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Wright AE. An Address on Wound Infections; And on Some New Methods for the Study of the Various Factors Which Come into Consideration in Their Treatment. Proc R Soc Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/003591571500800503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Males and females share the vast majority of their genomes and yet are often subject to different, even conflicting, selection. Genomic and transcriptomic developments have made it possible to assess sex-specific selection at the molecular level, and it is clear that sex-specific selection shapes the evolutionary properties of several genomic characteristics, including transcription, post-transcriptional regulation, imprinting, genome structure and gene sequence. Sex-specific selection is strongly influenced by mating system, which also causes neutral evolutionary changes that affect different regions of the genome in different ways. Here, we synthesize theoretical and molecular work in order to provide a cohesive view of the role of sex-specific selection and mating system in genome evolution. We also highlight the need for a combined approach, incorporating both genomic data and experimental phenotypic studies, in order to understand precisely how sex-specific selection drives evolutionary change across the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Wright
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Edward Grey Institute, Oxford, UK.
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Wright AE. A Note on Certain Improvements in the Method of Determining the Condition of Blood Coagulability for Clinical and Experimental Uses. Br Med J 2011; 1:237-8. [PMID: 20754647 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.1727.237-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Wright AE. A Lecture ON THERAPEUTIC INOCULATIONS OF BACTERIAL VACCINES. AND THEIR PRACTICAL EXPLOITATION IN THE TREATMENT OF DISEASE: Delivered at the Medical Graduates' College and Polyclinic. Br Med J 2011; 1:1069-74. [PMID: 20760879 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.2210.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Wright AE. A Lecture ON WOUND INFECTIONS AND THEIR TREATMENT: Delivered (with Demonstrations) at the Opening of an Exhibition of Surgical Appliances for the Treatment of the Wounded held at the Royal Society of Medicine from October 8th to 14th. Br Med J 2011; 2:629-35. [PMID: 20767868 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.2861.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Wright AE, Leishman WB. Remarks on the Results which have been Obtained by the Antityphoid Inoculations and on the Methods which have been Employed in the Preparation of the Vaccine. Br Med J 2011; 1:122-9. [PMID: 20758818 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.2038.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Wright AE. On a Method of Determining the Condition of Blood Coagulability for Clinical and Experimental Purposes, and on the Effect of the Administration of Calcium Salts in Haemophilia and Actual or Threatened Haemorrhage: [Preliminary Communication]. Br Med J 2011; 2:223-5. [PMID: 20754381 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.1700.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Wright AE. On Wooldridge's Method of Producing Immunity against Anthrax by the Injection of Solutions of Tissue Fibrinogen. Br Med J 2011; 2:641-4. [PMID: 20753404 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.1603.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Wright AE, Semple D. On the Employment of Dead Bacteria in the Serum Diagnosis of Typhoid and Malta Fever, and on an Easy Method of Extemporising a Blowpipe Flame for Making Capillary Sero-Sedimentation Tubes. Br Med J 2011; 1:1214-5. [PMID: 20756994 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.1898.1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Wright AE. An Address ON WOUND INFECTIONS; AND ON SOME NEW METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF THE VARIOUS FACTORS WHICH COME INTO CONSIDERATION IN THEIR TREATMENT: Delivered before the Royal Society of Medicine on March 30th. Br Med J 2011; 1:625-8. [PMID: 20767580 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.2832.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Wright AE. Upon a New Styptic, and upon the Possibility of Increasing the Coagulability of the Blood in the Vessels in Cases of Haemophilia and Aneurysm and Internal Haemorrhage. Br Med J 2011; 2:1306-8. [PMID: 20753464 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.1616.1306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Wright AE. Remarks on Methods of Increasing and Diminishing the Coagulability of the Blood, with Especial Reference to their Therapeutic Employment. Br Med J 2011; 2:57-61. [PMID: 20754949 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.1750.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Wright AE. An Address ON WOUND INFECTIONS; AND ON SOME NEW METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF THE VARIOUS FACTORS WHICH COME INTO CONSIDERATION IN THEIR TREATMENT: Delivered before the Royal Society of Medicine on March 30th. Br Med J 2011; 1:665-8. [PMID: 20767590 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.2833.665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Wright AE. MEMORANDUM ON THE TREATMENT OF INFECTED WOUNDS BY PHYSIOLOGICAL METHODS: (Drainage of Infected Tissues by Hypertonic Salt Solution, and Utilization of the Antibacterial Powers of the Blood Fluids and White Blood Corpuscles.). Br Med J 2011; 1:793-7. [PMID: 20768161 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.2892.793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Cassler M, Peterson CL, Ledger A, Pomponi SA, Wright AE, Winegar R, McCarthy PJ, Lopez JV. Use of real-time qPCR to quantify members of the unculturable heterotrophic bacterial community in a deep sea marine sponge, Vetulina sp. Microb Ecol 2008; 55:384-94. [PMID: 17661179 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-007-9283-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In this report, real-time quantitative PCR (TaqMan qPCR) of the small subunit (SSU) 16S-like rRNA molecule, a universal phylogenetic marker, was used to quantify the relative abundance of individual bacterial members of a diverse, yet mostly unculturable, microbial community from a marine sponge. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of bacterial communities derived from Caribbean Lithistid sponges have shown a wide diversity of microbes that included at least six major subdivisions; however, very little overlap was observed between the culturable and unculturable microbial communities. Based on sequence data of three culture-independent Lithistid-derived representative bacteria, we designed probe/primer sets for TaqMan qPCR to quantitatively characterize selected microbial residents in a Lithistid sponge, Vetulina, metagenome. TaqMan assays included specificity testing, DNA limit of detection analysis, and quantification of specific microbial rRNA sequences such as Nitrospira-like microbes and Actinobacteria up to 172 million copies per microgram per Lithistid sponge metagenome. By contrast, qPCR amplification with probes designed for common previously cultured sponge-associated bacteria in the genera Rheinheimera and Marinomonas and a representative of the CFB group resulted in only minimal detection of the Rheiheimera in total DNA extracted from the sponge. These data verify that a large portion of the microbial community within Lithistid sponges may consist of currently unculturable microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cassler
