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Luo S, Huang X, Li S, Chen Y, Zhang X, Zeng X. Homogeneous Polyporus polysaccharide exerts anti-bladder cancer effects via autophagy induction. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2024; 62:214-221. [PMID: 38353262 PMCID: PMC10868468 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2024.2316195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Polyporus polysaccharide (PPS), the leading bioactive ingredient extracted from Polyporus umbellatus (Pers.) Fr. (Polyporaceae), has been demonstrated to exert anti-bladder cancer and immunomodulatory functions in macrophages. OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of homogeneous Polyporus polysaccharide (HPP) on the proliferation and autophagy of bladder cancer cells co-cultured with macrophages. MATERIALS AND METHODS MB49 bladder cancer cells and RAW264.7 macrophages were co-cultured with or without HPP intervention (50, 100, or 200 μg/mL) for 24 h. The cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and 5-ethynyl-2″-deoxyuridine (EdU) staining evaluated MB49 cell proliferation. Monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observed autophagosomes. Western blotting detected the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway proteins. RESULTS HPP inhibited the proliferation of MB49 cells co-cultured with RAW264.7 cells but not MB49 cells alone. HPP altered the expression of autophagy-related proteins and promoted the formation of autophagosomes in MB49 cells in the co-culture system. Autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and chloroquine (CQ) not only antagonized HPP-induced autophagy but also attenuated the inhibitory effects of HPP on MB49 cell proliferation in the co-culture system. HPP or RAW264.7 alone was not sufficient to induce autophagy in MB49 cells. In addition, HPP suppressed the protein expression of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in MB49 cells in the co-culture system. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS HPP induced bladder cancer cell autophagy by regulating macrophages in the co-culture system, resulting in the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway was involved in HPP-induced autophagy in the co-culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwan Luo
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaopeng Huang
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing Zeng
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Montagnani Marelli M, Macchi C, Ruscica M, Sartori P, Moretti RM. Anticancer Activity of Delta-Tocotrienol in Human Hepatocarcinoma: Involvement of Autophagy Induction. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2654. [PMID: 39123382 PMCID: PMC11311296 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16152654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the predominant form of primary liver cancer. Surgical resection, tumor ablation, and liver transplantation are curative treatments indicated for early-stage HCC. The management of intermediate and advanced stages of pathology is based on the use of systemic therapies which often show important side effects. Vitamin E-derivative tocotrienols (TTs) play antitumoral properties in different tumors. Here, we analyzed the activity of delta-TT (δ-TT) on HCC human cell lines. (2) We analyzed the ability of δ-TT to trigger apoptosis, to induce oxidative stress, autophagy, and mitophagy in HepG2 cell line. We evaluated the correlation between the activation of autophagy with the ability of δ-TT to induce cell death. (3) The data obtained demonstrate that δ-TT exerts an antiproliferative and proapoptotic effect in HCC cells. Furthermore, δ-TT induces the release of mitochondrial ROS and causes a structural and functional alteration of the mitochondria compatible with a fission process. Finally, δ-TT triggers selective autophagy process removing dysfunctional mitochondria. Inhibition of autophagy reversed the cytotoxic action of δ-TT. (4) Our results demonstrate that δ-TT through the activation of autophagy could represent a potential new approach in the treatment of advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Montagnani Marelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.M.); (M.R.); (R.M.M.)
| | - Chiara Macchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.M.); (M.R.); (R.M.M.)
| | - Massimiliano Ruscica
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.M.); (M.R.); (R.M.M.)
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Diseases-Foundation, IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20162 Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Sartori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Roberta Manuela Moretti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.M.); (M.R.); (R.M.M.)
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Liu Z, Lu T, Qian R, Wang Z, Qi R, Zhang Z. Exploiting Nanotechnology for Drug Delivery: Advancing the Anti-Cancer Effects of Autophagy-Modulating Compounds in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:2507-2528. [PMID: 38495752 PMCID: PMC10944250 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s455407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer continues to be a prominent issue in the field of medicine, as demonstrated by recent studies emphasizing the significant role of autophagy in the development of cancer. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) provides a variety of anti-tumor agents capable of regulating autophagy. However, the clinical application of autophagy-modulating compounds derived from TCM is impeded by their restricted water solubility and bioavailability. To overcome this challenge, the utilization of nanotechnology has been suggested as a potential solution. Nonetheless, the current body of literature on nanoparticles delivering TCM-derived autophagy-modulating anti-tumor compounds for cancer treatment is limited, lacking comprehensive summaries and detailed descriptions. Methods Up to November 2023, a comprehensive research study was conducted to gather relevant data using a variety of databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer Link, Web of Science, and CNKI. The keywords utilized in this investigation included "autophagy", "nanoparticles", "traditional Chinese medicine" and "anticancer". Results This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the potential of nanotechnology in overcoming delivery challenges and enhancing the anti-cancer properties of autophagy-modulating compounds in TCM. The evaluation is based on a synthesis of different classes of autophagy-modulating compounds in TCM, their mechanisms of action in cancer treatment, and their potential benefits as reported in various scholarly sources. The findings indicate that nanotechnology shows potential in enhancing the availability of autophagy-modulating agents in TCM, thereby opening up a plethora of potential therapeutic avenues. Conclusion Nanotechnology has the potential to enhance the anti-tumor efficacy of autophagy-modulating compounds in traditional TCM, through regulation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixian Liu
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianming Lu
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruoning Qian
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zian Wang
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruogu Qi
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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Abdallah R, Shaito AA, Badran A, Baydoun S, Sobeh M, Ouchari W, Sahri N, Eid AH, Mesmar JE, Baydoun E. Fractionation and phytochemical composition of an ethanolic extract of Ziziphus nummularia leaves: antioxidant and anticancerous properties in human triple negative breast cancer cells. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1331843. [PMID: 38405665 PMCID: PMC10885810 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1331843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural products have long been utilized in traditional medicine as remedies to improve health and treat illnesses, and have had a key role in modern drug discovery. Recently, there has been a revived interest in the search for bioactives from natural sources as alternative or complementary modalities to synthetic medicines; especially for cancer treatment, which incidence and mortality rates are on the rise worldwide. Ziziphus nummularia has been widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Its traditional uses and numerous ethnopharmacological properties may be attributed to its richness in bioactive metabolites. However, its phytochemical composition or chemopreventive effects against the aggressive triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) are still poorly explored. Here, phytochemical composition of an ethanolic extract of Z. nummularia leaves (ZNE) and its chromatographically isolated fractions was identified both qualitatively by spectrophotometric assays and analytically by HPLC-PDA-MS/MS. The anti-proliferative effects of ZNE were tested in several cancer cell lines, but we focused on its anti-TNBC effects since they were not explored yet. The anti-cancerous potential of ZNE and its fractions was tested in vitro in MDA-MB-231, a TNBC cell line. Results showed that ZNE and its Fraction 6 (F6) reduced the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells. F6 decreased MDA-MB-231 viability more than crude ZNE or its other fractions. ZNE and F6 are rich in phytochemicals and HPLC-PDA-MS/MS analysis identified several metabolites that were previously reported to have anti-cancerous effects. Both ZNE and F6 showed potent antioxidant capacity in the DPPH assay, but promoted reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in MDA-MB-231 cells; an effect which was blunted by the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). NAC also blunted ZNE- and F6-induced reduction in TNBC cell viability. We also demonstrated that ZNE and F6 induced an arrest of the cell cycle, and triggered apoptosis- and autophagy-mediated cell death. ZNE and F6 inhibited metastasis-related cellular processes by modifying cell migration, invasion, and adhesion. Taken together, our findings reveal that Z. nummularia is rich in phytochemicals that can attenuate the malignant phenotype of TNBC and may offer innovative avenues for the discovery of new drug leads for treatment of TNBC and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rola Abdallah
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Abdullah A. Shaito
- Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences at College of Health Sciences, and College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Adnan Badran
- Department of Nutrition, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
| | - Serine Baydoun
- Breast Imaging Section, Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mansour Sobeh
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wafae Ouchari
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nihad Sahri
- Agrobiosciences Program, College for Agriculture and Environmental Science, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Ali H. Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Elias Baydoun
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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5
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Kandathil SA, Akhondi A, Kadletz-Wanke L, Heiduschka G, Engedal N, Brkic FF. The dual role of autophagy in HPV-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2024; 150:56. [PMID: 38291202 PMCID: PMC10827959 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05514-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human papilloma virus (HPV)-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) displays distinct epidemiological, clinical, and molecular characteristics compared to the negative counterpart. Alterations in autophagy play an important role in cancer, and emerging evidence indicates an interplay of autophagy in HNSCC carcinogenesis and tumor promotion. However, the influence of HPV infection on autophagy in HNSCC has received less attention and has not been previously reviewed. Therefore, we here aimed to systematically review the role of autophagy explicitly in HPV+ HNSCC. METHODS Studies accessible in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science investigating HNSCC, highlighting the molecular biological differences between HPV- and HPV+ HNSCC and its influences on autophagy in HNSCC were analyzed according to the PRISMA statement. A total of 10 articles were identified, included, and summarized. RESULTS The HPV16 E7 oncoprotein was reported to be involved in the degradation of AMBRA1 and STING, and to enhance chemotherapy-induced cell death via lethal mitophagy in HNSCC cells. Autophagy-associated gene signatures correlated with HPV-subtype and overall survival. Additionally, immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses indicate that high LC3B expression correlates with poor overall survival in oropharyngeal HNSCC patients. CONCLUSION HPV may dampen general bulk autophagic flux via degradation of AMBRA1 but may promote selective autophagic degradation of STING and mitochondria. Interpretations of correlations between autophagy-associated gene expressions or IHC analyses of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins in paraffin embedded tissue with clinicopathological features without biological validation need to be taken with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Augustine Kandathil
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Anatomy, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arian Akhondi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorenz Kadletz-Wanke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gregor Heiduschka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolai Engedal
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Faris F Brkic
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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6
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Li D, Yuan S, Deng Y. Interference in the nutrient-sensing and inflammatory signaling pathways by renal autophagy activation in mice with late stage diabetic nephropathy. Int Urol Nephrol 2024; 56:303-311. [PMID: 37355515 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-023-03687-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Disturbance in metabolism and inflammation are the main causes of kidney injury in patients with late stage diabetic nephropathy (DN). Here, we explored whether autophagy was activated in mice with late stage DN and whether it was associated with disturbance in metabolism and inflammation. METHODS In total, mice were divided into the control group (db/m) and DN group (db/db). Mice were raised for 7 months, and their biochemical indices were measured. Subsequently, their kidneys were collected to detect autophagy and the related nutrient-sensing and inflammatory signaling pathways in late stage DN. RESULTS The expression levels of autophagy markers LC3-I and LC3-II were significantly increased in mice with late stage DN, whereas that of autophagy flux marker P62 was significantly decreased, indicating activation of autophagy. Concurrently, mechanistic target of rapamycin was highly expressed as a cellular nutrient-sensing and energy regulator in mice with late stage DN. Additionally, the expression levels of markers of nutrient-sensing signaling pathways adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) were increased markedly in mice with late stage DN. Additionally, the expression levels of the marker of nutrient-sensing signaling pathways silent information regulator T1 (SIRT1), the marker of inflammatory signaling pathways high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1), and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) were significantly increased in mice with late stage DN. CONCLUSIONS The findings of our study indicate that autophagy activation in late stage DN may interfere with nutrient-sensing and inflammatory signaling pathways involving AMPK, SIRT1, HMGB1, and IRF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delun Li
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Siyu Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yiyao Deng
- Department of Nephrology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, China.
