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Prevette LE, Mullen DG, Holl MMB. Polycation-induced cell membrane permeability does not enhance cellular uptake or expression efficiency of delivered DNA. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:870-83. [PMID: 20349965 DOI: 10.1021/mp100027g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polycationic materials commonly used to delivery DNA to cells are known to induce cell membrane porosity in a charge-density dependent manner. It has been suggested that these pores may provide a mode of entry of the polymer-DNA complexes (polyplexes) into cells. To examine the correlation between membrane permeability and biological activity, we used two-color flow cytometry on two mammalian cell lines to simultaneously measure gene expression of a plasmid DNA delivered with four common nonviral vectors and cellular uptake of normally excluded fluorescent dye molecules of two different sizes, 668 Da and 2 MDa. We also followed gene expression in cells sorted based on the retention of endogenous fluorescein. We have found that cell membrane porosity caused by polycationic vectors does not enhance internalization or gene expression. Based on this single-cell study, membrane permeability is found to be an unwanted side effect that limits transfection efficiency, possibly through leakage of the delivered nucleic acid through the pores prior to transcription and translation and/or activation of cell defense mechanisms that restrict transgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E Prevette
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, and Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences (MNIMBS), University of Michigan, 911 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
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2
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Lin CF, Chen CL, Huang WC, Cheng YL, Hsieh CY, Wang CY, Hong MY. Different types of cell death induced by enterotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:2158-76. [PMID: 22069678 PMCID: PMC3153280 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2082158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The infection of bacterial organisms generally causes cell death to facilitate microbial invasion and immune escape, both of which are involved in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. In addition to the intercellular infectious processes, pathogen-produced/secreted enterotoxins (mostly exotoxins) are the major weapons that kill host cells and cause diseases by inducing different types of cell death, particularly apoptosis and necrosis. Blocking these enterotoxins with synthetic drugs and vaccines is important for treating patients with infectious diseases. Studies of enterotoxin-induced apoptotic and necrotic mechanisms have helped us to create efficient strategies to use against these well-characterized cytopathic toxins. In this article, we review the induction of the different types of cell death from various bacterial enterotoxins, such as staphylococcal enterotoxin B, staphylococcal alpha-toxin, Panton-Valentine leukocidin, alpha-hemolysin of Escherichia coli, Shiga toxins, cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1, heat-labile enterotoxins, and the cholera toxin, Vibrio cholerae. In addition, necrosis caused by pore-forming toxins, apoptotic signaling through cross-talk pathways involving mitochondrial damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and lysosomal injury is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiou-Feng Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (W.-C.H.); (Y.-L.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (C.-Y.W.); (M.-Y.H.)
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (C.-L.C.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +886-06-235-3535 ext. 4240; Fax: +886-06-275-8781
| | - Chia-Ling Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (C.-L.C.)
| | - Wei-Ching Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (W.-C.H.); (Y.-L.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (C.-Y.W.); (M.-Y.H.)
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Cheng
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (W.-C.H.); (Y.-L.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (C.-Y.W.); (M.-Y.H.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yuan Hsieh
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (W.-C.H.); (Y.-L.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (C.-Y.W.); (M.-Y.H.)
| | - Chi-Yun Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (W.-C.H.); (Y.-L.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (C.-Y.W.); (M.-Y.H.)
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yuan Hong
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (W.-C.H.); (Y.-L.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (C.-Y.W.); (M.-Y.H.)
- Department of Emergency, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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3
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Abstract
Cellular apoptosis induced by T cells is mainly mediated by two pathways. One, granule exocytosis utilizes perforin/granzymes. The other involves signaling through death receptors of the TNF-alpha R super-family, especially FasL. Perforin plays a central role in apoptosis induced by granzymes. However, the mechanisms of perforin-mediated cytotoxicity are still not elucidated completely. Perforin is not only a pore-forming protein, but also performs multiple biological functions or perforin performs one biological function (cytolysis), but has multiple biological implications in the cellular immune responses, including regulation of proliferation of CD8+ CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhou
- Department of Neurology, 300 Jefferson Hospital for Neurosciences Building, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. [corrected]
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4
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Li HX, Zhao XY, Wang L, Wang YS, Kan B, Xu JR, Li J, Wen YJ, Peng XC, Chen X, Yan F, Ye B, Du XB, Zhao JM, Yi T, Chen XC, Du XX, Wei YQ, Zhao X. Antitumor effect of mSurvivinThr34 → Ala in murine colon carcinoma when administered intravenously. Med Oncol 2009; 27:1156-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-009-9353-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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5
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Weglarczyk K, Baran J, Zembala M, Pryjma J. Caspase-8 activation precedes alterations of mitochondrial membrane potential during monocyte apoptosis induced by phagocytosis and killing of Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 2004; 72:2590-7. [PMID: 15102767 PMCID: PMC387870 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.5.2590-2597.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human peripheral blood monocytes become apoptotic following phagocytosis and killing of Staphylococcus aureus. Although this type of monocyte apoptosis is known to be initiated by Fas-Fas ligand (FasL) interactions, the downstream signaling pathway has not been determined. In this work the involvement of mitochondria and the kinetics of caspase-8 and caspase-3 activation after phagocytosis of S. aureus were studied. Caspase-8 activity was measured in cell lysates by using the fluorogenic substrate Ac-IETD-AFC. Active caspase-3 levels and mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsi(m)) were measured in whole cells by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies reacting with activated caspase-3 and chloromethyl-X-rosamine, respectively. The results show that caspase-8 was activated shortly after phagocytosis of bacteria. Caspase-8 activation was followed by progressive disruption of Deltapsi(m), which is associated with the production of reactive oxygen intermediates. The irreversible caspase-8 inhibitor zIETD-FMK prevented the disruption of Deltapsi(m) and the release of cytochrome c from S. aureus-exposed monocytes. Caspase-3 activation occurred following disruption of Deltapsi(m). These results strongly suggest that apoptosis of monocytes that have phagocytosed and killed S. aureus is driven by the Fas-FasL-initiated pathway, which is typical for type II cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazimierz Weglarczyk
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
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6
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Abstract
In early studies, we demonstrated that cerebral tissue hypoxia leads to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor modification and results in increased intracellular Ca2+. Our subsequent studies have demonstrated an alteration in nuclear Ca2+ influx mechanisms and an increase in the nuclear Ca2+ influx after hypoxia. The hypoxia induced nuclear Ca2+ influx increase correlated in a curvilinear function with the increase in the degree of cerebral tissue hypoxia. The activity of nuclear membrane high-affinity Ca2+-ATPase also increased with the increase in cerebral hypoxia. The expression of the proapototic protein Bax increased as an inverse function with cerebral tissue ATP and phosphocreatine concentrations. However,the expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 did not increase after hypoxia. Cerebral tissue hypoxia also led to the activation of caspases 3, 8, and 9. Furthermore, our studies demonstrated that the fragmentation of neuronal genomic DNA increased with increase in degree of cerebral tissue hypoxia. Studies presented in this article elucidate nuclear Ca2+ influx and nuclear Ca2+-mediated mechanisms, including signal transduction, apoptotic gene transcription,caspase activation, and nuclear DNA fragmentation, that result in hypoxic neuronal injury in the newborn brain.
