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Jayasinghe VR, Flores-Barrera E, West AR, Tseng KY. Frequency-Dependent Corticostriatal Disinhibition Resulting from Chronic Dopamine Depletion: Role of Local Striatal cGMP and GABA-AR Signaling. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:625-634. [PMID: 26508335 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The onset of motor deficits in parkinsonism is thought to result from dopamine (DA) loss-induced corticostriatal disruption and the development of excessive cortico-basal ganglia synchronization. To gain insights into the mechanisms underlying such corticostriatal dysfunction, we conducted local field potential (LFP) recordings in rats and measured how striatal manipulations of DA, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), and gamma-aminobutyric acid- A receptor (GABA-AR) signaling impact corticostriatal transmission at specific oscillatory frequencies. Results indicate that the degree of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced DA lesion and subsequent changes in striatal DA, cGMP, and GABA-AR signaling contribute to impair LFP suppression such that the DA-depleted striatum becomes more permissive to cortically driven oscillations at 10-20 Hz, and to a lesser extent, at 40 Hz. Notably, the corticostriatal dysfunction at 40 Hz emerged only when the degree of chronic DA lesion surpassed 90%, which coincides with the appearance of severe forelimb stepping deficits. Collectively, these results indicate that several mechanisms contribute to suppress LFP within the 10-20 Hz range, yet a critical level of striatal GABAergic activity is required for sustaining corticostriatal inhibition at 40 Hz. Both the degree and chronicity of DA lesion are major contributing factors to the severity of motor and striatal GABAergic deficits that could only be reversed by strengthening local GABA-AR function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anthony R West
- Department of Neuroscience, The Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Kuei Y Tseng
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology
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Yarosh HL, Angulo JA. Modulation of methamphetamine-induced nitric oxide production by neuropeptide Y in the murine striatum. Brain Res 2012; 1483:31-8. [PMID: 22982589 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a potent stimulant that induces both acute and long-lasting neurochemical changes in the brain including neuronal cell loss. Our laboratory demonstrated that the neuropeptide substance P enhances the striatal METH-induced production of nitric oxide (NO). In order to better understand the role of the striatal neuropeptides on the METH-induced production of NO, we used agonists and antagonists of the NPY (Y1R and Y2R) receptors infused via intrastriatal microinjection followed by a bolus of METH (30 mg/kg, ip) and measured 3-NT immunofluorescence, an indirect index of NO production. One striatum received pharmacological agent while the contralateral striatum received aCSF and served as control. NPY receptor agonists dose dependently attenuated the METH-induced production of striatal 3-NT. Conversely, NPY receptor antagonists had the opposite effect. Moreover, METH induced the accumulation of cyclic GMP and activated caspase-3 in approximately 18% of striatal neurons, a phenomenon that was attenuated by pre-treatment with NPY2 receptor agonist. Lastly, METH increased the levels of striatal preproneuropeptide Y mRNA nearly five-fold 16 h after injection as determined by RT-PCR, suggesting increased utilization of the neuropeptide. In conclusion, NPY inhibits the METH-induced production of NO in striatal tissue. Consequently, production of this second messenger induces the accumulation of cyclic GMP and activated caspase-3 in some striatal neurons, an event that may precede the apoptosis of some striatal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley L Yarosh
- Hunter College of the City University of New York, Department of Biological Sciences, 695 Park Avenue, 10021 New York, NY, USA
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3
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Del Bel EA, Guimarães FS, Bermúdez-Echeverry M, Gomes MZ, Schiaveto-de-souza A, Padovan-Neto FE, Tumas V, Barion-Cavalcanti AP, Lazzarini M, Nucci-da-Silva LP, de Paula-Souza D. Role of nitric oxide on motor behavior. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2005; 25:371-92. [PMID: 16047547 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-005-3065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The present review paper describes results indicating the influence of nitric oxide (NO) on motor control. Our last studies showed that systemic injections of low doses of inhibitors of NO synthase (NOS), the enzyme responsible for NO formation, induce anxiolytic effects in the elevated plus maze whereas higher doses decrease maze exploration. Also, NOS inhibitors decrease locomotion and rearing in an open field arena. These results may involve motor effects of this compounds, since inhibitors of NOS, NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG), N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME), N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), and 7-Nitroindazole (7-NIO), induced catalepsy in mice. This effect was also found in rats after systemic, intracebroventricular or intrastriatal administration. Acute