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Larramendy ML, Kovanen PE, Knuutila S. MAC (Morphology, Antibody, Chromosomes) Method for Study of Cell Proliferation in Unfractionated Human Hematopoietic Cell Cultures. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/his.1992.15.1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Constitutive expression of IL-12R beta 2 on human multiple myeloma cells delineates a novel therapeutic target. Blood 2008; 112:750-9. [PMID: 18474725 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-02-139378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-12 (IL-12) receptor (R) B2 gene acts as tumor suppressor in human acute and chronic B-cell leukemias/lymphomas and IL-12rb2-deficient mice develop spontaneously localized plasmacytomas. With this background, we investigated the role of IL-12R beta 2 in multiple myeloma (MM) pathogenesis. Here we show the following: (1) IL-12R beta 2 was expressed in primary MM cells but down-regulated compared with normal polyclonal plasmablastic cells and plasma cells (PCs). IL-6 dampened IL-12R beta 2 expression on polyclonal plasmablastic cells and MM cells. (2) IL-12 reduced the proangiogenic activity of primary MM cells in vitro and decreased significantly (P = .001) the tumorigenicity of the NCI-H929 cell line in SCID/NOD mice by inhibiting cell proliferation and angiogenesis. The latter phenomenon was found to depend on abolished expression of a wide panel of proangiogenic genes and up-regulated expression of the antiangiogenic genes IFN-gamma, IFN-alpha, platelet factor-4, and TIMP-2. Inhibition of the angiogenic potential of primary MM cells was related to down-regulated expression of the proangiogenic genes CCL11, vascular endothelial-cadherin, CD13, and AKT and to up-regulation of an IFN-gamma-related antiangiogenic pathway. Thus, IL-12R beta 2 directly restrains MM cell growth, and targeting of IL-12 to tumor cells holds promise as new therapeutic strategy.
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Adekar SP, Jones RM, Elias MD, Al-Saleem FH, Root MJ, Simpson LL, Dessain SK. Hybridoma populations enriched for affinity-matured human IgGs yield high-affinity antibodies specific for botulinum neurotoxins. J Immunol Methods 2008; 333:156-66. [PMID: 18313069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2008.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The affinity-matured human antibody repertoire may be ideal as a source for antibody therapeutics against infectious diseases and bioterror agents. Hybridoma methods for cloning these antibodies have many potential advantages, including convenience, high-yield antibody expression, and the ability to capture the antibodies in their native configurations. However, they have been hindered by hybridoma instability and limited accessibility of antigen-specific, class-switched human B-cells. Here, we describe an efficient, three-step method that uses human peripheral blood B-cells to produce stable hybridoma populations that are highly-enriched for affinity-matured human IgG antibodies. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are (a) selected for expression of CD27, a marker of post-germinal center B-cells, (b) cultured in vitro to promote B-cell proliferation and class-switching, and (c) fused to a genetically modified myeloma cell line. Using this strategy, we cloned 5 IgG antibodies that bind botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT), the causes of the food-borne paralytic illness, botulism, and Category A Select Bioterror agents. Two of these antibodies bind BoNT with low picomolar affinities. One (30B) is the first high-affinity human antibody to bind serotype B BoNT, and another (6A) is able to neutralize a lethal dose of serotype A BoNT in vivo in pre- and post-exposure models. This optimized hybridoma method will broadly enable access to the native human antibody repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad P Adekar
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research and Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
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Kovanen PE, Knuutila S. Mitotic cells in different lymphocyte subsets in unfractionated cultures stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin or pokeweed mitogen. Hereditas 2008; 110:69-74. [PMID: 2777629 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1989.tb00419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Unfractionated peripheral blood lymphocytes were cultured in the presence of either phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or pokeweed mitogen (PWM) for 3 and 6 days. The subpopulations of mitotic lymphocytes were determined by an immunoperoxidase technique. Our results demonstrate that the proportion of mitotic B cells is approximately equal in PHA- and PWM-stimulated cultures. The frequency of mitotic CD22+ B cells varied from 3% to 5% and that of cells positive for the monoclonal antibodies anti-lambda and anti-kappa from 5% to 7%. We also showed that PHA stimulates mitoses in CD8-positive suppressor cells more effectively than does PWM. The mean proportion of CD8+ cells in mitosis was 29% when cultured with PHA for 3 days and 17%, in the presence of PWM. Culturing for 6 days with PHA increased the proportion of mitotic CD8+ cells, but PWM stimulation did not affect the frequency of mitoses in this lymphocyte subgroup.
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Soloneski S, Reigosa MA, Larramendy ML. Effect of dithiocarbamate pesticide zineb and its commercial formulation, azzurro. II. micronucleus induction in immunophenotyped human lymphocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2002; 40:57-62. [PMID: 12211077 DOI: 10.1002/em.10087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The frequency of micronuclei was measured in human peripheral B-lymphocytes and some T-lymphocyte subpopulations exposed in vitro to 1.0-100.0 microg/ml of the dithiocarbamate pesticide zineb and its commercial formulation azzurro. The peripheral mononuclear lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro with phytohemagglutinin after pesticide treatment and B-lymphocytes and the various T-lymphocyte subsets were classified by the MAC (morphology, antibody, chromosomes) method, which allows the immunological identification of different cell lineages. An increased frequency of micronuclei in CD20(+) (P < 0.01), CD3(+) (P < 0.01), and CD8(+) lymphocytes (P < 0.01) was observed only when 25.0 microg/ml of zineb and azzurro were employed. The frequency of micronuclei in treated CD8(+) cells did not differ from treated CD20(+) lymphocytes (P > 0.05). Lower concentrations of pesticides did not increase the frequency of micronuclei from that observed in control cultures. Furthermore, for both zineb and azzurro cytotoxicity was observed at doses higher than 50.0 microg/ml. Significant increases in the proportion of CD20(+) (P < 0.01) and CD8(+) cells (P < 0.01) among mitotic and interphasic lymphocytes from both zineb- and azzurro-treated cultures were observed only when a concentration of 25.0 microg/ml was employed. In contrast, significant decreases in the proportion of CD3(+) (P < 0.01) and CD4(+) cells (P < 0.01) were found for both mitotic and interphasic lymphocytes from zineb- and azzurro-treated cultures. The MAC methodology revealed that among the different lymphocyte subpopulations analyzed (CD20, CD3, CD4, and CD8), the induction of micronuclei by zineb and its commercial formulation azzurro was restricted to CD20(+) B-cells and T-suppressor/cytotoxic CD8(+) lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Soloneski
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Cátedra de Citología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina
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Wolthers KC, Otto SA, Lens SM, Van Lier RA, Miedema F, Meyaard L. Functional B cell abnormalities in HIV type 1 infection: role of CD40L and CD70. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997; 13:1023-9. [PMID: 9264289 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1997.13.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Early in HIV-1 infection, B cell responses to T cell-dependent antigens are impaired. In addition to the receptor-ligand pair CD40/CD40L, CD27/CD70 also appears to be involved in T cell-dependent B cell stimulation. We have shown that CD70+ B cells are the main producers of Ig when stimulated in a T cell-dependent manner, and that CD70 upregulation is dependent on interaction of CD40L on T cells with CD40 on B cells. We confirm here that B cells from HIV-infected individuals are impaired in T cell-dependent Ig production in vitro. This dysfunction could partly be restored by adding allogeneic T cells to the culture. In contrast, IgG production induced by CD40 MAb, IgM MAb, and IL-10 was in the normal range. In line with this, CD70 upregulation on B cells from HIV-infected individuals was impaired after stimulation in vitro by activated T cells but not after stimulation with CD40 MAb and IgM MAb. Furthermore, CD40L expression was decreased on CD4+ T cells after stimulation in vitro. Finally, CD70 expression on freshly isolated B cells from HIV-infected individuals was decreased, and low CD70 expression correlated with low IgG production after T cell-dependent stimulation. In conclusion, our data strongly suggest that impaired B cell responses to T cell-dependent Ag in HIV-1 infection are due to a defect in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Wolthers
- Department of Clinical Viro-Immunology, Central Laboratory of The Netherlands Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, University of Amsterdam
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Suzuki T, Horie Y, Chiba M, Iizuka M, Masamune O. Effect of interferon-gamma on lymphocyte cell subsets in human large bowel: a study using organ culture method. TOHOKU J EXP MED 1997; 181:431-46. [PMID: 9210250 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.181.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of interferon (IFN)-gamma on normal colonic lamina propria lymphocyte subsets in humans using organ culture method. Lamina propria lymphocyte subsets in normal colonic biopsy tissues receiving 1 x 10(5) u/ml of IFN-gamma (IFN-gamma-treated group) were investigated in comparison with those cultured in medium only (IFN-gamma-non-treated group) for 24 hr. CD8-positive cells and IgG, IgA1 and IgM-containing cells were elevated in the IFN-gamma-treated group compared with those in the IFN-gamma-non-treated group, which was similar to immunological changes in mucosal lesions of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Suzuki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Akita University School of Medicine
