, but research has been limited by a paucity of efficient gene perturbation methods. Here, we demonstrate highly efficient gene perturbation by transient transduction of guide RNA-expressing lentiviruses into Cas9-expressing salivary epithelial buds isolated from Cas9 transgenic mice. We first show that salivary epithelial explants can be cultured in low-concentration, nonsolidified Matrigel suspensions in 96-well plates, which greatly increases sample throughput compared to conventional cultures embedded in solidified Matrigel. We further show that salivary epithelial explants can grow and branch with FGF7 alone, while supplementing with insulin, transferrin, and selenium (ITS) enhances growth and branching. We then describe an efficient workflow to produce experiment-ready, high-titer lentiviruses within 1 wk after molecular cloning. To track transduced cells, we designed the lentiviral vector to coexpress a nuclear fluorescent reporter with the guide RNA. We routinely achieved 80% transduction efficiency when antibiotic selection was used. Importantly, we detected robust loss of targeted protein products when testing 9 guide RNAs for 3 different genes. Moreover, targeting the β1 integrin gene (Itgb1) inhibited branching morphogenesis, which supports the importance of cell-matrix adhesion in driving branching morphogenesis. In summary, we have established a lentivirus-based method that can efficiently perturb genes of interest in salivary epithelial explants, which will greatly facilitate studies of specific gene functions using this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Sekiguchi
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M.M. Mehlferber
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Present address: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - K. Matsumoto
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S. Wang
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Present address: 4D Cellular Physiology, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
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21
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Neumann NM, Kim DM, Huebner RJ, Ewald AJ. Collective cell migration is spatiotemporally regulated during mammary epithelial bifurcation. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs259275. [PMID: 36602106 PMCID: PMC10112963 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Branched epithelial networks are generated through an iterative process of elongation and bifurcation. We sought to understand bifurcation of the mammary epithelium. To visualize this process, we utilized three-dimensional (3D) organotypic culture and time-lapse confocal microscopy. We tracked cell migration during bifurcation and observed local reductions in cell speed at the nascent bifurcation cleft. This effect was proximity dependent, as individual cells approaching the cleft reduced speed, whereas cells exiting the cleft increased speed. As the cells slow down, they orient both migration and protrusions towards the nascent cleft, while cells in the adjacent branches orient towards the elongating tips. We next tested the hypothesis that TGF-β signaling controls mammary branching by regulating cell migration. We first validated that addition of TGF-β1 (TGFB1) protein increased cleft number, whereas inhibition of TGF-β signaling reduced cleft number. Then, consistent with our hypothesis, we observed that pharmacological inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling acutely decreased epithelial migration speed. Our data suggest a model for mammary epithelial bifurcation in which TGF-β signaling regulates cell migration to determine the local sites of bifurcation and the global pattern of the tubular network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M. Neumann
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Daniel M. Kim
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Robert J. Huebner
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andrew J. Ewald
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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22
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Paramore SV, Goodwin K, Nelson CM. How to build an epithelial tree. Phys Biol 2022; 19. [DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/ac9e38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Nature has evolved a variety of mechanisms to build epithelial trees of diverse architectures within different organs and across species. Epithelial trees are elaborated through branch initiation and extension, and their morphogenesis ends with branch termination. Each of these steps of the branching process can be driven by the actions of epithelial cells themselves (epithelial-intrinsic mechanisms) or by the cells of their surrounding tissues (epithelial-extrinsic mechanisms). Here, we describe examples of how these mechanisms drive each stage of branching morphogenesis, drawing primarily from studies of the lung, kidney, salivary gland, mammary gland, and pancreas, all of which contain epithelial trees that form through collective cell behaviors. Much of our understanding of epithelial branching comes from experiments using mice, but we also include examples here from avian and reptilian models. Throughout, we highlight how distinct mechanisms are employed in different organs and species to build epithelial trees. We also highlight how similar morphogenetic motifs are used to carry out conserved developmental programs or repurposed to support novel ones. Understanding the unique strategies used by nature to build branched epithelia from across the tree of life can help to inspire creative solutions to problems in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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23
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Chibly AM, Aure MH, Patel VN, Hoffman MP. Salivary Gland Function, Development and Regeneration. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1495-1552. [PMID: 35343828 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary glands produce and secrete saliva, which is essential for maintaining oral health and overall health. Understanding both the unique structure and physiological function of salivary glands, as well as how they are affected by disease and injury will direct the development of therapy to repair and regenerate them. Significant recent advances, particularly in the OMICS field, increase our understanding of how salivary glands develop at the cellular, molecular and genetic levels; the signaling pathways involved, the dynamics of progenitor cell lineages in development, homeostasis and regeneration and the role of the extracellular matrix microenvironment. These provide a template for cell and gene therapies as well as bioengineering approaches to repair or regenerate salivary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Martinez Chibly
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Marit H Aure
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Vaishali N Patel
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Matthew Philip Hoffman
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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24
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Chen M, Lin W, Gan J, Lu W, Wang M, Wang X, Yi J, Zhao Z. Transcriptomic Mapping of Human Parotid Gland at Single-Cell Resolution. J Dent Res 2022; 101:972-982. [PMID: 35220796 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221076069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As the largest salivary gland in oral cavity, the parotid gland plays an important role in initial digesting and lubricating food. The abnormal secretory function of the parotid gland can lead to dental caries and oral mucosal inflammation. In recent years, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has been used to explore the heterogeneity and diversity of cells in various organs and tissues. However, the transcription profile of the human parotid gland at single-cell resolution has not been reported yet. In this study, we constructed the cell atlas of human parotid gland using the 10× Genomics platform. Characteristic gene analysis identified the biological functions of serous acinar cell populations in secreting digestive enzymes and antibacterial proteins. We revealed the specificity and similarity of the parotid gland compared to other digestive glands through comparative analyses of other published scRNA-seq data sets. We also identified the cell-specific expression of hub genes for Sjögren syndrome in the human parotid gland by integrating the results of genome-wide association studies and bulk RNA-seq, which highlighted the importance of immune cell dysfunction in parotid Sjögren syndrome pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - W. Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - J. Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - W. Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - M. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - J. Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Z. Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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25
