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Lyra-Leite DM, Copley RR, Freeman PP, Pongpamorn P, Shah D, McKenna DE, Lenny B, Pinheiro EA, Weddle CJ, Gharib M, Javed H, Fonoudi H, Sapkota Y, Burridge PW. Nutritional requirements of human induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:1371-1387. [PMID: 37315525 PMCID: PMC10277817 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The nutritional requirements for human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) growth have not been extensively studied. Here, building on our prior work that established the suitable non-basal medium components for hiPSC growth, we develop a simplified basal medium consisting of just 39 components, demonstrating that many ingredients of DMEM/F12 are either not essential or are at suboptimal concentrations. This new basal medium along with the supplement, which we call BMEM, enhances the growth rate of hiPSCs over DMEM/F12-based media, supports derivation of multiple hiPSC lines, and allows differentiation to multiple lineages. hiPSCs cultured in BMEM consistently have enhanced expression of undifferentiated cell markers such as POU5F1 and NANOG, along with increased expression of markers of the primed state and reduced expression of markers of the naive state. This work describes titration of the nutritional requirements of human pluripotent cell culture and identifies that suitable nutrition enhances the pluripotent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi M Lyra-Leite
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | | | - Praeploy Pongpamorn
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Disheet Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | - Brian Lenny
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Emily A Pinheiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Carly J Weddle
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mennat Gharib
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hoor Javed
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hananeh Fonoudi
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yadav Sapkota
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Paul W Burridge
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Nguyen TQ, Hamada A, Yamada K, Higaki M, Shintani T, Yoshioka Y, Toratani S, Okamoto T. Enhanced KRT13 gene expression bestows radiation resistance in squamous cell carcinoma cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:300-314. [PMID: 33537930 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00542-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis and recurrence are potentially lethal. A small number of cancer cell groups called cancer stem cells (CSCs) have both stem cell capacity and cancer-forming ability and are reported to play important roles in cancer metastasis and recurrence. These CSCs are considered to be radiation-resistant (RR). Therefore, understanding the biological effects of radiation on squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell lines in vitro and in vivo might be worthwhile to circumvent radiation resistance. Currently, there are no reports on the establishment of RR-SCC cells in serum-free defined culture, which mimics biological mechanisms and prevents instability of using serum in the culture medium. We isolated radiation-resistant strains, designated A431-LDR and A431-HDR, from A431 cells derived from vulval SCC and irradiated them with a total dose of 60 Gy at a low-dose rate (2.2 Gy/d) (RM1000) and a high-dose rate (5 Gy/5.75min) in serum-free defined culture. These cells exhibited high sphere-forming and migration ability in vitro and high tumor-forming ability in nude mice xenografts. Overexpression of KRT13 in A431-RR cells might play a role in its radiation-resistant characteristics. These cells might be useful not only to study cancer stem cells but also to study the circumvention of radiation resistance by novel cancer treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam Quang Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
- National Hospital of Odonto Stomatology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Atsuko Hamada
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kaori Yamada
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mirai Higaki
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Shintani
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukio Yoshioka
- Department of Molecular Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Toratani
- Department of Molecular Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Okamoto
- Department of Molecular Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
- School of Medical Sciences, University of East Asia, Shimonoseki 751-8503, Japan.