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Yachie A, Konno A, Ohta K, Wada T, Seki H, Taniguchi N, Miyawaki T. Delineation of producing ability of IgG and IgA subclasses by naive B cells in newborn infants and adult individuals. Clin Exp Immunol 1995; 102:204-9. [PMID: 7554391 PMCID: PMC1553323 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1995.tb06657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal B cells with the naive (sIgD+) phenotype are able to generate IgG- and IgA-producing cells as well as IgM production in the presence of memory CD4+ T cells expressing L-selectin (CD62L) in pokeweed mitogen-stimulated cultures. We used this system to examine comparatively the ability of naive B cells to produce IgG and IgA subclasses in newborn infants and adult individuals. Naive B cells were enriched from both donors on the basis of sIgD positivity, and memory (CD45RO+) CD4+ T cells with CD62L expression were isolated from adults. We here demonstrate some differences in profiles of IgG and IgA subclass production between neonatal and adult naive B cells. In neonatal B cells, IgG1 and IgG3 were predominantly produced, but IgG2 and IgG4 production was virtually absent. Similar to neonatal B cells, adult naive B cells produced mainly IgG1 and IgG3, although memory (sIgD-) B cells from adults secreted all of the IgG subclasses. It should be noted that low but detectable levels of IgG2 and IgG4 were found in adults' naive B cell cultures. Although IgA produced by neonatal B cells was exclusively IgA1, IgA2-secreting cells were identifiable in adult naive B cells. The results suggest that further class switch of naive B cells to IgG2, IgG4 and IgA2 in addition to IgG1 and IgG3 may be controlled by their own age-dependent maturation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yachie
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
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Heidenreich F, Leifeld L, Jovin T. T cell-dependent activity of ganglioside GM1-specific B cells in Guillain-Barré syndrome and multifocal motor neuropathy in vitro. J Neuroimmunol 1994; 49:97-108. [PMID: 8294565 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(94)90185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of anti-ganglioside GM1 antibodies of the IgM class by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) from patients with immune-mediated neuropathies and motor neuron diseases and from normal controls was stimulated by Pokeweed mitogen (PWM) in vitro. In patients with acute Guillain-Barré syndrome or multifocal motor neuropathy and high serum titers of IgM anti-ganglioside GM1 antibodies this culture response was greatly enhanced as compared to controls and already detectable in unstimulated cultures. Limiting dilution analysis demonstrated high frequencies of GM1-specific B cells in these patients. Anti-ganglioside GM1 antibodies of the IgG and IgA class were only produced by PBMNC from patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome corresponding to serum titers. In cultures taken at intervals over 6 months in vitro B cell activity for IgM, IgG and IgA anti-ganglioside GM1 antibodies in two Guillain-Barré syndrome patients declined accompanied by clinical improvement and falling serum titers. We conclude that GM1-specific PWM-responsive B cells pre-exist in peripheral blood and respond to T cell-dependent stimulation in Guillain-Barré syndrome and multifocal motor neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Heidenreich
- Neurologische Klinik, Medizinische Einrichtungen, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Yoshino K. Immunological aspects of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA PAEDIATRICA JAPONICA : OVERSEAS EDITION 1993; 35:427-38. [PMID: 8256628 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.1993.tb03087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the evidence from recent studies on immunological abnormalities associated with pathophysiologic mechanisms operating in three clinical subtypes of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) (polyarticular, pauciarticular and systemic). The main discussion is focused on three hallmarks of immunopathological studies. First, abnormalities in phenotype and function of lymphocytes from peripheral blood and inflamed synovium are discussed. The aberrations of lymphocytes are elucidated by T and B cells expressing phenotypic cell-markers such as CD20, CD21, CD4, CD8 and DR in association with different subtypes and disease activity. The functional imbalance and impairment of T and B cells are mainly observed by abnormal proliferation and/or in vitro Ig production in response to mitogens and alloantigens. Second, because the appearance of rheumatoid factors (RF) in serum indicates that the pathogenesis of JRA may be based on the autoimmune mechanism, the prevalence of RF including IgM, IgA and IgG isotype, hidden IgM RF and cross-reactive idiotype RF, and their characteristic properties are discussed. Moreover, specific auto-antibodies (antinuclear antibodies and others) for JRA are illustrated in this paper. Third, the production of various pro-inflammatory cytokines resulting in the release of tissue-damaging chemical mediators is also discussed. This may play a central role in the generation of systemic inflammation and joint involvement in JRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yoshino
- Department of Paediatrics, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Chomarat P, Briolay J, Banchereau J, Miossec P. Increased production of soluble CD23 in rheumatoid arthritis, and its regulation by interleukin-4. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1993; 36:234-42. [PMID: 8431213 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780360215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess CD23 status in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, as defined by the levels of CD23 expression on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), the levels of soluble CD23 (sCD23) in sera, and the production of sCD23 by PBMC cultures and its regulation by interleukin-4 (IL-4). METHODS CD23 expression as determined by double fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis and sCD23 production as determined by immunoradiometric assay were investigated in 24 RA patients and 21 controls. Soluble CD23 was measured in sera and supernatants of PBMC, activated with polyclonal activators (pokeweed mitogen [PWM] or Staphylococcus aureus Cowan strain 1, [SAC]) used either alone or in combination with IL-2 or IL-4. RESULTS The percentage of B cells expressing CD23 and serum levels of sCD23 were increased in patients with RA. IL-4 was a potent inducer of sCD23 production in supernatants, whereas IL-2 was inactive. Costimulation with SAC or PWM did not increase the effect obtained with IL-4 alone. When sCD23 levels in RA and control supernatants were compared, spontaneous production was found to be increased in RA PBMC: This difference from control values was even more pronounced when sCD23 levels in PBMC and purified B cells in response to IL-4, either alone or in combination with SAC or PWM, were tested. In the same supernatants, the increased secretion of sCD23 induced by IL-4 was associated with an inhibitory effect of IL-4 on Ig production, a phenomenon that was more pronounced in RA PBMC than in controls. CONCLUSION CD23 status in RA is characterized by increased expression of CD23 on B cells, increased production of sCD23 in sera and supernatants, and increased sensitivity of RA PBMC and B cells to IL-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chomarat
- Schering-Plough Laboratory for Immunological Research, Dardilly, France
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Barrett DJ, Sleasman JW, Schatz DA, Steinitz M. Human anti-pneumococcal polysaccharide antibodies are secreted by the CD5- B cell lineage. Cell Immunol 1992; 143:66-79. [PMID: 1377990 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(92)90006-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether human antibody responses to T cell-independent pneumococcal polysaccharide antigens are derived from CD5+ or CD5- B cells, we utilized an ELISPOT assay to detect individual anti-polysaccharide antibody-secreting cells. Human anti-type IV pneumococcal polysaccharide antibody-secreting cells were found in the CD5- B cell subpopulation. An EBV transformed anti-pneumococcal antibody-secreting B cell line was also CD5-. The ontogeny of CD5 expressing B cells correlated with the age at which polysaccharide responsiveness is acquired (generally around age 2 years in humans). The CD5- B cell subset represents only 25-30% of the B cells in young children, but this fraction increases throughout childhood to a plateau of 70-80% of the B cells in adults. These results support the hypothesis that the developmental change in responsiveness to T cell-independent polysaccharide antigens in humans is associated with maturation of the CD5- B cell subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Barrett
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville 32610
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de la Calle-Martín O, Alberola-Ila J, Engel P, Inglés J, Fabregat V, Barceló JJ, Lozano F, Gallart T. Impaired post-transcriptional expression of interleukin-2 receptor in pokeweed mitogen-activated T cells. Eur J Immunol 1992; 22:897-902. [PMID: 1551406 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830220403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The expression and role of interleukin-2/interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2/IL-2R) system in the pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced T cell mitogenesis was studied. In the absence of monocytes (Mo), both soluble and Sepharose-bound PWM fail to induce T cell mitogenesis even when exogenous IL-2 or IL-1 or IL-1 + IL-2 or IL-4 are also present. In the presence of Mo, PWM stimulation of T lymphocytes (highly depleted of B lymphocytes) induces as much IL-2 mRNA as phytohemagglutinin (PHA), but results in higher and persistent IL-2 levels in culture supernatants despite the concomitant T cell mitogenesis, suggesting that PWM-activated T cells do not utilize the IL-2 they produce. Confirming this notion, Mo-dependent PWM-preactivated T cells, as compared to PHA-preactivated ones: (a) failed to consume exogenous IL-2 and their mitogenic response did not increase upon exposure to exogenous IL-2; (b) exhibited very low numbers of high-affinity IL-2R; and (c) showed lower expression of IL-2R p55 and undetectable expression of IL-2R p75 on their surface. Moreover, the PWM-induced T cell mitogenesis was not inhibited by anti-IL-2 or CD25 antibodies and only partially (50%-60%) inhibited by cyclosporin A, while these treatments abrogated the PHA-induced one. PWM-activated T cells, as compared to the PHA-activated ones, exhibited as high (p55) or even higher (p75) mRNA expression of both IL-2R p55 and p75 subunits. The possibility that PWM interferes with IL-2R subunits once expressed on the T cell surface was excluded. Thus, intracellular PWM-related events are likely to impair IL-2R expression post-transcriptionally. Possible explanations for this effect and its relation with the capacity of PWM to induce T cell-dependent B cell differentiation are discussed.