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Mejia Peña C, Skipper TA, Hsu J, Schechter I, Ghosh D, Dawson MR. Metronomic and single high-dose paclitaxel treatments produce distinct heterogenous chemoresistant cancer cell populations. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19232. [PMID: 37932310 PMCID: PMC10628134 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 75% of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients experience disease recurrence after initial treatment, highlighting our incomplete understanding of how chemoresistant populations evolve over the course of EOC progression post chemotherapy treatment. Here, we show how two paclitaxel (PTX) treatment methods- a single high dose and a weekly metronomic dose for four weeks, generate unique chemoresistant populations. Using mechanically relevant alginate microspheres and a combination of transcript profiling and heterogeneity analyses, we found that these PTX-treatment regimens produce distinct and resilient subpopulations that differ in metabolic reprogramming signatures, acquisition of resistance to PTX and anoikis, and the enrichment for cancer stem cells (CSCs) and polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) with the ability to replenish bulk populations. We investigated the longevity of these metabolic reprogramming events using untargeted metabolomics and found that metabolites associated with stemness and therapy-induced senescence were uniquely abundant in populations enriched for CSCs and PGCCs. Predictive network analysis revealed that antioxidative mechanisms were likely to be differentially active dependent on both time and exposure to PTX. Our results illustrate how current standard chemotherapies contribute to the development of chemoresistant EOC subpopulations by either selecting for intrinsically resistant subpopulations or promoting the evolution of resistance mechanisms. Additionally, our work describes the unique phenotypic signatures in each of these distinct resistant subpopulations and thus highlights potential vulnerabilities that can be exploited for more effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Mejia Peña
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Thomas A Skipper
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Jeffrey Hsu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Ilexa Schechter
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Deepraj Ghosh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Michelle R Dawson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
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8
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Jusović M, Starič P, Jarc Jovičić E, Petan T. The Combined Inhibition of Autophagy and Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase-Mediated Lipid Droplet Biogenesis Induces Cancer Cell Death during Acute Amino Acid Starvation. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4857. [PMID: 37835551 PMCID: PMC10571868 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are dynamic organelles involved in the management of fatty acid trafficking and metabolism. Recent studies suggest that autophagy and LDs serve complementary roles in the protection against nutrient stress, but the autophagy-LD interplay in cancer cells is not well understood. Here, we examined the relationship between autophagy and LDs in starving HeLa cervical cancer- and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. We found that acute amino acid depletion induces autophagy and promotes diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1)-mediated LD accumulation in HeLa cells. Inhibition of autophagy via late-stage autophagy inhibitors, or by knocking down autophagy-related 5 (ATG5), reduced LD accumulation in amino acid-starved cancer cells, suggesting that autophagy contributes to LD biogenesis. On the contrary, knockdown of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) increased LD accumulation, suggesting that LD breakdown is mediated by lipolysis under these conditions. Concurrent inhibition of autophagy by silencing ATG5 and of LD biogenesis using DGAT inhibitors was effective in killing starving HeLa cells, whereas cell survival was not compromised by suppression of ATGL-mediated lipolysis. Autophagy-dependent LD biogenesis was also observed in the aggressive triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells deprived of amino acids, but these cells were not sensitized to starvation by the combined inhibition of LD biogenesis and autophagy. These findings reveal that while targeting autophagy-driven and DGAT-mediated LD biogenesis reduces the resilience of HeLa cervical cancer cells to amino acid deprivation, this strategy may not be successful in other cancer cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maida Jusović
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.); (P.S.); (E.J.J.)
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Pia Starič
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.); (P.S.); (E.J.J.)
| | - Eva Jarc Jovičić
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.); (P.S.); (E.J.J.)
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Toni Petan
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.); (P.S.); (E.J.J.)
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Khilwani R, Singh S. Systems Biology and Cytokines Potential Role in Lung Cancer Immunotherapy Targeting Autophagic Axis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2706. [PMID: 37893079 PMCID: PMC10604646 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer accounts for the highest number of deaths among men and women worldwide. Although extensive therapies, either alone or in conjunction with some specific drugs, continue to be the principal regimen for evolving lung cancer, significant improvements are still needed to understand the inherent biology behind progressive inflammation and its detection. Unfortunately, despite every advancement in its treatment, lung cancer patients display different growth mechanisms and continue to die at significant rates. Autophagy, which is a physiological defense mechanism, serves to meet the energy demands of nutrient-deprived cancer cells and sustain the tumor cells under stressed conditions. In contrast, autophagy is believed to play a dual role during different stages of tumorigenesis. During early stages, it acts as a tumor suppressor, degrading oncogenic proteins; however, during later stages, autophagy supports tumor cell survival by minimizing stress in the tumor microenvironment. The pivotal role of the IL6-IL17-IL23 signaling axis has been observed to trigger autophagic events in lung cancer patients. Since the obvious roles of autophagy are a result of different immune signaling cascades, systems biology can be an effective tool to understand these interconnections and enhance cancer treatment and immunotherapy. In this review, we focus on how systems biology can be exploited to target autophagic processes that resolve inflammatory responses and contribute to better treatment in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shailza Singh
- Systems Medicine Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, SPPU Campus, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, India;
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10
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Taraborrelli L, Şenbabaoğlu Y, Wang L, Lim J, Blake K, Kljavin N, Gierke S, Scherl A, Ziai J, McNamara E, Owyong M, Rao S, Calviello AK, Oreper D, Jhunjhunwala S, Argiles G, Bendell J, Kim TW, Ciardiello F, Wongchenko MJ, de Sauvage FJ, de Sousa E Melo F, Yan Y, West NR, Murthy A. Tumor-intrinsic expression of the autophagy gene Atg16l1 suppresses anti-tumor immunity in colorectal cancer. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5945. [PMID: 37741832 PMCID: PMC10517947 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41618-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer (MSS-CRC) is highly refractory to immunotherapy. Understanding tumor-intrinsic determinants of immunotherapy resistance is critical to improve MSS-CRC patient outcomes. Here, we demonstrate that high tumor expression of the core autophagy gene ATG16L1 is associated with poor clinical response to anti-PD-L1 therapy in KRAS-mutant tumors from IMblaze370 (NCT02788279), a large phase III clinical trial of atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1) in advanced metastatic MSS-CRC. Deletion of Atg16l1 in engineered murine colon cancer organoids inhibits tumor growth in primary (colon) and metastatic (liver and lung) niches in syngeneic female hosts, primarily due to increased sensitivity to IFN-γ-mediated immune pressure. ATG16L1 deficiency enhances programmed cell death of colon cancer organoids induced by IFN-γ and TNF, thus increasing their sensitivity to host immunity. In parallel, ATG16L1 deficiency reduces tumor stem-like populations in vivo independently of adaptive immune pressure. This work reveals autophagy as a clinically relevant mechanism of immune evasion and tumor fitness in MSS-CRC and provides a rationale for autophagy inhibition to boost immunotherapy responses in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Taraborrelli
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | - Yasin Şenbabaoğlu
- Department of Oncology Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | - Lifen Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | - Junghyun Lim
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | - Kerrigan Blake
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | - Noelyn Kljavin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | - Sarah Gierke
- Center for Advanced Light Microscopy, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | - Alexis Scherl
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | - James Ziai
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | - Erin McNamara
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | - Mark Owyong
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | - Shilpa Rao
- Department of Oncology Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Daniel Oreper
- Department of Oncology Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | - Suchit Jhunjhunwala
- Department of Oncology Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | - Guillem Argiles
- Vall d'Hebrón Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebrón University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Johanna Bendell
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute/Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tae Won Kim
- Department of Oncology, Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea
| | - Fortunato Ciardiello
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Yibing Yan
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nathaniel R West
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA.
| | - Aditya Murthy
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA.
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, USA.
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11
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Almansa-Gómez S, Prieto-Ruiz F, Cansado J, Madrid M. Autophagy Modulation as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy in Osteosarcoma: Current Insights and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13827. [PMID: 37762129 PMCID: PMC10531374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, the process that enables the recycling and degradation of cellular components, is essential for homeostasis, which occurs in response to various types of stress. Autophagy plays an important role in the genesis and evolution of osteosarcoma (OS). The conventional treatment of OS has limitations and is not always effective at controlling the disease. Therefore, numerous researchers have analyzed how controlling autophagy could be used as a treatment or strategy to reverse resistance to therapy in OS. They highlight how the inhibition of autophagy improves the efficacy of chemotherapeutic treatments and how the promotion of autophagy could prove positive in OS therapy. The modulation of autophagy can also be directed against OS stem cells, improving treatment efficacy and preventing cancer recurrence. Despite promising findings, future studies are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of autophagy and its relationship to OS, as well as the mechanisms underlying the functioning of autophagic modulators. Careful evaluation is required as autophagy modulation may have adverse effects on normal cells, and the optimization of autophagic modulators for use as drugs in OS is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Cansado
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (S.A.-G.); (F.P.-R.)
| | - Marisa Madrid
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (S.A.-G.); (F.P.-R.)