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Sato JD, Okamoto T, Barnes D, Hayashi J, Serrero G, McKeehan WL. A tribute to Dr. Gordon Hisashi Sato (December 24, 1927-March 31, 2017). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2018; 54:177-193. [PMID: 29435725 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-018-0230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gordon H. Sato, an innovator in mammalian tissue culture and integrated cellular physiology, passed away in 2017. In tribute to Dr. Sato, In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology-Animal presents a collection of invited remembrances from six colleagues whose associations with Dr. Sato spanned more than 40 years. Dr. Sato was a past president of the Tissue Culture Association (now the Society for In Vitro Biology), editor-in-chief of In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology (1987-1991), and the recipient of the lifetime achievement award from the Society for In Vitro Biology (2002). He was elected to the US National Academy of Sciences in 1984.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Denry Sato
- Manzanar Project Foundation, 27 Cedar St., Wenham, MA, 01984, USA
| | - Tetsuji Okamoto
- Department of Molecular Oral Medicine & Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
| | - David Barnes
- School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, GA, 30043, USA
| | - Jun Hayashi
- Precision Antibody Inc., Columbia, MD, 21045, USA
| | | | - Wallace L McKeehan
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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Okamoto T, Sato JD, Barnes DW, Sato GH. Biomedical advances from tissue culture. Cytotechnology 2013; 65:967-71. [PMID: 23828098 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-013-9591-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The demonstration that the "dedifferentiation" of cells commonly observed in the early days of tissue culture was due to selective overgrowth of fibroblasts led to enrichment culture techniques (alternate animal and culture passage) designed to give a selective advantage to functionally differentiated tumor cells. These experiments resulted in the derivation of a large number of functionally differentiated clonal strains of a range of cell types. These results gave rise to the hypothesis that cells in culture accurately represent cells in vivo but without the complex in vivo environment. This concept has been strengthened with the development of hormonally defined culture media in combination with functionally differentiated clonal cell lines, which have augmented the potential of tissue culture studies. The use of hormonally defined media in place of serum-supplemented media demonstrates that hormonal responses and dependencies can be discovered in culture. Discoveries of hormonal dependencies of cancer cells has led to therapies targeting intracellular signaling pathways while discoveries of hormonal responses of pluripotent cells are helping to identify the potential application of stem cells. In these and other ways tissue culture technology will continue to contribute to solving problems of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuji Okamoto
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan,
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McKeehan WL. A tribute to Richard G. Ham (1932-2011). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2012; 48:259-70. [PMID: 22580908 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-012-9509-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wallace L McKeehan
- Center for Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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7
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Marcus PI, Sato GH, Ham RG, Patterson D. A tribute to Dr. Theodore T. Puck (September 24, 1916-November 6, 2005). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2007; 42:235-41. [PMID: 17163782 DOI: 10.1290/0606039a.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dr. Theodore T. Puck, a pioneer in mammalian cell culture, somatic cell genetics, and the study of human genetic diseases, passed away in 2005. In tribute to Dr. Puck, In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology-Animal presents invited remembrances from four colleagues whose associations with Dr. Puck spanned 51 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip I Marcus
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
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9
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Abstract
The single cell plating technique has been applied to quantitation of the reproductive killing of mammalian cells by specific antibodies. This method confirms previous demonstrations by other workers of localization of all the killing activity in the gamma-globulin fraction of specific cell antisera but not of normal sera; the need for complement for the killing action in low doses of antibody and the leakage of cell constituents attending cell killing under these conditions. In concentrations of 4 per cent or higher of heated antiserum cell killing occurs without added complement. The cell plating technique permits highly reproducible quantitation of antibody action and demonstrates antibody activity in sera diluted 1:3000. It permits demonstration of very high degrees of species specificity as shown by virtually complete absence of cross-reaction between antisera to Chinese hamster and S3 HeLa cells, respectively. Somatic cells which have been sensitized by absorption of specific antibody lose their sensitization when incubated at 37 degrees unless complement is added within 1 hour.