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Lutje V, Black SJ. Analysis of pokeweed mitogen-induced in vitro proliferative and antibody responses of bovine lymphocytes. Res Vet Sci 1992; 52:236-42. [PMID: 1350107 DOI: 10.1016/0034-5288(92)90016-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The functional role of subpopulations of bovine cells in the regulation of pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced proliferative and antibody responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) was analysed. Subpopulations of bovine PBM identified by specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were isolated by sorting them through the fluorescence activated cells sorter (FACS). The depletion from PBM of T cells bearing the CD4 marker, recognised by mAb IL-A12, resulted in a reduction of PWM-induced responses, which could be partly reversed by the addition of CD4 positive T cells. The depletion of cells belonging to the macrophage/monocyte lineage also resulted in a reduction of PWM-induced proliferative responses. PBM depleted of CD8 positive T cells, recognised by mAb IL-A51, showed increased PWM-induced responses, which in turn were reduced by the addition of mAb IL-A51 positive cells. Proliferative and antibody responses were also obtained by PWM stimulation of FACS-purified B cells, in the presence of bovine T cell growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lutje
- International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD), Nairobi, Kenya
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Zubler RH, Perrin LH, Doucet A, Zhang X, Huang YP, Miescher PA. Frequencies of HIV-reactive B cells in seropositive and seronegative individuals. Clin Exp Immunol 1992; 87:31-6. [PMID: 1733635 PMCID: PMC1554237 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1992.tb06409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from HIV-infected seropositive (HIV+) but not from normal, seronegative (HIV-) individuals are known to produce anti-HIV antibodies in vitro, in the absence or presence of pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Previous studies showed that up to 20-40% of spontaneously immunoglobulin-secreting B cells from HIV+ individuals are HIV-specific. To analyse the frequency of anti-HIV B cells among 'total' peripheral blood B cells in the present study, we used a limiting dilution assay in which EL-4 thymoma cells induce clones of immunoglobulin-secreting cells in activated as well as resting B cells. Anti-HIV B cells were detected not only in 11/12 HIV+ individuals (with frequencies from 1/910 to 1/21,500 B cells cultured; one negative test was from a person undergoing seroconversion), but also in 4/9 HIV- normal blood donors (1/16,200 to 1/49,000 B cells cultured) and in 3/6 newborns from HIV- mothers (1/11,800 to 1/26,600 B cells cultured). The mean frequency was nine times higher in the HIV+ individuals than in the normal donors. As in previous studies, only the cells from HIV+ individuals generated anti-HIV antibodies in PBMC bulk cultures with or without PWM. The relative proportion of specific anti-HIV antibody/total immunoglobulin in PBMC bulk cultures was 800 times higher by the mean than in EL-4 B cell cultures from HIV+ individuals (whereby the total immunoglobulin secretion for equal numbers of B cells cultured was 500 times lower for PBMC). These different results obtained with different assays suggest that in seropositives most anti-HIV B cells belong to an activated B compartment which is quite small, even in a disease with B cell hyperactivity. Therefore, the specific B cells are strongly diluted among the EL-4 cell-responsive, total B cells. On the other hand, the EL-4 assay can detect HIV-reactive B cells in the B cell repertoire of normal, non-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Zubler
- Department of Medicine, Hôpital Cantonal Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
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16
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Gordon J. Human B lymphocytes mature. Clin Exp Immunol 1991; 84:373-5. [PMID: 2044217 PMCID: PMC1535444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Gordon
- Division of Immunology, School of Medical Science, University of Birmingham, England
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17
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Zouali M, Fournié GJ, Thèze J. Quantitative clonal analysis of the B cell repertoire in human lupus. Cell Immunol 1991; 133:161-77. [PMID: 1991326 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(91)90188-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To gain further insight into the origin of autoantibody hyperproduction in human lupus, we quantitated the B cell repertoire toward exogenous and self-antigens. Using the Spot-ELISA method and two panels of nine exogenous and 10 self-antigens, we found that the normal human immune repertoire comprises a high frequency of B cell precursors secreting IgM antibodies to self- and exogenous determinants. This repertoire was markedly deficient in precursors producing IgG able to bind self-antigens. In lupus patients, the absolute numbers of clone precursors of the immune repertoire expressing IgM receptors whose paratopes impart affinity to self- and exogenous determinants were higher than in control individuals. Additionally, IgG antibody-forming cell precursors with binding specificity for lupus-associated antigens were detectable in the repertoire of these patients. Based on these results, we propose that hyperproduction of human lupus-associated autoantibodies arises in a two-stage mechanism whereby a general activation of the multireactive immune B cell repertoire precedes an oligospecific expansion of selected B cell clonotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zouali
- Institut Pasteur, Immunogénétique Cellulaire, Paris, France
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Splawski JB, Jelinek DF, Lipsky PE. Delineation of the functional capacity of human neonatal lymphocytes. J Clin Invest 1991; 87:545-53. [PMID: 1825090 PMCID: PMC296342 DOI: 10.1172/jci115029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal T cell-B cell collaboration was investigated utilizing a system of T cell-dependent polyclonal B cell activation and Ig secretion. In this system, T cells activated by immobilized anti-CD3 provide a potent stimulus for Ig production by adult lymphocytes. By contrast, anti-CD3 stimulation of cord blood lymphocytes generated minimal numbers of Ig-secreting cells. Ig production by neonatal lymphocytes was enhanced by the addition of Staphylococcus aureus or secreted factors from mitogen-stimulated adult T cells. Supplementation with IL-2 resulted in the production of large amounts of IgM and small amounts of IgG and IgA, with less Ig produced than by comparable cultures of adult lymphocytes. Neonatal T cells proliferated and produced IL-2 in response to immobilized anti-CD3, and supported B cell proliferation and Ig secretion by adult B cells, although not as effectively as adult T cells. Supernatants from activated neonatal T cells were markedly limited in their capacity to support Ig production by adult B cells. Neonatal B cells could be induced to differentiate in response to anti-CD3-stimulated adult T cells. However, the amounts of IgG and IgA secreted were small compared to adult levels. These studies indicate a relative, but not absolute, functional deficiency of both neonatal B and T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Splawski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235
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19
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Miyawaki T, Butler JL, Radbruch A, Gartland GL, Cooper MD. Isotype commitment of human B cells that are transformed by Epstein-Barr virus. Eur J Immunol 1991; 21:215-20. [PMID: 1846818 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830210132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can transform a subpopulation of preactivated B cells thus promoting their growth and differentiation into plasma cells. In EBV-transformed clones of IgM-producing cells, the heavy chain constant region (CH) genes on the productive allele are fixed in germ-line configuration, whereas in isotype-switched clones the CH genes proximal to the expressed CH gene are deleted. In order to define more precisely the EBV-susceptible B cells, we sorted subpopulations of B cells on the basis of their cell surface Ig (sIg) isotypes, infected them with EBV, and determined which isotypes they could produce following transformation. Most precursors of IgM-producing plasma cells expressed both IgM and IgD on their surface, while a minority expressed IgM alone. Some B cell precursors of IgG- and IgA-producing cells also expressed sIgM, but surprisingly none expressed IgD. Those precursors of IgG and IgA producers, which bore sIgM, expressed it in relatively low levels, whereas B cells expressing high levels of sIgM were incapable of generating IgG and IgA producers. All of the precursors of IgG and IgA plasma cells expressed these isotypes on their cell surface. Interestingly, precursor B cells capable of producing the IgG3 and IgA2 subclasses could be respectively enriched on the basis of the presence or absence of cell sIgM. These results demonstrate the isotype precommitment of EBV-transformable B cells. They further suggest that residual IgM is transiently expressed on the surface of the IgG- and IgA-committed B cell precursors, whereas sIgD expression is extinguished earlier in the process of isotype switching via CH gene deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Miyawaki
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294
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20
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Maurer D, Holter W, Majdic O, Fischer GF, Knapp W. CD27 expression by a distinct subpopulation of human B lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 1990; 20:2679-84. [PMID: 1702722 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830201223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CD27 is present on the surface of a major subset of peripheral blood T lymphocytes. In this report we show that CD27 is also expressed on a subpopulation of the normal human B cell lineage which is absent from cord blood but present in tonsils and in the peripheral blood of adult individuals. CD27+ B lymphocytes are characterized by the following criteria: (a) in terms of physical properties, the CD27+ B cells form a population with an increased cell size combined with a decreased cell density; (b) the CD27 expression of tonsillar B lymphocytes is postively correlated with mIgA but negatively correlated with membrane IgM/membrane IgD positivity; (c) CD27 on B cells can be induced selectively by the combination of Staphylococcus aureus plus interleukin 2, but not by either treatment alone, and (d) CD27+ B lymphocytes express high levels of the adhesion structures LFA-1 (CD11a), ICAM-1 (CD54), LFA-3 (CD58) and of the lymphocyte homing receptor CD44. These latter findings suggest that CD27+ B cells are predispose to form cell-cell interactions. Accordingly, within 3 h of cell culture CD27+, but not CD27-, B lymphocytes were found to form LFA-1-mediated homotypic B cell clusters.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- CD5 Antigens