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7
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Mooren FC, Hlouschek V, Finkes T, Turi S, Weber IA, Singh J, Domschke W, Schnekenburger J, Krüger B, Lerch MM. Early changes in pancreatic acinar cell calcium signaling after pancreatic duct obstruction. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:9361-9. [PMID: 12522141 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m207454200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular Ca(2+)-changes not only participate in important signaling pathways but have also been implicated in a number of disease states including acute pancreatitis. To investigate the underlying mechanisms in an experimental model mimicking human gallstone-induced pancreatitis, we ligated the pancreatic duct of Sprague-Dawley rats and NMRI mice for up to 6 h and studied intrapancreatic changes including the dynamics of [Ca(2+)](i) in isolated acini. In contrast to bile duct ligation, pancreatic duct obstruction induced intra-pancreatic trypsinogen activation, leukocytosis, hyperamylasemia, and pancreatic edema and increased lung myeloperoxidase activity. Although resting [Ca(2+)](i) in isolated acini rose by 45% to 205 +/- 7 nmol, the acetylcholine- and cholecystokinin (CCK)-stimulated calcium peaks as well as the amylase secretion declined, but neither the [Ca(2+)](i)-signaling pattern nor the amylase output in response to the Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin nor the secretin-stimulated amylase release were impaired by pancreatic duct ligation. On the single cell level pancreatic duct ligation reduced the percentage of cells in which submaximal secretagogue stimulation was followed by a physiological response (i.e. Ca(2+) oscillations) and increased the percentage of cells with a pathological response (i.e. peak plateau or absent Ca(2+) signal). Moreover, it reduced the frequency and amplitude of Ca(2+) oscillation as well as the capacitative Ca(2+) influx in response to secretagogue stimulation. Serum pancreatic enzyme elevation as well as trypsinogen activation was significantly reduced by pretreatment of animals with the calcium chelator BAPTA-AM. These experiments suggest that pancreatic duct obstruction rapidly changes the physiological response of the exocrine pancreas to a Ca(2+)-signaling pattern that has been associated with premature digestive enzyme activation and the onset of pancreatitis, both of which can be prevented by administration of an intracellular calcium chelator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Ch Mooren
- Medizinische Klinik B and Institut für Sportmedizin, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48129 Münster, Germany
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8
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Zhang Y, Tu AT. The effect of snake venoms and their components on adrenomedullary cells: catecholamine efflux and cell damage. Neurotoxicology 2002; 23:273-9. [PMID: 12387355 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-813x(02)00019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of snake venom on the cholinergic system have been well-studied; however, no similar studies have been performed on the adrenergic system. Adrenomedullary cells secrete catecholamine (CA) on stimulation; thus they are an ideal system to study the effect of snake venoms on CA secretion or inhibition. Snake venoms from different Families and Genera were investigated. All snake venoms investigated, caused CA efflux. CA can be released when cytolysis takes place; so in order to assert CA efflux was not due to cytolysis, venoms were added after the cells were treated with KCl. Most venom, with the exception of sea snake (Hydrophiidae) venom, was found to induce CA release due to cytolysis. The effects of purified components such as phospholipase A2, neurotoxin I, and cardiotoxin were also investigated. Neurotoxin I caused neither cytolysis nor CA efflux. Cardiotoxin caused marked cytolysis, but with slightly less damaging effects than that of cobra venom. Some ion channel blockers prevented cytolysis induced by cardiotoxin. The CA efflux induced by cardiotoxin may be mediated through Ca2+ channels because the efflux could be completely depressed by a Ca2+ channel blocker (1 mM CdCl2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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9
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Kwon KB, Yang JY, Ryu DG, Rho HW, Kim JS, Park JW, Kim HR, Park BH. Vibrio vulnificus cytolysin induces superoxide anion-initiated apoptotic signaling pathway in human ECV304 cells. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:47518-23. [PMID: 11591724 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m108645200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that exposure to Vibrio vulnificus cytolysin (VVC) caused characteristic morphologic changes and dysfunction of vascular structures in lung. VVC showed cytotoxicity for mammalian cells in culture and acted as a vascular permeability factor. In this study, the underlying mechanisms of VVC-induced cytotoxicity was investigated on ECV304 cell, a human vascular endothelial cell line. When cells were exposed to 0.4 hemolytic units (HU) of VVC, consecutive apoptotic events were observed; the elevation of superoxide anion (O (-.)(2)), the release of cytochrome c, the activation of caspase-3, the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, and the DNA fragmentation. The pretreatment with 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO), O(-.) 2) scavenger, completely abolished O(-.)(2) levels and downstream apoptotic events. Moreover, pretreatment with cyclosporin A (CsA), a mitochondrial permeability transition inhibitor, was capable of attenuating O(-.)(2)-mediated cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation, and consequent apoptosis. Apoptosis, as demonstrated by oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation and fluorescence microscopy, was induced 24 h after VVC treatment, which was also prevented by caspase-3 inhibitor, Ac-DEVD-CHO. Caspase-1 inhibitor, Ac-YVAD-CHO, did not protect ECV 304 cells from apoptosis. These results suggest a scenario where VVC-induced apoptosis is triggered by the generation of O(-.)(2), release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, activation of caspase-3, degradation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, and DNA fragmentation. The induction of apoptosis in endothelial cells by VVC may provide a pivotal mechanism for understanding the pathophysiology of septicemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Kwon
- Department of Physiology, School of Oriental Medicine, Won-Kwang University, Iksan 570-749, Republic of Korea
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10
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Mishra OP, Delivoria-Papadopoulos M. Effect of graded hypoxia on high-affinity Ca2+-ATPase activity in cortical neuronal nuclei of newborn piglets. Neurochem Res 2001; 26:1335-41. [PMID: 11885786 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014205702905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that nuclear calcium signals control a variety of nuclear functions including gene transcription, DNA synthesis, DNA repair and nuclear envelope breakdown. The present study tested the hypothesis that the activity of the neuronal nuclear high affinity Ca2+-ATPase increases as a function of decreased energy metabolism in the cerebral cortex. Studies were performed in 11 ventilated newborn piglets, age 3-5 days, divided into normoxic (Nx, n = 4) and hypoxic (Hx, n = 7) groups. The animals were exposed to a single FiO2 in the range from 0.21 to 0.05 for one hr. Cerebral tissue hypoxia was confirmed biochemically by determining brain tissue ATP and phosphocreatine levels. Neuronal nuclei were isolated and the high-affinity Ca2+-ATPase activity determined. During graded hypoxia, cerebral tissue ATP decreased from 4.80 +/- 0.58 (normoxic) to 1.03 +/- 0.38 (ranging from 0.61-1.63) micromol/g brain (p < 0.05) and PCr decreased from 3.94 +/- 0.75 (normoxic) to 0.99 +/- 0.27 (ranging from 0.50 to 1.31) micromol/g brain (p < 0.05). The total high affinity Ca2+-ATPase activity in the hypoxic nuclei increased and ranged from 541 to 662 nmol/mg protein/hr, compared to activity in normoxic group of 327 to 446 nmol/mg protein/hr. During graded hypoxia, the level of nuclear high affinity Ca2+-ATPase activity correlated inversely with ATP (r = 0.91) and PCr levels (r = 0.82), with activity increasing as tissue high energy phosphates decreased. The results demonstrate that the decrease in cerebral energy metabolism during hypoxia is linearly correlated with an increase in activity of high affinity Ca2+-ATPase in cerebral cortical nuclei from immature brain. We propose that increased nuclear membrane high affinity Ca2+-ATPase activity, leading to increased nuclear Ca2+, will result in altered expression of apoptotic genes that could initiate programmed neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- O P Mishra
- Department of Pediatrics, MCP Hahnemann University and St Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
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11
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Lauthier F, Taillet L, Trouillas P, Delage C, Simon A. Ursolic acid triggers calcium-dependent apoptosis in human Daudi cells. Anticancer Drugs 2000; 11:737-45. [PMID: 11129737 DOI: 10.1097/00001813-200010000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound which occurs naturally in a large variety of vegetarian foods, medicinal herbs and plants. In the present study, ursolic acid was found to decrease cell viability in human lymphoma Daudi cells in a dose-dependent manner. UA also induced morphological changes in cells as well as loss of membrane asymmetry, DNA fragmentation and nuclei condensation, indicating that the mechanism by which UA induced cell death was through apoptosis. Treatment with UA increased intracellular Ca2+ levels. Use of Ca2+ channel inhibitors like verapamil blocked this Ca2+ influx and also the triggering of apoptosis. We hypothesized that the binding of UA to glucocorticoid receptors and the Ca2+ currents induced constituted the first steps of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lauthier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Minérale, Faculté de Pharmacie, Limoges, France