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12
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Sannino S, Manuel AM, Shang C, Wendell SG, Wipf P, Brodsky JL. Non-Essential Amino Acid Availability Influences Proteostasis and Breast Cancer Cell Survival During Proteotoxic Stress. Mol Cancer Res 2023; 21:675-690. [PMID: 36961392 PMCID: PMC10330057 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-22-0843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis (proteostasis) regulates tumor growth and proliferation when cells are exposed to proteotoxic stress, such as during treatment with certain chemotherapeutics. Consequently, cancer cells depend to a greater extent on stress signaling, and require the integrated stress response (ISR), amino acid metabolism, and efficient protein folding and degradation pathways to survive. To define how these interconnected pathways are wired when cancer cells are challenged with proteotoxic stress, we investigated how amino acid abundance influences cell survival when Hsp70, a master proteostasis regulator, is inhibited. We previously demonstrated that cancer cells exposed to a specific Hsp70 inhibitor induce the ISR via the action of two sensors, GCN2 and PERK, in stress-resistant and sensitive cells, respectively. In resistant cells, the induction of GCN2 and autophagy supported resistant cell survival, yet the mechanism by which these events were induced remained unclear. We now report that amino acid availability reconfigures the proteostasis network. Amino acid supplementation, and in particular arginine addition, triggered cancer cell death by blocking autophagy. Consistent with the importance of amino acid availability, which when limited activates GCN2, resistant cancer cells succumbed when challenged with a potentiator for another amino acid sensor, mTORC1, in conjunction with Hsp70 inhibition. IMPLICATIONS These data position amino acid abundance, GCN2, mTORC1, and autophagy as integrated therapeutic targets whose coordinated modulation regulates the survival of proteotoxic-resistant breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sannino
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Allison M. Manuel
- Health Sciences Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Chaowei Shang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stacy G. Wendell
- Health Sciences Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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13
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Shi YB, Chen SY, Liu RB. The new insights into autophagy in thyroid cancer progression. J Transl Med 2023; 21:413. [PMID: 37355631 PMCID: PMC10290383 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the incidence of thyroid cancer keeps growing at a shocking rate, which has aroused increasing concerns worldwide. Autophagy is a fundamental and ubiquitous biological event conserved in mammals including humans. Basically, autophagy is a catabolic process that cellular components including small molecules and damaged organelles are degraded for recycle to meet the energy needs, especially under the extreme conditions. The dysregulated autophagy has indicated to be involved in thyroid cancer progression. The enhancement of autophagy can lead to autophagic cell death during the degradation while the produced energies can be utilized by the rest of the cancerous tissue, thus this influence could be bidirectional, which plays either a tumor-suppressive or oncogenic role. Accordingly, autophagy can be suppressed by therapeutic agents and is thus regarded as a drug target for thyroid cancer treatments. In the present review, a brief description of autophagy and roles of autophagy in tumor context are given. We have addressed summary of the mechanisms and functions of autophagy in thyroid cancer. Some potential autophagy-targeted treatments are also summarized. The aim of the review is linking autophagy to thyroid cancer, so as to develop novel approaches to better control cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Bo Shi
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Yuan Chen
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ren-Bin Liu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Houri A, Mukudai Y, Abe Y, Watanabe M, Nara M, Miyamoto S, Kurihara M, Shimane T, Shirota T. Suprabasin enhances the invasion, migration, and angiogenic ability of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells under hypoxic conditions. Oncol Rep 2023; 49:83. [PMID: 36896786 PMCID: PMC10035061 DOI: 10.3892/or.2023.8520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Suprabasin (SBSN) is a secreted protein that is isolated as a novel gene expressed in differentiated keratinocytes in mice and humans. It induces various cellular processes such as proliferation, invasion, metastasis, migration, angiogenesis, apoptosis, therapy and immune resistance. The role of SBSN was investigated in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) under hypoxic conditions using the SAS, HSC‑3, and HSC‑4 cell lines. Hypoxia induced SBSN mRNA and protein expression in OSCC cells and normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs), and this was most prominent in SAS cells. The function of SBSN in SAS cells was analyzed using 3‑(4,5‑dimethylthiazol‑2‑yl)‑2,5‑diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT); 5‑bromo‑2'‑deoxyuridine (BrdU); cell cycle, caspase 3/7, invasion, migration, and tube formation assays; and gelatin zymography. Overexpression of SBSN decreased MTT activity, but the results of BrdU and cell cycle assays indicated upregulation of cell proliferation. Western blot analysis for cyclin‑related proteins indicated involvement of cyclin pathways. However, SBSN did not strongly suppress apoptosis and autophagy, as revealed by caspase 3/7 assay and western blotting for p62 and LC3. Additionally, SBSN increased cell invasion more under hypoxia than under normoxia, and this resulted from increased cell migration, not from matrix metalloprotease activity or epithelial‑mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, SBSN induced angiogenesis more strongly under hypoxia than under normoxia. Analysis using reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR showed that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA was not altered by the knockdown or overexpression of SBSN VEGF, suggesting that VEGF is not located downstream of SBSN. These results demonstrated the importance of SBSN in the maintenance of survival and proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis of OSCC cells under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asami Houri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Ota‑ku, Tokyo 145‑8515, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Mukudai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Ota‑ku, Tokyo 145‑8515, Japan
| | - Yuzo Abe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Ota‑ku, Tokyo 145‑8515, Japan
| | - Masataka Watanabe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Ota‑ku, Tokyo 145‑8515, Japan
| | - Maki Nara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Ota‑ku, Tokyo 145‑8515, Japan
| | - Saya Miyamoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Ota‑ku, Tokyo 145‑8515, Japan
| | - Mai Kurihara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Ota‑ku, Tokyo 145‑8515, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Shimane
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Ota‑ku, Tokyo 145‑8515, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shirota
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Ota‑ku, Tokyo 145‑8515, Japan
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15
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Seydi H, Nouri K, Rezaei N, Tamimi A, Hassan M, Mirzaei H, Vosough M. Autophagy orchestrates resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114487. [PMID: 36963361 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment resistance is one of the major barriers for therapeutic strategies in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Many studies have indicated that chemotherapy and radiotherapy induce autophagy machinery (cell protective autophagy) in HCC cells. In addition, many experiments report a remarkable crosstalk between treatment resistance and autophagy pathways. Thus, autophagy could be one of the key factors enabling tumor cells to hinder induced cell death after medical interventions. Therefore, extensive research on the molecular pathways involved in resistance induction and autophagy have been conducted to achieve the desired therapeutic response. The key molecular pathways related to the therapy resistance are TGF-β, MAPK, NRF2, NF-κB, and non-coding RNAs. In addition, EMT, drug transports, apoptosis evasion, DNA repair, cancer stem cells, and hypoxia could have considerable impact on the hepatoma cell's response to therapies. These mechanisms protect tumor cells against various treatments and many studies have shown that each of them is connected to the molecular pathways of autophagy induction in HCC. Hence, autophagy inhibition may be an effective strategy to improve therapeutic outcome in HCC patients. In this review, we further highlight how autophagy leads to poor response during treatment through a complex molecular network and how it enhances resistance in primary liver cancer. We propose that combinational regimens of approved HCC therapeutic protocols plus autophagy inhibitors may overcome drug resistance in HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homeyra Seydi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Kosar Nouri
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Niloufar Rezaei
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran; Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Atena Tamimi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Moustapha Hassan
- Experimental Cancer Medicine, Institution for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran; Experimental Cancer Medicine, Institution for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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16
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Park M, Cho YL, Choi Y, Min JK, Park YJ, Yoon SJ, Kim DS, Son MY, Chung SW, Lee H, Lee SJ. Particulate matter induces ferroptosis by accumulating iron and dysregulating the antioxidant system. BMB Rep 2023; 56:96-101. [PMID: 36476270 PMCID: PMC9978363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter is an air pollutant composed of various components, and has adverse effects on the human body. Particulate matter is known to induce cell death by generating an imbalance in the antioxidant system; however, the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated. In the present study, we demonstrated the cytotoxic effects of the size and composition of particulate matter on small intestine cells. We found that particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) with extraction ion (EI) components (PM2.5 EI), is more cytotoxic than PM containing only polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Additionally, PM-induced cell death is characteristic of ferroptosis, and includes iron accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Furthermore, ferroptosis inhibitor as liproxstatin-1 and iron-chelator as deferiprone attenuated cell mortality, lipid peroxidation, iron accumulation, and ROS production after PM2.5 EI treatment in human small intestinal cells. These results suggest that PM2.5 EI may increase ferroptotic-cell death by iron accumulation and ROS generation, and offer a potential therapeutic clue for inflammatory bowel diseases in human small intestinal cells. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(2): 96-101].
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Park
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Young-Lai Cho
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Yumin Choi
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | | | - Young-Jun Park
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Yoon
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Dae-Soo Kim
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Mi-Young Son
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Su Wol Chung
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea
| | - Heedoo Lee
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Korea,Corresponding authors. Seon-Jin Lee, Tel: +82-42-879-8293; Fax: +82-42-879-8594; E-mail: ; Heedoo Lee, Tel: +82-55-213-3452; Fax: +82-55-213-3459; E-mail:
| | - Seon-Jin Lee
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea,Corresponding authors. Seon-Jin Lee, Tel: +82-42-879-8293; Fax: +82-42-879-8594; E-mail: ; Heedoo Lee, Tel: +82-55-213-3452; Fax: +82-55-213-3459; E-mail:
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17
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Park M, Cho YL, Choi Y, Min JK, Park YJ, Yoon SJ, Kim DS, Son MY, Chung SW, Lee H, Lee SJ. Particulate matter induces ferroptosis by accumulating iron and dysregulating the antioxidant system. BMB Rep 2023; 56:96-101. [PMID: 36476270 PMCID: PMC9978363 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2022-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter is an air pollutant composed of various components, and has adverse effects on the human body. Particulate matter is known to induce cell death by generating an imbalance in the antioxidant system; however, the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated. In the present study, we demonstrated the cytotoxic effects of the size and composition of particulate matter on small intestine cells. We found that particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) with extraction ion (EI) components (PM2.5 EI), is more cytotoxic than PM containing only polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Additionally, PM-induced cell death is characteristic of ferroptosis, and includes iron accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Furthermore, ferroptosis inhibitor as liproxstatin-1 and iron-chelator as deferiprone attenuated cell mortality, lipid peroxidation, iron accumulation, and ROS production after PM2.5 EI treatment in human small intestinal cells. These results suggest that PM2.5 EI may increase ferroptotic-cell death by iron accumulation and ROS generation, and offer a potential therapeutic clue for inflammatory bowel diseases in human small intestinal cells. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(2): 96-101].