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Cell Aggregation
- Cell Differentiation
- Cells, Cultured
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin D/metabolism
- In Vitro Techniques
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Palatine Tonsil/cytology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7
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Affiliation(s)
- D Maurer
- Institute of Immunology, Vienna International Research Cooperation Center, Austria
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21
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Levinson AI, Zweiman B, Lisak RP. Pokeweed mitogen-induced immunoglobulin secretory responses of thymic B cells in myasthenia gravis: selective secretion of IgG versus IgM cannot be explained by helper functions of thymic T cells. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1990; 57:211-7. [PMID: 2145106 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(90)90035-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The thymus, with its striking B cell infiltrates, is widely regarded as an important element in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis (MG) but its role remains to be elucidated. To gain further insight into the functional properties of MG thymic B cells, we studied the heavy chain isotype of immunoglobulin they produced in vitro in response to the T cell-dependent polyclonal activator pokeweed mitogen (PWM). MG thymic cells secreted prominent amounts of IgG but little IgM. In contrast, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) of the same subjects secreted similar amounts of IgG and IgM as did PBM of control subjects. In cell admixture experiments, MG thymic T cells, like PBM T cells, helped autologous PBM B cells produce IgM as well as IgG, although the overall magnitude of help for both isotypes appeared less than that of PBM T cells. Thus, in response to PWM, MG thymic B cells are largely committed to an IgG response and this likely reflects the intrinsic properties of these cells rather than the immunoregulatory properties of thymic T cells. This IgG isotype switch likely reflects in vivo activation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Levinson
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104
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22
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Smith-Ravin J, Spencer J, Beverley PC, Isaacson PG. Characterization of two monoclonal antibodies (UCL4D12 and UCL3D3) that discriminate between human mantle zone and marginal zone B cells. Clin Exp Immunol 1990; 82:181-7. [PMID: 2208792 PMCID: PMC1535176 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1990.tb05424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), UCL3D3 and UCL4D12 were obtained following immunization with follicular lymphoma (UCL3D3) or low-grade primary B cell gastric lymphoma cells (UCL4D12). In normal splenic white pulp, tonsil and small intestinal Peyer's patches, UCL4D12 recognizes marginal zone B cells and a subpopulation of follicle centre cells, whereas mantle zone B cells are UCL4D12 negative. In contrast, UCL3D3 recognizes mantle zone B cells and follicular dendritic cells, but not marginal zone B cells or follicle centre B cells. Double-immunofluorescence studies showed that in the splenic white pulp, these antibodies stain reciprocally. The majority of UCL3D3+ cells are sIgM+ and sIgD+ whereas a higher proportion of UCL4D12+ cells express surface IgM (sIgM) but not surface IgD (sIgD). Less than 10% of splenic B cells express both 3D3 and 4D12 antigens. None of the cell lines tested expressed either antigen. Functional studies showed that both antigens play a role in B cell activation as the MoAbs increase the mitogenic effect of Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I on tonsil B cells. This effect was maximal at 72 h in culture. TPA activation was reduced, and no effect was observed with anti-immunoglobulin (anti mu) or CDw40 (G28.5). UCL3D3 and UCL4D12 did not show any stimulatory effect on their own. Biochemical studies show that both MoAbs recognize proteins of 80-90 kD under reducing conditions. These two MoAbs appear to recognize new B cell surface antigens which may be useful for identifying subpopulations of B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Smith-Ravin
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund-Human Tumour Immunology Group, Courtauld Institute, London, England, U.K
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23
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Sleasman JW, Morimoto C, Schlossman SF, Tedder TF. The role of functionally distinct helper T lymphocyte subpopulations in the induction of human B cell differentiation. Eur J Immunol 1990; 20:1357-66. [PMID: 1973388 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830200623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human helper T lymphocytes can be dissected into two functionally distinct subpopulations based on expression of the CD45RA (2H4) or CD45R0 (UCHL-1) surface antigens. While both subpopulations are able to induce equivalent levels of B cell activation and proliferation, only the CD4+CD45RA- subpopulation is capable of inducing B cell differentiation in pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-stimulated cultures. To define the mechanism responsible for the dichotomy between induction of proliferation and differentiation by the two CD4+ subpopulations, we examined the abilities of the purified T cell subpopulations to produce lymphokine mRNA following T cell activation. Northern analysis revealed that both subpopulations produced interleukin (IL) 2 and interferon (IFN)-gamma mRNA following PWM activation. The CD4+CD45RA- subpopulation, however, produced higher levels of IFN-gamma mRNA and the CD4+CD45RA+ cells produced higher levels of IL 2 mRNA. Neither subpopulation elaborated detectable mRNA for IL 4, IL 5 or IL 6. Of greatest significance was that the addition of recombinant or T cell-derived lymphokines could not compensate for the inability of the CD4+CD45RA+ subpopulation to induce B cell differentiation in PWM assays. Direct T-B cell contact was required for the optimal induction B cell differentiation in these assays, suggesting that CD4+CD45RA+ T cells were deficient in their ability to directly deliver the T cell-B cell signals required for B cell differentiation. These results suggest that the differential ability of the two subpopulations of CD4+ T cells to induce B cell differentiation does not result from differences in lymphokines elaborated, but may result from differences in their abilities to interact directly with B cells to initiate differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Sleasman
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
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24
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Islam KB, Hassan MS, Engström PE, Hammarström L, Smith CI. Transcription, translation and secretion of both IgA subclasses in polyclonally activated human lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 1990; 20:977-82. [PMID: 2162779 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830200505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To analyze human IgA subclass-specific mRNA we have developed RNA probes for quantitation of alpha 1 and alpha 2 heavy chain constant region genes by solution hybridization. Under our assay conditions, we can detect as little as 3 pg of specific mRNA and there is less than 2% cross-reactivity between the two IgA subclasses. Using this method, the relative proportions of IgA1 and IgA2 mRNA in pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-stimulated cells were found to be 66% and 34%, respectively, while in the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-stimulated cells they were 77% and 23%, respectively. Cytoplasmic staining of the plasma cells and determination of IgA subclass distribution by flow cytometry revealed an almost even distribution of the two IgA subclasses as induced by both activators. The culture supernatant contained 72% IgA1 and 28% IgA2 after PWM stimulation, while EBV stimulation induced 85% IgA1 and 15% IgA2. This report thus describes a method for the quantitative analysis of IgA subclass-specific mRNA. Furthermore, we present evidence that in response to in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes by polyclonal activators the IgA-producing B cells not only synthesize both isotypes but also have the potential to secrete them.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Islam
- Center for Biotechnology, Karolinska Institute at NOVUM, Huddinge, Sweden
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25
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Horie Y, Chiba M, Iizuka M, Igarashi K, Masamune O. Colonic lymphoid cell subsets and epithelial HLA-DR antigens in familial polyposis coli. GASTROENTEROLOGIA JAPONICA 1989; 24:632-9. [PMID: 2558037 DOI: 10.1007/bf02774161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although there has been some evidence suggesting that immunological mechanisms are involved in the pathophysiology of familial polyposis coli (FPC), there has not been any report as to whether there is any abnormality of lymphoid cell subsets as background, whether polyps (adenomas) show different lymphoid cell subsets from the normal mucosa, or whether HLA-DR antigens are expressed on the epithelia of adenomas. Lymphoid cell subsets (CD5, CD4, CD8, IgA1, IgA2, IgM, IgD, IgG, and IgE positive cells) in the lamina propria, and HLA-DR antigens on the epithelia were studied in 7 patients with FPC. From each patient, 2 specimens were obtained from both the normal (non-polypoid) area and the polyp. Normal colonic mucosa, taken from 15 patients with conventional polyps or colorectal cancer, served as the normal control mucosa. Lymphoid cell subsets and HLA-DR antigens were identified by indirect immunoperoxidase staining using mouse anti-human monoclonal antibodies. In the normal area of FPC, lymphoid cell subsets were similar to those of normal control mucosa except for an increase in IgD positive (IgD+) cells. However, definite alterations were observed in the polyp. There were significant increases in the number of CD4+ and IgG+ cells, and in the sum of five classes of Ig+ cells compared to the normal area or normal control mucosa. HLA-DR antigens were not expressed in the normal control mucosa or in the normal areas, and only on the epithelia of the polyp in 5 out of 7 specimens (71%). These results clearly demonstrate that immunological reactions are involved in FPC polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Horie
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Akita University School of Medicine, Japan
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26