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12
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Fettucciari K, Rosati E, Scaringi L, Cornacchione P, Migliorati G, Sabatini R, Fetriconi I, Rossi R, Marconi P. Group B Streptococcus induces apoptosis in macrophages. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:3923-33. [PMID: 11034400 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.7.3923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a pathogen that has developed some strategies to resist host immune defenses. Because phagocytic killing is an important pathogenetic mechanism for bacteria, we investigated whether GBS induces apoptosis in murine macrophages. GBS type III strain COH31 r/s (GBS-III) first causes a defect in cell membrane permeability, then at 24 h, apoptosis. Apoptosis was confirmed by several techniques based on morphological changes and DNA fragmentation. Cytochalasin D does not affect apoptosis, suggesting that GBS-III needs not be within the macrophage cytoplasm to promote apoptosis. Inhibition of host protein synthesis prevents apoptosis, whereas inhibition of caspase-1 or -3, does not. Therefore, GBS can trigger an apoptotic pathway independent of caspase-1 and -3, but dependent on protein synthesis. Inhibition of apoptosis by EGTA and PMA, and enhancement of apoptosis by calphostin C and GF109203X suggests that an increase in the cytosolic calcium level and protein kinase C activity status are important in GBS-induced apoptosis. Neither alteration of plasma membrane permeability nor apoptosis were induced by GBS grown in conditions impeding hemolysin expression or when we used dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, which inhibited GBS beta-hemolytic activity, suggesting that GBS beta-hemolysin could be involved in apoptosis. beta-Hemolysin, by causing membrane permeability defects, could allow calcium influx, which initiates macrophage apoptosis. GBS also induces apoptosis in human monocytes but not in tumor lines demonstrating the specificity of its activity. This study suggests that induction of macrophage apoptosis by GBS is a novel strategy to overcome host immune defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fettucciari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
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13
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Hogan RJ, Taylor WR, Cuchens MA, Naftel JP, Clem LW, Miller NW, Chinchar VG. Induction of target cell apoptosis by channel catfish cytotoxic cells. Cell Immunol 1999; 195:110-8. [PMID: 10448010 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1999.1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examines cytotoxic mechanisms used by channel catfish peripheral blood-derived effector cells. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), coupled with [(3)H]thymidine DNA fragmentation (JAM) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assays, provided the first evidence that catfish peripheral blood cytotoxic effectors killed allogeneic targets via an apoptotic pathway. TEM demonstrated that the effector cell population present within peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) was composed of agranular lymphocytes that formed conjugates with, and induced apoptosis in, allogeneic target cells. Both JAM and TUNEL assays showed that PBLs induced target cell DNA fragmentation within 1 h of coculture. In addition, fixed effectors did not induce target cell necrosis or apoptosis, and target cell lysis was completely inhibited by chelation of free Ca(2+) by EGTA. These results suggest that catfish peripheral blood-derived effector cells utilize a secretory mechanism rather than a ligand-based mechanism to trigger apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Hogan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA
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14
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Strbo N, Laskarin G, Sotosek V, Randić LJ, Podack ER, Rukavina D. Modulation of perforin expression in the decidual and peripheral blood cytotoxic lymphocytes in culture. Am J Reprod Immunol 1999; 42:14-21. [PMID: 10429762 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1999.tb00460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Perforin (P) is a cytolytic molecule located in intracellular granules of cytotoxic lymphocytes both in the peripheral blood and decidua of pregnancy. The aim was to analyze the kinetics of P expression during in vitro culture and modulation of P expression by adherent cells, their supernatants and mitogen (PHA) stimulation. METHOD OF STUDY P (intracellular antigen) was detected by flow cytometry in the suspension of first trimester pregnancy peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and decidual lymphocytes (DL). RESULTS A decrease of the percentage of P+ cells was obtained after 1 hr incubation and was prevented by addition of 30% of decidual adherent cells (DAC) or their supernatants. Upregulation of P expression was obtained when, in addition to adherent cells, DL and PBL were stimulated by PHA. DAC present in the culture in physiological concentrations prevent downregulation of P expression. CONCLUSION DAC located in the vicinity of decidual cytotoxic lymphocytes, owing to their unique ability to produce a wide range of substances on demand, contribute to the high level of P expression in the decidua of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Strbo
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Croatia
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15
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Moss JE, Aliprantis AO, Zychlinsky A. The regulation of apoptosis by microbial pathogens. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1999; 187:203-59. [PMID: 10212981 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62419-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, there has been remarkable progress unraveling the mechanism and significance of eukaryotic programmed cell death (PCD), or apoptosis. Not surprisingly, it has been discovered that numerous, unrelated microbial pathogens engage or circumvent the host's apoptotic program. In this chapter, we briefly summarize apoptosis, emphasizing those studies which assist the reader in understanding the subsequent discussion on PCD and pathogens. We then examine the relationship between virulent bacteria and apoptosis. This section is organized to reflect both common and diverse mechanisms employed by bacteria to induce PCD. A short discussion of parasites and fungi is followed by a detailed description of the interaction of viral pathogens with the apoptotic machinery. Throughout the review, apoptosis is considered within the broader contexts of pathogenesis, virulence, and host defense. Our goals are to update the reader on this rapidly expanding field and identify topics in the current literature which demand further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Moss
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York City 10016, USA
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16
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Gamen S, Hanson DA, Kaspar A, Naval J, Krensky AM, Anel A. Granulysin-Induced Apoptosis. I. Involvement of at Least Two Distinct Pathways. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.4.1758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Granulysin is a newly described cytolytic molecule released by CTL and NK cells via granule-mediated exocytosis. It shares homology with saposin-like proteins, including NK-lysin and amoebapores, and has been implicated in the lysis of tumor cells and microbes. In the present study we show that recombinant granulysin alone induces apoptosis of Jurkat cells. This apoptosis is associated with a sixfold increase in the ceramide/sphingomyelin ratio, implicating the activation of sphingomyelinases. Granulysin- and ceramide-induced apoptosis are similar in that they both are only minimally inhibited by the more selective cysteine protease p32 (caspase 3)-like caspase inhibitor N-acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp aldehyde, while they are significantly inhibited by the more general caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone (Z-VAD-fmk). Nevertheless, while Z-VAD-fmk almost completely inhibits ceramide-induced apoptosis, a Z-VAD-fmk-resistant component was observed using granulysin. Granulysin also causes apoptosis in cells depleted of sphingomyelin by prolonged treatment with the ceramide synthase inhibitor fumonisin B1. These data indicate that granulysin induces target cell death by both ceramide- and caspase-dependent and -independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Gamen
- *Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular y Cellular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; and
| | - Dennis A. Hanson
- †Division of Immunology and Transplantation Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Allan Kaspar
- †Division of Immunology and Transplantation Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Javier Naval
- *Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular y Cellular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; and
| | - Alan M. Krensky
- †Division of Immunology and Transplantation Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Alberto Anel
- *Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular y Cellular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; and
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dennert
- Department of Microbiology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033, USA