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Abstract
Fluid secretion by exocrine glandular organs is essential to the survival of mammals. Each glandular unit within the body is uniquely organized to carry out its own specific functions, with failure to establish these specialized structures resulting in impaired organ function. Here, we review glandular organs in terms of shared and divergent architecture. We first describe the structural organization of the diverse glandular secretory units (the end-pieces) and their fluid transporting systems (the ducts) within the mammalian system, focusing on how tissue architecture corresponds to functional output. We then highlight how defects in development of end-piece and ductal architecture impacts secretory function. Finally, we discuss how knowledge of exocrine gland structure-function relationships can be applied to the development of new diagnostics, regenerative approaches and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameed Khan
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sarah Fitch
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sarah Knox
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ripla Arora
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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26
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Hou S, Zhu J, Shibata S, Nakamoto A, Kumano G. Repetitive accumulation of interstitial cells generates the branched structure of Cladonema medusa tentacles. Development 2021; 148:272708. [PMID: 34738619 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The shaping of tissues and organs in many animals relies on interactions between the epithelial cell layer and its underlying mesoderm-derived tissues. Inductive signals, such as receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling emanating from mesoderm, act on cells of the epithelium to initiate three-dimensional changes. However, how tissues are shaped in a diploblastic animal with no mesoderm remains largely unknown. In this study, the jellyfish Cladonema pacificum was used to investigate branch formation. The tentacles on its medusa stage undergo branching, which increases the epithelial surface area available for carrying nematocytes, thereby maximizing prey capture. Pharmacological and cellular analyses of the branching process suggest a two-step model for tentacle branch formation, in which mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase signaling accumulates interstitial cells in the future branch-forming region, and fibroblast growth factor signaling regulates branch elongation. This study highlights an essential role for these pluripotent stem cells in the tissue-shaping morphogenesis of a diploblastic animal. In addition, it identifies a mechanism involving RTK signaling and cell proliferative activity at the branch tip for branching morphogenesis that is apparently conserved across the animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiting Hou
- Asamushi Research Center for Marine Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 9 Sakamoto, Asamushi, Aomori 039-3501, Japan
| | - Jianrong Zhu
- Asamushi Research Center for Marine Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 9 Sakamoto, Asamushi, Aomori 039-3501, Japan
| | - Saki Shibata
- Asamushi Research Center for Marine Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 9 Sakamoto, Asamushi, Aomori 039-3501, Japan
| | - Ayaki Nakamoto
- Asamushi Research Center for Marine Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 9 Sakamoto, Asamushi, Aomori 039-3501, Japan
| | - Gaku Kumano
- Asamushi Research Center for Marine Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 9 Sakamoto, Asamushi, Aomori 039-3501, Japan
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27
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Uçar MC, Kamenev D, Sunadome K, Fachet D, Lallemend F, Adameyko I, Hadjab S, Hannezo E. Theory of branching morphogenesis by local interactions and global guidance. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6830. [PMID: 34819507 PMCID: PMC8613190 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis governs the formation of many organs such as lung, kidney, and the neurovascular system. Many studies have explored system-specific molecular and cellular regulatory mechanisms, as well as self-organizing rules underlying branching morphogenesis. However, in addition to local cues, branched tissue growth can also be influenced by global guidance. Here, we develop a theoretical framework for a stochastic self-organized branching process in the presence of external cues. Combining analytical theory with numerical simulations, we predict differential signatures of global vs. local regulatory mechanisms on the branching pattern, such as angle distributions, domain size, and space-filling efficiency. We find that branch alignment follows a generic scaling law determined by the strength of global guidance, while local interactions influence the tissue density but not its overall territory. Finally, using zebrafish innervation as a model system, we test these key features of the model experimentally. Our work thus provides quantitative predictions to disentangle the role of different types of cues in shaping branched structures across scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Can Uçar
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| | - Dmitrii Kamenev
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kazunori Sunadome
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dominik Fachet
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
- IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Francois Lallemend
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- Ming-Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm node, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Saida Hadjab
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Edouard Hannezo
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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28
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Valdoz JC, Johnson BC, Jacobs DJ, Franks NA, Dodson EL, Sanders C, Cribbs CG, Van Ry PM. The ECM: To Scaffold, or Not to Scaffold, That Is the Question. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12690. [PMID: 34884495 PMCID: PMC8657545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) has pleiotropic effects, ranging from cell adhesion to cell survival. In tissue engineering, the use of ECM and ECM-like scaffolds has separated the field into two distinct areas-scaffold-based and scaffold-free. Scaffold-free techniques are used in creating reproducible cell aggregates which have massive potential for high-throughput, reproducible drug screening and disease modeling. Though, the lack of ECM prevents certain cells from surviving and proliferating. Thus, tissue engineers use scaffolds to mimic the native ECM and produce organotypic models which show more reliability in disease modeling. However, scaffold-based techniques come at a trade-off of reproducibility and throughput. To bridge the tissue engineering dichotomy, we posit that finding novel ways to incorporate the ECM in scaffold-free cultures can synergize these two disparate techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pam M. Van Ry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (J.C.V.); (B.C.J.); (D.J.J.); (N.A.F.); (E.L.D.); (C.S.); (C.G.C.)