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Park
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Young-Lai Cho
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Yumin Choi
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | | | - Young-Jun Park
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Yoon
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Dae-Soo Kim
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Mi-Young Son
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Su Wol Chung
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea
| | - Heedoo Lee
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Korea
| | - Seon-Jin Lee
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
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18
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Fu Z, Zhao PY, Yang XP, Li H, Hu SD, Xu YX, Du XH. Cannabidiol regulates apoptosis and autophagy in inflammation and cancer: A review. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1094020. [PMID: 36755953 PMCID: PMC9899821 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1094020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a terpenoid naturally found in plants. The purified compound is used in the treatment of mental disorders because of its antidepressive, anxiolytic, and antiepileptic effects. CBD can affect the regulation of several pathophysiologic processes, including autophagy, cytokine secretion, apoptosis, and innate and adaptive immune responses. However, several authors have reported contradictory findings concerning the magnitude and direction of CBD-mediated effects. For example, CBD treatment can increase, decrease, or have no significant effect on autophagy and apoptosis. These variable results can be attributed to the differences in the biological models, cell types, and CBD concentration used in these studies. This review focuses on the mechanism of regulation of autophagy and apoptosis in inflammatory response and cancer by CBD. Further, we broadly elaborated on the prospects of using CBD as an anti-inflammatory agent and in cancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Fu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Hao Li
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Dong Hu
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Xin Xu
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Du
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Xiao-Hui Du,
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19
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Han P, Mo S, Wang Z, Xu J, Fu X, Tian Y. UXT at the crossroads of cell death, immunity and neurodegenerative diseases. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1179947. [PMID: 37152054 PMCID: PMC10154696 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1179947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous expressed transcript (UXT), a member of the prefoldin-like protein family, modulates regulated cell death (RCD) such as apoptosis and autophagy-mediated cell death through nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), P53, P62, and methylation, and is involved in the regulation of cell metabolism, thereby affecting tumor progression. UXT also maintains immune homeostasis and reduces proteotoxicity in neuro-degenerative diseases through selective autophagy and molecular chaperones. Herein, we review and further elucidate the mechanisms by which UXT affects the regulation of cell death, maintenance of immune homeostasis, and neurodegenerative diseases and discuss the possible UXT involvement in the regulation of ferroptosis and immunogenic cell death, and targeting it to improve cancer treatment outcomes by regulating cell death and immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengzhe Han
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shaojian Mo
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhengwang Wang
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiale Xu
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xifeng Fu
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yanzhang Tian
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Yanzhang Tian,
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20
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Bee Venom Triggers Autophagy-Induced Apoptosis in Human Lung Cancer Cells via the mTOR Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:8916464. [PMID: 36590307 PMCID: PMC9803572 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8916464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In oriental medicine, bee venom has long been used as a therapeutic agent against inflammatory diseases. Several studies have reported that isolated and purified bee venom components are effective in treating dementia, arthritis, inflammation, bacterial infections, and cancer. In previous studies, we reported that bee venom inhibits cell growth and induces apoptotic cell death in lung cancer cells. In the present study, we assessed whether bee venom affects autophagy and thereby induces apoptosis. Bee venom treatment increased the levels of autophagy-related proteins (Atg5, Beclin-1, and LC3-II) and the accumulation of LC3 puncta. We found that bee venom could induce autophagy by inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway. In addition, we found that hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)- or si-ATG5-induced autophagy inhibition further demoted bee venom-induced apoptosis. Bee venom-induced autophagy promotes apoptosis in lung cancer cells and may become a new approach to cancer treatment.
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21
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Hagan ML, Mander S, Joseph C, Mcgrath M, Barrett A, Lewis A, Hill WD, Browning D, Mcgee-Lawrence ME, Cai H, Liu K, Barrett JT, Gewirtz DA, Thangaraju M, Schoenlein PV. Upregulation of the EGFR/MEK1/MAPK1/2 signaling axis as a mechanism of resistance to antiestrogen‑induced BimEL dependent apoptosis in ER + breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2022; 62:20. [PMID: 36524361 PMCID: PMC9854236 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is commonly upregulated in multiple cancer types, including breast cancer. In the present study, evidence is provided in support of the premise that upregulation of the EGFR/MEK1/MAPK1/2 signaling axis during antiestrogen treatment facilitates the escape of breast cancer cells from BimEL‑dependent apoptosis, conferring resistance to therapy. This conclusion is based on the findings that ectopic BimEL cDNA overexpression and confocal imaging studies confirm the pro‑apoptotic role of BimEL in ERα expressing breast cancer cells and that upregulated EGFR/MEK1/MAPK1/2 signaling blocks BimEL pro‑apoptotic action in an antiestrogen‑resistant breast cancer cell model. In addition, the present study identified a pro‑survival role for autophagy in antiestrogen resistance while EGFR inhibitor studies demonstrated that a significant percentage of antiestrogen‑resistant breast cancer cells survive EGFR targeting by pro‑survival autophagy. These pre‑clinical studies establish the possibility that targeting both the MEK1/MAPK1/2 signaling axis and pro‑survival autophagy may be required to eradicate breast cancer cell survival and prevent the development of antiestrogen resistance following hormone treatments. The present study uniquely identified EGFR upregulation as one of the mechanisms breast cancer cells utilize to evade the cytotoxic effects of antiestrogens mediated through BimEL‑dependent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie L. Hagan
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Suchreet Mander
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Carol Joseph
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Michael Mcgrath
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Amanda Barrett
- Department of Pathology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA,Department of Medical College of Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Allison Lewis
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - William D. Hill
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Darren Browning
- Department of Medical College of Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA,Department of Biochemistry, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | | | - Haifeng Cai
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA,Department of Surgical Oncology, Tangshan People's Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Kebin Liu
- Department of Medical College of Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA,Department of Biochemistry, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - John T. Barrett
- Department of Medical College of Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA,Department of Radiation Oncology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - David A. Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Muthusamy Thangaraju
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA,Department of Medical College of Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Patricia V. Schoenlein
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA,Department of Medical College of Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA,Correspondence to: Dr Patricia V. Schoenlein, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Research and Education Building Room 2912, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA, E-mail:
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22
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Mokri N, Sepehri Z, Faninam F, Khaleghi S, Kazemi NM, Hashemi M. Chitosan-coated Zn-metal-organic framework nanocomposites for effective targeted delivery of LNA-antisense miR-224 to colon tumor: in vitro studies. Gene Ther 2022; 29:680-690. [PMID: 34108628 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-021-00265-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, nano-compartments are considered as an effective drug delivery system (DDS) for cancer therapy. Targeted delivery of therapeutic agents is an advantageous approach by which cancer cells can be targeted without harming normal cells, and eliminates the negative effects of conventional therapies such as chemotherapy. In this research, a novel zinc-based nanoscale metal-organic framework (Zn-NMOF) coated with folic acid (FA) functionalized chitosan (CS) has been constructed and applied as efficient delivery of LNA (locked nucleic acid)-antisense miR-224 to colon cancer cell lines. LNA-antisense miR-224 as a therapeutic sequence was able to considerably block highly expressed miR-224 and downregulated cancer cell growth. The prepared nano-complex was characterized by analytical devices such as FT-IR, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, DLS, TEM, and XRD. The size range of NMOF-CS-FA-LNA-antisense miR-224 (MCFL224) nano-complex was obtained nearly at 200 nm. The entrapment efficiency of LNA-antisense miR-224 was calculated 72 ± 5% and a significant release profile of LNA-antisense miR-224 was observed at first 6 h (about 50%). Then, in vitro assays were implemented on HCT116 (folic acid receptor-positive colon cancer cell line) and CRL1831 (normal colon cell line) to evaluate the therapeutic efficiency of the MCFL224 nano-complex. In these investigations, decreased cell viability (14.22 ± 0.3% after 72 h treatment), increased apoptotic and autophagy-related genes expression level (BECLIN1: 34-folds, BAX: 36-folds, mTORC1: 10-folds, and Caspase-9: 9-folds more than control), higher cell cycle arrest in sub-G1 phase (19.53% of cells in sub-G1 phase), and more apoptosis analyses (late apoptosis: 67.7%) were evaluated in colon cancer cells treated with MCFL224 nano-complex. Results remarkably indicate the inhibited growth of colon cancer cells and induced cell apoptosis which suggests MCFL224 as a promising nanocomposite for colon cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Mokri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Sepehri
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Biology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Faninam
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Biology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Khaleghi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Negar Motakef Kazemi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Chen W, Ma Z, Yu L, Mao X, Ma N, Guo X, Yin X, Jiang F, Wang Q, Wang J, Fang M, Lin N, Zhang Y. Preclinical investigation of artesunate as a therapeutic agent for hepatocellular carcinoma via impairment of glucosylceramidase-mediated autophagic degradation. EXPERIMENTAL & MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2022; 54:1536-1548. [PMID: 36123535 PMCID: PMC9535011 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00780-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Artesunate (ART) has been indicated as a candidate drug for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Glucosylceramidase (GBA) is required for autophagic degradation. Whether ART regulates autophagic flux by targeting GBA in HCC remains to be defined. Herein, our data demonstrated that the dramatic overexpression of GBA was significantly associated with aggressive progression and short overall survival times in HCC. Subsequent experiments revealed an association between autophagic activity and GBA expression in clinical HCC samples, tumor tissues from a rat model of inflammation-induced HCC and an orthotopic mouse model, and human HCC cell lines. Interestingly, probe labeling identified GBA as an ART target, which was further verified by both a glutathione-S-transferase pulldown assay and surface plasmon resonance analysis. The elevated protein expression of LC3B, the increased numbers of GFP-LC3B puncta and double-membrane vacuoles, and the enhanced expression of SQSTM1/p62 indicated that the degradation of autophagosomes in HCC cells was inhibited by ART treatment. Both the in vitro and in vivo data revealed that autophagosome accumulation through targeting of GBA was responsible for the anti-HCC effects of ART. In summary, this preclinical study identified GBA as one of the direct targets of ART, which may have promising potential to inhibit lysosomal autophagy for HCC therapy. Confirmation that the malaria drug artesunate targets a key enzyme overexpressed in aggressive liver cancer suggests it may be a novel therapeutic option for the disease. High levels of an enzyme called glucosylceramidase (GBA) are associated with poor prognosis in liver cancer, according to research conducted by Yanqiong Zhang and Na Lin at the Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, and co-workers. In experiments on rat and mouse models and human cell lines, the team demonstrated that high GBA levels over activated autophagic flux, accelerated the rate at which cellular material may be degraded and recycled in balanced, healthy cells. This disturbance enables liver cancer to progress. The researchers found that artesunate can suppress GBA expression levels and restore normal autophagic flux, boosting the drug’s anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Zhaochen Ma