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18
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Martínez-Lorenzo MJ, Alava MA, Anel A, Piñeiro A, Naval J. Release of preformed Fas ligand in soluble form is the major factor for activation-induced death of Jurkat T cells. Immunol Suppl 1996; 89:511-7. [PMID: 9014814 PMCID: PMC1456570 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1996.d01-782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of Fas/APO-1 (CD95) and its ligand (FasL) plays an important role in the activation-induced cell death (AICD) of T lymphocytes. In the present work, the contribution of soluble FasL to AICD of the human T-cell line Jurkat has been studied. Jurkat cells prestimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) induced the death of non-activated Jurkat cells, and also of L1210Fas, but not that of Fas-negative L1210 cells. Culture supernatants from prestimulated Jurkat cells were highly toxic to their non-activated counterparts. Time-course analysis revealed that PHA-stimulated Jurkat cells quickly release (less than 15 min) to the medium a toxic molecule following a biphasic pattern, with maximal cytotoxic activities at 1 hr and 7 hr after stimulation. The cytotoxic effect of those supernatants was prevented by the addition of a blocking anti-Fas monoclonal antibody, suggesting that PHA-stimulated Jurkat cells exert Fas-based cytotoxicity mainly through the release of soluble FasL. The constitutive intracellular expression of FasL in non-activated Jurkat cells and its release as a consequence of PHA activation were detected by immunostaining and immunoblotting using an anti-FasL antibody. These data indicate that, at least in Jurkat cells, AICD is mainly mediated by the rapid release of performed FasL in soluble form upon stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Martínez-Lorenzo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Spain
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19
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Yoshida Y, Anzai N, Kawabata H. Apoptosis in normal and neoplastic hematopoiesis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1996; 24:185-211. [PMID: 8894403 DOI: 10.1016/1040-8428(96)00222-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y Yoshida
- Division of Human Environment, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
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20
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Toury R, Belqasmi F, Hauchecorne M, Heizmann CW, Balmain N. Ultrastructural localization of alpha-parvalbumin in the epiphyseal plate cartilage and bone of growing rats. Bone 1996; 19:245-53. [PMID: 8873965 DOI: 10.1016/8756-3282(96)00179-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of the calcium-binding protein, alpha-parvalbumin, in the epiphyseal plate cartilage and bone of growing rats was examined by electron microscope immunocytochemistry of undecalcified samples. Parvalbumin immunoreactivity, as revealed by gold particles, increased with maturation of chondrocytes and was maximal in the zone of calcification. It was found in the cytoplasm of chondrocytes, osteoblasts and osteocytes, corroborating light microscope observations. The immunolabeling was associated with amorphous electron-dense material in the cytoplasm and not bound to membranes. There was moderate parvalbumin immunolabeling over the dense chromatin in the nuclei of chondrocytes and bone cells, but none in the cell processes of mature and hypertrophic chondrocytes, in the matrix vesicles themselves, or in the cell processes of osteoblasts. However, there was parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the cell processes of the osteocytes of compact cortical bone. The uncalcified and calcified matrix of the epiphyseal cartilage, the osteoid, and the fully mineralized cortical bone were devoid of parvalbumin immunoreactivity. Thus, immunoreactive parvalbumin is confined to the cell bodies of chondrocytes and osteoblasts, and is unlikely to be directly involved in mineral deposition. The maximal parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the last terminal chondrocytes of the zone of calcification suggests that the protein is involved in buffering intracellular Ca2+, preventing the stimulation of degenerative processes by high intracellular calcium. The parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the cell processes of osteocytes of compact cortical bone seems to indicate that this calcium-binding protein may be involved in the regulation of Ca2+ fluxes and hence in calcium homeostasis in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Toury
- Hôpital Robert Debré, INSERM U120 alliée CNRS, Paris, France
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21
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Hameed A, Schafer RW, Sundaresan VD, Vaccarello L. Human T-lymphocyte serine proteases (granzymes) 1, 2, and 3 mediated DNA fragmentation in susceptible target cells. Hum Immunol 1996; 49:13-21. [PMID: 8839771 DOI: 10.1016/0198-8859(96)00052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We reported the characterization of three serine proteases (granzymes 1, 2, and 3) from human cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In this study, human granzymes 1, 2, and 3 were purified from the cytoplasmic granules of lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells by gel filtration and cation exchange chromatography. Human perforin was purified by phenyl superose and heparin-agarose chromatography. Each purified granzyme was used with purified perforin to study DNA fragmentation in target cells of both human and murine origin. As measured by agarose gel electrophoresis and [125I]dUrd assay, the granzymes induced oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation and [125I]dUrd release respectively from various target cells. Murine target cells were generally more susceptible to nuclear DNA release than were human targets. Both enzyme activity and nuclear DNA breakdown were significantly inhibited by 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin (DCI) or by heat inactivation of each granzyme. Perforin alone or granzyme alone failed to fragment nuclear DNA in various target cells. We conclude that human granzymes are an important family of effector molecules that with perforin induce DNA fragmentation in susceptible target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hameed
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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22
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Walzel H, Hirabayashi J, Kasai K, Brock J, Neels P. Cell calcium signalling induced by endogenous lectin carbohydrate interaction in the Jurkat T cell line. Glycoconj J 1996; 13:99-105. [PMID: 8785494 DOI: 10.1007/bf01049685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the beta-galactoside-binding lectin from human placenta (HPL14) on intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) were examined in the human Jurkat T cell line. The lectin induces a concentration dependent increase in [Ca2+]i. This calcium signalling effect is clearly mediated through complementary cell surface galactoglycoconjugates because it can be blocked by beta-galactosides. The observed Ca2+ - response involves both the release of calcium from intracellular stores and a calcium influx from the extracellular space. It is sustained in the presence of 1 mM extracellular calcium whereas it becomes transient when the influx of extracellular calcium was blocked by calcium chelation to EGTA. Voltage-sensitive calcium channel blockers like verapamil and prenylamine were without effect on the action of HPL14. Protection of the sugar binding activity of HPL14 in the absence of a thiol-reducing reagent by carboxamidomethylation (CM-HPL14) or by substitution Cys2 with serine (C2S) results in lectin proteins with considerably decreased calcium signalling efficiency. The recombinant lectin (Rec H) and the mutant protein obtained by substitution of highly conservative Trp68 with tyrosine (W68Y) induce lower levels of [Ca2+]i compared to wild type lectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Walzel
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Rostock, Germany
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23
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McConkey DJ, Zhivotovsky B, Orrenius S. Apoptosis--molecular mechanisms and biomedical implications. Mol Aspects Med 1996; 17:1-110. [PMID: 8783196 DOI: 10.1016/0098-2997(95)00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a distinct form of cell death of importance in tissue development and homeostasis and in several diseases. This review summarizes current knowledge about the regulation and molecular mechanisms of apoptosis and discusses the potential role of disregulated apoptosis in several major diseases. Finally, we speculate that modulation of apoptosis may be a target in future drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J McConkey