- Molecular Biology Program, MRI Florida Division, FL 32909, USA
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Wright AE. On the Conditions which determine the Distribution of the Coagulation following the Intra-vascular Injection of a Solution of Wooldridge's Tissue Fibrinogen: Preliminary Communication. J Physiol 2007; 12:184-91. [PMID: 16991971 PMCID: PMC1514266 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1891.sp000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Abstract
The attention of laboratory workers is drawn to the possibility of coccidiosis as a cause of death in guinea-pigs. The purchase of a number of guinea-pigs infected with this protozoon was followed by 12 deaths when these animals were injected with material for diagnostic purposes. No deaths occurred in the laboratory stock herd, as these were kept separate from the newcomers and were not infected. The life history of the parasite is described, together with the post-mortem findings in our series of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Ellis
- Department of Pathology, the General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne
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Abstract
BACKGROUND following a stroke, morbidity and mortality is high, with aspiration pneumonia being a common complication. OBJECTIVES to determine the levels of colonisation by and isolation of aerobic Gram-negative bacteria (AGNB) in acute stroke patients and determine the effect of selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) on oral flora and whether it reduces both morbidity and mortality after an acute stroke. DESIGN a prospective, randomised, placebo-controlled double blind trial. SETTING acute stroke assessment units of three hospitals in the northwest of England. SUBJECTS 203 patients admitted to hospital following a first acute stroke. METHODS participants were randomised to SDD oral gel or placebo. Swallow was assessed on admission to hospital, and oral swabs were obtained thrice weekly. Demographic and clinical data were recorded. RESULTS 203 patients (106 males and 97 females) participated, of whom 20 died during their hospitalisation, 19 withdrew and full follow-up was obtained for the remaining 164. A total of 122 AGNB were isolated in 105 samples from 48 patients. Abnormal swallow on admission was found in 58 patients (29%). A total of 34 patients carried a single gram-negative micro-organism that was present on one or more occasions. More than one AGNB was carried in 14 patients, and organisms were significantly more likely to be isolated from the placebo group than the active group during weeks 2 and 3 of treatment (P = 0.034, chi-squared). Seven patients in the placebo group and one in the treatment group developed pneumonia (P = 0.029, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSIONS high carriage of and colonisation by AGNB was found within this study, which was reduced by the addition of SDD. Although SDD reduced the presence of both organisms and documented episodes of pneumonia, mortality remained unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gosney
- The Institute of Health Sciences, Building 22, London Road, Reading RG1 5AQ, UK.
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Millns B, Gosney M, Jack CIA, Martin MV, Wright AE. Acute stroke predisposes to oral gram-negative bacilli -- a cause of aspiration pneumonia? Gerontology 2003; 49:173-6. [PMID: 12679608 DOI: 10.1159/000069171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2002] [Accepted: 05/21/2002] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess any change in the oral flora in the mouths of stroke patients during the acute and rehabilitation phases and to determine whether this is related to episodes of aspiration pneumonia and clinical outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS This observational study was carried out in hospital wards in a University teaching hospital. The subjects were patients immediately post-stroke and during the rehabilitation period, acute admissions and a group of healthy volunteers. An assessment of dentition and swallow in the presence or absence of oral aerobic gram-negative bacilli (AGNB) was correlated. RESULTS Of the acute stroke patients 52% had an unsafe swallow. AGNB carriage was documented in 34% of the acute stroke group. Of the 11 patients who died 55% had AGNB, 73% had an unsafe swallow and 36% had a combination of both. CONCLUSION AGNB is a common finding in acute stroke patients. It is not a consequence of age or acute hospitalisation and is associated with an unsafe swallow and a higher mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Millns
- Department of Dental Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
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Lopez JV, Peterson CL, Willoughby R, Wright AE, Enright E, Zoladz S, Reed JK, Pomponi SA. Characterization of genetic markers for in vitro cell line identification of the marine sponge Axinella corrugata. J Hered 2002; 93:27-36. [PMID: 12011172 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/93.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine sponge Axinella corrugata is being developed as a model organism for in vitro marine invertebrate research. Molecular genetics methods such as DNA fingerprinting [amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP)] and single-locus DNA sequence analyses were applied to this model to meet the primary objective of identifying positive A. corrugata-specific molecular markers that will aid in verifying cell identity in vitro and distinguish sponge cells from potential microbial contaminants. The extent of intra- and interspecific variation in these markers from geographically distinct samples of A. corrugata and closely related sponge taxa was also assessed. Two novel nuclear loci along with intervening transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of nuclear rRNA were characterized, although the latter appeared to better meet primary marker criteria, such as taxonomic specificity and high frequency of detection (via polymerase chain reaction [PCR]) from different individuals (n > 40) and cell cultures. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses of ITS DNA sequences helped clarify taxonomies and also suggested species boundaries between and among western Atlantic and eastern Atlantic/Indian Ocean A. corrugata and Axinellidae samples. Patterns of genetic variation have important implications for the systematics, evolution, and chemical ecology of A. corrugata and related axinellids and are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Lopez
- Division of Biomedical Marine Research, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, 5600 U.S. 1 North, Ft. Pierce, FL 34946, USA.