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Mayumi M, Kimata H, Suehiro Y, Hosoi S, Ito S, Kuge Y, Shinomiya K, Mikawa H. DiGeorge syndrome with hypogammaglobulinaemia: a patient with excess suppressor T cell activity treated with fetal thymus transplantation. Eur J Pediatr 1989; 148:518-22. [PMID: 2744013 DOI: 10.1007/bf00441546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A male infant with DiGeorge syndrome had hypogammaglobulinaemia with a normal number of B cells. CD3(+) T cells were reduced and the CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio was reversed. Proliferative responses of T cells to mitogens and to allogeneic cells were low. The pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced B cell differentiation assay revealed a higher than normal suppressor T cell activity. This suggests that some T cells had differentiated into functionally mature cells resulting in an imbalance of regulatory T cell functions and that excess suppressor activity might play a role in hypogammaglobulinaemia. Fetal thymus transplantation improved both cellular and humoral immunity. The patient's susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections, proliferative response of T cells and serum Ig concentration returned to normal. The excess suppressor activity seen before transplantation disappeared. Hypocalcaemia did not improve. These results show that fetal thymus transplantation was effective not only in reconstituting cellular immunity but also in normalizing the imbalance of regulatory T cell functions in this patient with DiGeorge syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mayumi
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
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27
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Terpstra FG, Al BJ, Roos MT, De Wolf F, Goudsmit J, Schellekens PT, Miedema F. Longitudinal study of leukocyte functions in homosexual men seroconverted for HIV: rapid and persistent loss of B cell function after HIV infection. Eur J Immunol 1989; 19:667-73. [PMID: 2567244 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830190415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The early effects of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were investigated in homosexual men who had seroconverted for anti-HIV antibodies. Leukocyte functional activities were determined in longitudinally collected peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples. During the first 10 months following seroconversion, anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody-induced T cell proliferation, monocyte accessory function and T helper activity on B cell differentiation in a pokeweed mitogen-driven system were not affected. In contrast, from the moment of seroconversion on, B cells of seroconverted men failed to produce immunoglobulin in the pokeweed mitogen-driven system. This defect was not restored by addition of normal CD4+ T cells. Immunoglobulin synthesis induced by Staphylococcus aureus and interleukin 2 decreased gradually, until it was completely lost 10 months after seroconversion. In addition, proliferation in response to anti-IgM or Staphylococcus aureus by B cells from HIV seroconverted men was decreased. The lack of inducible in vitro B cell activity was not accompanied by elevated spontaneous Ig synthesis by B cells of the seroconverted men. In the second group of men studied during the 2nd year following seroconversion, T helper activity on normal B cell differentiation significantly decreased, whereas anti-CD3-induced T cell proliferation and monocyte accessory function were not significantly affected. Our results demonstrate that in almost all HIV-infected individuals B cell functional defects are the first leukocyte abnormalities observed preceding defects in T helper activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Terpstra
- Central Laboratory of the Netherlands Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Amsterdam
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28
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Suzuki N, Sakane T. Induction of excessive B cell proliferation and differentiation by an in vitro stimulus in culture in human systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 1989; 83:937-44. [PMID: 2646322 PMCID: PMC303769 DOI: 10.1172/jci113979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell hyperactivity present in the body in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can be detectable via almost any measure of B cell function. Nonetheless, the basis for the B cell hyperactivity is difficult to study in vitro. In this study, we have obtained the resting B cells from patients with entirely inactive SLE by collecting them sedimenting in a high density fraction on a Percoll density gradient. These resting SLE B cells proliferated in vitro at a higher rate than normal B cells when exposed to Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SAC). In addition, significant proliferation was observed earlier in the course of culture in SLE patients than in normal controls. Moreover, the SLE resting B cells, once triggered by SAC produced abnormally high numbers of immunoglobulin-secreting cells in response to T cell-derived soluble factors. There was less frequency of circulating Leu 1+ B cells in the SLE patients than in normal controls. Moreover, not only Leu 1+ B cells but also Leu 1- B cells of SLE patients were more responsive to SAC than those of normal controls. The results indicate that the B cell hyperactivity in human SLE can be induced by in vitro stimuli, and may not be limited to the Leu 1+ B cell subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Suzuki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shimane Medical University, Japan
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29
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de Rie MA, Schumacher TN, van Schijndel GM, van Lier RA, Miedema F. Regulatory role of CD19 molecules in B-cell activation and differentiation. Cell Immunol 1989; 118:368-81. [PMID: 2463100 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(89)90385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation ([CD]) 19 antigens are B-cell-specific molecules expressed on virtually all human cells of the B-lymphocyte lineage except plasma cells. We produced a new anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody (McAb), CLB-CD19, that was used to study the role of CD19 molecules in B-cell activation. Anti-CD19 McAb induced mobilization of free intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) in Daudi cells, but not in normal spleen or tonsillar B cells, for which crosslinking with a second anti-mouse Ig antibody was not required. Anti-CD19 McAb inhibited B-cell proliferation induced by anti-IgM coupled to Sepharose beads. This inhibitory effect was overcome by the addition of nonmitogenic concentrations of phorbol myristate acetate. Anti-CD19 McAb did not interfere with Staphylococcus aureus- or B-cell growth factor-induced B-cell proliferation. Anti-CD19 McAb inhibited T-cell-dependent polyclonal B-cell differentiation in pokeweed mitogen-, interleukin 2-, or anti-CD3-driven culture systems. Delayed addition studies showed that once differentiation of B cells was induced, CD19 molecules lost their regulating function. Taken together, our results indicate that CD19 molecules play a regulatory role in B-cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A de Rie
- Central Laboratory, the Netherlands Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Amsterdam
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30
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Yamamoto H, Tsutsui T, Mayumi M, Kasakura S. Immunodeficiency associated with selective loss of helper/inducer T cells and hypogammaglobulinaemia in a child with intestinal lymphangiectasia. Clin Exp Immunol 1989; 75:196-200. [PMID: 2522838 PMCID: PMC1542133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A patient with intestinal lymphangiectasia (IL) was studied for his immunological abnormalities. The patient had hypoproteinaemia with severe hypogammaglobulinaemia. The results of lymphocyte subpopulation studies revealed a decrease of CD4+ cells and a decrease of surface immunoglobulin (sIg)-positive B lymphocytes. T cell functions determined by the proliferative responses against Concanavalin A (Con A) or phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and by delayed type cutaneous hypersensitivity (DTH) response to purified protein derivatives (PPD) and PHA were normal. No immunoglobulin (Ig)-secreting cells were induced when his peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were cultured with pokeweed mitogen (PWM). His T cells showed suppressor function to the PWM-induced differentiation of normal B cells. This suppressor activity was sensitive to 3000 rads irradiation. His B cells also failed to differentiate into Ig-producing cells with the help of normal T cells and PWM. Thus, in this patient, the decrease of Ig-synthesis in vitro could be attributed to suppressor T cells, lack of T helper cells and an intrinsic B cell defect. Therefore, this patient appears to have immunological abnormalities which differ from previously reported IL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe City General Hospital, Japan
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31
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Lobo PI, Wright AE. In vitro assays to study role of T cell-derived factors on human B lymphocytes should take into consideration inhibiting effect of large granular lymphocyte subset (CD5-,CD16+) that can contaminate B cell preparations. J Immunol Methods 1988; 115:239-46. [PMID: 3264313 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(88)90293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In these studies, the inhibitory role of a large granular lymphocyte (LGL) subset (CD5-,CD16+) on pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced B lymphocyte differentiation was examined. CD5-,CD16+ LGL cells are the predominant subset of LGL cells and are possibly distinct from other LGL subsets in that they lack B and T cell markers. CD5-,CD16+ LGL possess abundant FcIgG receptors and previous studies have clearly demonstrated that in the presence of insoluble immune complexes, this LGL subset will inhibit B lymphocyte differentiation in the presence of T cells. In the present studies, we analyzed the inhibiting role of CD5-,CD16+ LGL cells that had not been activated by immune complexes. B + L preparations obtained by removal of E rosette-forming T cells were further depleted of T lymphocytes by complement-dependent lysis of T cells using a monoclonal antibody reactive to total T cells (Leu-1, CD5 antigen, Becton-Dickinson). B lymphocytes in such B + L preparations failed to differentiate into plasma cells containing intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin (Ig), in the presence of PWM, T cell-derived helper supernatants (THS), and interleukin-2 (IL-2). However, B cells differentiated under these conditions, when B + L preparations were further depleted of CD5-,CD16+ LGL cells by complement-dependent lysis using a monoclonal antibody (Leu-11) reactive to CD16 antigen of FcIgG receptors present on LGL cells. These studies indicated that CD5-,CD16+ cells unlike the CD8-positive T suppressor cell, will directly inhibit B lymphocyte differentiation into plasmacytoid cells containing intracytoplasmic Ig when T lymphocytes are not present. However, addition of a few T lymphocytes (less than 10%) to purified B + L preparations abrogated the CD5-,CD16+ LGL cell inhibition of B cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P I Lobo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville 22908