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Toury R, Belqasmi F, Hauchecorne M, Leguellec D, Heizmann CW, Balmain N. Localization of the Ca(2+)-binding alpha-parvalbumin and its mRNA in epiphyseal plate cartilage and bone of growing rats. Bone 1995; 17:121-30. [PMID: 8554919 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(95)00153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the localization of alpha-parvalbumin, in undecalcified tibial epiphyseal cartilage and bone of growing rats by immunocytochemistry in the light microscope, and of parvalbumin mRNA by in situ hybridization. They were compared to the distribution of the calbindin-D9K and its mRNA in rat epiphyseal cartilage. All the chondrocytes of the epiphyseal cartilage were parvalbumin-immunopositive, but there was no parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the uncalcified or calcified extracellular cartilage matrix. The intensity of the immunostaining increased from the resting and proliferative to the mature and hypertrophic chondrocytes, with the greatest intensity in the terminal hypertrophic chondrocytes in the calcifying zone. The parvalbumin immunostaining was located in the cytoplasm, but no immunoreactivity was detected in any chondrocyte processes. The parvalbumin mRNA distribution and levels, as revealed by in situ hybridization, exactly mirrored those of the parvalbumin protein. In contrast to parvalbumin, calbindin-D9K and its mRNA appeared in mature chondrocytes and decreased in hypertrophic up to calcifying chondrocytes. Calbindin-D9K was located in the cytoplasm and all along the cell processes. In bone, the osteoblasts and the osteocytes of trabecular and compact cortical bones were immunoreactive for parvalbumin and contained parvalbumin mRNA. Parvalbumin lay in their cytoplasm, but there was no parvalbumin immunostaining in the extracellular uncalcified or mineralized bone matrix. The long processes of osteocytes, in compact bone only, were parvalbumin immunoreactive. Osteoclasts contained cytoplasmic parvalbumin immunoreactivity. Thus, the pattern of immunoreactive parvalbumin distribution indicates that the protein is not involved in the extracellular mineralization of cartilage and bone matrix. It appears to be associated with specific calcium-related intracellular functions in chondrocytes and in osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. As the highest cytoplasmic concentration of parvalbumin is in the terminal hypertrophic chondrocytes, parvalbumin could act as a calcium buffer to delay the death of chondrocytes. In compact bone, parvalbumin could also have a role throughout the osteocyte processes in regulating the fluxes of calcium ions for mineral homeostatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Toury
- Hopital Robert Debré, INSERM U120 alliée CNRS, Paris, France
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25
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Martin SJ, Green DR. Apoptosis and cancer: the failure of controls on cell death and cell survival. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1995; 18:137-53. [PMID: 7695828 DOI: 10.1016/1040-8428(94)00124-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S J Martin
- Division of Cellular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA 92037
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26
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Mukherjee SK, Yasharel R, Klaidman LK, Hutchin TP, Adams JD. Apoptosis and DNA fragmentation as induced by tertiary butylhydroperoxide in the brain. Brain Res Bull 1995; 38:595-604. [PMID: 8590084 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(96)80157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of intracerebroventricular administration of the free radical generator, tertiary butylhydroperoxide, on DNA, was quantitated. Previous studies had established DNA as a very important site of free radical attack. The purpose of the study was to detect whether DNA was one of the primary targets of the toxin as well as to detect any apoptosis that may have been induced by the toxin. The DNA fragmentation assay clearly showed DNA damage within 20 min of administration of 109.7 mg/kg t-BuOOH almost in all brain regions in both 2-month and 8-month-old C57BL/6 mice. In Situ Apoptosis Detection assay, where brain sections were stained with Apoptag, demonstrated that t-BuOOH induces apoptosis in many brain regions. Electron microscopy was done to show nuclear damage and DNA fragments appearing in the cytoplasm. Cresyl violet staining was done to show that while low dose (21.9 mg/kg) t-BuOOH induces apoptosis, it may also induce necrosis in other cells of the same brain region. Thus, from this study we can conclude that DNA may be one of the primary target sites of free radical attack in the brain, and results in both necrosis and apoptosis. This can have a profound effect on neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Mukherjee
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, USA
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27
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Abstract
The immunosuppressant FK506 inhibits N-alpha-benzyloxylcarbonyl-L-lysine thiobenzyl ester (BLT) esterase release from cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). In addition, serine esterase has been demonstrated to be strongly associated with CTL killing. In the present study, the effect of FK506 on the activity of CTL killing against target cells was examined. FK506 inhibited lysis of antigen (Ag)-treated CTL target cells by auto-CTL, but failed to inhibit lysis of conventional P815 target cells by CTL. Moreover, FK506 inhibited DNA fragmentation of CTL target cells lysed by auto-CTL. Killing of CTL target cells by FK506-pretreated auto-CTL was inhibited, but FK506-pretreated CTL target cells were killed by auto-CTL. Incubation of both FK506 and Ag-pretreated CTL target cells with untreated auto-CTL induced DNA fragmentation. These indicated that FK506 inhibited CTL killing by influencing effector, but not CTL target cells. These results suggest that FK506 may function by inhibiting alloreactive CTL killing in organ transplantation in addition to the interruption of the T-cell receptor signal transduction leading to cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kuwano
- Department of Microbiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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28
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Borner MM, Schneider E, Pirnia F, Sartor O, Trepel JB, Myers CE. The detergent Triton X-100 induces a death pattern in human carcinoma cell lines that resembles cytotoxic lymphocyte-induced apoptosis. FEBS Lett 1994; 353:129-32. [PMID: 7926036 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)01023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The detergent Triton X-100 (TX100) was used with the intention to establish a model for necrotic cell death. However, TX100 was found to induce apoptotic and necrotic death in prostate and colon cancer cell lines. Apoptosis was characterized by the typical morphological features and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. The rapid onset within 60 min and the lack of inhibition by cycloheximide indicated that apoptosis induced by TX100 was not dependent on protein synthesis. Removal of extracellular calcium blocked internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. This pattern of cell death shows a striking similarity to the effect of cytotoxic lymphocytes on their target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Borner
- Clinical Pharmacology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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29
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Su B, Bochan MR, Hanna WL, Froelich CJ, Brahmi Z. Human granzyme B is essential for DNA fragmentation of susceptible target cells. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24:2073-80. [PMID: 8088328 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830240921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have partially characterized the granules of the human NK cell line, YT-INDY, and assessed granule-mediated lysis and DNA fragmentation of assorted targets. Biochemical studies demonstrated significant quantities of granzyme B (asp-ase) and a heretofore undescribed chymase but no tryptase (i.e., granzyme A or 3) or distinct met-ase. YT-INDY expressed mRNA for granzyme B, perforin and CCPX. The existence of perforin was confirmed by immunoblot. The granules lysed both human and murine NK-sensitive and NK-resistant targets. YT-INDY and NK3.3, two human cytotoxic cells, were also lysed. EGTA reduced lysis by only 50%, suggesting that a perforin-independent lytic pathway is associated with the granules. In addition, 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulfonylfluoride hydrochloride (AEBSF), an inhibitor that selectively blocked the chymase and 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin (DCI), an inhibitor that inactivated both chymase and asp-ase activities, marginally affected lysis. By gel electrophoresis and 125I-labeled deoxyuridine release assay, only murine cells (SP2/0 and YAC-1) underwent DNA fragmentation, and cleavage was completely inhibited by DCI, whereas EGTA, AEBSF and aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) had no effect. The results, therefore, underscore the central role of granzyme B in granule-mediated DNA fragmentation, emphasize that the protease acts via an ATA-resistant endonuclease pathway and stress that nucleolysis does not invariably accompany granule-mediated cytolysis. Finally, ATA inhibited the asp-ase activity of isolated but not granule-associated granzyme B. ATA, therefore, is not a specific endonuclease inhibitor and results obtained with ATA should be viewed cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Su
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
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30
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Abstract
Tubocurarin was shown to mediate a wide spectrum of cytolytic processes in tumor cells while peritoneal murine macrophages were resistant to its action. Group I of these processes was due to rapid (within 1-3 h) and nonspecific lysis mediated by relatively high (> 10(-5) M) concentrations of tubocurarin. Membrane damage with subsequent osmotic lysis was associated with these events. Processes of groups II and III were highly specific, cytolysis of group II having developed within 4-5 h and characterized by saturation at 5 x 10(-7) M. It was proposed that two types of necrosis contributed to the processes of group II. These pathways were induced by different concentrations of tubocurarin and also differed in their sensitivity to lysosomal inhibitor NH4Cl. Cytolysis of group III was associated with apoptosis and developed within 8-24 h. The significant acceleration of DNA fragmentation and subsequent cell death was achieved by increase of tubocurarin concentration from 5 x 10(-8) to 10(-6) M.