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Iyaniwura TT, Wright AE, Balfour DJ. Evidence that mesoaccumbens dopamine and locomotor responses to nicotine in the rat are influenced by pretreatment dose and strain. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001; 158:73-9. [PMID: 11685386 DOI: 10.1007/s002130100852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2001] [Accepted: 05/16/2001] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Sensitisation of the mesoaccumbens dopamine response to nicotine has been implicated in the development of nicotine dependence. This study explored the doses of nicotine that elicit the response in two strains of rats that differ in their baseline levels of activity. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley and Lister hooded rats were pretreated with daily subcutaneous injections of (-)-nicotine for 7 days at doses ranging from 0.03 mg/kg to 0.90 mg/kg. Microdialysis studies were performed on day 9 in conscious freely moving rats, placed in an activity box and challenged with 0.4 mg/kg nicotine. RESULTS The acute administration of nicotine to drug-naive rats stimulated dopamine overflow in the accumbal shell but not the core. Sprague-Dawley rats, pretreated with nicotine (0.03 mg/kg/day and 0.10 mg/kg/day) showed increased basal overflow of dopamine in the accumbal core. Pretreatment with 0.10 mg/kg/day or 0.30 mg/kg/day, but not 0.03 mg/kg/day or 0.90 mg/kg/day, also caused sensitisation of the response to a nicotine challenge on the test day. Sensitisation of the locomotor response to nicotine exhibited a simple dose-response relationship, with the largest sensitisation being observed in animals pretreated with 0.90 mg/kg/day. In Lister hooded rats, pretreatment with nicotine reduced basal dopamine overflow in the accumbal core and did not cause sensitisation to a subsequent challenge with nicotine. CONCLUSIONS Sensitisation of the mesoaccumbens dopamine response to nicotine is influenced by pre-treatment dose and the strain of rats used. It is not related directly to the expression of sensitised locomotor responses to the drug and, therefore, may be implicated in other psychopharmacological properties of the drug, including dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Iyaniwura
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of Dundee Medical School, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
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Killday KB, Yarwood D, Sills MA, Murphy PT, Hooper JN, Wright AE. Microxine, a new cdc2 kinase inhibitor from the Australian marine sponge Microxina species. J Nat Prod 2001; 64:525-526. [PMID: 11325241 DOI: 10.1021/np000546z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A new purine derivative microxine (1) was isolated from the Australian marine sponge Microxina sp. The compound was isolated via reversed-phase chromatography and its structure determined spectroscopically. Microxine was found to weakly inhibit cdc2 kinase activity with an IC(50) of 13 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Killday
- Division of Biomedical Marine Research, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Inc., 5600 US 1 North, Ft. Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
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Chen Y, Killday KB, McCarthy PJ, Schimoler R, Chilson K, Selitrennikoff C, Pomponi SA, Wright AE. Three new peroxides from the sponge Plakinastrella species. J Nat Prod 2001; 64:262-264. [PMID: 11430018 DOI: 10.1021/np000368+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Two new five-membered-ring peroxide acids, plakinic acid F (3) and epiplakinic acid F (4), and a new peroxide-lactone, plakortolide F (5), were isolated from a sponge of the genus Plakinastrella collected from Felicite Island, Seychelles. The structures were elucidated through spectral analysis. The free acids 3 and 4 exhibit moderate antifungal activity against Candida albicans with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 25 micrograms/mL (SDB) and 3.1 micrograms/mL (RPMI) for 3, and 25 micrograms/mL (SDB) and 6.25 micrograms/mL (RPMI) for 4, respectively. Both also showed moderate in vitro inhibition of Aspergillus fumigatus with IC90's of 25 micrograms/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- Division of Biomedical Marine Research, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Inc., 5600 US 1 North, Ft. Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
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Abstract
A majority of habitual tobacco smokers find it very difficult to quit the habit because they become addicted to the nicotine present in tobacco smoke. Nicotine, like other psychostimulant drugs of abuse, increases dopamine release in the principal terminal field of the mesolimbic system, the nucleus accumbens, and there is evidence that this mediates the 'rewarding' properties of the drug, which reinforce its self-administration. This review focuses on the working hypothesis that addiction to nicotine, and other psychostimulant drugs, depends upon their ability to evoke a sustained increase in dopamine release directly into the extracellular space which lies between the cells in the nucleus accumbens where it stimulates extra-synaptic dopamine receptors. It is suggested that increased stimulation of these receptors is associated with increased incentive learning or the attribution of increased incentive salience to the cues associated with acquisition and delivery of the drug. The hypothesis proposes that these cues can become conditioned reinforcers of drug-taking behaviour. The receptors, which mediate the effects of nicotine on mesoaccumbens dopamine neurones, are desensitised by sustained exposure to nicotine at concentrations commonly found in the plasma of habitual smokers. It is proposed that, at times when the plasma nicotine concentration is sufficiently high to cause desensitisation of the receptors, tobacco smoking is maintained by the conditioned reinforcers present in the tobacco smoke. The hypothesis predicts, therefore, that conditioned reinforcement may play a more important role in the addiction to tobacco than for most other addictive behaviours. As a result, studies with nicotine have the potential to contribute to our understanding of the neurobiology of addiction which cannot easily be explored using drugs, such as cocaine and amphetamine, which invariably increase dopamine overflow in the forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Balfour
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Dundee Medical School, Ninewells Hospital, UK.