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32
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Miedema F, Petit AJ, Terpstra FG, Schattenkerk JK, de Wolf F, Al BJ, Roos M, Lange JM, Danner SA, Goudsmit J. Immunological abnormalities in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected asymptomatic homosexual men. HIV affects the immune system before CD4+ T helper cell depletion occurs. J Clin Invest 1988; 82:1908-14. [PMID: 2974045 PMCID: PMC442771 DOI: 10.1172/jci113809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of persistent HIV infection on the immune system, we studied leukocyte functions in 14 asymptomatic homosexual men (CDC group II/III) who were at least two years seropositive, but who still had normal numbers of circulating CD4+ T cells. Compared with age-matched heterosexual men and HIV-negative homosexual men, the CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from seropositive men showed decreased proliferation to anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody and decreased CD4+ T-helper activity on PWM-driven differentiation of normal donor B cells. Monocytes of HIV-infected homosexual men showed decreased accessory function on normal T cell proliferation induced by CD3 monoclonal antibody. The most striking defect in leukocyte functional activities was observed in the B cells of HIV-infected men. B cells of 13 out of 14 seropositive men failed to produce Ig in response to PWM in the presence of adequate allogeneic T-helper activity. These findings suggest that HIV induces severe immunological abnormalities in T cells, B cells, and antigen-presenting cells early in infection before CD4+ T cell numbers start to decline. Impaired immunological function in subclinically HIV-infected patients may have clinical implications for vaccination strategies, in particular the use of live vaccines in groups with a high prevalence of HIV seropositivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Miedema
- Central Laboratory of the Netherlands Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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33
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Rotteveel FT, Kokkelink I, van Lier RA, Kuenen B, Meager A, Miedema F, Lucas CJ. Clonal analysis of functionally distinct human CD4+ T cell subsets. J Exp Med 1988; 168:1659-73. [PMID: 2903211 PMCID: PMC2189105 DOI: 10.1084/jem.168.5.1659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of CD4+ T cell clones, obtained from peripheral blood T lymphocytes by direct limiting dilution, allowed us to address the question whether functional heterogeneity exists within the human CD4+ T cell subset. Cytotoxic capacity of cloned T cells was analyzed with the use of anti-CD3 antibodies and target cells bearing FcR for murine IgG. 6 of 12 CD4+ clones obtained were able to lyse Daudi or P815 cells in the presence of anti-CD3 antibodies. The remaining six CD4+ T cell clones tested did not display anti-CD3-mediated cytotoxic activity and did not acquire this cytotoxic capacity during a culture period of 20 wk. In the absence of anti-CD3 mAb, no lytic activity against Daudi, P815, and K562 target cells was observed under normal culture conditions. Phenotypic analysis of these two distinct types of CD4+ T cells did not reveal differences with regard to reactivity with CDw29 (4B4) and CD45R (2H4) mAbs that have been described to recognize antigens associated with helper suppressor/inducer (respectively) CD4+ cells. The CD4+ clones without anti-CD3-mediated cytotoxic activities (Th2) consistently showed a high expression level of CD28 antigens, whereas the cytotoxic clones (Th1) expressed low amounts of CD28. Th1 CD4+ clones did produce IL-2, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha/beta, whereas the Th2 T cell clones produced minimal amounts of IL-2 and only low levels of INF-gamma and TNF-alpha/beta in response to anti-CD3 mAbs and PMA. Although not all CD4+ clones did release IL-4, there was no correlation with cytotoxic activity. Moreover, as compared with the Th1 CD4+ clones, Th2 CD4+ T cell clones proliferated moderately in response to immobilized anti-CD3 mAbs. However, proliferation reached the level of the cytotoxic clones when anti-CD28 mABs were present during culture. Both CD4+ subsets provided help for B cell differentiation upon stimulation with anti-CD3 mAbs. Our data suggest that the human CD4+ subset, in analogy to the murine system, comprises two functionally distinct T cell subpopulations, both of which are able to exert helper activity for polyclonal B cell differentiation, but which differ in cytotoxic capacity, lymphokine production, and requirements for proliferation. A function for these two types of T cells in the immune response is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F T Rotteveel
- Central Laboratory of the Netherlands Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Amsterdam
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Wikén M, Björck P, Axelsson B, Perlmann P. Induction of CD43 expression during activation and terminal differentiation of human B cells. Scand J Immunol 1988; 28:457-64. [PMID: 3264083 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1988.tb01476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Only a small population (25-30%) of human peripheral blood B lymphocytes expresses large sialoglycoprotein (LSGP) (CD43). However, in the presence of autologous T cells and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) a majority (50-90%) of the immunoglobulin-producing cells (cIg+ cells) that develop from these B cells express CD43 is detected with anti-CD43 monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) B1B6, and the proportion of CD43+cIg+ cells increases with time of culture. Furthermore, a relatively larger proportion (60-80%) of the IgG-producing cIg+ cells are CD43+ compared with IgM-containing cIg+ cells (30-50%). In human tonsils, significantly more CD43+ cells (35%) are found in the in vivo-activated fraction of B cells than in the fraction of resting B cells (5%). A majority of the cIg+ cells that develop from the resting or the in vivo-activated tonsillar B cells in a PWM-induced B-cell differentiation system are CD43+ (80-100%). Furthermore, tonsillar B cells depleted of CD43+ cells give rise to cIg+ cells, of which the majority are CD43+, and the proportion of such cells increases with time of culture (60-90%). Taken together, these results indicate that LSGP belongs to a group of B-cell membrane molecules that are induced and upregulated upon activation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wikén
- Department of Immunology, University of Stockholm, Sweden
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35
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Anderson SJ, Hummell DS, Lawton AR. Differentiation of human B lymphocyte subpopulations induced by an alloreactive helper T-cell clone. J Clin Immunol 1988; 8:275-84. [PMID: 2970473 DOI: 10.1007/bf00916556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have used cloned alloreactive helper T cells to determine if direct T cell-B cell interaction can induce differentiation of human peripheral blood B cells which do not respond to pokeweed mitogen (PWM). T-cell clone 2F8 was derived from a one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction. 2F8 cells are T3+T4+T8-IL-2R+ and proliferate in response to irradiated stimulator cells, but not autologous cells, in the absence of exogenous interleukin-2. 2F8 cells provide allospecific help for polyclonal proliferation and differentiation of B cells in the absence of any other stimulus. The magnitude of this response is comparable to that of the response of the same B cells to PWM and fresh autologous T cells. 2F8 cells could also provide nonspecific help for unrelated donor B cells in the presence of PWM, with no requirement for costimulation by irradiated stimulator cells. Allospecific stimulation of B cells was completely inhibited by antibodies to class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) framework determinants and was abrogated by 1000-rad irradiation. Cloned 2F8 T cells stimulated differentiation of both small, high-density B cells and larger B cells, generating up to 30% plasma cells with either fraction. B cells forming rosettes with mouse erythrocytes were also induced to differentiate by the helper T cell clone. As found previously, neither small, high-density B cells nor mouse rosette+ B cells responded well to PWM. Direct interaction with allospecific T cells induces differentiation of a broader spectrum of B cells than soluble growth and differentiation factors in conjunction with polyclonal activators such as PWM and protein A containing staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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36
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Benveniste RE, Morton WR, Clark EA, Tsai CC, Ochs HD, Ward JM, Kuller L, Knott WB, Hill RW, Gale MJ. Inoculation of baboons and macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus/Mne, a primate lentivirus closely related to human immunodeficiency virus type 2. J Virol 1988; 62:2091-101. [PMID: 3285032 PMCID: PMC253301 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.62.6.2091-2101.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A primate lymphotropic lentivirus was isolated on the human T-cell line HuT 78 after cocultivation of a lymph node from a pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) that had died with malignant lymphoma. This isolate, originally designated M. nemestrina immunodeficiency virus (MnIV) and now classified as simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV/Mne), was inoculated intravenously into three juvenile rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), three juvenile pig-tailed macaques (M. nemestrina), and two juvenile baboons (Papio cynocephalus). All six macaques became viremic by 3 weeks after inoculation, whereas neither of the baboons developed viremia. One pig-tailed macaque died at 15 weeks with suppurative peritonitis secondary to ulcerative, necrotizing colitis. Immunologic abnormalities included a marked decrease in CD4+ peripheral blood lymphocytes. Although five macaques mounted an antibody response to SIV/Mne, the animal that died at 15 weeks remained antibody negative. Three other macaques (two rhesus and one pig-tailed) died 66 to 87 weeks after inoculation after exhibiting progressive weight loss, anemia, and diarrhea. Histopathologic findings at necropsy included various manifestations of immune deficiency, nephropathy, subacute encephalitis, pancreatitis, adenocarcinoma, and lymphoid atrophy. SIV/Mne could be readily isolated from the spleens and lymph nodes of all necropsied macaques, and from the cerebrospinal fluid, brains, bone marrow, livers, and pancreas of some of the animals. SIV antigens were localized by avidin-biotin immunohistochemistry to pancreatic islet cells and to bone marrow endothelial cells. The data suggest that African baboons may be resistant to infection by SIV/Mne, whereas Asian macaques are susceptible to infection with this pathogenic primate lentivirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Benveniste