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Lingxiang Yu
- The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xia Mao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Guo
- The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiaoli Yin
- College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Funeng Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jigang Wang
- Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China
| | - Mingliang Fang
- Nanyang Technology University of Singapore, APT11-04, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Na Lin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Yanqiong Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
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24
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Zhang L, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Zhang L, Chen L. Inhibiting Cytoprotective Autophagy in Cancer Therapy: An Update on Pharmacological Small-Molecule Compounds. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:966012. [PMID: 36034776 PMCID: PMC9403721 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.966012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-degradation process in which damaged proteins and organelles are engulfed into autophagosomes for digestion and eventually recycled for cellular metabolism to maintain intracellular homeostasis. Accumulating studies have reported that autophagy has the Janus role in cancer as a tumor suppressor or an oncogenic role to promote the growth of established tumors and developing drug resistance. Importantly, cytoprotective autophagy plays a prominent role in many types of human cancers, thus inhibiting autophagy, and has been regarded as a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer therapy. Here, we focus on summarizing small-molecule compounds inhibiting the autophagy process, as well as further discuss other dual-target small-molecule compounds, combination strategies, and other strategies to improve potential cancer therapy. Therefore, these findings will shed new light on exploiting more small-molecule compounds inhibiting cytoprotective autophagy as candidate drugs for fighting human cancers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Lan Zhang, ; Lu Chen,
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Lan Zhang, ; Lu Chen,
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25
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Useini L, Mojić M, Laube M, Lönnecke P, Dahme J, Sárosi MB, Mijatović S, Maksimović-Ivanić D, Pietzsch J, Hey-Hawkins E. Carboranyl Analogues of Mefenamic Acid and Their Biological Evaluation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:24282-24291. [PMID: 35874202 PMCID: PMC9301635 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mefenamic acid represents a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) to treat the pain of postoperative surgery and heavy menstrual bleeding. Like other NSAIDs, mefenamic acid inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins by nonselectively blocking cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms COX-1 and COX-2. For the improved selectivity of the drug and, therefore, reduced related side effects, the carborane analogues of mefenamic acid were evaluated. The ortho-, meta-, and para-carborane derivatives were synthesized in three steps: halogenation of the respective cluster, followed by a Pd-catalyzed B-N coupling and hydrolysis of the nitrile derivatives under acidic conditions. The COX inhibitory activity and cytotoxicity for different cancer cell lines revealed that the carborane analogues have stronger antitumor potential compared to their parent organic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liridona Useini
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marija Mojić
- Department
of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”,
National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bul. Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Markus Laube
- Department
of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Lönnecke
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jonas Dahme
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute
for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Menyhárt B. Sárosi
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute
for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sanja Mijatović
- Department
of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”,
National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bul. Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Maksimović-Ivanić
- Department
of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”,
National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bul. Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Department
of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technical University Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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26
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Periplocin Induces Apoptosis of Pancreatic Cancer Cells through Autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR Pathway. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:8055004. [PMID: 35847371 PMCID: PMC9277210 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8055004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Periplocin, a natural compound, has been shown to induce apoptosis in a variety of cancer cells. However, no research has been conducted to demonstrate that Periplocin has a regulatory effect on autophagy. This study is aimed to determine the effect of Periplocin treatment on autophagy in human pancreatic cancer cells, as well as the underlying mechanisms. Pancreatic cancer cells were treated with different concentrations of Periplocin, and real-time cell analysis (RTCA), colony formation assay, and Ki67 immunofluorescence detection were used to determine cell proliferation. Autophagy protein was detected by immunofluorescence and western blotting. Western blotting was also used to detect the caspase family of apoptotic proteins. Flow cytometry and TUNEL staining were used to detect cell apoptosis. Following treatment with Periplocin, the expression of autophagy genes was detected using RNA-seq. In vivo examination of the effect of Periplocin on autophagy in pancreatic was performed using a xenograft model. Periplocin inhibits the proliferation of CFPAC1 and PANC1 cells and induces autophagy by regulating the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Using the AMPK inhibitor Compound C(CC), both the Periplocin-induced inhibition of cell proliferation and autophagy activation was reduced, which further verified this conclusion. Periplocin inhibits CFPAC1 xenograft tumor growth in nude mice and increases tumor cell autophagy. Collectively, these results have shown that Periplocin promotes autophagy in human pancreatic cancer cells by regulating the AMPK/mTOR pathway.
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27
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APY0201 Represses Tumor Growth through Inhibiting Autophagy in Gastric Cancer Cells. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:7104592. [PMID: 36245991 PMCID: PMC9568353 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7104592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers globally. There are currently few effective chemotherapeutic drugs available for GC patients. The inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol kinase containing an FYVE finger structure (PIKfyve) have shown significant anticancer effects in several types of cancers, but their effectiveness in GC remains unknown. In this study, we investigate the effect of APY0201, an inhibitor of PIKfyve, on GC tumor growth and its mechanism of action. It was found that APY0201 inhibited GC cell proliferation in in vitro GC cell model, organoid model, and in vivo xenograft tumor model. Through analyzing cell autophagy, we found that APY0201 might block autophagic flux by impairing lysosome degradation function of GC cells, inducing the accumulation of autophagosomes, thus causing the inhibition of GC cell proliferation. We also found that APY0201 induced G1/S phase arrest in GC cells. Importantly, APY0201 was also effective in inducing repression of autophagy and cell cycle arrest in the mouse tumor xenograft. Our results suggest that APY0201 could be a new promising therapeutic option for GC.
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28
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Robeldo T, Ribeiro LS, Manrique L, Kubo AM, Longo E, Camargo ER, Borra RC. Modified Titanium Dioxide as a Potential Visible-Light-Activated Photosensitizer for Bladder Cancer Treatment. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:17563-17574. [PMID: 35664588 PMCID: PMC9161409 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Low oxygen concentration inside the tumor microenvironment represents a major barrier for photodynamic therapy of many malignant tumors, especially urothelial bladder cancer. In this context, titanium dioxide, which has a low cost and can generate high ROS levels regardless of local O2 concentrations, could be a potential type of photosensitizer for treating this type of cancer. However, the use of UV can be a major disadvantage, since it promotes breakage of the chemical bonds of the DNA molecule on normal tissues. In the present study, we focused on the cytotoxic activities of a new material (Ti(OH)4) capable of absorbing visible light and producing high amounts of ROS. We used the malignant bladder cell line MB49 to evaluate the effects of multiple concentrations of Ti(OH)4 on the cytotoxicity, proliferation, migration, and production of ROS. In addition, the mechanisms of cell death were investigated using FACS, accumulation of lysosomal acid vacuoles, caspase-3 activity, and mitochondrial electrical potential assays. The results showed that exposure of Ti(OH)4 to visible light stimulates the production of ROS and causes dose-dependent necrosis in tumor cells. Also, Ti(OH)4 was capable of inhibiting the proliferation and migration of MB49 in low concentrations. An increase in the mitochondrial membrane potential associated with the accumulation of acid lysosomes and low caspase-3 activity suggests that type II cell death could be initiated by autophagic dysfunction mechanisms associated with high ROS production. In conclusion, the characteristics of Ti(OH)4 make it a potential photosensitizer against bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas S. Ribeiro
- CDMF,
LIEC, Chemistry Department of the Federal
University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Lida Manrique
- Laboratory
of Applied Immunology, Federal University
of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905,Brazil
| | - Andressa Mayumi Kubo
- CDMF,
LIEC, Chemistry Department of the Federal
University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Elson Longo
- CDMF,
LIEC, Chemistry Department of the Federal
University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Emerson Rodrigues Camargo
- CDMF,
LIEC, Chemistry Department of the Federal
University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Carneiro Borra
- Laboratory
of Applied Immunology, Federal University
of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905,Brazil
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29
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Ferrari E, Bettuzzi S, Naponelli V. The Potential of Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) in Targeting Autophagy for Cancer Treatment: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116075. [PMID: 35682754 PMCID: PMC9181147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process for the degradation of redundant or damaged cellular material by means of a lysosome-dependent mechanism, contributing to cell homeostasis and survival. Autophagy plays a multifaceted and context-dependent role in cancer initiation, maintenance, and progression; it has a tumor suppressive role in the absence of disease and is upregulated in cancer cells to meet their elevated metabolic demands. Autophagy represents a promising but challenging target in cancer treatment. Green tea is a widely used beverage with healthy effects on several diseases, including cancer. The bioactive compounds of green tea are mainly catechins, and epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant and biologically active among them. In this review, evidence of autophagy modulation and anti-cancer effects induced by EGCG treatment in experimental cancer models is presented. Reviewed articles reveal that EGCG promotes cytotoxic autophagy often through the inactivation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, resulting in apoptosis induction. EGCG pro-oxidant activity has been postulated to be responsible for its anti-cancer effects. In combination therapy with a chemotherapy drug, EGCG inhibits cell growth and the drug-induced pro-survival autophagy. The selected studies rightly claim EGCG as a valuable agent in cancer chemoprevention.