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Stead P, Hiscox S, Robinson PS, Pike NB, Sidebottom PJ, Roberts AD, Taylor NL, Wright AE, Pomponi SA, Langley D. Eryloside F, a novel penasterol disaccharide possessing potent thrombin receptor antagonist activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:661-4. [PMID: 10762048 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the discovery of Eryloside F, a novel disaccharide of the steroidal carboxylic acid penasterol, isolated from an extract of the marine sponge Erylus formosus. The compound is a potent thrombin receptor antagonist, and furthermore inhibits human platelet aggregation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stead
- Bioprocessing Unit, Glaxo-Wellcome Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Herts, UK.
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Gunasekera SP, McCarthy PJ, Longley RE, Pomponi SA, Wright AE. Secobatzellines A and B, two new enzyme inhibitors from a deep-water Caribbean sponge of the genus Batzella. J Nat Prod 1999; 62:1208-1211. [PMID: 10479344 DOI: 10.1021/np990177a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Secobatzelline A (1), a new batzelline natural analogue, and secobatzelline B (2), a likely artifact formed during the isolation procedure, have been isolated from a deep-water marine sponge of the genus Batzella. Secobatzellines A and B inhibited the phosphatase activity of calcineurin, and secobatzelline A inhibited the peptidase activity of CPP32. Both compounds showed in vitro cytotoxicity against P-388 and A-549 cell lines. The isolation and structure elucidation of secobatzellines A (1) and B (2) are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Gunasekera
- Division of Biomedical Marine Research, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, 5600 U.S. 1 North, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA.
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Gunasekera SP, McCarthy PJ, Longley RE, Pomponi SA, Wright AE, Lobkovsky E, Clardy J. Discorhabdin P, a new enzyme inhibitor from a deep-water Caribbean sponge of the genus Batzella. J Nat Prod 1999; 62:173-175. [PMID: 9917313 DOI: 10.1021/np980293y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Discorhabdin P (1), a new discorhabdin analogue, has been isolated from a deep-water marine sponge of the genus Batzella. Discorhabdin P (1) inhibited the phosphatase activity of calcineurin and the peptidase activity of CPP32. It also showed in vitro cytotoxicity against P-388 and A-549 cell lines. The isolation and structure elucidation of discorhabdin P (1) are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Gunasekera
- Division of Biomedical Marine Research, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, 5600 U.S. 1 North, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA.
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Abstract
A redox-sensitive protein that binds to the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) RNA has been described previously [Fazzone, H., Wangner, A., and Clerch, L. B. (1993) J. Clin. Invest. 92, 1278-1281; Chung, D. J., and Clerch, L. B. (1997) Am. J. Physiol. 16, L714-L719]. In the present study, cross-competition gel retardation and RNase H assays were used to identify a 41-base region located 111 bases downstream of the stop codon as the 3' UTR cis element involved in protein binding. The base sequence of this region is approximately 75% conserved among the 3' UTRs of rat, mouse, cow, and human MnSOD mRNAs at approximately the same distance downstream of the stop codon. The role of this protein-binding region in RNA translation was assessed in an in vitro rabbit reticulocyte lysate system. Translation of MnSOD RNA from which the 3' UTR element was deleted decreased 60% compared with translation of MnSOD RNA containing the 3' UTR cis element. In the presence of a specific competitor oligoribonucleotide that inhibits MnSOD RNA protein-binding activity, translation of MnSOD RNA containing the 3' UTR was decreased by 65%. Thus, both the cis element and RNA protein-binding activity were required for more efficient translation of the MnSOD. An analysis of ribosomal profiles suggests the MnSOD RNA-binding protein participates in the formation of the translation initiation complex. When MnSOD RNA-binding activity was inhibited, initiation complex formation was decreased by 50%. From the data obtained in this study, we propose that the 3' UTR cis element of MnSOD through its interaction with MnSOD RNA-binding protein may function as a translational enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Chung
- Lung Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C. 20007, USA
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Mann DM, Pickering-Brown SM, Bayatti NN, Wright AE, Owen F, Iwatsubo T, Saido TC. An intronic polymorphism in the presenilin-1 gene does not influence the amount or molecular form of the amyloid beta protein deposited in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 1997; 222:57-60. [PMID: 9121723 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(97)13342-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The frequency of the allele-1 polymorphism in intron 8 of the presenilin-1 (PS-1) gene, and the proportion of individuals homozygous in this respect, was investigated in 57 patients with autopsy verified Alzheimer's disease (AD). In 33 of these patients the amount of amyloid beta protein (A beta) was compared across the three PS-1 genotype groups (1/1, 1/2, 2/2). No excess of the allele-1 was detected in these patients with confirmed AD and no variations in the extent of A beta deposition, as either A beta 40 or A beta 42, in terms of plaque number or percentage area of tissue occupied, were found. We conclude that this intronic PS-1 polymorphism does not influence the pathological phenotype of AD, at least as far as A beta deposition is concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Mann
- Department of Pathological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