administration of L-NOARG has an additive cataleptic effect with haloperidol, a dopamine D2 antagonist. The catalepsy is also potentiated by WAY 100135 (5-HT1a receptor antagonist), ketanserin (5HT2a and alfal adrenergic receptor antagonist), and ritanserin (5-HT2a and 5HT2c receptor antagonist). Atropine sulfate and biperiden, antimuscarinic drugs, block L-NOARG-induced catalepsy in mice. L-NOARG subchronic administration in mice induces rapid tolerance (3 days) to its cataleptic effects. It also produces cross-tolerance to haloperidol-induced catalepsy. After subchronic L-NOARG treatment there is an increase in the density NADPH-d positive neurons in the dorsal part of nucleus caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, and tegmental pedunculupontinus nucleus. In contrast, this treatment decreases NADPH-d neuronal number in the substantia nigra compacta. Considering these results we suggest that (i) NO may modulate motor behavior, probably by interfering with dopaminergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic neurotransmission in the striatum; (ii) Subchronic NO synthesis inhibition induces plastic changes in NO-producing neurons in brain areas related to motor control and causes cross-tolerance to the cataleptic effect of haloperidol, raising the possibility that such treatments could decrease motor side effects associated with antipsychotic medications. Finally, recent studies using experimental Parkinson's disease models suggest an interaction between NO system and neurodegenerative processes in the nigrostriatal pathway. It provides evidence of a protective role of NO. Together, our results indicate that NO may be a key participant on physiological and pathophysiological processes in the nigrostriatal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Del Bel
- Department MEF Physiology, School of Odontology, Medical School, Campus USP, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Gomes MZ, Del Bel EA. Effects of electrolytic and 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of rat nigrostriatal pathway on nitric oxide synthase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase. Brain Res Bull 2004; 62:107-15. [PMID: 14638384 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2003.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess degenerative changes in the nitric oxide (NO) system of basal ganglia in animals with experimentally induced Parkinson's disease. In one procedure, rats were stereotaxically injected with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in the right medial forebrain bundle; in a second procedure, electrodes were implanted in the right substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). After 15 and 30 days animals were tested for rotational asymmetry induced by apomorphine. Apomorphine induced rotation in lesioned animals, towards the ipsilateral side after electrolytic lesion and towards contralateral side in 6-OHDA animals. Structural deficits in basal ganglia were quantified by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry and by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunoreactivity. 6-OHDA and electrolytic lesions induced a significant decrease in the number of NADPH-d/NOS positive cells in the lesion ipsilateral to SNc, in contrast with cell number increase in the ipsilateral dorsal striatum. By contrast, 6-OHDA-treated animals showed a decrease in the number of NOS immunoreactive cells in the contralateral nucleus accumbens. We conclude that populations of NO-synthesizing neurons are differentially regulated in Parkinson's disease induced by different experimental procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Gomes
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Campus USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Pavel J, Lukácová N, Marsala J. Regional changes of cyclic 3',5'-guanosine monophosphate in the spinal cord of the rabbit following brief repeated ischemic insults. Neurochem Res 2000; 25:1131-7. [PMID: 11055752 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007630331186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The regional distribution of cyclic 3',5'-guanosine monophosphate was studied in the lumbosacral segments of the spinal cord of the rabbit under physiological conditions and following brief repeated sublethal ischemic insults. While the basal cGMP level in the gray matter was about 0.120 nmol cGMP/mg wet. wt., the level of cGMP in non-compartmentalized white matter was about half of this value. The highest level of cGMP in the compartmentalized gray matter was found in the dorsal horns, about 0.180 nmol cGMP/mg wet. wt., whereas the level of cGMP was greatly reduced in the ventral horns, reaching one half of the previous value. Multiple sublethal ischemic insults, repeated at 1-h intervals, caused a statistically significant decrease of cGMP in all gray matter regions. While the post-ischemic and post-reperfusion level of cGMP in the dorsal horns remained relatively high in comparison with the intermediate zone and ventral horns, the changes of cGMP level detected in the white matter columns differed considerably and resulted in a statistically significant cGMP increase in the dorsal and ventral columns and, vice versa, a statistically significant decrease of cGMP was found in the lateral columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pavel
- Institute of Neurobiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic.