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29
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Fernández PA, Buchmann B, Goychuk A, Engelbrecht LK, Raich MK, Scheel CH, Frey E, Bausch AR. Surface-tension-induced budding drives alveologenesis in human mammary gland organoids. NATURE PHYSICS 2021; 17:1130-1136. [PMID: 35721781 PMCID: PMC7612858 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-021-01336-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Organ development involves complex shape transformations driven by active mechanical stresses that sculpt the growing tissue 1,2. Epithelial gland morphogenesis is a prominent example where cylindrical branches transform into spherical alveoli during growth3-5. Here we show that this shape transformation is induced by a local change from anisotropic to isotropic tension within the epithelial cell layer of developing human mammary gland organoids. By combining laser ablation with optical force inference and theoretical analysis, we demonstrate that circumferential tension increases at the expense of axial tension through a reorientation of cells that correlates with the onset of persistent collective rotation around the branch axis. This enables the tissue to locally control the onset of a generalized Rayleigh-Plateau instability, leading to spherical tissue buds6. The interplay between cell motion, cell orientation and tissue tension is a generic principle that may turn out to drive shape transformations in other cell tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A. Fernández
- Center for Protein Assemblies and Lehrstuhl für Biophysik (E27), Physics Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Benedikt Buchmann
- Center for Protein Assemblies and Lehrstuhl für Biophysik (E27), Physics Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Andriy Goychuk
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa K. Engelbrecht
- Center for Protein Assemblies and Lehrstuhl für Biophysik (E27), Physics Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center for Health and Environmental Research Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marion K. Raich
- Center for Protein Assemblies and Lehrstuhl für Biophysik (E27), Physics Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Christina H. Scheel
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center for Health and Environmental Research Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Erwin Frey
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas R. Bausch
- Center for Protein Assemblies and Lehrstuhl für Biophysik (E27), Physics Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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30
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Wang S, Matsumoto K, Lish SR, Cartagena-Rivera AX, Yamada KM. Budding epithelial morphogenesis driven by cell-matrix versus cell-cell adhesion. Cell 2021; 184:3702-3716.e30. [PMID: 34133940 PMCID: PMC8287763 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Many embryonic organs undergo epithelial morphogenesis to form tree-like hierarchical structures. However, it remains unclear what drives the budding and branching of stratified epithelia, such as in the embryonic salivary gland and pancreas. Here, we performed live-organ imaging of mouse embryonic salivary glands at single-cell resolution to reveal that budding morphogenesis is driven by expansion and folding of a distinct epithelial surface cell sheet characterized by strong cell-matrix adhesions and weak cell-cell adhesions. Profiling of single-cell transcriptomes of this epithelium revealed spatial patterns of transcription underlying these cell adhesion differences. We then synthetically reconstituted budding morphogenesis by experimentally suppressing E-cadherin expression and inducing basement membrane formation in 3D spheroid cultures of engineered cells, which required β1-integrin-mediated cell-matrix adhesion for successful budding. Thus, stratified epithelial budding, the key first step of branching morphogenesis, is driven by an overall combination of strong cell-matrix adhesion and weak cell-cell adhesion by peripheral epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohe Wang
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Kazue Matsumoto
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Samantha R Lish
- Section on Mechanobiology, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander X Cartagena-Rivera
- Section on Mechanobiology, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth M Yamada
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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31
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Ah-Cann C, Wimmer VC, Weeden CE, Marceaux C, Law CW, Galvis L, Filby CE, Liu J, Breslin K, Willson T, Ritchie ME, Blewitt ME, Asselin-Labat ML. A functional genetic screen identifies aurora kinase b as an essential regulator of Sox9-positive mouse embryonic lung progenitor cells. Development 2021; 148:269134. [PMID: 34121118 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Development of a branching tree in the embryonic lung is crucial for the formation of a fully mature functional lung at birth. Sox9+ cells present at the tip of the primary embryonic lung endoderm are multipotent cells responsible for branch formation and elongation. We performed a genetic screen in murine primary cells and identified aurora kinase b (Aurkb) as an essential regulator of Sox9+ cells ex vivo. In vivo conditional knockout studies confirmed that Aurkb was required for lung development but was not necessary for postnatal growth and the repair of the adult lung after injury. Deletion of Aurkb in embryonic Sox9+ cells led to the formation of a stunted lung that retained the expression of Sox2 in the proximal airways, as well as Sox9 in the distal tips. Although we found no change in cell polarity, we showed that loss of Aurkb or chemical inhibition of Aurkb caused Sox9+ cells to arrest at G2/M, likely responsible for the lack of branch bifurcation. This work demonstrates the power of genetic screens in identifying novel regulators of Sox9+ progenitor cells and lung branching morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Ah-Cann
- Personalised Oncology Divison, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia.,Epigenetics and Development Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Verena C Wimmer
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia.,Advanced Technology and Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Clare E Weeden
- Personalised Oncology Divison, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Claire Marceaux
- Personalised Oncology Divison, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Charity W Law
- Epigenetics and Development Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia.,School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Laura Galvis
- Personalised Oncology Divison, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Caitlin E Filby