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Mazur W, Ali MN, Khan MM, Dabaghi SF, DeFelice CA, Paradis P, Butler EB, Wright AE, Fajardo LF, French BA, Raizner AE. High dose rate intracoronary radiation for inhibition of neointimal formation in the stented and balloon-injured porcine models of restenosis: angiographic, morphometric, and histopathologic analyses. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1996; 36:777-88. [PMID: 8960503 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(96)00298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the effects of intracoronary irradiation delivered at a high dose rate on neointimal hyperplasia after injury induced by two methods: balloon overstretch injury, and stent implantation in a porcine model of coronary restenosis. METHODS AND MATERIALS In 34 Hanford miniature swine, a segment of each coronary artery was targeted for injury and treatment. The artery segments were treated with 192Ir at doses of 10 Gy over 4 min (eight animals), 15 Gy over 6 min (nine animals), 25 Gy over 10 min (nine animals) or control (simulation wire only; eight animals). The treated segments were subjected to stent implantation (left anterior descending and right coronary artery) or balloon overstretch (circumflex) injury. Twenty-eight days later, repeat coronary angiography and sacrifice were done. Quantitative coronary angiography, morphometry, and extensive histopathologic analyses were carried out in a blinded fashion. RESULTS The change in minimal lumen diameter from postinjury to presacrifice in the stent-injured left anterior descending was -0.79 +/- 0.34 (mean: +/- SD) mm in the control group, compared to -0.43 +/- 0.35 mm in the 15 Gy (p = 0.04) and -0.21 +/- 0.50 mm in the 25 Gy (p = 0.01) groups; and in the balloon-injured circumflex was -0.31 +/- 0.22 mm in the control group compared to -0.03 +/- 0.18 mm in the 10 Gy (p = 0.05) and 0.00 +/- 0.33 in the 15 Gy (p = 0.01) groups. Percent area stenosis in the left anterior descending was 36 +/- 9% in the control group compared to 18 +/- 12% in the 15 Gy (p = 0.003) and 11 +/- 11% in the 25 Gy (p < 0.001) groups; and in the circumflex was 16 +/- 10% in the control groups, compared to 5 +/- 5% in the 15 Gy (p = 0.02) and 2 +/- 2% in the 25 Gy (p = 0.009) groups. Histopathology showed a striking reduction in the amount of neointima in the irradiated arteries compared with control vessels. Other radiation effects were stromal fibrin exudate, thinning of the media, and adventitial fibrosis and leukocyte infiltration in the radiated arterial segments. CONCLUSIONS High dose rate intracoronary irradiation with 192Ir effectively inhibits intimal proliferation after stent-induced as well as balloon-overstretch injury. This shorter treatment time (4 to 10 min) may provide a clinically practical approach to the prevention of restenosis after angioplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Mazur
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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34
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Peppard JV, Loo P, Sills MA, Munster D, Pomponi SA, Wright AE. Characterization of an interleukin 6 cytokine family antagonist protein from a marine sponge, Callyspongia sp. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:7281-4. [PMID: 8631742 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.13.7281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An inhibitor of IL-6 binding to the human hepatoma line HepG2 and myeloma cell line U266 was identified in a saline extract of the marine sponge, Callyspongia sp. Functional activity, measured through the increase in haptoglobin production by HepG2 cells stimulated with IL-6, could be strongly inhibited by the extract. Similarly, IL-6-induced production of IgM by the B cell line SKW6.4 was substantially reduced. In neither cell line was there evidence of toxicity produced by the extract. Other sponges of the Callyspongia species were found to contain analogous activity. The activity was destroyed by trypsin treatment or boiling of the extract, suggesting that the inhibition is due to a protein. When the binding of IL-6 to its receptor complex was dissected in vitro, inhibition of binding of IL-6 to soluble receptor by the extract was not detected, but binding of the IL-6-sIL-6R complex to soluble gp130 was inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion. This was borne out in cellular assays since the extract inhibited activation of HepG2 cells stimulated with oncostatin M or leukemia inhibitory factor, cytokines which also use gp130 for signal transduction. These results suggest that the Callyspongia extract contains a protein which blocks the interaction of the IL-6 family of cytokines with their signal transduction moiety, gp130. Elucidation of the structure and mode of action of such a protein would be helpful in designing gp130 antagonists to inhibit the functions of this cytokine family, overproduction of which has been associated with cancer and pathologies of autoimmune disease and AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Peppard
- Pharmaceuticals Division, Ciba-Geigy Corporation, Summit, New Jersey 07901, USA
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35
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Clerch LB, Wright AE, Coalson JJ. Lung manganese superoxide dismutase protein expression increases in the baboon model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and is regulated at a posttranscriptional level. Pediatr Res 1996; 39:253-8. [PMID: 8825796 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199602000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The expression of lung manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) mRNA and protein were examined in a premature baboon model of hyperoxia-induced bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and BPD superimposed with bacterial infection. When 140-d gestation baboons were delivered by hysterotomy and treated for 16 d with appropriate ventilatory and oxygen support (pro re nada controls), there was an increase in both MnSOD mRNA and protein compared with 140-d or 156-d gestation, nonventilated controls. The concentration of MnSOD protein was also elevated when the prematurely delivered baboons were ventilated with a high fraction of inspired O2 to produce a primate homolog of BPD, but there was a significant decrease in the concentration of MnSOD mRNA in BPD animals compared with pro re nada controls. In the lungs of premature baboons in which Escherichia coli infection was superimposed on hyperoxia-induced BPD, MnSOD mRNA was diminished to approximately the same extent as in BPD alone, but MnSOD protein was significantly increased compared with all other groups. Taken together these data indicate that the premature baboon is capable of mounting an antioxidant response and that increased MnSOD protein expression in BPD and BPD-infected premature baboons is regulated, at least in part, at a posttranscriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Clerch