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31
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Jonas D, Walev I, Berger T, Liebetrau M, Palmer M, Bhakdi S. Novel path to apoptosis: small transmembrane pores created by staphylococcal alpha-toxin in T lymphocytes evoke internucleosomal DNA degradation. Infect Immun 1994; 62:1304-12. [PMID: 8132337 PMCID: PMC186275 DOI: 10.1128/iai.62.4.1304-1312.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral-blood human T lymphocytes were treated with Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin. Membrane permeabilization was assessed by measuring efflux of K+ and Rb+ and influx of Na+, Ca2+, and propidium iodide. Cellular ATP and [3H]thymidine incorporation following lectin stimulation were measured as parameters for cell viability. Internucleosomal cleavage characteristic of programmed cell death was assessed by agarose gel electrophoresis and by quantifying low-molecular-weight, [3H]thymidine-labeled DNA fragments. Nanomolar concentrations of alpha-toxin evoked protracted, irreversible ATP depletion in both activated and resting T lymphocytes. Toxin-damaged cells also lost their ability to incorporate [3H]thymidine upon subsequent stimulation with phytohemagglutinin. These cells carried toxin hexamers, and their plasma membranes became permeable for monovalent ions but not for Ca2+ and propidium iodide. The permeabilization event was followed by internucleosomal DNA degradation characteristic of programmed cell death. Membranes of cells treated with high toxin doses (> 300 nM) became permeable to both Ca2+ and propidium iodide. In this case, ATP depletion occurred within minutes and no DNA degradation was observed. When cells were suspended in Na(+)-free buffer, alpha-toxin applied at low doses still bound and formed hexamers. However, these cells displayed neither DNA degradation nor loss of viability. The data indicate that formation of very small but not of large alpha-toxin pores may trigger programmed cell death in lymphocytes and that uncontrolled flux of Na+ ions may be an important event precipitating the suicide cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jonas
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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32
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Sashchenko LP, Kabanova OD, Lukjianova TI, Satpaev DK, Gnuchev NV. The role of apoptotic and necrotic processes in cytolysis mediated by LAK cells with different phenotypes. FEBS Lett 1993; 335:270-2. [PMID: 8253210 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80744-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The role of necrotic and apoptotic pathways in cytolysis mediated by LAK cells was studied. The contribution of necrotic and apoptotic processes to cytolysis depends both on the LAK cells' phenotype and the type of target cells. CD16+/CD8+/CD3- LAK cells induced necrosis of K562 and L929 target cells. The cell death induced by CD3+/CD8+/CD16- LAK cells was found to include features of apoptotic and necrotic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Sashchenko
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
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33
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Trapani JA, Smyth MJ. Killing by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells: multiple granule serine proteases as initiators of DNA fragmentation. Immunol Cell Biol 1993; 71 ( Pt 3):201-8. [PMID: 8349302 DOI: 10.1038/icb.1993.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The vectorial secretion of the contents of highly specialized cytoplasmic granules is of pivotal importance to the killing by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells. The purification and biochemical characterization of some of the granule constituents, in particular the pore-forming protein perforin, had engendered the notion that the killing of cellular targets was largely an osmotic phenomenon analogous to the insult delivered by complement attack. However, the apparent absence of membrane perforation in various examples of lymphocyte-mediated killing, and the observation that perforin alone could not account for apoptosis associated with programmed cell death, suggested that perforin activity represented, at best, only a part of the whole mechanism. More recently, the characterization of a large family of granule serine proteases (granzymes) has provided evidence that these molecules may collaborate in the killing process by inducing a 'suicide' pathway in target cells, resulting in DNA fragmentation. However, the serine proteases are inactive alone, their natural substrates have not been defined and they require access into the target cell cytoplasm via perforin-induced pores to exert their deleterious effects. Thus, we propose that the cytotoxic granule-mediated mechanism comprises at least two interdependent arms, perforin and serine proteases, that together are capable of inflicting cell death by osmotic shock and/or nuclear collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Trapani
- Cellular Cytotoxicity Laboratory, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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34
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Jonas D, Schultheis B, Klas C, Krammer PH, Bhakdi S. Cytocidal effects of Escherichia coli hemolysin on human T lymphocytes. Infect Immun 1993; 61:1715-21. [PMID: 8478059 PMCID: PMC280756 DOI: 10.1128/iai.61.5.1715-1721.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli hemolysin is the prototype of a large family of pore-forming toxins produced by gram-negative organisms. Besides its known cytotoxic activities against granulocytes, monocytes, endothelial cells, and renal epithelial cells, we now demonstrate that the toxin potently kills human T lymphocytes. Evidence based on different and independent approaches indicates that lymphocidal activity is due to formation of transmembrane pores. Additionally, cells prestimulated with phytohemagglutinin respond to low doses of E. coli hemolysin with DNA fragmentation similar to that observed in cells undergoing programmed cell death. Kinetic considerations lead us to conclude that DNA degradation may, however, represent an epiphenomenon. Killing of T cells is another means through which E. coli hemolysin could directly impair host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jonas
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Mainz, Germany
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35
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Tominaga T, Kure S, Narisawa K, Yoshimoto T. Endonuclease activation following focal ischemic injury in the rat brain. Brain Res 1993; 608:21-6. [PMID: 8388311 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(93)90768-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The structural changes which occur in chromatin DNA after ischemic brain injury are poorly understood. This study examined the appearance of double-strand DNA breaks and the temporal profile of DNA degradation following focal ischemic injury in rat brain. Focal cerebral ischemia was produced by tandem occlusion of the common carotid and proximal middle cerebral arteries. The effects of decapitation ischemia were also studied by DNA analysis. DNA was extracted by standard methods from the ischemic brain tissues and electrophoresed on a 1.5% agarose gel. With decapitation ischemia, random DNA cleavage was observed as a dense "smear" on the gel electrophoresis beginning 6 h after the ischemic insult, and increasing in amount thereafter. Focal ischemia provided DNA fragmentation, which is specific DNA cleavage at the internucleosomal linker regions, particularly in the caudoputamen. Coexisting random degradation and specific fragmentation of DNA was observed in the cortex following focal ischemia. To determine whether an endonuclease responsible for DNA fragmentation was present, nuclear proteins were extracted from normal brain nuclei and the endonuclease activity was determined using plasmid DNA and a nuclear incubation system. This demonstrated that brain nuclear proteins have Ca(2+)-dependent endonuclease activity which is related to DNA fragmentation. Ischemic injury causes both random and specific DNA cleavage in the brain, which is probably mediated by Ca(2+)-dependent endonuclease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tominaga
- Division of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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36
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Shiver JW, Su L, Henkart PA. Cytotoxicity with target DNA breakdown by rat basophilic leukemia cells expressing both cytolysin and granzyme A. Cell 1992; 71:315-22. [PMID: 1423596 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90359-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The noncytotoxic rat mast cell tumor line RBL was transfected with genes for the cytotoxic lymphocyte granule proteins cytolysin (perforin) and granzyme A, giving transfectants with mRNA and protein expression levels comparable with cloned cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Both RBL-cytolysin and RBL-cytolysin-granzyme A transfectants showed extremely potent killing of red cell targets and lysed 20%-60% of EL4 lymphoma targets at an effector-to-target ratio of 30. RBL transfectants expressing only granzyme A were not cytotoxic. Significant EL4 DNA breakdown accompanying lysis was observed only with RBL that was transfected with both cytolysin and granzyme A. These results support the granule-exocytosis model for lymphocyte cytotoxicity and show that effector granzyme A plays a role in target cell DNA breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Shiver
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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37
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Abstract