- Laboratory of Viral Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21701-1013
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37
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Clement LT, Plaeger-Marshall S, Haas A, Saxon A, Martin AM. Bare lymphocyte syndrome. Consequences of absent class II major histocompatibility antigen expression for B lymphocyte differentiation and function. J Clin Invest 1988; 81:669-75. [PMID: 3257764 PMCID: PMC442513 DOI: 10.1172/jci113371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The bare lymphocyte syndrome is a rare combined immunodeficiency disorder associated with the absence of class I and/or class II major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens. Although it has been inferred that the immune deficiency is a consequence of disordered MHC-restricted interactions among otherwise normal cells, the biological capabilities and differentiation of B lymphocytes deficient in class II MHC antigens have not been rigorously analyzed. We have examined the phenotypic and functional attributes of B cells with absent class II MHC antigens. Our data demonstrate that these B cells are intrinsically defective in their responses to membrane-mediated activation stimuli. In addition, virtually all the B cells had phenotypic evidence of arrested differentiation at an immature stage. Finally, these B cells also failed to express the C3d-EBV receptor normally present on all B lymphocytes. These data indicate that class II MHC molecules are vital participants in early events of the B cell activation cascade, and that other non-MHC membrane molecules may also be absent as a consequence of either arrested differentiation or as a result of the basic defect affecting the expression of MHC membrane antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Clement
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine 90024
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38
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39
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Suzuki N, Ueda Y, Sakane T. Differential mechanism for differentiation into immunoglobulin-secreting cells in human resting B lymphocyte subsets isolated on the basis of cell density. J Clin Invest 1988; 81:261-9. [PMID: 2826542 PMCID: PMC442502 DOI: 10.1172/jci113304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated differential mechanism for differentiation of human peripheral blood resting B cells to Ig-secreting cells. Purified resting B cells were further fractionated into subsets by discontinuous density gradients of Percoll, and proliferation and differentiation responses to Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SAC) and/or T cell-derived soluble factors were studied. High density resting B cells were stimulated to proliferate vigorously in response to SAC, but were poorly differentiated by SAC in presence of T cell factors. In contrast, low density resting B cells failed to proliferate in response to SAC and/or T cell factors; these cells could, however, be induced by stimulation with SAC plus T cell factors to become cells actively secreting Ig. These results indicate that there may exist heterogeneity in the human resting B cells: one subset of resting B cells (B cells with low density) can differentiate directly into Ig-secreting cells without the need for proliferation, and another subset (B cells with high density) can proliferate actively without subsequent differentiation into Ig-secreting cells. To address whether these resting B cell subsets belong to the same lineage, only high density B cells recovered from circulating resting B cells were first stimulated for 7 d with SAC, refractionated on Percoll gradients, and differentiation response of the refractionated B cells to SAC and T cell factors was examined. B cells shifting toward low density fraction were located in the resting status and could differentiate in response to SAC plus T cell factors. These results indicate that some of B cells with high density belong to the same cell lineage as those with low density and they must first proliferate before differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Suzuki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shimane Medical University, Japan
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40
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Terao K, Rose LM, Sackett GP, Clark EA. Development of lymphocyte subsets in pigtailed macaques. Hum Immunol 1988; 21:33-48. [PMID: 2966787 DOI: 10.1016/0198-8859(88)90079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The early development of eight lymphocyte subsets was determined for pigtailed macaque infants from 0 to 800 days of age using two-color flow cytometry and fluorescein- and R-phycoerythrin-conjugated monoclonal antibodies specific for human leukocyte antigens. Four major lymphocyte subsets in monkeys (B, CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and NK cells) could be further divided using two-color analysis. In neonates, the frequency of lymphocyte subpopulations having surface phenotypes found principally on dense, resting cells (IgD+ B cells, Lp220+ CD4+ T cells, and CD18dull CD8+ T cells) was much higher than subpopulations having phenotypes present principally on buoyant, activated cells (IgD- B cells, Lp220- CD4+ T cells, CD18bri CD8+ T cells). There was a complete absence of two CD18bri CD8+ subsets (CD8dull and CD8bri) during the first 300 days of life. The relative proportion of lymphocyte subsets with resting phenotype decreased with increasing age, while the subpopulations associated with activation gradually increased with age. These findings suggest that during early development immunocompetent cells gradually differentiate into activated lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Terao
- Regional Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle
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41
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Sauerwein RW, Van der Meer WG, Van Oostveen JW, Miedema F, Aarden LA. Anti-CD3 antibodies induce T helper function for human B cell differentiation in vitro by an interleukin 2-independent pathway. Eur J Immunol 1988; 18:133-7. [PMID: 2964372 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830180120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Previously we have shown that interleukin 2 (IL 2) is an essential mediator in T cell-dependent B cell differentiation induced by pokeweed mitogen. Here we show that activation with monoclonal anti-CD3 antibodies of peripheral blood T cells led to the induction of helper activity for IgM secretion by human B cells from a prolymphatic leukemia. With the use of monoclonal antibodies against the IL 2 receptor and CD3+CD4+CD8- chronic lymphatic leukemia T cells with a strongly reduced capacity to produce IL 2, it was demonstrated that the anti-CD3-driven Ig secretion was obtained by an IL 2-independent pathway. The T cell help in this system is mediated by soluble factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Sauerwein
- Central Laboratory, Netherlands Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Amsterdam
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42
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Rose LM, Alvord EC, Hruby S, Jackevicius S, Petersen R, Warner N, Clark EA. In vivo administration of anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody prolongs survival in longtailed macaques with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1987; 45:405-23. [PMID: 2445510 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(87)90093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The in vivo administration of monoclonal antibody (mAb) to the CD4 antigen associated with helper T cells has been successful in prolonging the survival of nonhuman primates with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). EAE was induced in 17 outbred longtailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) by inoculation of homologous myelin basic protein (BP) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Treatment was begun at the onset of clinical signs. Eleven animals were treated with anti-CD4 mAb Leu3a (eight) or OKT4a (three). Of the six control animals, two received anti-CD8 mAb (Leu2a), and four were treated with saline. Specific T- and B-cell subsets which have been implicated in the development of EAE were monitored throughout the course of the disease by one- and two-color immunofluorescence (IF). The monkey anti-BP antibody and anti-mouse immunoglobulin (IgG) responses were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) techniques, as were the levels of free-circulating murine IgG. The nature of the infiltrating lymphocytes in the brain was evaluated histologically post mortem. Our results indicate that anti-CD4 mAb can prolong survival and in some cases completely reverse the clinical appearance of the disease; however, relapses did occur. Treatments with Leu3a or OKT4a anti-CD4 mAbs reversed the ongoing depletion of CD4+ and CD8+ cells caused by the development of EAE and appeared to reduce the size and degree of inflammation in brain lesions. These treatments did not induce immunologic tolerance to mouse IgG since all of the anti-CD4-treated animals produced high titers of anti-mouse IgG antibodies. Treatment with Leu2a (anti-CD8) had no effect on the development of EAE. These results suggest that CD4+ cells are important to the pathogenesis of EAE in macaques and that manipulation of this subset with monoclonal antibodies may provide effective treatment of human demyelinating disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibody Formation
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Blood Cells/classification
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/mortality
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Lymphocytes/classification
- Macaca fascicularis
- Male
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Rose
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle 98195
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43
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Chiba M, Ohta H, Iizuka M, Masamune O. Ring-like distribution of IgG-containing cells around the lymph follicle in the human intestine. GASTROENTEROLOGIA JAPONICA 1987; 22:703-8. [PMID: 3327722 DOI: 10.1007/bf02776742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig)-containing cells were studied in the lamina propria of the normal human large bowel and around the lymph follicle, including Peyer's patches, in the normal intestine. Ig-containing cells were identified by the indirect immunoperoxidase staining method, using mouse anti-human Ig monoclonal antibodies. In the lamina propria in the large bowel, the mean percentage of IgA+ (IgA1+ cells and IgA2+ cells), IgM+, IgD+, IgG+ and IgE+ cells was 75.9, 8.5, 7.3, 5.8, 2.5, respectively (total 100), namely there was a marked preponderance of IgA+ cells in comparison to IgG+ cells. However, IgG+ cells were observed not only on the epithelial but also in the serosal side of lymph follicles, showing a ring-like pattern. Ig+ cells of the other four classes did not show such a pattern. The ring-like distribution of IgG+ cells around lymph follicles was observed in both the large and small intestine including Peyer's patches. This tendency was observed in 9 out of 14 follicles (64.3 per cent). A large number of IgG+ cells were observed outside lymph follicles, while a small number of IgG+ cells were observed at the most outer rim of lymph follicles which suggested a local maturation of IgG+ cells. The significance and the role of the newly recognized IgG+ cells in the vicinity of lymph follicles remain to be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chiba