- Department of Pediatrics and Lung Biology Laboratory, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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36
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Lindsay M, Oliveira N, Jasinska E, Johansen C, Harrington S, Wright AE, Smith D. An outbreak of Ross River virus disease in Southwestern Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 1996; 2:117-20. [PMID: 8903211 PMCID: PMC2639827 DOI: 10.3201/eid0202.960206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Lindsay
- University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia
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37
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Broom AK, Lindsay MD, Johansen CA, Wright AE, Mackenzie JS. Two possible mechanisms for survival and initiation of Murray Valley encephalitis virus activity in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995; 53:95-9. [PMID: 7625542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Two possible mechanisms are described for the initiation of Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) virus activity in arid, epizootic regions of tropical Australia. Virus isolations were made from mosquitoes trapped shortly after the first heavy wet season rains and flooding in the east Kimberley, which followed approximately nine months of drought. A number of isolates of MVE virus were obtained, including isolates from pools of blood-engorged Culex annulirostris mosquitoes and from a single pool of male Aedes tremulus mosquitoes. The results strongly suggested that MVE virus activity was due both to its introduction in viremic vertebrate hosts, from which first-generation mosquitoes became infected following blood meals, and also to reactivation of vertically transmitted virus from desiccation-resistant eggs of Ae. tremulus. Both mechanisms are discussed with respect to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Broom
- Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands
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38
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Killday KB, Wright AE, Jackson RH, Sills MA. Bis(sulfato)-cyclosiphonodictyol A, a new disulfated sesquiterpene-hydroquinone from a deep water collection of the Marine sponge Siphonodictyon coralliphagum. J Nat Prod 1995; 58:958-960. [PMID: 7673944 DOI: 10.1021/np50120a024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A new compound, bis(sulfato)-cyclosiphonodictyol A [1], which inhibits the binding of [3H]-LTB4 to intact human neutrophils with an IC50 value of 44 microM, was isolated from the sponge Siphonodictyon coralliphagum. The sponge was collected using the Johnson-Sea-Link manned submersible at a depth of 195 feet in the Bahamas. The compound was isolated via reversed-phase chromatography and its structure determined spectroscopically. To the best of our knowledge, 1 is the first marine-derived compound with two aromatic sulfate ester functionalities, and is also the first in the siphonodictyal series to contain an oxepane functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Killday
- Division of Biomedical Marine Research, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Inc., Ft. Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
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39
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Gulavita NK, Pomponi SA, Wright AE, Garay M, Sills MA. Aplysillin A, a thrombin receptor antagonist from the marine sponge Aplysina fistularis fulva. J Nat Prod 1995; 58:954-957. [PMID: 7673943 DOI: 10.1021/np50120a023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Aplysillin A [1], an unusual disulfate ester of a 1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene, was isolated from a deep water specimen of a sponge of the genus Aplysina. Its structure was determined through spectroscopic methods. The compound weakly inhibited binding to the thrombin receptor with an IC50 value of 20 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Gulavita
- Division of Biomedical Marine Research, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Inc., Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
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40
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite some progress, the air medical transport profession continues to experience widely publicized accidents that result in injuries and death to crew members and patients. An air medical crew member's experience, training and confidence may affect his or her ability to deal effectively with an in-flight emergency, and may also affect his or her behavior before and after the emergency. SETTING A hospital-based, rural rotor- and fixed-wing program flying approximately 890 flights per year. Seventy-seven percent of these flights are interfacility. METHODS A pretraining survey evaluated the experiences of air medical crew members and pilots. A 20-question assessment tool based on a 5-point Likert scale evaluated how confident the individuals were in their ability to react to in-flight emergencies. An extensive in-flight emergency training program was then conducted. Personnel were asked to complete the same questionnaire one month and six months after the training. RESULTS On the pretraining questionnaire, flight crew members with neither prior training nor actual experience in in-flight emergencies showed the lowest level of confidence. Those with prior training, actual in-flight emergency experience or both, responded with higher levels of confidence. The mean confidence scores of the study participants increased from 82 pretraining to 89 at one month post-training and remained at the increased level six months after training. CONCLUSIONS A training program focusing on in-flight, aircraft-related emergencies can increase the crew's confidence during such situations. This increase in confidence is most noticeable in those without previous training or experience and is maintained for at least six months. Several other benefits occur from the training program.