- Personalised Oncology Divison, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Joy Liu
- Epigenetics and Development Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Kelsey Breslin
- Epigenetics and Development Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Tracy Willson
- Epigenetics and Development Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew E Ritchie
- Epigenetics and Development Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia.,School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Marnie E Blewitt
- Epigenetics and Development Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Marie-Liesse Asselin-Labat
- Personalised Oncology Divison, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
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32
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Lang C, Conrad L, Iber D. Organ-Specific Branching Morphogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:671402. [PMID: 34150767 PMCID: PMC8212048 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.671402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A common developmental process, called branching morphogenesis, generates the epithelial trees in a variety of organs, including the lungs, kidneys, and glands. How branching morphogenesis can create epithelial architectures of very different shapes and functions remains elusive. In this review, we compare branching morphogenesis and its regulation in lungs and kidneys and discuss the role of signaling pathways, the mesenchyme, the extracellular matrix, and the cytoskeleton as potential organ-specific determinants of branch position, orientation, and shape. Identifying the determinants of branch and organ shape and their adaptation in different organs may reveal how a highly conserved developmental process can be adapted to different structural and functional frameworks and should provide important insights into epithelial morphogenesis and developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lang
- Department of Biosystems, Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Conrad
- Department of Biosystems, Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dagmar Iber
- Department of Biosystems, Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
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33
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Wang Q, Tao C, Hannan A, Yoon S, Min X, Peregrin J, Qu X, Li H, Yu H, Zhao J, Zhang X. Lacrimal gland budding requires PI3K-dependent suppression of EGF signaling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/27/eabf1068. [PMID: 34193412 PMCID: PMC8245041 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf1068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The patterning of epithelial buds is determined by the underlying signaling network. Here, we study the cross-talk between phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Ras signaling during lacrimal gland budding morphogenesis. Our results show that PI3K is activated by both the p85-mediated insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and Ras-mediated fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling. On the other hand, PI3K also promotes extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling via a direct interaction with Ras. Both PI3K and ERK are upstream regulators of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and, together, they prevent expansion of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor expression from the lacrimal gland stalk to the bud region. We further show that this suppression of EGF signaling is necessary for induction of lacrimal gland buds. These results reveal that the interplay between PI3K, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and mTOR mediates the cross-talk among FGF, IGF, and EGF signaling in support of lacrimal gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology, and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chenqi Tao
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology, and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Abdul Hannan
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology, and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sungtae Yoon
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology, and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xuanyu Min
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology, and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Peregrin
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology, and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiuxia Qu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hongge Li
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology, and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Honglian Yu
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology, and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Jean Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology, and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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34
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Genome of the fatal tapeworm Sparganum proliferum uncovers mechanisms for cryptic life cycle and aberrant larval proliferation. Commun Biol 2021; 4:649. [PMID: 34059788 PMCID: PMC8166898 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02160-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cryptic parasite Sparganum proliferum proliferates in humans and invades tissues and organs. Only scattered cases have been reported, but S. proliferum infection is always fatal. However, S. proliferum’s phylogeny and life cycle remain enigmatic. To investigate the phylogenetic relationships between S. proliferum and other cestode species, and to examine the mechanisms underlying pathogenicity, we sequenced the entire genomes of S. proliferum and a closely related non–life-threatening tapeworm Spirometra erinaceieuropaei. Additionally, we performed larvae transcriptome analyses of S. proliferum plerocercoid to identify genes involved in asexual reproduction in the host. The genome sequences confirmed that the S. proliferum has experienced a clearly distinct evolutionary history from S. erinaceieuropaei. Moreover, we found that nonordinal extracellular matrix coordination allows asexual reproduction in the host, and loss of sexual maturity in S. proliferum are responsible for its fatal pathogenicity to humans. Our high-quality reference genome sequences should be valuable for future studies of pseudophyllidean tapeworm biology and parasitism. Kikuchi et al. sequence the genome of the fatal tapeworm Sparganum proliferum and a closely related non–life-threatening tapeworm Spirometra erinaceieuropaei, and describe its genomic features suggesting the natural history and molecular mechanisms underlying pathogenicity. Their findings indicate that nonordinal extracellular matrix coordination is important for its asexual reproduction, and suggest that loss of sexual maturity contributes to the fatal pathogenicity of S. proliferum to humans.