The ageing of cells, cellular senescence, is an event that is encountered in all normal cells. Cells grown in vitro have a limited life span and do not grow well after a certain number of divisions. They cease to divide and eventually die. In accordance with this, the life expectancy of an established cell culture depends on the age of the donor. Cells that have undergone immortalization via a crisis period of transformation by chemicals or viruses, as well as malignant cell lines in general, have an ability to divide indefinitely. A distinct form of cell death, apoptosis or programmed cell death, is encountered in many physiological situations like in keratinocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Koli
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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38
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Kawakami A, Tian Q, Duan X, Streuli M, Schlossman SF, Anderson P. Identification and functional characterization of a TIA-1-related nucleolysin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:8681-5. [PMID: 1326761 PMCID: PMC49984 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.18.8681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported the molecular cloning of a cytotoxic granule-associated RNA-binding protein designated TIA-1. The ability of recombinant TIA-1 to induce DNA fragmentation in permeabilized cells suggested that this protein is the granule component responsible for inducing apoptosis in cytolytic lymphocyte (CTL) targets. Here we report the characterization of a cDNA encoding a TIA-1-related protein designated TIAR. The deduced amino acid sequence of TIAR reveals it to be a 42-kDa protein possessing three RNA-binding domains and a carboxyl-terminal auxiliary domain. Although the RNA-binding domains of TIA-1 and TIAR share greater than 85% amino acid homology, their carboxyl-terminal auxiliary domains are only 51% homologous. The carboxyl terminus of TIAR contains a lysosome-targeting motif, indicating that TIAR is probably a cytotoxic granule-associated protein. Like TIA-1, purified recombinant TIAR induced DNA fragmentation in permeabilized target cells. Although immunoblotting analysis of post-nuclear supernatants revealed TIA-1 protein to be restricted to CTLs, PCR analysis revealed the expression of TIA-1 and TIAR mRNA transcripts in a wide variety of cell types. Our data suggest that the granules of CTLs contain at least two candidate nucleolysins involved in CTL killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kawakami
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
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39
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Rodgers JR, Shawar SM, Guenther MM, Rich RR. Kinetics of killing by monoclonal cytotoxic T lymphocytes. I. Colorimetric detection of cryptic CTL determinants on adherent target cells and survivorship analysis. J Immunol Methods 1992; 152:159-69. [PMID: 1380047 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(92)90137-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Some targets of cell-mediated cytolysis do not efficiently release 51Cr but manifestly are killed in direct viability assays. We characterize and validate an alternative and non-radioactive (colorimetric) method for measuring killing of adherent targets by monoclonal CTL. The method obviates concerns about the effects of trypsinization, is technically simple, quantitative and in some cases more sensitive than conventional 51Cr assays. Target loss obeyed first-order kinetics with respect both to [CTL] and time. These results are consistent with an exponential (Poisson) model of killing and support the use of a single kinetic parameter to describe the lytic activity of monoclonal CTL on adherent targets. When monoclonal CTL are used at appropriate effector:target ratios (less than or equal to 1:1), the residuals obtained after least squares linear regression are homoscedastic and normally distributed, justifying the use of commonly available statistical calculators or programs for the analysis of CTL data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Rodgers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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40
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Hameed A, Olsen KJ, Cheng L, Fox WM, Hruban RH, Podack ER. Immunohistochemical identification of cytotoxic lymphocytes using human perforin monoclonal antibody. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1992; 140:1025-30. [PMID: 1374586 PMCID: PMC1886520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Perforin is a potent cytolytic pore-forming protein expressed in cytoplasmic granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. A new monoclonal antibody raised against human perforin was used to detect both in vitro and in vivo perforin expression in cytotoxic cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultured in recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) showed strong granular cytoplasmic staining of the IL-2 activated cytotoxic cells. Fresh-frozen tissue sections from patients with heart allograft rejection were also stained. Strong granular cytoplasmic staining of the mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate characteristic for perforin in cardiac allograft rejection was observed. The detection and quantitative analysis of perforin-associated cytotoxic cells by the human anti-perforin monoclonal antibody will help to evaluate the significance of these functionally distinct cytotoxic cells in human tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hameed
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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41
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Lennon SV, Kilfeather SA, Hallett MB, Campbell AK, Cotter TG. Elevations in cytosolic free Ca2+ are not required to trigger apoptosis in human leukaemia cells. Clin Exp Immunol 1992; 87:465-71. [PMID: 1544231 PMCID: PMC1554331 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1992.tb03021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that Ca2+ is a trigger for apoptosis (programmed cell death) in thymocytes and related cell lines. Recently we have shown that levels of apoptosis in leukaemic cells are diminished in Ca(2+)-deficient conditions, indicating that Ca2+ may be important in the mechanism of apoptosis in these cells. In the present study we investigated the possibility that Ca2+ serves as a trigger for apoptosis in the human leukaemic cell line, HL-60. Using fura-2 to measure cytosolic free Ca2+ concentrations, [Ca2+]i, in cell suspensions, and by using ratio imaging of fura-2 in single cells, we did not observe an early significant increase in [Ca2+]i in HL-60 cells undergoing apoptosis. The latter stages of apoptosis were, however, accompanied by increasing [Ca2+]i; these increases were apparently a result of, rather than a cause of, apoptosis. Furthermore, apoptosis could be induced in HL-60 cells under conditions of vastly reduced [Ca2+]i achieved by loading these cells with fura-2 in the presence of EGTA. These results indicate that elevation of [Ca2+]i is not a prerequisite for apoptosis in HL-60 cells and that apoptosis can occur in these cells in the presence of low [Ca2+]i.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Lennon
- Department of Biology, St Patrick's College, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Republic of Ireland
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42
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Shi L, Kraut RP, Aebersold R, Greenberg AH. A natural killer cell granule protein that induces DNA fragmentation and apoptosis. J Exp Med 1992; 175:553-66. [PMID: 1732416 PMCID: PMC2119135 DOI: 10.1084/jem.175.2.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the purification from a rat natural killer (RNK) large granular lymphocyte leukemia of a 32-kD granule protein that induces rapid DNA fragmentation and apoptosis. The protein, which we have called "fragmentin," was capable of causing DNA from intact YAC-1 cells to be cleaved into oligonucleosomal-sized fragments and producing severe chromatin condensation within 1 h. Amino acid sequence of tryptic peptides indicated that fragmentin was highly homologous to the NK and T cell granule serine proteases RNK protease 1 and mouse cytotoxic T cell protease I (CCPI)/granzyme B. Preincubation with the serine esterase inhibitor 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin blocked fragmentin-induced DNA damage, but had no effect on cytolysin. Fragmentin activity against four lymphoma target cells was completely dependent on the presence of cytolysin. Fragmentin produced rapid membrane damage as well as DNA fragmentation at nonlytic cytolysin doses, suggesting that fragmentin activity was not limited to its effects on the nucleus. Fragmentin and cytolysin activity were completely inhibited by EGTA, indicating the process was Ca2+ dependent. A role for cytolysin in endocytosis of fragmentin was suggested by the observation that treatment of YAC-1 with cytochalasin B or sodium azide and 2-deoxyglucose blocked DNA fragmentation but not cytolysin activity. A 30-kD N alpha-CBZ-L-lysine thiobenzyl esterase, which copurified with fragmentin, was inactive on its own but was able to synergistically amplify the DNA damage induced by fragmentin in the presence of cytolysin. Fragmentin activity was not dependent on protein synthesis, as cycloheximide treatment of YAC-1 cells did not prevent DNA damage. We postulate that fragmentin is the molecular mediator of NK cell-mediated DNA fragmentation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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43
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Yagita H, Nakata M, Kawasaki A, Shinkai Y, Okumura K. Role of perforin in lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis. Adv Immunol 1992; 51:215-42. [PMID: 1502975 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60488-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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44