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41
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Lindsay MD, Broom AK, Wright AE, Johansen CA, Mackenzie JS. Ross River virus isolations from mosquitoes in arid regions of Western Australia: implication of vertical transmission as a means of persistence of the virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1993; 49:686-96. [PMID: 8279636 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1993.49.686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of mosquito-borne Ross River (RR) virus disease (epidemic polyarthritis) occur suddenly in the arid north and interior of the State of Western Australia, often within a few weeks of heavy rainfall. Between outbreaks, these regions may undergo long periods of drought, with little or no mosquito or arbovirus activity. The means by which RR virus is reintroduced or reactivated in these areas when environmental conditions favor mosquito-borne virus activity are unknown. In this paper, we describe isolations of RR virus from eight mosquito species trapped at two different locations, one coastal and one inland, in the arid Pilbara region of Western Australia, prior to outbreaks of epidemic polyarthritis. The isolation of RR virus has not been previously reported for five of these species and the isolations from the other three species are new records for Western Australia. The timing and number of isolations of RR virus from Aedes (Ochlerotatus) vigilax (Skuse, 1889) implicate that species as a vector of the virus on the Pilbara coast. Significantly, RR virus was isolated from pools of male Ae. vigilax and male Ae. (Macleaya) tremulus (Theobald, 1903) mosquitoes. This is the first report of RR virus (or other Australian arbovirus) isolates from wild-caught male mosquitoes. Both Ae. vigilax and Ae. tremulus have desiccation-resistant eggs that can survive long periods of drought, making them ideal candidates for the overwintering of arboviruses. The findings implicate vertical transmission as a means of persistence of RR virus in arid regions of Australia and therefore offer a likely explanation for the sudden recurrence of virus activity after heavy rains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Lindsay
- Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands
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42
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Gulavita NK, Wright AE, McCarthy PJ, Pomponi SA, Kelly-Borges M, Chin M, Sills MA. Isolation and structure elucidation of 34-sulfatobastadin 13, an inhibitor of the endothelin A receptor, from a marine sponge of the genus Ianthella. J Nat Prod 1993; 56:1613-1617. [PMID: 8254355 DOI: 10.1021/np50099a026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
34-Sulfatobastadin 13 [1] was isolated from the sponge Ianthella sp. Its structure was elucidated by nmr techniques and chemical transformation to bastadin 13 [2]. Compound 1 weakly inhibited binding to the endothelin A receptor (ETA), while compound 2 inhibited growth of Bacillus subtilis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Bacillus subtilis/drug effects
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Endothelin Receptor Antagonists
- In Vitro Techniques
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests
- Molecular Conformation
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemistry
- Peptides, Cyclic/isolation & purification
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Phenyl Ethers/chemistry
- Phenyl Ethers/isolation & purification
- Phenyl Ethers/pharmacology
- Porifera/chemistry
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Swine
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Gulavita
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Inc., Ft. Pierce, Florida 34946
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43
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Killday KB, Longley R, McCarthy PJ, Pomponi SA, Wright AE, Neale RF, Sills MA. Sesquiterpene-derived metabolites from the deep water marine sponge Poecillastra sollasi. J Nat Prod 1993; 56:500-507. [PMID: 8496702 DOI: 10.1021/np50094a008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Six sesquiterpene-derived compounds, 1-6, which we call sollasins a-f, have been isolated from a deep water specimen of the sponge Poecillastra sollasi. The structures were elucidated by comparison of spectral data to related metabolites and confirmed using spectroscopic methods. The compounds inhibit the growth of the pathogenic fungi Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans and the P-388 and A-549 tumor cell lines. Compounds 3 and 4 show weak inhibition of binding of [125I] angiotensin II to rat aorta smooth muscle cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Killday
- Division of Biomedical Marine Research, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Ft. Pierce, Florida 34946
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44
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Abstract
A new sesquiterpene hydroquinone 1, which we call strongylin A, was isolated from the marine sponge Strongylophora hartmani. Its structure was determined through spectroscopic methods, including 2D-13C homonuclear correlation spectroscopy (INADEQUATE). Both 1 and its acetate derivative are active in in vitro assays against the P-388 tumor cell line and influenza strain PR-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Wright
- Division of Biomedical Marine Research, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Ft. Pierce, FL 34946
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45
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Mueller UW, Hawes CS, Wright AE, Petropoulos A, DeBoni E, Firgaira FA, Morley AA, Turner DR, Jones WR. Isolation of fetal trophoblast cells from peripheral blood of pregnant women. Lancet 1990; 336:197-200. [PMID: 1973769 DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)91731-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fetal trophoblast cells were isolated from maternal peripheral blood by means of murine monoclonal antibodies of high specificity and affinity for human syncytiotrophoblast and nonvillous cytotrophoblast cells. The cells were isolated in sufficient numbers to allow polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the Y-chromosome-specific DNA sequence from the peripheral blood of thirteen pregnant women. The fetal sex predicted by PCR analysis of the isolated trophoblast cells accorded with that ascertained by karyotyping of chorionic villus samples in eleven of twelve women studied in early pregnancy and with the sex of the baby on delivery in one woman studied at 34 weeks' gestation. Isolation of these fetal cells could allow noninvasive diagnosis of a wide range of inherited disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- U W Mueller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park