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30
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Lee AH, Mejia Peña C, Dawson MR. Comparing the Secretomes of Chemorefractory and Chemoresistant Ovarian Cancer Cell Populations. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1418. [PMID: 35326569 PMCID: PMC8946241 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) constitutes the majority of all ovarian cancer cases and has staggering rates of both refractory and recurrent disease. While most patients respond to the initial treatment with paclitaxel and platinum-based drugs, up to 25% do not, and of the remaining that do, 75% experience disease recurrence within the subsequent two years. Intrinsic resistance in refractory cases is driven by environmental stressors like tumor hypoxia which alter the tumor microenvironment to promote cancer progression and resistance to anticancer drugs. Recurrent disease describes the acquisition of chemoresistance whereby cancer cells survive the initial exposure to chemotherapy and develop adaptations to enhance their chances of surviving subsequent treatments. Of the environmental stressors cancer cells endure, exposure to hypoxia has been identified as a potent trigger and priming agent for the development of chemoresistance. Both in the presence of the stress of hypoxia or the therapeutic stress of chemotherapy, cancer cells manage to cope and develop adaptations which prime populations to survive in future stress. One adaptation is the modification in the secretome. Chemoresistance is associated with translational reprogramming for increased protein synthesis, ribosome biogenesis, and vesicle trafficking. This leads to increased production of soluble proteins and extracellular vesicles (EVs) involved in autocrine and paracrine signaling processes. Numerous studies have demonstrated that these factors are largely altered between the secretomes of chemosensitive and chemoresistant patients. Such factors include cytokines, growth factors, EVs, and EV-encapsulated microRNAs (miRNAs), which serve to induce invasive molecular, biophysical, and chemoresistant phenotypes in neighboring normal and cancer cells. This review examines the modifications in the secretome of distinct chemoresistant ovarian cancer cell populations and specific secreted factors, which may serve as candidate biomarkers for aggressive and chemoresistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy H. Lee
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA;
| | - Carolina Mejia Peña
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA;
| | - Michelle R. Dawson
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA;
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA;
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31
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Lei Y, Chen L, Liu J, Zhong Y, Deng L. The MicroRNA-Based Strategies to Combat Cancer Chemoresistance via Regulating Autophagy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:841625. [PMID: 35211417 PMCID: PMC8861360 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.841625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance frequently occurs in cancer treatment, which results in chemotherapy failure and is one of the most leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Understanding the mechanism of chemoresistance and exploring strategies to overcome chemoresistance have become an urgent need. Autophagy is a highly conserved self-degraded process in cells. The dual roles of autophagy (pro-death or pro-survival) have been implicated in cancers and chemotherapy. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a class of small non-coding molecules that regulate autophagy at the post-transcriptional level in cancer cells. The association between miRNAs and autophagy in cancer chemoresistance has been emphasized. In this review, we focus on the dual roles of miRNA-mediated autophagy in facilitating or combating chemoresistance, aiming to shed lights on the potential role of miRNAs as targets to overcome chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhe Lei
- Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junshan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinqin Zhong
- Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijuan Deng
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Bai Z, Peng Y, Ye X, Liu Z, Li Y, Ma L. Autophagy and cancer treatment: four functional forms of autophagy and their therapeutic applications. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2022; 23:89-101. [PMID: 35187884 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. Drugs play a pivotal role in cancer treatment, but the complex biological processes of cancer cells seriously limit the efficacy of various anticancer drugs. Autophagy, a self-degradative system that maintains cellular homeostasis, universally operates under normal and stress conditions in cancer cells. The roles of autophagy in cancer treatment are still controversial because both stimulation and inhibition of autophagy have been reported to enhance the effects of anticancer drugs. Thus, the important question arises as to whether we should try to strengthen or suppress autophagy during cancer therapy. Currently, autophagy can be divided into four main forms according to its different functions during cancer treatment: cytoprotective (cell survival), cytotoxic (cell death), cytostatic (growth arrest), and nonprotective (no contribution to cell death or survival). In addition, various cell death modes, such as apoptosis, necrosis, ferroptosis, senescence, and mitotic catastrophe, all contribute to the anticancer effects of drugs. The interaction between autophagy and these cell death modes is complex and can lead to anticancer drugs having different or even completely opposite effects on treatment. Therefore, it is important to understand the underlying contexts in which autophagy inhibition or activation will be beneficial or detrimental. That is, appropriate therapeutic strategies should be adopted in light of the different functions of autophagy. This review provides an overview of recent insights into the evolving relationship between autophagy and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoshi Bai
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yaling Peng
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xinyue Ye
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zhixian Liu
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yupeng Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Lingman Ma
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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Qin Z, Luo K, Liu Y, Liao S, He J, He M, Xie T, Jiang X, Li B, Liu H, Huang Q, Tang H, Feng W, Zhan X. ATG16L1 is a Potential Prognostic Biomarker and Immune Signature for Osteosarcoma: A Study Based on Bulk RNA and Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:1033-1045. [PMID: 35140506 PMCID: PMC8818976 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s341879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteosarcoma is a common solid malignancy of the bone in children and adolescents, and its metastasis and recurrence are the principal causes of poor treatment outcomes. Methods Autophagy-related genes were used to cluster osteosarcoma patients by consensus clustering analysis using the GSE21257 database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by limma package. Multiple-gene risk signature was constructed using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) analysis and Cox regression analyses. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to determine gene expression levels. Then, single-cell RNA-sequencing dataset GSE152048 were used to identify the correlation between the DEGs and effector molecules expressed in specific tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Results Two clusters were identified in the consensus clustering analysis, which were confirmed by principal component analysis. Limma analysis revealed that 15 genes were related, and 9 genes were screened using protein-protein interaction network and LASSO regression analysis. Cox regression analyses identified 5 genes. Combined with survival analysis, only the autophagy related 16 like 1 gene (ATG16L1) was significant. The results of qRT-PCR showed low expression levels of ATG16L1 in tumor cells group. Immune infiltration analysis revealed significantly lower expression of CD8+ T cells in the high ATG16L1 gene expression group. ScRNA-seq revealed that in the ATG16L1+CD8+ T cell group, the expression of GZMB was lower, whereas the expression of ITGA1 was higher. These results showed that ATG16L1 is an immune-related gene, which is associated with poor prognosis in patients with osteosarcoma. Conclusion ATG16L1 is a potential prognostic biomarker and immune signature and may be a therapeutic target for osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojie Qin
- Department of Spinal Bone Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedic, The People’s Hospital of Hechi, Hechi, 547600, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Luo
- Department of Spinal Bone Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Spinal Bone Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shijie Liao
- Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juliang He
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingwei He
- Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Xie
- Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic, Affiliated Minzu Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Boxiang Li
- Department of Orthopedic, Affiliated Minzu Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huijiang Liu
- Department of Spinal Bone Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People’s Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People’s Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haijun Tang
- Department of Orthopedic, Affiliated Minzu Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenyu Feng
- Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xinli Zhan, Department of Spinal Bone Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 771-5350189, Fax +867715350001, Email ; Wenyu Feng, Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 18277185646, Fax +867715350001, Email
| | - Xinli Zhan
- Department of Spinal Bone Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xinli Zhan, Department of Spinal Bone Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 771-5350189, Fax +867715350001, Email ; Wenyu Feng, Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 18277185646, Fax +867715350001, Email
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Morana O, Wood W, Gregory CD. The Apoptosis Paradox in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031328. [PMID: 35163253 PMCID: PMC8836235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer growth represents a dysregulated imbalance between cell gain and cell loss, where the rate of proliferating mutant tumour cells exceeds the rate of those that die. Apoptosis, the most renowned form of programmed cell death, operates as a key physiological mechanism that limits cell population expansion, either to maintain tissue homeostasis or to remove potentially harmful cells, such as those that have sustained DNA damage. Paradoxically, high-grade cancers are generally associated with high constitutive levels of apoptosis. In cancer, cell-autonomous apoptosis constitutes a common tumour suppressor mechanism, a property which is exploited in cancer therapy. By contrast, limited apoptosis in the tumour-cell population also has the potential to promote cell survival and resistance to therapy by conditioning the tumour microenvironment (TME)-including phagocytes and viable tumour cells-and engendering pro-oncogenic effects. Notably, the constitutive apoptosis-mediated activation of cells of the innate immune system can help orchestrate a pro-oncogenic TME and may also effect evasion of cancer treatment. Here, we present an overview of the implications of cell death programmes in tumour biology, with particular focus on apoptosis as a process with "double-edged" consequences: on the one hand, being tumour suppressive through deletion of malignant or pre-malignant cells, while, on the other, being tumour progressive through stimulation of reparatory and regenerative responses in the TME.
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Targeting ERK induced cell death and p53/ROS-dependent protective autophagy in colorectal cancer. Cell Death Dis 2021; 7:375. [PMID: 34864826 PMCID: PMC8643355 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00677-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, many studies have shown that autophagy plays a vital role in the resistance of tumor chemotherapy. However, the interaction between autophagy and cell death has not yet been clarified. In this study, a new specific ERK inhibitor CC90003 was found to suppress colorectal cancer growth by inducing cell death both in vitro and in vivo. Studies have confirmed that higher concentrations of ROS leads to autophagy or cell death. In this research, the role of CC90003-induced ROS was verified. But after inhibiting ROS by two kinds of ROS inhibitors NAC and SFN, the autophagy induced by CC90003 decreased, while cell death strengthened. In parallel, protective autophagy was also induced, while in a p53-dependent manner. After silencing p53 or using the p53 inhibitor PFTα, the autophagy induced by CC90003 was weakened and the rate of cell death increases. Therefore, we confirmed that CC90003 could induce autophagy by activating ROS/p53. Furthermore, in the xenograft mouse model, the effect was obtained remarkably in the combinational treatment group of CC90003 plus CQ, comparing with that of the single treatment groups. In a word, our results demonstrated that targeting ERK leads to cell death and p53/ROS-dependent protective autophagy simultaneously in colorectal cancer, which offers new potential targets for clinical therapy.