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Akita University School of Medicine, Japan
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44
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Clark EA, Draves KE. Activation of macaque T cells and B cells with agonistic monoclonal antibodies. Eur J Immunol 1987; 17:1799-805. [PMID: 3500863 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830171219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to human differentiation antigens known to have agonistic activity for human T or B cells was found to bind specifically to macaque T or B cell subsets. Most of these mAb also stimulated macaque lymphocyte proliferation, implying that they recognize functional homologues in monkeys. Anti-CD3, anti-CD28 (9.3), and anti-Lp220 (CD45R) mAb stimulated proliferation of both human and macaque T cells; similarly, anti-IgM and anti-CDw40 mAb stimulated both human and macaque B cells. In contrast, anti-CD20 and anti-CD39 mAb, which are known to stimulate human B cells, did not stimulate macaque B cells. A human low-molecular weight B cell growth factor (BCGF) and anti-IgM were co-stimulatory for macaque splenic B cells but not for blood B cells, suggesting that B cell subpopulations may differ in their responsiveness to BCGF. The results show that functional epitopes on some lymphocyte surface molecules such as CD28 or CDw40 are conserved in primate evolution. Functional epitopes on other cell surface molecules such as CD3 and CD20 may have more complex evolutionary constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Clark
- Regional Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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45
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Callard RE, Tiernan SL. Specific antibody responses by high- and low-density human peripheral blood B cells: T-helper cells and T-cell replacing factor (TRF) act on different B-cell subpopulations. Immunology 1987; 62:451-6. [PMID: 2959615 PMCID: PMC1454127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody production to influenza A strain virus X31 (H3N2) was measured in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with either antigen (X31) or pokeweed mitogen (PWM). With some donors, X31 antibody was produced in response to antigenic stimulation, but not as part of the polyclonal response to PWM, suggesting that antigen and PWM may be acting on different B-cell subpopulations. To test this hypothesis, T-cell depleted PBMC (E-) cells were fractionated on discontinuous Percoll gradients and assayed for antibody production in response to antigen or PWM. Fraction I (FrI = SG less than 1.070) cultured in the presence of T cells responded well to PWM, but not at all to X31. FrII (1.070 less than SG less than 1.075) and FrIII (SG greater than 1.075) cultured in the presence of T cells both responded well to X31, but only the medium-density B cells (FrII) were able to make specific antibody when T cells were replaced with T-cell replacing factor (TRF). Specific X31 antibody responses by medium- and high-density B cells (FrII and FrIII) were suppressed equally by the addition of allogeneic T-suppressor (Ts) cells. When allo-activated Ts cells were inactivated by irradiation, allogeneic T-helper (Th) cells were able to collaborate with both FrII and FrIII B cells in specific antibody responses to X31. Since TRF was not able to substitute for T cells in specific antibody responses by FrIII B cells, this result shows that allogeneic T-cell help was not mediated by non-specific 'allogeneic effect' factors and apparently requires cognate T cell-B cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Callard
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Child Health, London, U.K
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46
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Taga T, Kawanishi Y, Hardy RR, Hirano T, Kishimoto T. Receptors for B cell stimulatory factor 2. Quantitation, specificity, distribution, and regulation of their expression. J Exp Med 1987; 166:967-81. [PMID: 2821154 PMCID: PMC2188724 DOI: 10.1084/jem.166.4.967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell stimulatory factor 2 receptors (BSF-2-R) were studied using radioiodinated recombinant BSF-2 with a specific activity of 6.16 X 10(13) cpm/g. Kinetic studies showed that binding of 125I-BSF-2 to CESS cells reached maximum level within 150 min at 0 degrees C. There was a single class of receptors with high affinity (Kd 3.4 X 10(-10) M) on CESS, and the number of receptors was 2,700 per cell. Binding of 125I-BSF-2 to CESS was competitively inhibited by unlabeled BSF-2 but not by IL-1, IL-2, IFN-beta, IFN-gamma, and G-CSF, indicating the presence of the receptors specific for BSF-2. EBV-transformed B lymphoblastoid cell lines (CESS, SKW6-CL4, LCL13, and LCL14) expressed BSF-2-R, whereas Burkitt's lines did not. EBV or EBNA2 did not induce the expression of the receptors on Burkitt's cells. The plasma cell lines (ARH-77 and U266) expressed BSF-2-R, fitting the function of BSF-2 as plasma cell growth factor. Several other cell lines, the histiocytic line U937, the promyelocytic line HL60, the astrocytoma line U373 and the glioblastoma line SK-MG-4, in which BSF-2 was inducible with IL-1 or TPA, displayed BSF-2-R with Kd in the range of 1.3-6.4 X 10(-10) M, suggesting the autocrine mechanism in BSF-2 function. The four T cell lines (CEM, HSB, Jurkat, and OM 1) did not express a detectable number of receptors, but normal resting T cells expressed 100-1,000 receptors per cell. BSF-2-R were not present on normal resting B cells but expressed on activated B cells with a Kd of 3.6-5.0 X 10(-10) M, fitting the function of BSF-2, which acts on B cells at the final maturation stage to induce immunoglobulin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Taga
- Division of Immunology, Osaka University, Japan
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47
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Anderson SJ, Lawton AR. LPS augments human B-cell differentiation by direct stimulation of PWM-responsive B cells. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1987; 44:259-71. [PMID: 3497745 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(87)90070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) augments production of IgM and IgG by two- to seven-fold in cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) stimulated by pokeweed mitogen (PWM), but only if monocytes are rigorously depleted. When PBL were separated into adherent cell (AC), B-cell-enriched, and T-cell-enriched fractions, pulsed with LPS, and recombined in culture with PWM, increased generation of plasma cells was seen only in cultures containing LPS-treated B cells. This effect of LPS appears to be independent of soluble factors. Supernatants from LPS-stimulated B cells or AC did not consistently increase PWM responses when cultured with fresh B cells in the presence of polymyxin B. Furthermore, pulsing of B cells with purified interleukin 1 from two different commercial sources failed to augment PWM-induced differentiation. When B cells were depleted of surface IgD (sIgD)-bearing cells by panning, no effect on LPS-mediated augmentation of PWM-driven differentiation was seen. B cells were also fractionated by rosetting with mouse erythrocytes. Treatment of BMR+ cells with LPS did not induce them to respond to PWM, while treatment of BMR- cells with LPS augmented generation of plasma cells. These results indicate that LPS acts directly to augment differentiation of PWM-responsive B cells, rather than recruiting sIgD+, BMR+ cells to become PWM responsive.
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48
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Juy D, Sterkers G, Bernard A, Levy JP. Frequency analysis of human peripheral blood B cells sensitive to CD2 monoclonal antibody-activated T cells. Hum Immunol 1987; 19:225-33. [PMID: 3500156 DOI: 10.1016/0198-8859(87)90040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that appropriate pairs of cluster of differentiation 2 (CD2) monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) directed against two epitopes on the T11 molecule induced human T-cell activation leading to the production of several lymphokines. Here we report that human peripheral blood B lymphocytes cultured in the presence of the CD2 (D66 + T11) MoAb, together with T lymphocytes and monocytes, secreted larger amount of immunoglobulin (Ig) than when they were incubated in the same culture conditions in the presence of pokeweed mitogen (PWM). We further show that the level of Ig secreted by the progeny of a single responsive B cell is similar in both systems and demonstrate that the increase in the Ig concentration is directly related to the high frequency of B-cell precursors sensitive to CD2 MoAb-activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Juy
- Laboratoire INSERM U.152, Immunologie et Virologie des Tumeurs, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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49
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Rose LM, Clark EA, Hruby S, Alvord EC. Fluctuations of T- and B-cell subsets in basic protein-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in long-tailed macaques. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1987; 44:93-106. [PMID: 2439243 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(87)90055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) by inoculation of autologous myelin basic protein (BP) in complete Freund's adjuvant. Natural killer (NK) cell activity and lymphocyte subsets detected by one- and two-color immunofluorescence were monitored longitudinally in these animals. A decrease in NK cell activity was detected at the onset of clinically defined disease. During the preclinical phase of EAE (5-7 days before the onset of clinical signs) the absolute number of T helper (CD4+) and T suppressor (CD8+) cells in the peripheral blood decreased significantly. Analysis of peripheral blood B cells revealed a selective depletion of IgD+ B cells and a corresponding increase in the number of IgD- B cells prior to and during the onset of clinical signs. Total B-cell numbers were not significantly different between EAE and normal groups. The increased proportion of IgD- B cells in BP-sensitized animals corresponded with the appearance of high titers of circulating anti-BP antibodies. Thus two-color analysis of B-cell subsets may be a sensitive indicator of B-cell activation and of abnormal immune status in EAE. Changes in lymphocyte subsets in macaques with EAE are compared with those in humans with multiple sclerosis.
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