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MICHL J. Metabolism of cells in tissue culture in vitro. II. Long-term cultivation of cell strains and cells isolated directly from animals in a stationary culture. Exp Cell Res 1998; 26:129-35. [PMID: 14473460 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(62)90208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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HAM RG. Clonal growth of diploid Chinese hamster cells in a synthetic medium supplemented with purified protein fractions. Exp Cell Res 1998; 28:489-500. [PMID: 13952249 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(62)90253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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GLINOS AD, BROWN WT. Quantitative studies on the behavior of the proteins of the medium during the growth of replicate cultures of the L strain. Exp Cell Res 1998; 27:210-20. [PMID: 13899249 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(62)90224-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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HAM RG. CLONAL GROWTH OF MAMMALIAN CELLS IN A CHEMICALLY DEFINED, SYNTHETIC MEDIUM. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 53:288-93. [PMID: 14294058 PMCID: PMC219509 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.53.2.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 621] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Robinson A. Encomium: Theodore Puck, a life in biophysics applied to medicine. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1994; 53:264-73. [PMID: 7856663 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320530312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Robinson
- University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, Denver
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Abstract
A variety of cell types in culture respond to fetuin, a glycoprotein from fetal bovine serum, which is often an important supplement to many serum-free media. Bovine fetuin preparation has been shown to inhibit trypsin activity and promote cellular attachment, growth, and differentiation in many different culture systems. In addition, fetuin associates with various growth factors or growth-promoting substances. However, whether the growth-promoting activity of fetuin preparation is due to fetuin per se or to its minor contaminant(s) has been a long-standing puzzle. The present review surveys the literature concerning this enigmatic property of fetuin and summarizes three possibilities: 1) fetuin itself is active, although the majority of studies do not support this; 2) various contaminants of fetuin preparations, including potentially unidentified ones, are responsible for the activity, a possibility supported by numerous reports; and 3) one of the fetuin subspecies, one of its contaminants, or a combination of both of these is responsible for growth of a specific cell type. In addition, the basic physicochemical properties and other biological functions of fetuin have also been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Nie
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Gallango ML, Maiuri-Ranauro P, Soyano A. Effect of fetal and adult bovine albumins on human lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1986; 83:771-3. [PMID: 2870868 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(86)90726-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Fetal and adult bovine albumins were isolated and compared with the commercially obtained fraction V of Cohn, in terms of their ability to support cell proliferation, when added as a supplement to serum-free lymphocyte cultures activated with phytohemagglutinin. It was found that fetal albumin is the least efficient of the three proteins in permitting lymphoproliferation. A difference between the kinetics of proliferation of lymphocyte cultures supplemented with albumin and with serum was also observed.
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18
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Isolation and characterization of a growth factor (embryonin) from bovine fetuin which resembles alpha 2-macroglobulin. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)45348-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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19
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Bettger WJ, Boyce ST, Walthall BJ, Ham RG. Rapid clonal growth and serial passage of human diploid fibroblasts in a lipid-enriched synthetic medium supplemented with epidermal growth factor, insulin, and dexamethasone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:5588-92. [PMID: 7029539 PMCID: PMC348796 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.9.5588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A serum-free, hormone-supplemented medium, enriched with a mixture of lipids, has been developed that supports rapid clonal growth of human diploid fetal lung fibroblasts (Flow 2000, WI-38, MRC-5, and IMR-90) and of low-passage human foreskin fibroblasts. The medium, which contains less than 1 microgram of total protein per ml, also supports serial passage of Flow 2000 cells under totally serum-free conditions. It provides lipid at a total of 10 micrograms/ml as a liposome prepared from a mixture of soybean lecithin, cholesterol, sphingomyelin, vitamin E, and vitamin E acetate. The soybean lecithin, which contains a variety of naturally occurring phospholipids, can be replaced with a mixture of highly purified phospholipids. Except for possible contaminants in the substances used in its preparation, the serum-free medium is fully defined chemically. It consists of an optimized basal nutrient medium, MCDB 110, supplemented with insulin, epidermal growth factor, dexamethasone, prostaglandins E1 and F2 alpha, phosphoenolpyruvate, dithiothreitol, glutathione, and the lipids listed above.
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20
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Engelhardt DL, Jen-Hao M. A serum factor requirement for the passage of cultured Vero cells through G2. J Cell Physiol 1977; 90:307-20. [PMID: 65356 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040900216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
When Vero cells, a line derived from and African Green Monkey kidney, are grown under conditions where the saturation density is limited by serum, they deplete the growth medium of a factor necessary for cell division. The factor is a component of serum. When Vero cells are plated at low density (2 X 10(4)/cm2) in this depleted growth medium (after dialysis against serum-free Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium) they initiate an unbalanced program of growth. Protein synthesis proceeds at the same rate as parallel cells in fresh serum, and and the cells accumulate protein as a function of time. DNA synthesis is also initiated in these cells, and the amount of DNA per cell increases for the next four days plating. However the cells quickly stop dividing. Measurements of DNA per cell using microspectrofluorometry show that the cells are accumulating in the late S and G2 period during this time. Thus we conclude that these cells cannot pass through a transition point in G2. When fresh serum is added to cells after three days in depleted growth medium, they divide before they begin to synthesize DNA. This further confirms that they are in late S and G2. Cell division is promoted in Vero cells in depleted growth medium by bovine fetuin, and to a lesser extent by bovine albumin. Cell division is not promoted by insulin, hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, linolenic acid, calcium, and typsin inhibitor form ovomucoid. From these data we conclude that transit through G2 requires the prescence of an extracellular factor.