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6
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Chapter X Nitric oxide-cGMP signaling in the rat brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8196(00)80064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Smigrodzki R, Levitt P. The alpha 1 subunit of soluble guanylyl cyclase is expressed prenatally in the rat brain. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 1996; 97:226-34. [PMID: 8997507 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(96)00162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The mRNA encoding the alpha 1 subunit of soluble guanylyl cyclase (alpha 1sGC) was identified in a different-display screening for genes spatially and temporally regulated during the development of fetal rat brain. The initially isolated fragment of the 3' untranslated region was used for in situ hybridization and to produce full-length cDNA clones by hybridization screening of cDNA libraries and by RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends), respectively. In situ hybridization analysis that alpha 1sGC was absent at embryonic day 12 (E12), but by E14-E15, the forebrain exhibited dense expression in the developing striatum, medial cerebral wall containing the presumptive hippocampus, cerebellar neuroepithelium, and roof plate. Weaker expression was observed in the septum, epithalamus, ventral thalamus, pineal gland and retina. This pattern is largely maintained and refined at E18, with additional expression domains in the olfactory tubercle, nucleus accumbens, zona incerta and neocortex. During early postnatal development, the adult pattern is expressed, as previously reported. The unexpected, early expression of alpha 1sGC, in conjunction with the known absence of its heterodimeric partner, the beta subunit of sGC, from the developing rodent brain during fetal ages raises potentially novel functional roles of the alpha 1 subunit during ontogeny, and might imply the existence of an alternative beta subunit specific for the prenatal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Smigrodzki
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway 08854, USA
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8
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Abstract
The cutaneous sensory nerve formations belong to the structures which are studied intensely by the enzyme activity histochemistry since the early history of this technique. The histochemical localization of the activities of nonspecific cholinesterase, alkaline phosphatases, acid phosphatase, adenosine tri- and diphosphatases, adenylate cyclase, and dipeptidylpeptidase-IV in the cutaneous sensory nerve formations, mainly sensory corpuscles, is reviewed. The histochemical approach has brought new knowledge of both morphological building of these unique structures and their biochemical constituents. Taken together, the present results of enzyme histochemistry provide insight into the function of enzymes, and disclose new relationships between the sensory terminals and auxiliary structures in the cutaneous sensory nerve formations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dubový
- Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Brno, Czech Republic
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9
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Kawaguchi Y, Wilson CJ, Augood SJ, Emson PC. Striatal interneurones: chemical, physiological and morphological characterization. Trends Neurosci 1995; 18:527-35. [PMID: 8638293 DOI: 10.1016/0166-2236(95)98374-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 873] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The neostriatum is the largest component of the basal ganglia, and the main recipient of afferents to the basal ganglia from the cerebral cortex and thalamus. Studies of the cellular organization of the neostriatum have focused upon the spiny projection neurones, which represent the vast majority of neurones, but the identity and functions of interneurones in this structure have remained enigmatic despite decades of study. Recently, the discovery of cytochemical markers that are specific for each of the major classes of striatal interneurones, and the combination of this with intracellular recording and staining, has revealed the identities of interneurones and some of their functional characteristics in a way that could not have been imagined by the classical morphologists. These methods also suggest some possible modes of action of interneurones in the neostriatal circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kawaguchi
- Bio-Mimetic Control Research Center, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Nagoya, Japan
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10
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Abstract
The synthesis of the intracellular messenger, cyclic GMP, is catalysed by particular or soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGCY). sGCY is activated by nitric oxide, a compound with putative neurotransmitter functions, especially in long-term potentiation. Hybridization histochemistry with a probe complementary to the rat lung large (alpha 1) subunit was used to assess the exact localization of sGCY mRNA in the rat brain. Many cells in the olfactory bulb contained sGCY mRNA. In the whole cerebral cortex, sGCY mRNA was found in all layers, with a predominance in layers II-III. A similar pattern was found in the olfactory tuberculum, in continuation with the piriform cortex and the cortical amygdaloid nucleus. All parts of the striatum expressed sGCY mRNA. sGCY mRNA was also found in the habenula medialis, in the pinealis in some diencephalic nuclei, and in the granule cell layers of the cerebellum. This study provides a description of the normal anatomy of sGCY gene expression in the rat forebrain as a basis for the study of the modulation of expression after physiological and pharmacological manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Burgunder
- Neuromorphologisches Labor, Universität Bern, Switzerland
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Vincent
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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12
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De Vente J, Schipper J, Steinbusch HW. A new approach to the immunocytochemistry of cAMP. Initial characterization of antibodies against acrolein-fixed cAMP. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1993; 99:457-62. [PMID: 8407370 DOI: 10.1007/bf00274098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A method is described to couple cyclic adenosine 3',5' monophosphate (cAMP) to a carrier protein by means of acrolein. Antibodies against this conjugate were raised in mice. These antibodies proved to be highly specific for acrolein-fixed cAMP in a gelatin model system. Slices (300 microns in thickness) from rat cerebral cortex were incubated in vitro and the dopaminergic control of adenylate cyclase activity was drug-manipulated. This manipulation was visualized by application of the cAMP-antisera on cryostat sections of the acrolein fixed slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- J De Vente