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35
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Mechanical plasticity of collagen directs branch elongation in human mammary gland organoids. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2759. [PMID: 33980857 PMCID: PMC8115695 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22988-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial branch elongation is a central developmental process during branching morphogenesis in diverse organs. This fundamental growth process into large arborized epithelial networks is accompanied by structural reorganization of the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM), well beyond its mechanical linear response regime. Here, we report that epithelial ductal elongation within human mammary organoid branches relies on the non-linear and plastic mechanical response of the surrounding collagen. Specifically, we demonstrate that collective back-and-forth motion of cells within the branches generates tension that is strong enough to induce a plastic reorganization of the surrounding collagen network which results in the formation of mechanically stable collagen cages. Such matrix encasing in turn directs further tension generation, branch outgrowth and plastic deformation of the matrix. The identified mechanical tension equilibrium sets a framework to understand how mechanical cues can direct ductal branch elongation. Mammary organoid growth from single primary human cells rely on distinct morphogenetic processes. Here, the authors observe by live cell imaging the importance of the plastic mechanical response of the extracellular matrix and cell migration for the underlying arborized structure formation process.
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36
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Inhibition of Aurora Kinase B activity disrupts development and differentiation of salivary glands. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:16. [PMID: 33462217 PMCID: PMC7814035 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00393-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the key molecules that regulate cell division during organogenesis. Here we determine the role of the cell cycle promoter aurora kinase B (AURKB) during development, using embryonic salivary glands (E-SGs) as a model. AURKB is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates key events in mitosis, which makes it an attractive target for tailored anticancer therapy. Many reports have elaborated on the role of AURKB in neoplasia and cancer; however, no previous study has shown its role during organ development. Our previous experiments have highlighted the essential requirement for AURKB during adult exocrine regeneration. To investigate if AURKB is similarly required for progression during embryonic development, we pharmacologically inhibited AURKB in developing submandibular glands (SMGs) at embryonic day (E)13.5 and E16.5, using the highly potent and selective drug Barasertib. Inhibition of AURKB interfered with the expansion of the embryonic buds. Interestingly, this effect on SMG development was also seen when the mature explants (E16.5) were incubated for 24 h with another cell cycle inhibitor Aphidicolin. Barasertib prompted apoptosis, DNA damage and senescence, the markers of which (cleaved caspase 3, γH2AX, SA-βgal and p21, respectively), were predominantly seen in the developing buds. In addition to a reduction in cell cycling and proliferation of the epithelial cells in response to AURKB inhibition, Barasertib treatment led to an excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that resulted in downregulation of the acinar differentiation marker Mist1. Importantly, inhibition of ROS was able to rescue this loss of identity, with Mist1 expression maintained despite loss of AURKB. Together, these data identify AURKB as a key molecule in supporting embryonic development and differentiation, while inhibiting senescence-inducing signals during organogenesis.
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37
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Kai Y. Intestinal villus structure contributes to even shedding of epithelial cells. Biophys J 2021; 120:699-710. [PMID: 33453270 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the intestinal epithelium, proliferated epithelial cells ascend the crypts and villi and shed at the villus tips into the gut lumen. In this study, we theoretically investigate the roles of the villi on cell turnover. We present a stochastic model that focuses on the duration over which cells migrate the shortest paths between the crypt orifices and the villus tips, where shedding cells are randomly chosen from among those older than the shortest-path cell migration times. By extending the length of the shortest path to delay cell shedding, the finger-like shape of the villus would tightly regulate shedding-cell ages compared with flat surfaces and shorter projections; the villus allows epithelial cells to shed at around the same age, which limits them from shedding early or staying in the epithelium for long periods. Computational simulations of cell dynamics agreed well with the predictions. We also examine various mechanical conditions of cells and confirm that coordinated collective cell migration supports the predictions. These results suggest the important roles of the villi in homeostatic maintenance of the small intestine, and we discuss the applicability of our approach to other tissues with collective cell movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Kai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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38
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Walker JL, Wang W, Lin E, Romisher A, Bouchie MP, Bleaken B, Menko AS, Kukuruzinska MA. Specification of the patterning of a ductal tree during branching morphogenesis of the submandibular gland. Sci Rep 2021; 11:330. [PMID: 33432003 PMCID: PMC7801450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79650-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of ductal structures during branching morphogenesis relies on signals that specify ductal progenitors to set up a pattern for the ductal network. Here, we identify cellular asymmetries defined by the F-actin cytoskeleton and the cell adhesion protein ZO-1 as the earliest determinants of duct specification in the embryonic submandibular gland (SMG). Apical polarity protein aPKCζ is then recruited to the sites of asymmetry in a ZO-1-dependent manner and collaborates with ROCK signaling to set up apical-basal polarity of ductal progenitors and further define the path of duct specification. Moreover, the motor protein myosin IIB, a mediator of mechanical force transmission along actin filaments, becomes localized to vertices linking the apical domains of multiple ductal epithelial cells during the formation of ductal lumens and drives duct maturation. These studies identify cytoskeletal, junctional and polarity proteins as the early determinants of duct specification and the patterning of a ductal tree during branching morphogenesis of the SMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice L Walker
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Suite 564, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Weihao Wang
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, 700 Albany Street, W201, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Edith Lin
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, 700 Albany Street, W201, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Alison Romisher
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Suite 564, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Meghan P Bouchie
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, 700 Albany Street, W201, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Brigid Bleaken
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Suite 564, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - A Sue Menko