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Hikisz P, Bernasinska-Slomczewska J. Beneficial Properties of Bromelain. Nutrients 2021; 13:4313. [PMID: 34959865 PMCID: PMC8709142 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromelain is a major sulfhydryl proteolytic enzyme found in pineapple plants, having multiple activities in many areas of medicine. Due to its low toxicity, high efficiency, high availability, and relative simplicity of acquisition, it is the object of inexhaustible interest of scientists. This review summarizes scientific reports concerning the possible application of bromelain in treating cardiovascular diseases, blood coagulation and fibrinolysis disorders, infectious diseases, inflammation-associated diseases, and many types of cancer. However, for the proper application of such multi-action activities of bromelain, further exploration of the mechanism of its action is needed. It is supposed that the anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective and anti-coagulatory activity of bromelain may become a complementary therapy for COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 patients. During the irrepressible spread of novel variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, such beneficial properties of this biomolecule might help prevent escalation and the progression of the COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Hikisz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
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Li S, He J, Xu H, Yang J, Luo Y, Song W, Qiao B, Zhang H. Autophagic activation of IRF-1 aggravates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury via JNK signaling. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:91-100. [PMID: 34766137 PMCID: PMC8491206 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has accrued indicating that autophagy is associated with hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). This report demonstrates that interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) was upregulated in response to hepatic IRI and was associated with autophagic activation. As a result of these processes, there is an aggravation of liver damage, effects that can be offset by IRF-1 depletion. In addition, these effects of IRF-1 are associated with JNK pathway activation followed by increases in Beclin1 protein levels. This JNK-induced autophagic cell death then leads to cell failure, and plays an important role in liver function damage. We conclude that IRF-1 activates autophagy through JNK-mediated autophagy. Accordingly, these findings indicating that the IRF-1/JNK pathway activates autophagy to exacerbate liver IRI in this mouse model may provide new insights into novel protective therapies for hepatic IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University Xinxiang China
| | - Jindan He
- Department of Anesthesiology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
| | - Hongwei Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University Xinxiang China
| | - Jiaxing Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University Xinxiang China
| | - Yutian Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University Xinxiang China
| | - Wenyue Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Jiaozuo Women and Children Hospital Jiaozuo China
| | - Bingbing Qiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Department of Liver Transplantation Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing China
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The ethanol extract of Garcinia subelliptica Merr. induces autophagy. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:280. [PMID: 34758822 PMCID: PMC8579681 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03454-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Garcinia subelliptica Merr. is a multipurpose coastal tree, the potential medicinal effects of which have been studied, including cancer suppression. Here, we present evidence that the ethanol extract of G. subelliptica Merr. (eGSM) induces autophagy in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Methods Two different human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines, A549 and SNU2292, were treated with varying amounts of eGSM. Cytotoxicity elicited by eGSM was assessed by MTT assay and PARP degradation. Autophagy in A549 and SNU2292 was determined by western blotting for AMPK, mTOR, ULK1, and LC3. Genetic deletion of AMPKα in HEK293 cells was carried out by CRISPR. Results eGSM elicited cytotoxicity, but not apoptosis, in A549 and SNU2292 cells. eGSM increased LC3-II production in both A549 and, more extensively, SNU2292, suggesting that eGSM induces autophagy. In A549, eGSM activated AMPK, an essential autophagy activator, but not suppressed mTOR, an autophagy blocker, suggesting that eGSM induces autophagy by primarily activating the AMPK pathway in A549. By contrast, eGSM suppressed mTOR activity without activating AMPK in SNU2292, suggesting that eGSM induces autophagy by mainly suppressing mTOR in SNU2292. In HEK293 cells lacking AMPKα expression, eGSM increased LC3-II production, confirming that the autophagy induced by eGSM can occur without the AMPK pathway. Conclusion Our findings suggest that eGSM induces autophagy by activating AMPK or suppressing mTOR pathways, depending on cell types. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-021-03454-4.
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Development and Validation of an Autophagy-Related Gene Signature for Predicting the Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:7771037. [PMID: 34746309 PMCID: PMC8568514 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7771037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that is essential for maintaining the homeostasis of the intracellular environment. Mounting evidence indicates that autophagy plays an essential role in the occurrence and development of hepatocellular cancer (HCC). This research is aimed at exploring the prognostic value of autophagy-related genes (ARGs) in HCC patients. Methods The Wilcoxon test was used to identify differentially expressed ARGs in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) HCC cohort. Then, the TCGA cohort was randomly divided into training and testing groups. Cox and LASSO regression models were used to screen for autophagy-related genes that affect overall survival (OS) in the TCGA training group. Based on the coefficient of risk genes, we constructed an autophagy-related gene signature for predicting the prognosis of HCC patients. Finally, we validated the prognostic significance of autophagy-related gene signature using the TCGA testing group and three external datasets. Results ATG10, BIRC5, GAPDH, and TMEM74 are risk genes for OS. According to the optimal cutoff value of risk score in each HCC dataset, HCC patients can divide into high- and low-risk groups. ARG risk score can significantly distinguish HCC patients with different survival outcomes. Meanwhile, the ARG risk score is independently correlated with OS in multiple HCC cohorts. Conclusions The autophagy-related risk score can effectively screen high-risk HCC patients and provide guidance for clinical prevention and treatment of HCC.
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Hommen F, Bilican S, Vilchez D. Protein clearance strategies for disease intervention. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 129:141-172. [PMID: 34689261 PMCID: PMC8541819 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02431-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis, or proteostasis, is essential for cell function and viability. Unwanted, damaged, misfolded and aggregated proteins are degraded by the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) and the autophagy-lysosome pathway. Growing evidence indicates that alterations in these major proteolytic mechanisms lead to a demise in proteostasis, contributing to the onset and development of distinct diseases. Indeed, dysregulation of the UPS or autophagy is linked to several neurodegenerative, infectious and inflammatory disorders as well as cancer. Thus, modulation of protein clearance pathways is a promising approach for therapeutics. In this review, we discuss recent findings and open questions on how targeting proteolytic mechanisms could be applied for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hommen
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Strasse 26, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Saygın Bilican
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Strasse 26, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - David Vilchez
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Strasse 26, 50931, Cologne, Germany. .,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Footprints of microRNAs in Cancer Biology. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101494. [PMID: 34680611 PMCID: PMC8533183 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Over the past years, various studies have demonstrated the role of aberrant miRNA expression in the onset of cancer. The mechanisms by which miRNA exerts its cancer-promoting or inhibitory effects are apparent through the various cancer hallmarks, which include selective proliferative advantage, altered stress response, vascularization, invasion and metastasis, metabolic rewiring, the tumor microenvironment and immune modulation; therefore, this review aims to highlight the association between miRNAs and the various cancer hallmarks by dissecting the mechanisms of miRNA regulation in each hallmark separately. It is hoped that the information presented herein will provide further insights regarding the role of cancer and serve as a guideline to evaluate the potential of microRNAs to be utilized as biomarkers and therapeutic targets on a larger scale in cancer research.
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Cdk8 Kinase Module: A Mediator of Life and Death Decisions in Times of Stress. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102152. [PMID: 34683473 PMCID: PMC8540245 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cdk8 kinase module (CKM) of the multi-subunit mediator complex plays an essential role in cell fate decisions in response to different environmental cues. In the budding yeast S. cerevisiae, the CKM consists of four conserved subunits (cyclin C and its cognate cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk8, Med13, and Med12) and predominantly negatively regulates a subset of stress responsive genes (SRG’s). Derepression of these SRG’s is accomplished by disassociating the CKM from the mediator, thus allowing RNA polymerase II-directed transcription. In response to cell death stimuli, cyclin C translocates to the mitochondria where it induces mitochondrial hyper-fission and promotes regulated cell death (RCD). The nuclear release of cyclin C requires Med13 destruction by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). In contrast, to protect the cell from RCD following SRG induction induced by nutrient deprivation, cyclin C is rapidly destroyed by the UPS before it reaches the cytoplasm. This enables a survival response by two mechanisms: increased ATP production by retaining reticular mitochondrial morphology and relieving CKM-mediated repression on autophagy genes. Intriguingly, nitrogen starvation also stimulates Med13 destruction but through a different mechanism. Rather than destruction via the UPS, Med13 proteolysis occurs in the vacuole (yeast lysosome) via a newly identified Snx4-assisted autophagy pathway. Taken together, these findings reveal that the CKM regulates cell fate decisions by both transcriptional and non-transcriptional mechanisms, placing it at a convergence point between cell death and cell survival pathways.