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Emson PC, Augood SJ, Señaris R, Guerara Guzman R, Kishimoto J, Kadowaki K, Norris PJ, Kendrick KM. Chemical signalling and striatal interneurones. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1993; 99:155-65. [PMID: 8108546 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61344-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P C Emson
- MRC Molecular Neuroscience Group, AFRC, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Research, Babraham, Cambridge, U.K
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14
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Stone EA, John SM, Bing G, Zhang Y. Studies on the cellular localization of biochemical responses to catecholamines in the brain. Brain Res Bull 1992; 29:285-8. [PMID: 1327419 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(92)90058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies were undertaken to determine the cellular localization of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response of various forebrain regions to beta-adrenoceptor stimulation. Using brain slices, it was found that the gliotoxin, fluorocitrate (FC), which blocks metabolism selectively in glial cells, virtually abolished the cAMP response to beta-receptor stimulation whereas the neurotoxin, kainic acid (KA), was without effect. FC was confirmed by electrophysiological recording to be selective for glial cells in the brain slices. Similar results were found for these agents on in vivo brain cAMP responses to beta-receptor stimulation using a new microdialysis technique to measure in vivo responses. It is concluded that the cAMP response to beta-adrenoceptor stimulation in various regions of the forebrain occurs predominantly in glia. To determine if this could be correlated with a second biochemical response to beta-receptor stimulation, preliminary studies were undertaken on the localization of the immediate early gene, c-fos, produced in the brain after in vivo stimulation of beta-receptors. It was found that unlike the cAMP responses the c-fos response to beta-receptor stimulation occurs predominantly in neurons. The possible relationship of these two responses is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Stone
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Medical Center, New York 10016
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15
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Abstract
The NADPH-diaphorase histochemical technique provides a simple and robust method to stain select populations of neurons throughout the brain. We have recently identified the enzyme responsible for this histochemical reaction to be nitric oxide synthase. This enzyme is responsible for the calcium-dependent synthesis of nitric oxide from arginine. Nitric oxide acts as a novel neural messenger by stimulating soluble guanylyl cyclase thereby increasing the levels of cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate in target cells. Thus the NADPH-diaphorase histochemical method allows the direct visualization of the neurons which use this novel signal transduction pathway. We now describe the detailed distribution of this enzyme in the rat brain. Our results suggest a widespread role for the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate system in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Vincent
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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16
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Briggs CA. Potentiation of nicotinic transmission in the rat superior cervical sympathetic ganglion: effects of cyclic GMP and nitric oxide generators. Brain Res 1992; 573:139-46. [PMID: 1315604 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(92)90123-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of nicotinic transmission in the rat superior cervical ganglion in vitro (24-26 degrees C) was estimated by extracellular recording of the postganglionic compound action potential response to stimulation of the preganglionic nerve at a slow rate (one shock every 60 s). Atropine (2 microM) was included to block muscarinic transmission, and hexamethonium (200-250 microM) was used to produce a submaximal response sensitive to potentiation and inhibition of nicotinic transmission. Upon exposure to 1-100 microM 8-bromo-guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cGMP), nicotinic transmission was potentiated by 6 +/- 1% (n = 4) to 89 +/- 5% (n = 5) in a dose-dependent manner. 8-Bromo-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP, 10-100 microM) also potentiated nicotinic transmission (3.8 +/- 0.3% (n = 3) to 43 +/- 4% (n = 3)). However, 8-Br-cGMP was at least 2-fold more effective than 8-Br-cAMP. Sodium nitroprusside (0.1 microM to 1 mM) and sodium azide (0.1-100 microM) were used to stimulate the formation of endogenous cGMP52. Nicotinic transmission was potentiated by these substances also. The response was increased by 3.4 +/- 0.7% (n = 4) to 32 +/- 2% (n = 5) upon exposure to 0.1-100 microM sodium nitroprusside, and by 5.5 +/- 0.9% (n = 3) to 18 +/- 4% (n = 4) upon exposure to 0.1-100 microM sodium azide. Ferricyanide ion (10-100 microM) appeared to be ineffective, as would be expected if the effect of nitroprusside was due to the nitric oxide rather than the cyanide or ferric moieties.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Briggs
- Neuroscience Research, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064
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17
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Stone EA, Bing G, John SM, Zhang Y, Filer D. Cellular localization of responses to catecholamines in brain tissue. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1992; 94:303-7. [PMID: 1337613 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61759-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E A Stone
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University, School of Medicine, NY 10016
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18
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Wilkin GP, Marriott DR, Cholewinski AJ, Wood JN, Taylor GW, Stephens GJ, Djamgoz MB. Receptor activation and its biochemical consequences in astrocytes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1991; 633:475-88. [PMID: 1665035 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb15637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G P Wilkin
- Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine, London, UK
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19