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Suite 564, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
| | - Maria A Kukuruzinska
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, 700 Albany Street, W201, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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Abstract
The pancreas of adult mammals displays a branched structure which transports digestive enzymes produced in the distal acini through a tree-like network of ducts into the duodenum. In contrast to several other branched organs, its branching patterns are not stereotypic. Moreover, the branches do not grow from dichotomic splitting of an initial stem but rather from the formation of microlumen in a mass of cells. These lumen progressively assemble into a hyperconnected network that refines into a tree by the time of birth. We review the cell remodeling events and the molecular mechanisms governing pancreas branching, as well as the role of the surrounding tissues in this process. Furthermore, we draw parallels with other branched organs such as the salivary and mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Flasse
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Coline Schewin
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Grapin-Botton
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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40
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Palavalli A, Tizón-Escamilla N, Rupprecht JF, Lecuit T. Deterministic and Stochastic Rules of Branching Govern Dendrite Morphogenesis of Sensory Neurons. Curr Biol 2020; 31:459-472.e4. [PMID: 33212017 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dendrite morphology is necessary for the correct integration of inputs that neurons receive. The branching mechanisms allowing neurons to acquire their type-specific morphology remain unclear. Classically, axon and dendrite patterns were shown to be guided by molecules, providing deterministic cues. However, the extent to which deterministic and stochastic mechanisms, based upon purely statistical bias, contribute to the emergence of dendrite shape is largely unknown. We address this issue using the Drosophila class I vpda multi-dendritic neurons. Detailed quantitative analysis of vpda dendrite morphogenesis indicates that the primary branch grows very robustly in a fixed direction, though secondary branch numbers and lengths showed fluctuations characteristic of stochastic systems. Live-tracking dendrites and computational modeling revealed how neuron shape emerges from few local statistical parameters of branch dynamics. We report key opposing aspects of how tree architecture feedbacks on the local probability of branch shrinkage. Child branches promote stabilization of parent branches, although self-repulsion promotes shrinkage. Finally, we show that self-repulsion, mediated by the adhesion molecule Dscam1, indirectly patterns the growth of secondary branches by spatially restricting their direction of stable growth perpendicular to the primary branch. Thus, the stochastic nature of secondary branch dynamics and the existence of geometric feedback emphasize the importance of self-organization in neuronal dendrite morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrutha Palavalli
- Aix Marseille Université and CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 and Turing Centre for Living Systems Campus de Luminy Case 907, Marseille 13288, France
| | - Nicolás Tizón-Escamilla
- Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, Turing Centre for Living Systems Campus de Luminy Case 907, Marseille 13288, France
| | - Jean-François Rupprecht
- Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, Turing Centre for Living Systems Campus de Luminy Case 907, Marseille 13288, France.
| | - Thomas Lecuit
- Aix Marseille Université and CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 and Turing Centre for Living Systems Campus de Luminy Case 907, Marseille 13288, France; Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, Paris 75005, France.
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41
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Okanishi M, Kohtsuka H, Miura T. Morphogenesis and histogenesis during the arm regeneration in a basket star Astrocladus dofleini (Euryalida, Ophiuroidea, Echinodermata). J Morphol 2020; 282:205-216. [PMID: 33159480 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Basket stars, that is, Ophiuroidea in Echinodermata, exhibit distinctive morphological characteristics with their complicatedly branched arms that can regenerate immediately after mutilation. Although, in brittle stars, that is, ophiuroids with nonbranched arms, the arm regeneration process following accidental trauma or autotomy have been morphologically and histologically observed in several species, few studies have so far been carried out on the regeneration of branched arms in basket stars. In this study, the developmental and morphological features of arm regeneration in Astrocladus dofleini (Gorgonocephalidae, Euryalida, Euryophiurida), one of the most common basket star species in Japanese waters, was anatomically and histologically investigated. Results clearly showed the following phases during the arm regeneration: (a) repair phase, (b) early regenerative phase, (c) intermediate regenerative phase, (d) advanced regenerative Phase I, and (e) advanced regenerative Phase II. The morphogenetic process during the arm regeneration in the basket star showed similar patterns to those of nonbranched arms observed in other ophiuroids. However, differences were also seen between the two ophiuroid types, that is, there were some developmental features specific to the basket star. In the early regenerative phase, branching of coelomic cavities was observed prior to the formation of other tissues, probably inducing the later morphogenesis of branched arms. In addition, hard skeletal ossicles form rapidly at the advanced regenerative Phase II. These developmental features may have led the evolution of bizarre morphologies seen in basket stars, probably contributing to the adaptation to shallow waters from deep-sea habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Okanishi
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Miura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hisanori Kohtsuka
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Miura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toru Miura
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Miura, Kanagawa, Japan
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42
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Rens EG, Zeegers MT, Rabbers I, Szabó A, Merks RMH. Autocrine inhibition of cell motility can drive epithelial branching morphogenesis in the absence of growth. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190386. [PMID: 32713299 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial branching morphogenesis drives the development of organs such as the lung, salivary gland, kidney and the mammary gland. It involves cell proliferation, cell differentiation and cell migration. An elaborate network of chemical and mechanical signals between the epithelium and the surrounding mesenchymal tissues regulates the formation and growth of branching organs. Surprisingly, when cultured in isolation from mesenchymal tissues, many epithelial tissues retain the ability to exhibit branching morphogenesis even in the absence of proliferation. In this work, we propose a simple, experimentally plausible mechanism that can drive branching morphogenesis in the absence of proliferation and cross-talk with the surrounding mesenchymal tissue. The assumptions of our mathematical model derive from in vitro observations of the behaviour of mammary epithelial cells. These data show that autocrine secretion of the growth factor TGF[Formula: see text]1 inhibits the formation of cell protrusions, leading to curvature-dependent inhibition of sprouting. Our hybrid cellular Potts and partial-differential equation model correctly reproduces the experimentally observed tissue-geometry-dependent determination of the sites of branching, and it suffices for the formation of self-avoiding branching structures in the absence and also in the presence of cell proliferation. This article is part of the theme issue 'Multi-scale analysis and modelling of collective migration in biological systems'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth G Rens