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Towers CG. Mitochondrial homeostasis is maintained in the absence of autophagy. Mol Cell Oncol 2021; 8:1984162. [PMID: 34859144 PMCID: PMC8632333 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2021.1984162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a central recycling process, and it plays a complex role in cancer. We discovered that when autophagy is blocked, cancer cells compensate by increasing mitochondrial-derived vesicles. However, there are many unanswered questions remaining, particularly in the context of the dual roles of autophagy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina G. Towers
- The Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Xu C, Huang X, Huang Y, Liu X, Wu M, Wang J, Duan X. Naringin induces apoptosis of gastric carcinoma cells via blocking the PI3K/AKT pathway and activating pro‑death autophagy. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:772. [PMID: 34490484 PMCID: PMC8441985 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Naringin (Nar) is one of the natural glycosides extracted from pomelo and other citrus fruits. It has various pharmacological activities, including anti‑inflammatory, antioxidant, anti‑proliferative and anti‑cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms by which Nar regulates apoptosis and autophagy in gastric cancer remain unclear. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the therapeutic effect of Nar and the underlying mechanisms. SNU‑1 cell proliferation was determined using Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay. Cell morphological changes were observed under a phase‑contrast microscope. The changes in the cell cycle were determined using flow cytometry analysis and the changes in cell apoptosis were determined using flow cytometry, Hoechst 33258 and TUNEL staining. The protein levels pertaining to the PI3K/AKT pathway and cell apoptosis and autophagy were monitored using western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that Nar significantly inhibited SNU‑1 cell growth and induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase and cell apoptosis. Further mechanistic studies demonstrated that Nar blocked the PI3K/AKT pathway, activated cell autophagy and stimulated the expression of apoptosis‑associated protein cleaved caspase 3 and Bax, but decreased the expression of Bcl‑2. Preincubating SNU‑1 cells with 3‑methyladenine, a cell‑autophagy inhibitor, significantly alleviated the effects of Nar in promoting cell apoptosis and cleaved caspase 3 expression. It was concluded that Nar promoted SNU‑1 cell apoptosis via blocking the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and activating cell autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuixiang Xu
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immune Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immune Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Yubin Huang
- Clinical Department, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Clinical Department, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Research, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Second Department of General Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Xianglong Duan
- Second Department of General Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
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45
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Xie Q, Chen Y, Tan H, Liu B, Zheng LL, Mu Y. Targeting Autophagy with Natural Compounds in Cancer: A Renewed Perspective from Molecular Mechanisms to Targeted Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:748149. [PMID: 34512368 PMCID: PMC8427500 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.748149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products are well-characterized to have pharmacological or biological activities that can be of therapeutic benefits for cancer therapy, which also provide an important source of inspiration for discovery of potential novel small-molecule drugs. In the past three decades, accumulating evidence has revealed that natural products can modulate a series of key autophagic signaling pathways and display therapeutic effects in different types of human cancers. In this review, we focus on summarizing some representative natural active compounds, mainly including curcumin, resveratrol, paclitaxel, Bufalin, and Ursolic acid that may ultimately trigger cancer cell death through the regulation of some key autophagic signaling pathways, such as RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK, PI3K-AKT-mTOR, AMPK, ULK1, Beclin-1, Atg5 and p53. Taken together, these inspiring findings would shed light on exploiting more natural compounds as candidate small-molecule drugs, by targeting the crucial pathways of autophagy for the future cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xie
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Zigong First People’s Hospital, Zigong, China
| | - Huidan Tan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling-Li Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yandong Mu
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Ristic B, Harhaji-Trajkovic L, Bosnjak M, Dakic I, Mijatovic S, Trajkovic V. Modulation of Cancer Cell Autophagic Responses by Graphene-Based Nanomaterials: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164145. [PMID: 34439299 PMCID: PMC8392723 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Graphene-based nanomaterials (GNM) are one-to-several carbon atom-thick flakes of graphite with at least one lateral dimension <100 nm. The unique electronic structure, high surface-to-volume ratio, and relatively low toxicity make GNM potentially useful in cancer treatment. GNM such as graphene, graphene oxide, graphene quantum dots, and graphene nanofibers are able to induce autophagy in cancer cells. During autophagy the cell digests its own components in organelles called lysosomes, which can either kill cancer cells or promote their survival, as well as influence the immune response against the tumor. However, a deeper understanding of GNM-autophagy interaction at the mechanistic and functional level is needed before these findings could be exploited to increase GNM effectiveness as cancer therapeutics and drug delivery systems. In this review, we analyze molecular mechanisms of GNM-mediated autophagy modulation and its possible implications for the use of GNM in cancer therapy. Abstract Graphene-based nanomaterials (GNM) are plausible candidates for cancer therapeutics and drug delivery systems. Pure graphene and graphene oxide nanoparticles, as well as graphene quantum dots and graphene nanofibers, were all able to trigger autophagy in cancer cells through both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms involving oxidative/endoplasmic reticulum stress, AMP-activated protein kinase, mechanistic target of rapamycin, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and Toll-like receptor signaling. This was often coupled with lysosomal dysfunction and subsequent blockade of autophagic flux, which additionally increased the accumulation of autophagy mediators that participated in apoptotic, necrotic, or necroptotic death of cancer cells and influenced the immune response against the tumor. In this review, we analyze molecular mechanisms and structure–activity relationships of GNM-mediated autophagy modulation, its consequences for cancer cell survival/death and anti-tumor immune response, and the possible implications for the use of GNM in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Ristic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (B.R.); (I.D.)
| | - Ljubica Harhaji-Trajkovic
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Mihajlo Bosnjak
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Ivana Dakic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (B.R.); (I.D.)
| | - Srdjan Mijatovic
- Clinic for Emergency Surgery, Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Vladimir Trajkovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (B.R.); (I.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Yan F, Zhang X, Tan R, Li M, Xiao Z, Wang H, Zhang Z, Ma Z, Liu Z. Autophagic flux in cancer cells at the invasive front in the tumor-stroma border. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:20229-20245. [PMID: 34483138 PMCID: PMC8436923 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells at the invasive front directly interact with stromal tissue that provides a microenvironment with mechanical, nutrient, and oxygen supply characteristics distinct from those of intratumoral tissues. It has long been known that cancer cells at the invasive front and cancer cells inside the tumor body exhibit highly differentiated functions and behaviors. However, it is unknown whether cancer cells at different locations exhibit a variety of autophagic flux, an important catabolic process to maintain cellular homeostasis in response to environmental changes. Here, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we found that invading cancer cells at the invasive front, which show mesenchymal transcriptomic traits, exhibit higher autophagic flux than cancer cells inside the tumor body in human primary non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues. This autophagic feature was further confirmed by a live cell autophagic flux monitoring system combined with a 3D organotypic invasion coculture system. Additionally, the increased autophagic flux endows cancer cells with invasive behavior and positively correlates with the advanced tumor stages and the reduced survival period of lung cancer patients. These findings expand the understanding of autophagic dynamics during cancer invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yan
- Department of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuexi Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rongying Tan
- Department of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingchen Li
- Department of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zengtuan Xiao
- Department of Lung Cancer Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Lung Cancer Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenyi Ma
- Department of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Department of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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White E, Lattime EC, Guo JY. Autophagy Regulates Stress Responses, Metabolism, and Anticancer Immunity. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:778-789. [PMID: 34112622 PMCID: PMC8295230 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic intracellular nutrient-scavenging pathway triggered by nutrient deprivation and stress that captures and degrades intracellular proteins and organelles in lysosomes. The breakdown products are then recycled into metabolic pathways to sustain survival. Organelle turnover by autophagy contributes to quality control and suppresses inflammation. Autophagy is upregulated in many cancers and supports their growth, survival, and malignancy in a tumor cell-autonomous fashion. Host autophagy also promotes tumor growth by maintaining a supply of essential nutrients and suppressing innate and adaptive antitumor immune responses. Autophagy is also upregulated in response to cancer therapy and confers treatment resistance. Thus, autophagy is a cancer vulnerability and its inhibition is under investigation as a novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen White
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Ludwig Princeton Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Edmund C Lattime
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; Department of Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jessie Yanxiang Guo
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Sobolewski C, Legrand N. Celecoxib Analogues for Cancer Treatment: An Update on OSU-03012 and 2,5-Dimethyl-Celecoxib. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11071049. [PMID: 34356673 PMCID: PMC8302000 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an important enzyme involved in prostaglandins biosynthesis from arachidonic acid. COX-2 is frequently overexpressed in human cancers and plays a major tumor promoting function. Accordingly, many efforts have been devoted to efficiently target the catalytic site of this enzyme in cancer cells, by using COX-2 specific inhibitors such as celecoxib. However, despite their potent anti-tumor properties, the myriad of detrimental effects associated to the chronic inhibition of COX-2 in healthy tissues, has considerably limited their use in clinic. In addition, increasing evidence indicate that these anti-cancerous properties are not strictly dependent on the inhibition of the catalytic site. These findings have led to the development of non-active COX-2 inhibitors analogues aiming at preserving the antitumor effects of COX-2 inhibitors without their side effects. Among them, two celecoxib derivatives, 2,5-Dimethyl-Celecoxib and OSU-03012, have been developed and suggested for the treatment of viral (e.g., recently SARS-CoV-2), inflammatory, metabolic diseases and cancers. These molecules display stronger anti-tumor properties than celecoxib and thus may represent promising anti-cancer molecules. In this review, we discuss the impact of these two analogues on cancerous processes but also their potential for cancer treatment alone or in combination with existing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Sobolewski
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-22-379-5421
| | - Noémie Legrand
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
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Yang S, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Wang L, Fu J, Zhao X, Yang L. The prognostic value of an autophagy-related lncRNA signature in hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Bioinformatics 2021; 22:217. [PMID: 33910497 PMCID: PMC8080392 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-021-04123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background lncRNA may be involved in the occurrence, metastasis, and chemical reaction of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through various pathways associated with autophagy. Therefore, it is urgent to reveal more autophagy-related lncRNAs, explore these lncRNAs’ clinical significance, and find new targeted treatment strategies. Methods The corresponding data of HCC patients and autophagy genes were obtained from the TCGA database, and the human autophagy database respectively. Based on the co-expression and Cox regression analysis to construct prognostic prediction signature. Results Finally, a signature containing seven autophagy-related lncRNAs (PRRT3-AS1, RP11-479G22.8, RP11-73M18.8, LINC01138, CTD-2510F5.4, CTC-297N7.9, RP11-324I22.4) was constructed. Based on the risk score of signature, Overall survival (OS) curves show that the OS of high-risk patients is significantly lower than that of low-risk patients (P = 2.292e−10), and the prognostic prediction accuracy of risk score (AUC = 0.786) is significantly higher than that of ALBI (0.532), child_pugh (0.573), AFP (0.5751), and AJCC_stage (0.631). Moreover, multivariate Cox analysis and Nomogram of risk score are indicated that the 1-year and 3-year survival rates of patients are obviously accuracy by the combined analysis of the risk score, child_pugh, age, M_stage, and Grade (The AUC of 1- and 3-years are 0.87, and 0.855). Remarkably, the 7 autophagy-related lncRNAs may participate in Spliceosome, Cell cycle, RNA transport, DNA replication, and mRNA surveillance pathway and be related to the biological process of RNA splicing and mRNA splicing. Conclusion In conclusion, the 7 autophagy-related lncRNAs might be promising prognostic and therapeutic targets for HCC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12859-021-04123-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Yang
- Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Yaping Zhou
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China.,Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis Center, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Region, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiangxin Zhang
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Xinjiang Bayingoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Jianfeng Fu
- Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis Center, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Region, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhao
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China. .,The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China.
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