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Stone EA, John SM. Further evidence for a glial localization of rat cortical beta-adrenoceptors: studies of in vivo cyclic AMP responses to catecholamines. Brain Res 1991; 549:78-82. [PMID: 1654173 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(91)90601-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The present experiments were designed to clarify the cellular localization of postsynaptic beta-receptors in the rat cortex by studying the cellular source and pharmacological characteristics of in vivo cAMP responses to catecholamines. The method used to study in vivo cAMP responses in the brain involved microdialysis both to deliver catecholamines to cerebral tissue and to sample cAMP released in response to local beta-receptor activation. It was found that selective blockade of the metabolism of glial cells by fluorocitrate infusion produced a virtually complete (90%) inhibition of the cortical cAMP response to norepinephrine (NE). Selective damage of neurons by kainic acid infusion had little effect on the response. Pharmacological experiments showed that the response was selectively antagonized by a beta 1-receptor blocker which also selectively antagonized the cAMP response to NE in brain slices known to be localized in glial cells. These results support the hypothesis that beta-adrenoceptors of the rat cortex are predominantly localized on glial cells and therefore strongly suggest that these cells are an important target of the locus coeruleus noradrenergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Stone
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Medical Center, NY 10016
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20
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Ludvig N, Burmeister V, Jobe PC, Kincaid RL. Electron microscopic immunocytochemical evidence that the calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase is localized predominantly at postsynaptic sites in the rat brain. Neuroscience 1991; 44:491-500. [PMID: 1658682 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(91)90072-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase represents an important junction between the Ca2+ and the cyclic AMP/cyclic GMP second messenger systems. In brain it is a major cyclic nucleotide-degrading activity and is selectively expressed in the soma and dendrites of regional output neurons [Kincaid et al. (1987) Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 1118-1122]. In this study the subcellular localization of this enzyme in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and inferior colliculus of rat brain was analysed by electron microscopic immunocytochemical methods using affinity-purified antibodies. The immunoreactivity was found exclusively within neurons whereas glial cells were unstained; preabsorption of antibody with phosphodiesterase eliminated this reactivity, demonstrating the specificity of immunostaining. In the neuronal cell bodies, deposits of immunoreaction product occurred as sparse patches in the cytoplasm and were often associated with organelles such as mitochondria, Golgi-complex and endoplasmic reticulum; nuclei, however, were free from immunoreaction product. In the neuronal processes immunoreactivity was found within dendrites and dendritic spines, whereas the myelinated axons and axon terminals were immunonegative. The postsynaptic densities of asymmetric synapses were associated with especially high concentrations of immunoreaction product. However, the immunopositive synaptic profiles appeared to be quite selective, comprising only a small percentage of the total number of synapses in the neuropil. Our results indicate that the calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase is concentrated at postsynaptic sites in specific classes of neurons. This finding supports other morphological evidence indicating a primary role for cyclic nucleotide action in postsynaptic and not presynaptic structures. Furthermore, since this enzyme is regulated by Ca2+, this interface between second messenger systems seems to play a significant role in the postsynaptic integration of Ca(2+)-mediated neuronal inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ludvig
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria 61656
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21
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Lin A, Krockmalnic G, Penman S. Imaging cytoskeleton--mitochondrial membrane attachments by embedment-free electron microscopy of saponin-extracted cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:8565-9. [PMID: 2236067 PMCID: PMC54997 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.21.8565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Embedment-free electron microscopy images the cytoskeleton and nuclear matrix, which are very difficult to visualize in conventional electron micrographs. However, to be effective, cell structures must be depleted of soluble proteins, which otherwise shroud cell architecture. Nonionic detergents effect this extraction, releasing soluble proteins but also destroying all membranes. Saponin can permeabilize plasma membranes, releasing soluble proteins while preserving many cytoplasmic membranes. Stereoscopic electron microscopy of resinless sections shows the many connections of the cytoskeleton to mitochondrial membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lin
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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22
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Stone EA, Ariano MA. Are glial cells targets of the central noradrenergic system? A review of the evidence. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 1989; 14:297-309. [PMID: 2560410 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0173(89)90015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested by a number of investigators that glial cells as well as neurons are targets of the central noradrenergic system. This important hypothesis, however, has not been presented previously in a systematic and unified manner. The present review was therefore undertaken to accomplish this. The evidence supporting noradrenergic action on glia consists primarily of findings that beta-adrenoceptors, norepinephrine (NE)-stimulated cyclic AMP (cAMP) responses and glycogen are localized preferentially in glial cells and that beta-receptor density and glycogen hydrolysis are under the control of neuronally released NE. While there is some disagreement as to the extent to which beta-receptors are preferentially localized in glia, there is a consensus that most glycogen in the forebrain is localized in this cellular compartment. The presumed function of the noradrenergic action on glia appears to be the release of glucose for production of energy, the synthesis of neurotrophic factors such as nerve growth factor, and the release of substances which may affect local neurotransmission including taurine, cAMP and its metabolites. These glial responses may be intimately related to the electrophysiological actions of NE on neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Stone
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