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46
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Wright AE, Douglas SR, Sanderson JB. An experimental investigation of the rôle of the blood fluids in connection with phagocytosis. 1903. Rev Infect Dis 1989; 11:827-34. [PMID: 2682954 DOI: 10.1093/clinids/11.5.827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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47
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Tolbert DD, Wright AE, Callendine GW, Suntharalingam N, Banerjee K, Dixon RL. Playing by the new rules. Analysis of the JCAHO standards. Adm Radiol 1989; 8:30-2. [PMID: 10293095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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48
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Lobo PI, Wright AE. In vitro assays to study role of T cell-derived factors on human B lymphocytes should take into consideration inhibiting effect of large granular lymphocyte subset (CD5-,CD16+) that can contaminate B cell preparations. J Immunol Methods 1988; 115:239-46. [PMID: 3264313 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(88)90293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In these studies, the inhibitory role of a large granular lymphocyte (LGL) subset (CD5-,CD16+) on pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced B lymphocyte differentiation was examined. CD5-,CD16+ LGL cells are the predominant subset of LGL cells and are possibly distinct from other LGL subsets in that they lack B and T cell markers. CD5-,CD16+ LGL possess abundant FcIgG receptors and previous studies have clearly demonstrated that in the presence of insoluble immune complexes, this LGL subset will inhibit B lymphocyte differentiation in the presence of T cells. In the present studies, we analyzed the inhibiting role of CD5-,CD16+ LGL cells that had not been activated by immune complexes. B + L preparations obtained by removal of E rosette-forming T cells were further depleted of T lymphocytes by complement-dependent lysis of T cells using a monoclonal antibody reactive to total T cells (Leu-1, CD5 antigen, Becton-Dickinson). B lymphocytes in such B + L preparations failed to differentiate into plasma cells containing intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin (Ig), in the presence of PWM, T cell-derived helper supernatants (THS), and interleukin-2 (IL-2). However, B cells differentiated under these conditions, when B + L preparations were further depleted of CD5-,CD16+ LGL cells by complement-dependent lysis using a monoclonal antibody (Leu-11) reactive to CD16 antigen of FcIgG receptors present on LGL cells. These studies indicated that CD5-,CD16+ cells unlike the CD8-positive T suppressor cell, will directly inhibit B lymphocyte differentiation into plasmacytoid cells containing intracytoplasmic Ig when T lymphocytes are not present. However, addition of a few T lymphocytes (less than 10%) to purified B + L preparations abrogated the CD5-,CD16+ LGL cell inhibition of B cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P I Lobo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville 22908
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49
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Tillett HE, Wright AE, Eaton S. Water quality control trials: statistical tables for direct comparison between membrane filtration bacterial counts and the multiple tube method with a description of the bacteriological method. Epidemiol Infect 1988; 101:361-6. [PMID: 3181318 PMCID: PMC2249384 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800054303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Experiments in the quality control of water samples are being conducted in the Public Health Laboratory Service and the water industry in the United Kingdom. The number of distributions which have been made is 7 and 92 laboratories are now participating. The methods used for preparing and distributing samples are described. Some participating laboratories use the multiple tube method and some use membrane filtration to assess the presence of coliforms and Escherichia coli. The results are, therefore, a mixture of estimated numbers and direct colony counts. In order to compare results from these two different laboratory methods statistical tables have been compiled to show the most likely multiple tube result corresponding to each colony count. Tables relating to two commonly used tenfold dilution series are presented. To illustrate how these tables may be used we present results from a typical quality control distribution. The analyses of these results are generally satisfactory but show a tendency for lower counts using the membrane filtration method and more false negative results with E. coli counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Tillett
- Public Health Laboratory Service, Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, London
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50
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Hoffman PN, Cooke EM, Larkin DP, Southgate LJ, Mayon-White RT, Pether JV, Wright AE, Keenlyside D. Control of infection in general practice: a survey and recommendations. BMJ 1988; 297:34-6. [PMID: 3408909 PMCID: PMC1834143 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.297.6640.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Twenty general practices in four areas in Britain were surveyed to establish their needs for and practices of sterilising and disinfecting equipment. Of the 327 items of equipment and instruments examined in the survey, 190 were satisfactorily decontaminated, 100 were treated in a way judged to result in doubtful decontamination, and in 37 cases treatment was considered unsatisfactory. Decontamination apparatuses (autoclaves, hot air ovens, and hot water disinfectors) were generally in good working order, but the use of chemical disinfectants was often inappropriate. Recommendations were made on appropriate methods of decontamination for various items in common use in general practice. By virtue of the large numbers of patients treated by general practitioners there is a substantial possibility of transmitting infection; having appropriate methods for decontaminating instruments and equipment is therefore imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Hoffman
- Division of Hospital Infection, Central Public Health Laboratory, London
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