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22
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Nishikawa K, Armelin HA, Sato G. Control of ovarian cell growth in culture by serum and pituitary factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1975; 72:483-7. [PMID: 1054830 PMCID: PMC432336 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.72.2.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An ovarian cell line was developed that requires hormonal conditioning of the host for growth in vivo and that requires special factors for growth in vitro. It is necessary to prepare special culture media to demonstrate the effects of growth factors in vitro. To this end, methods were developed for removing from serum those essential factors required for the growth of ovarian cells in culture. Minimal growth occurred in medium containing fetal calf serum that had been passed through a porcelain filter. This method of depleting serum was replaced by a procedure involving passage through a carboxymethylcellulose column. Either pituitary extract or the eluate from the column restored growth in these depleted media. The eluate was more active than pituitary extract with regard to maximal growth enhancement. When the cells were incubated in the depleted media, viability, as measured by plating efficiency, decreased with incubation time. Either pituitary extract or the eluate from the column prevented such death of cells. Based on these findings, we postulate that the eluate contains both a survival factor and a growth-promoting factor for these ovarian cells, while pituitary extract contains only the survival factor.
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23
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Begbie R. Studies on fetuin from foetal bovine serum. The composition and amino acid sequences of glycopeptides from fetuin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 371:549-76. [PMID: 4139976 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(74)90051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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25
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Higuchi K. Cultivation of animal cells in chemically defined media, a review. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1973; 16:111-36. [PMID: 4206269 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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26
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27
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Pagé M. Demonstration of the microheterogeneity of fetuin by electrofocusing. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 236:571-7. [PMID: 5559963 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(71)90241-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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28
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Waller JM, Kirsten WH. Density-dependent inhibition of protein synthesis in normal and virus-transformed cells. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY 1970; 6:183-97. [PMID: 4320431 DOI: 10.1007/bf02899122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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29
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30
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Abstract
Confluent 3T3 cultures make and release into the medium a diffusible factor which sustains the state of contact inhibition of replication. Evidence is given that the factor is a specific and reversible inhibitor of the RNA synthesis which precedes cellular replication.
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31
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Tritsch GL, Bell JA, Grahl-Nielsen G. Control of growth of axemic cultures of mammalian cells by serum lipids. Nature 1968; 219:300. [PMID: 4174918 DOI: 10.1038/219300a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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32
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Schaer JC, Schindler R. The requirement of mammalian cell cultures for serum proteins. Growth-promoting activity of pepsin-digested serum albumin in different media. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1967; 147:154-61. [PMID: 4861161 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(67)90098-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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33
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Grant D, Martin W, Anastassiadis P. Isolation and Characterization of M-1 and M-2 Glycoproteins from Bovine, Porcine, and Avian Plasmas. J Biol Chem 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)95834-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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34
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DeHann RL. Regulation of spontaneous activity and growth of embryonic chick heart cells in tissue culture. Dev Biol 1967; 16:216-49. [PMID: 6056992 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(67)90025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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35
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Abstract
Microvilli of HeLa cells cultured in vitro were preserved for electron microscopic examination at different stages of routine cultivation procedures. By a double-embedding technique, vertical sectioning for electron microscopy was possible. It revealed that, although the microvilli were present on all sides of the cell in the dispersed stage and in the attached stage, they were not present on the bottom of the cell when it was stretched on the surface of the dish. When the cells were grown in dense colonies, they were found on top of each other, and microvilli were present on all sides, except on the bottom surface of those cells in contact with the dish. We achieved a more dramatic demonstration of the microvilli by developing a surface-replica technique which retains their spatial arrangement and permits characterization of the distribution of their number, length, and diameter.