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de Vente J, Schipper J, Steinbusch HW. Formaldehyde fixation of cGMP in distinct cellular pools and their recognition by different cGMP-antisera. An immunocytochemical study into the problem of serum specificity. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1989; 91:401-12. [PMID: 2542192 DOI: 10.1007/bf00493827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Three different antisera raised against the same formaldehyde fixed cGMP conjugate were tested for their specificity in two non-biological and two biological model systems. The first non-biological model system was based on nucleotides fixed to gelatin by formaldehyde and the other non-biological model was nitrocellulose paper as a carrier for nucleotides coupled to proteins by formaldehyde. All antisera proved specific for cGMP in both models. As biological models we used the in vitro incubated hippocampus slice and the in vitro incubated aortic ring. In hippocampus slices all three antisera showed cGMP-producing cells after atrial natriuretic factor stimulation. However, there were significant differences in the visualization of cGMP-immunoreactivity between the three antisera when sodium nitroprusside or potassium were used to stimulate cGMP production. Nevertheless, these differential staining patterns all showed cGMP-immunoreactivity using the conventional immunocytochemical control tests. In the aorta ring all three antisera showed the same strong increase in cGMP-immunoreactivity after in vitro stimulation with sodium nitroprusside. These results were corroborated by biochemical assay of cGMP. We conclude that these three antisera all demonstrate cGMP-immunoreactivity in the biological models used. The different staining patterns that occur are caused by differences in the microchemical milieu of the formaldehyde-fixed cGMP. The use of different antibodies to cGMP may give information about this microchemical milieu which may eventually contribute to a better understanding of different intracellular cGMP pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- J de Vente
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Poeggel G, Luppa H. Histochemistry of nucleotidyl cyclases and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1988; 20:249-68. [PMID: 2905351 DOI: 10.1007/bf01745604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Poeggel
- Academy of Sciences, Institute for Neurobiology and Brain Research, Magdeburg, GDR
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Fowler BA, Oskarsson A, Woods JS. Metal- and metalloid-induced porphyrinurias. Relationships to cell injury. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987; 514:172-82. [PMID: 3442382 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb48772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B A Fowler
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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Abstract
The role of cyclic nucleotides in modulating acetylcholine-induced and dopamine-induced responses was examined with cultured neuroblastoma N1E-115 cells by means of intracellular recording techniques. Acetylcholine-induced muscarinic hyperpolarization and muscarinic depolarization were potentiated by bath application of a dibutyryl analog of adenosine 3',5'-phosphate (cyclic AMP) or phosphodiesterase inhibitors, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine and 4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP did not affect the resting membrane potential and membrane resistance. Acetylcholine-induced nicotinic depolarization was unaffected by dibutyryl cyclic AMP or phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Intracellular pressure injection of cyclic AMP caused a potentiation of muscarinic hyperpolarization and muscarinic depolarization without marked change in the resting membrane potential. Nicotinic depolarization and dopamine depolarization were not affected by cyclic AMP injection. Among the possible metabolites of cyclic AMP, injection of adenosine potentiated muscarinic hyperpolarization, but did not change nicotinic depolarization and dopamine depolarization. Injection of guanosine 3',5'-phosphate (cyclic GMP) potentiated muscarinic hyperpolarization and muscarinic depolarization without effect on nicotinic depolarization and dopamine depolarization. We conclude that cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP enhance muscarinic responses in neuroblastoma cells. It is suggested that synaptic transmission in the nervous system may be modulated postsynaptically by changes in intracellular cyclic nucleotide levels.
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Aoki C, Carlin RK, Siekevitz P. Comparison of proteins involved with cyclic AMP metabolism between synaptic membrane and postsynaptic density preparations isolated from canine cerebral cortex and cerebellum. J Neurochem 1985; 44:966-78. [PMID: 2983024 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1985.tb12911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic membrane and postsynaptic density (PSD) fractions isolated from canine cerebral cortex and cerebellum were assayed for the following proteins: adenylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase (PDE) activities against cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP, the regulatory subunit of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, and the substrate proteins for this kinase. The results were expressed on the basis of both the protein content of the fractions and the number of synapses in the synaptic membrane fractions. The number of synapses on a constant protein content basis was about three times higher in the cerebral cortex synaptic membrane fraction than in the comparable cerebellar fraction. Adenylate cyclase activity was from 3.4 to 5.6 times higher in the cerebral cortex membrane fraction than in the cerebellar membrane fraction based on protein content but only slightly higher based on synapse counts. PSD fractions had no adenylate cyclase activity. The cyclic AMP-PDE activity was from 17 to 27 times higher in the cerebral cortex membrane fraction than in the cerebellar membrane fraction based on protein content, and about five times higher based on synapse counts. By doing PDE histochemistry at the electron microscopy level it was found that all the cerebral cortex PSDs in the isolated fraction contained PDE activity, none being found associated with the broken-up material in the fraction. The amount of the regulatory subunit of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase was about equal in the two fractions based on protein, but about one-third lower in cerebral cortex fraction than in cerebellar fractions. In the cerebral cortex membrane fraction the primary substrate for the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase is synapsin I, with much lower amounts in the cerebellar membrane fraction. The PSD fraction from the two sources also showed these differences in synapsin I content. In the cerebellar membrane fraction, the primary substrate for the enzyme is a approximately 245,000 Mr protein not found in the cerebral cortex membrane fraction. The findings that the turnover of cyclic AMP is much higher in cerebral cortex synapses than in cerebellar synapses, and that differences are found between the cerebral cortex and cerebellum with regard to the substrate proteins for the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase indicate a divergence in the effect of cyclic AMP between cerebral cortex and cerebellar synapses.