- Centrum Wiskunde and Informatica, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mathé T Zeegers
- Centrum Wiskunde and Informatica, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iraes Rabbers
- Centrum Wiskunde and Informatica, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - András Szabó
- Centrum Wiskunde and Informatica, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roeland M H Merks
- Centrum Wiskunde and Informatica, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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43
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Design, Fabrication, and Evaluation of Polyglycolic Acid Modules with Canals as Tissue Elements in Cellular-Assembly Technology. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10113748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to design and fabricate polyglycolic acid (PGA) modules on the basis of the Raschig ring as a tissue element for bottom–top tissue engineering to increase the feasibility of cellular-assembly technology. Three types of modules, namely, cylindrical, Raschig ring, and transverse-pore modules, with different numbers and orientations of canals, were designed and fabricated by modified selective-laser-sintering (SLS) technology. These modules maintained their structure in a flowing culture environment, and degradation did not create an acidic environment, hence promoting their ability to scale up to highly functional tissue. The modules were seeded with human hepatoma Hep G2 cells and cultured for 10 days. The transverse-pore modules were found to have the highest glucose consumption, albumin production, and cell viability among the three tested modules. Our study showed that the proposed module design provided better mass transfer and possessed the required mechanical strength to enable use in the construction of large tissue.
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44
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Abstract
As the crucial non-cellular component of tissues, the extracellular matrix (ECM) provides both physical support and signaling regulation to cells. Some ECM molecules provide a fibrillar environment around cells, while others provide a sheet-like basement membrane scaffold beneath epithelial cells. In this Review, we focus on recent studies investigating the mechanical, biophysical and signaling cues provided to developing tissues by different types of ECM in a variety of developing organisms. In addition, we discuss how the ECM helps to regulate tissue morphology during embryonic development by governing key elements of cell shape, adhesion, migration and differentiation. Summary: This Review discusses our current understanding of how the extracellular matrix helps guide developing tissues by influencing cell adhesion, migration, shape and differentiation, emphasizing the biophysical cues it provides.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Cruz Walma
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4370, USA
| | - Kenneth M Yamada
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4370, USA
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45
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Rho of Plants GTPases and Cytoskeletal Elements Control Nuclear Positioning and Asymmetric Cell Division during Physcomitrella patens Branching. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2860-2868.e3. [PMID: 32470363 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis is a widely used mechanism for development [1, 2]. In plants, it is initiated by the emergence of a new growth axis, which is of particular importance for plants to explore space and access resources [1]. Branches can emerge either from a single cell or from a group of cells [3-5]. In both cases, the mother cells that initiate branching must undergo dynamic morphological changes and/or adopt oriented asymmetric cell divisions (ACDs) to establish the new growth direction. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, using the bryophyte moss Physcomitrella patens as a model, we show that side-branch formation in P. patens protonemata requires coordinated polarized cell expansion, directional nuclear migration, and orientated ACD. By combining pharmacological experiments, long-term time-lapse imaging, and genetic analyses, we demonstrate that Rho of plants (ROP) GTPases and actin are essential for cell polarization and local cell expansion (bulging). The growing bulge acts as a prerequisite signal to guide long-distance microtubule (MT)-dependent nuclear migration, which determines the asymmetric positioning of the division plane. MTs play an essential role in nuclear migration but are less involved in bulge formation. Hence, cell polarity and cytoskeletal elements act cooperatively to modulate cell morphology and nuclear positioning during branch initiation. We propose that polarity-triggered nuclear positioning and ACD comprise a fundamental mechanism for increasing multicellularity and tissue complexity during plant morphogenesis.
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46
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Over the past 5 years, several studies have begun to uncover the links between the classical signal transduction pathways and the physical mechanisms that are used to sculpt branched tissues. These advances have been made, in part, thanks to innovations in live imaging and reporter animals. With modern research tools, our conceptual models of branching morphogenesis are rapidly evolving, and the differences in branching mechanisms between each organ are becoming increasingly apparent. Here, we highlight four branched epithelia that develop at different spatial scales, within different surrounding tissues and via divergent physical mechanisms. Each of these organs has evolved to employ unique branching strategies to achieve a specialized final architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Goodwin
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Celeste M. Nelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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47
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Conformationally active integrin endocytosis and traffic: why, where, when and how? Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:83-93. [PMID: 32065228 PMCID: PMC7054750 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal control of integrin-mediated cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) is critical for physiological and pathological events in multicellular organisms, such as embryonic development, angiogenesis, platelet aggregation, leukocytes extravasation, and cancer cell metastatic dissemination. Regulation of integrin adhesive function and signaling relies on the modulation of both conformation and traffic. Indeed, integrins exist in a dynamic equilibrium between a bent/closed (inactive) and an extended/open (active) conformation, respectively endowed with low and high affinity for ECM ligands. Increasing evidence proves that, differently to what hypothesized in the past, detachment from the ECM and conformational inactivation are not mandatory for integrin to get endocytosed and trafficked. Specific transmembrane and cytosolic proteins involved in the control of ECM proteolytic fragment-bound active integrin internalization and recycling exist. In the complex masterplan that governs cell behavior, active integrin traffic is key to the turnover of ECM polymers and adhesion sites, the polarized secretion of endogenous ECM proteins and modifying enzymes, the propagation of motility and survival endosomal signals, and the control of cell metabolism.