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36
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Temin HM. Studies on carcinogenesis by avian sarcoma viruses. VI. Differential multiplication of uninfected and of converted cells in response to insulin. J Cell Physiol 1967; 69:377-84. [PMID: 4296516 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040690314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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37
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Healy GM, Parker RC. Cultivation of mammalian cells in defined media with protein and nonprotein supplements. J Cell Biol 1966; 30:539-53. [PMID: 5971006 PMCID: PMC2107029 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.30.3.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
An improved chemically defined basal medium (CMRL-1415) has been used to advantage in studying the effects on trypsinized, newly explanted mouse embryo cells of certain glycoproteins from plasma and serum, certain nonprotein macromolecules, and various combinations of these, in stationary cultures. When protein and nonprotein fractions were separated from fetal calf serum, the entire growth activity was found to be associated with the protein. When 100 mg % of dialyzed, freeze-dried, supernatant solution of Cohn's fraction V (method 6) from human plasma was used as a supplement for CMRL-1415, there was considerable improvement in the cultures; and seromucoid prepared from calf serum had a similar effect. Supernatant V was further fractionated by gel filtration to give a threefold concentration of growth activity in a single, highly purified alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid). Starch gel electrophoresis of horse serum that was used to supplement the basal medium revealed a decrease of both alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein and alpha(2)-macroglobulin during the cultivation of mouse embryo cells. When horse serum was fractionated on DEAE-cellulose columns, the only fraction that showed growth activity was a slow alpha(2)-globulin. When the alpha(2)-macroglobulin of Schultze was prepared from horse serum by salt precipitation, it was equally effective. When the alpha(2)-macroglobulin from horse serum was tested (at 100 mg %) in combination with alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein from Supernatant V, seromucoid from calf serum, or unfractionated Supernatant V, the growth response was greatly in excess of that produced by any of these supplements tested separately. The alpha(2)-macroglobulin from horse serum could be replaced by certain nonprotein macromolecules (e.g., dextran or Ficoll). Thus, dextran (mol. wt. 100,000 to 200,000) had no visible effect on the cells when used alone at 0.1 or 1%. But when these levels of dextran were used in combination with low molecular weight glycoproteins (e.g., unfractionated Supernatant V at 100 mg %), the cultures remained active and healthy for unusually long periods.
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De Luca C, Habeeb AF, Tritsch GL. The stimulation of growth of mammalian cells in vitro by a peptide fraction from enzymatic digests of serum. Exp Cell Res 1966; 43:98-106. [PMID: 5330815 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(66)90383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Pumper RW, Yamashiroya HM, Molander LT. Growth of mammalian cells in a heat-stable dialysable medium. Nature 1965; 207:662-3. [PMID: 5883659 DOI: 10.1038/207662a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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EVANS VJ, BRYANT JC, KERR HA, SCHILLING EL. Chemically defined media for cultivation of long-term cell strains from four mammalian species. Exp Cell Res 1964; 36:439-74. [PMID: 14242231 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(64)90302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Cultivation of cells in vitro as isolated colonies. Bull Exp Biol Med 1964. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00799674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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PIRT SJ, THACKERAY EJ. Environmental influences on the growth of ERK mammalian cells in monolayer culture. Exp Cell Res 1964; 33:396-405. [PMID: 14161547 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(64)90003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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PIRT SJ, THACKERAY EJ. Environmental influences on growth of L and ERK mammalian cells in shake-flask cultures. Exp Cell Res 1964; 33:406-12. [PMID: 14161548 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(64)90004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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TOZER BT, PIRT SJ. Suspension Culture of Mammalian Cells and Macromolecular Growth-Promoting Fractions of Calf Serum. Nature 1964; 201:375-8. [PMID: 14109998 DOI: 10.1038/201375a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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MORRIS CC. Maintenance and Loss in Tissue Culture of Specific Cell Characteristics. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1962; 4:117-212. [PMID: 14476232 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70175-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ham RG, Puck TT. [9] Quantitative colonial growth of isolated mammalian cells. Methods Enzymol 1962. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(62)05191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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PIEZ KA, OYAMA VI, LEVINTOW L, EAGLE H. Proteolysis in stored serum and its possible significance in cell culture. Nature 1960; 188:59-60. [PMID: 13735645 DOI: 10.1038/188059a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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