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Carlin RK, Siekevitz P. Characterization of Na+-independent GABA and flunitrazepam binding sites in preparations of synaptic membranes and postsynaptic densities isolated from canine cerebral cortex and cerebellum. J Neurochem 1984; 43:1011-7. [PMID: 6088689 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1984.tb12837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The binding of [3H]GABA and [3H]flunitrazepam was performed with synaptic membranes and post-synaptic densities (PSDs) isolated from canine cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Two GABA binding sites were found with cerebral cortex membranes but only one with cerebellar membranes. PSDs isolated from these showed only single binding sites, with cerebellar PSDs exhibiting lower KD values and a larger concentration of sites than did cerebral cortex PSDs. In the case of flunitrazepam, only one binding site was found for all four preparations, with cerebellar PSDs having twice the concentration of sites of cerebral PSDs. Photoaffinity labeling of the flunitrazepam receptor in PSDs resulted in the binding to a 51,000 Mr protein in both cases, with cerebellar PSDs again showing an increased concentration over that found in cerebral cortex PSDs. Based on this work, and on earlier work of ourselves and of others, we conclude that both populations of isolated PSDs contain inhibitory sites, but that the intact PSDs in both preparations are derived from Gray type I, probably excitatory, synapses, and that the inhibitory sites are found in the broken-up material in the PSD fractions which are derived from Gray type II, probably inhibitory, synapses.
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Zwiller J, Louis JC, Basset P, Vincendon G. Neuronal and glial localization of guanylate cyclase. Immunohistochemical evidence in cultured cells. Neurosci Lett 1984; 49:51-6. [PMID: 6149496 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(84)90135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A study has been carried out on the localization of guanylate cyclase employing cultured brain cells. Guanylate cyclase has been found to be located in neurons as well as in glial cells. This has been supported by the immunohistochemical as well as biochemical data.
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Ariano MA. Rat striatal cyclic nucleotide-reactive cells and acetylcholinesterase reactive interneurons are separate populations. Brain Res 1984; 296:160-3. [PMID: 6324952 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(84)90524-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The concurrent localization of cyclic nucleotide immunofluorescent cells and acetylcholinesterase-containing neurons in the rat caudate-putamen complex has been examined. Cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP stained elements do not exhibit coincident localization with the enzymatically detectable hydrolysis of acetylcholine. These data add further support for the preferential association of the cyclic nucleotides with striatal efferent projection systems, while the large cholinergic somata are part of the interneuron population of the rat caudate-putamen complex.
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Ariano MA. Distribution of components of the guanosine 3',5'-phosphate system in rat caudate-putamen. Neuroscience 1983; 10:707-23. [PMID: 6139769 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(83)90212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The cellular distribution of guanylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.2), guanosine 3',5'-phosphate (cyclic GMP), cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (EC 2.7.1.38), and cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.17) have been examined in the rostral rat caudate-putamen complex. Immunofluorescent staining for guanylate cyclase, cyclic GMP, and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase in fresh frozen caudate-putamen tissues is analogous to the immunoperoxidase localization in perfusion-fixed striatal slices. Homologous immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm and processes of ovoid and rounded neurons, 15-20 microns in diameter can be seen for these three components of the cyclic GMP system. Immunoreactive neurons are uniformly distributed throughout the caudate-putamen complex of all experimental tissue examined. Occasional large neurons, greater than 25 microns in diameter, in the ventral region of the striatum show immunoreactivity. Enzyme histochemical determination of the activities of guanylate cyclase and cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase show the medium-sized neuronal population (15-20 microns) contain hydrolytic activity for these proteins. Large- to medium-sized capillaries demonstrate guanylate cyclase synthetic activity, but the endothelial cells do not exhibit immunohistochemical staining. This suggests that physiological activity of an enzyme cannot be completely discerned through application of immunohistochemical procedures. Additionally, enzymatically detected guanylate cyclase histochemical activity was not uniformly distributed throughout the striatal neuropil. Enzyme histochemical detection of cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase demonstrates homologous cellular staining to guanylate cyclase enzymatic reactivity. The activity of the phosphodiesterase hydrolytic enzyme could be detected evenly distributed throughout the neuropil within cells 15-20 microns in diameter, analogous in cytoarchitecture to immunohistochemically visualized guanylate cyclase, cyclic GMP, and protein kinase elements. Ultrastructural examination of rat caudate-putamen demonstrates that the immunoreactivity for the components of the cyclic GMP system is predominantly distributed within the medium-spiny neuron subtype of this structure. Occasional aspiny neurons demonstrate peroxidase immunoreactivity for the cyclase, cyclic GMP, and the protein kinase, as does the luminal surface of capillary endothelial cells. The subcellular distribution of the antigenic determinants for these three elements and the hydrolytic activity of the phosphodiesterase enzyme show proximity to one another and are confined to the postsynaptic region of asymmetrical, but not symmetrical, terminal boutons. The asymmetrical terminal population of the caudate-putamen is derived from striatal afferents from the neocortex, intralaminar thalamus, and substantia nigra, and to a lesser extent the intrinsic striatal circuitry.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Nakane M, Ichikawa M, Deguchi T. Light and electron microscopic demonstration of guanylate cyclase in rat brain. Brain Res 1983; 273:9-15. [PMID: 6137264 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(83)91088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Guanylate cyclase (GTP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC4.6.1.2.) was histochemically demonstrated in rat brain with light and electron microscopes by using a specific monoclonal antibody to soluble guanylate cyclase from rat brain. Under a light microscope, intense reactions were seen in caudate-putamen complex, neocortex and cerebellar cortex. Immunoreactive cells were mainly some types of neurons such as small neurons in caudate-putamen complex, Purkinje cells in cerebellar cortex and pyramidal cells in neocortex. Some astroglial cells were also stained. Not all neurons or glial cells exhibited the positive guanylate cyclase reactivity. Electron microscopic examination revealed that guanylate cyclase was localized within postsynaptic components (perikaryon and dendrites) in neurons and in the cytoplasm and plasma membrane of astroglia. Presynaptic terminals were free of reaction. The observation supports a possibility that cyclic GMP is involved in the postsynaptic events of neuronal transmission and the regulation of intracellular processes.