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48
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Varma R, Soleas JP, Waddell TK, Karoubi G, McGuigan AP. Current strategies and opportunities to manufacture cells for modeling human lungs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 161-162:90-109. [PMID: 32835746 PMCID: PMC7442933 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lung diseases remain major healthcare burdens, for which the only curative treatment is lung transplantation. In vitro human models are promising platforms for identifying and testing novel compounds to potentially decrease this burden. Directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells is an important strategy to generate lung cells to create such models. Current lung directed differentiation protocols are limited as they do not 1) recapitulate the diversity of respiratory epithelium, 2) generate consistent or sufficient cell numbers for drug discovery platforms, and 3) establish the histologic tissue-level organization critical for modeling lung function. In this review, we describe how lung development has formed the basis for directed differentiation protocols, and discuss the utility of available protocols for lung epithelial cell generation and drug development. We further highlight tissue engineering strategies for manipulating biophysical signals during directed differentiation such that future protocols can recapitulate both chemical and physical cues present during lung development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Varma
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital, 101 College St., Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - John P Soleas
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital, 101 College St., Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Thomas K Waddell
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital, 101 College St., Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Golnaz Karoubi
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital, 101 College St., Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Alison P McGuigan
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada.
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49
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Goodwin K, Mao S, Guyomar T, Miller E, Radisky DC, Košmrlj A, Nelson CM. Smooth muscle differentiation shapes domain branches during mouse lung development. Development 2019; 146:dev.181172. [PMID: 31645357 DOI: 10.1242/dev.181172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
During branching morphogenesis, a simple cluster of cells proliferates and branches to generate an arborized network that facilitates fluid flow. The overall architecture of the mouse lung is established by domain branching, wherein new branches form laterally off the side of an existing branch. The airway epithelium develops concomitantly with a layer of smooth muscle that is derived from the embryonic mesenchyme. Here, we examined the role of smooth muscle differentiation in shaping emerging domain branches. We found that the position and morphology of domain branches are highly stereotyped, as is the pattern of smooth muscle that differentiates around the base of each branch. Perturbing the pattern of smooth muscle differentiation genetically or pharmacologically causes abnormal domain branching. Loss of smooth muscle results in ectopic branching and decreases branch stereotypy. Increased smooth muscle suppresses branch initiation and extension. Computational modeling revealed that epithelial proliferation is insufficient to generate domain branches and that smooth muscle wrapping is required to shape the epithelium into a branch. Our work sheds light on the physical mechanisms of branching morphogenesis in the mouse lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Goodwin
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Sheng Mao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Tristan Guyomar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.,Département de Physique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Erin Miller
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Derek C Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Andrej Košmrlj
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA .,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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50
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Coudert Y, Harris S, Charrier B. Design Principles of Branching Morphogenesis in Filamentous Organisms. Curr Biol 2019; 29:R1149-R1162. [PMID: 31689405 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The radiation of life on Earth was accompanied by the diversification of multicellular body plans in the eukaryotic kingdoms Animalia, Plantae, Fungi and Chromista. Branching forms are ubiquitous in nature and evolved repeatedly in the above lineages. The developmental and genetic basis of branch formation is well studied in the three-dimensional shoot and root systems of land plants, and in animal organs such as the lung, kidney, mammary gland, vasculature, etc. Notably, recent thought-provoking studies combining experimental analysis and computational modeling of branching patterns in whole animal organs have identified global patterning rules and proposed unifying principles of branching morphogenesis. Filamentous branching forms represent one of the simplest expressions of the multicellular body plan and constitute a key step in the evolution of morphological complexity. Similarities between simple and complex branching forms distantly related in evolution are compelling, raising the question whether shared mechanisms underlie their development. Here, we focus on filamentous branching organisms that represent major study models from three distinct eukaryotic kingdoms, including the moss Physcomitrella patens (Plantae), the brown alga Ectocarpus sp. (Chromista), and the ascomycetes Neurospora crassa and Aspergillus nidulans (Fungi), and bring to light developmental regulatory mechanisms and design principles common to these lineages. Throughout the review we explore how the regulatory mechanisms of branching morphogenesis identified in other models, and in particular animal organs, may inform our thinking on filamentous systems and thereby advance our understanding of the diverse strategies deployed across the eukaryotic tree of life to evolve similar forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoan Coudert
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, INRIA, Lyon 69007, France.
| | - Steven Harris
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Bénédicte Charrier
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative des Modèles Marins LBI2M, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff 29680, France
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