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Abstract
Adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate and guanosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate have differential immunohistochemical distributions within retrogradely-labeled striatonigral neurons of the rat. Adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate is localized within more than half of the striatonigral projection neurons. It is also within the cytoplasm of other neurons and oligodendroglia. Guanosine cyclic 3'-5'-monophosphate is localized within 80% of the identified striatonigral neurons. These large percentages of cyclic nucleotide immunoreactivity within the striatonigral neurons suggest some of these efferent cells must contain both cyclic nucleotides. The immunofluorescent staining for guanosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate is almost identical to that reported for efferent neurotransmitter-containing neurons of the caudate nucleus. However, the large proportion of striatonigral neurons demonstrating guanosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate immunoreactivity precludes the association of the cyclic nucleotide with a selective neurotransmitter agent. Adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate-reactive elements are very different in staining appearance from guanosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate and neurotransmitter-identified somata. The number of striatonigral cells exhibiting reaction for this cyclic nucleotide does not eliminate the possibility that adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate might be preferentially co-localized with a specific neurotransmitter, such as gamma-aminobutyrate, as has been previously suggested through biochemical experimentation.
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Cellular localization of cyclic nucleotide changes in rat superior cervical ganglion. Cell Mol Neurobiol 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00711079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Miller CA, Carrigan DR. Reversible repression and activation of measles virus infection in neural cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:1629-33. [PMID: 6280193 PMCID: PMC346029 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.5.1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Conversion of acute measles virus infection to an indolent state has been achieved by treatment of infected cells of neural origin with agents that affect cyclic nucleotide metabolism. Striking results were obtained with papaverine, an inhibitor of cAMP phosphodiesterase that is capable of enhancing neural differentiation. In papaverine-treated cultures, decreased production of infectious virus was accompanied by selective disappearance of intracellular matrix proton, as detected by immunofluorescence. Viral nucleocapsid protein was enhanced in the cytoplasm while three other structural proteins--polymerase, hemagglutinin, and fusion protein--showed little change in distribution or intensity of staining. These results were specific for cells of neural origin and not observed in CV-1 or Vero cultures. cAMP, dibutyryl cAMP, 8-bromo-cAMP, and isobutylmethylxanthine all inhibited replication of virus but less so than did papaverine. Inhibition of virus replication by any of these agents was rapidly reversible, either by removal of the agent or by addition of cGMP to the culture medium and was accompanied by reappearance of the matrix protein. These results suggest that measles virus replication in neural cells depends on host factors, particularly those affecting endogenous cAMP and cGMP. Viral persistence may thus be related to the state of neural differentiation. This model system may yield information on mechanisms of recrudescence observed in some chronic diseases of the nervous system.
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Ariano MA, Lewicki JA, Brandwein HJ, Murad F. Immunohistochemical localization of guanylate cyclase within neurons of rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:1316-20. [PMID: 6122212 PMCID: PMC345954 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.4.1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunohistochemical localization of guanylate cyclase [GTP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.2] has been examined in rat neocortex, caudate-putamen, and cerebellum by using specific monoclonal antibodies. Immunofluorescence could be seen within somata and proximal dendrites of neurons in the these regions. A nuclear immunofluorescence reaction to guanylate cyclase was characteristically absent. The staining pattern for guanylate cyclase was coincident with previously described localizations of cyclic GMP immunofluorescence within medium spiny neurons of the caudate-putamen and pyramidal cells of the neocortex. Cerebellar guanylate cyclase immunoreactivity was primarily confined to Purkinje cells and their primary dendrites, similar to the pattern reported for cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase localization. Guanylate cyclase immunofluorescence was abolished when the monoclonal antibodies were exposed to purified enzyme prior to incubation of the tissue slices or when control antibody was substituted for the primary antibody. Immunohistochemical localization of cyclic AMP in these same tissues was readily distinguished from that of guanylate cyclase or cyclic GMP, showing uniform fluorescence throughout the cell bodies of neurons and glial elements.
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