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Martz E, Gamble SR. How do CTL control virus infections? Evidence for prelytic halt of herpes simplex. Viral Immunol 1992; 5:81-91. [PMID: 1319174 DOI: 10.1089/vim.1992.5.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) induce in target cells a rapid, prelytic fragmentation of target cell DNA, accompanied by apoptosis. In contrast, complement and (with a few exceptions) chemical and physical means of inducing cytolysis induce necrosis, without DNA fragmentation. The function of the unusual DNA fragmentation induced by CTL remains to be elucidated. The major recognized function of CTL is in halting virus infections. Earlier, we proposed that CTL might halt virus infections prelytically, by fragmenting viral and cellular nucleic acids, and that in this case, cytolysis per se might be a less important function of CTL. We report here experiments designed to detect prelytic halt of virus replication. We employed in vivo-like conditions: fibroblast targets (difficult to lyse) were infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV), then incubated at low E/T cell ratios overnight. At the highest E/T ratios which produced less than 10% CTL-induced lysis, plaque-forming unit yield was reduced by about 50%. At higher E/T ratios which lysed 1/6 to 1/3 of the infected target cells, 3/4 to 9/10 of the virus production was prevented. The discrepancy between the level of lysis and the reduction in virus yield is evidence for significant CTL-induced prelytic halt of HSV replication. At present, it is unclear whether the antiviral effect observed involves an activity of CTL distinct from their lytic ability, such as their DNA fragmenting ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Martz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003
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45
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Gera JF, Lichtenstein A. Human neutrophil peptide defensins induce single strand DNA breaks in target cells. Cell Immunol 1991; 138:108-20. [PMID: 1913832 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(91)90136-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether target cell DNA injury participates in cytolysis by human neutrophil defensins (HNP), we analyzed HNP-treated cells for single strand breaks by the alkaline unwinding assay and the activation of ADPribose polymerase, a DNA repair enzyme. Strand breaks and ADP-ribosylation were first detected in K562 and Raji targets 6-8 hr after incubation with HNP and increased to maximal levels by 18 hr. DNA was not degraded into nucleosome-sized fragments. To assess the impact of DNA injury on cytolysis, we increased strand breakage by coincubating targets with HNP and two inhibitors of ADPribose polymerase, 3-aminobenzamide, or nicotinamide. Concurrently with inhibiting polymerase activity and increasing DNA injury, these agents significantly enhanced HNP-mediated cytolysis. Enhancement occurred only at time points (over 6 hr) and in targets (only nucleated targets) where HNP-induced DNA injury could be occurring. These data indicate that neutrophil defensins can induce DNA injury in targets and suggest such injury may be involved in target cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Gera
- Department of Medicine, V.A. Wadsworth-UCLA Medical Center 90073
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46
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Krähenbühl O, Tschopp J. Debate: the mechanism of lymphocyte-mediated killing. Perforin-induced pore formation. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1991; 12:399-402; discussion 403. [PMID: 1786073 DOI: 10.1016/0167-5699(91)90139-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O Krähenbühl
- Institut de Biochimie, Université de Lausanne, Switzerland
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47
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Tian Q, Streuli M, Saito H, Schlossman SF, Anderson P. A polyadenylate binding protein localized to the granules of cytolytic lymphocytes induces DNA fragmentation in target cells. Cell 1991; 67:629-39. [PMID: 1934064 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90536-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytolytic lymphocytes (CTLs) are characterized by their inclusion of cytoplasmic granules containing effector molecules such as perforin and the serine proteases. Here we describe the cDNA cloning and functional characterization of two related isoforms of a cytolytic granule protein designated TIA-1. Sequence analysis reveals that the 40 kd TIA-1 isoform (rp40-TIA-1) is structurally related to the poly(A)-binding proteins, possessing three RNA-binding domains and a carboxy-terminal, glutamine-rich auxiliary domain. The 15 kd TIA-1 isoform, the major species present in cytolytic granules, appears to be derived from the carboxy-terminal auxiliary domain of rp40-TIA-1 by proteolytic processing. Both natural and recombinant TIA-1 were found to induce DNA fragmentation in digitonin permeabilized thymocytes, suggesting that these molecules may be the granule components responsible for inducing apoptosis in CTL targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Tian
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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48
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Mangan DF, Taichman NS, Lally ET, Wahl SM. Lethal effects of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin on human T lymphocytes. Infect Immun 1991; 59:3267-72. [PMID: 1879940 PMCID: PMC258162 DOI: 10.1128/iai.59.9.3267-3272.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of strains of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans isolated from patients with periodontal diseases secrete a leukotoxin that destroys human myeloid cells within minutes but has no effect on viability of peripheral blood lymphocytes in culture for 1.5 h. However, since this organism persists in the gingival crevice and thus may continuously release toxin over extended periods of time, we assessed the viability of T cells cultured with leukotoxin (0 to 250 ng/ml) for up to 2 days. Although the total numbers of cells recovered from cultures with or without leukotoxin were equivalent, leukotoxin killed up to 70% of the T cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Cell death was associated with uptake of propidium iodide, release of 51Cr from the cytoplasm, and morphological evidence of damage to the plasma membrane and apoptosis. Leukotoxin also induced increased cleavage of chromosomal DNA into nucleosome-sized fragments, suggesting activation of an endogenous nuclease in the T cells. These data suggest that leukotoxin kills T cells by pathways resembling necrosis and programmed cell death. Leukotoxin-induced lymphotoxicity may represent a critical mechanism by which A. actinomycetemcomitans suppresses the host local immune response and contributes to the pathogenesis of diseases involving this microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Mangan
- Cellular Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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49
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Lichtenstein A. Mechanism of mammalian cell lysis mediated by peptide defensins. Evidence for an initial alteration of the plasma membrane. J Clin Invest 1991; 88:93-100. [PMID: 2056135 PMCID: PMC296007 DOI: 10.1172/jci115310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Defensins induce ion channels in model lipid bilayers and permeabilize the membranes of Escherichia coli. We investigated whether similar membrane-active events occur during defensin-mediated cytolysis of tumor cells. Although defensin-treated K562 targets did not release chromium-labeled cytoplasmic components for 5-6 h, they experienced a rapid collapse (within minutes) of the membrane potential, efflux of rubidium, and influx of trypan blue. Defensin treatment also blunted the subsequent acidification response induced by nigericin, thereby further supporting the notion of enhanced transmembrane ion flow during exposure. These initial effects on the plasma membrane were not sufficient for subsequent lysis; a second phase of injury was required which involved the continued presence of defensin. The rapid membrane permeabilization phase was inhibited by azide/2-deoxyglucose, cytochalasin B, and increased concentrations of extracellular potassium and was unaffected by actinomycin-D, cycloheximide, and varying the calcium concentration. In contrast, the second phase was unaffected by cytochalasin B, inhibited by azide/2-deoxyglucose, enhanced by actinomycin D and cycloheximide, and varied with calcium concentration. These results indicate the initial adverse effect of defensins on mammalian cells occurs at the cell membrane. It is possible that the second phase of injury is mediated intracellularly by defensin that has been internalized through this leaky membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lichtenstein
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Wadsworth-UCLA Medical Center 90073
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50
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Abstract
The immune system provides good models for cell death, a phenomenon now recognized to be of fundamental importance in many fields of biology. Cell death is strikingly polymorphic: it can proceed via necrosis (as in complement-mediated cell death) or apoptosis, but the latter displays different patterns (in the receptor-mediated death of some thymocytes, in cell death mediated by TNF alpha or by cytotoxic T cells), perhaps reflecting different pathways of control of a common core mechanism. Even though there are differences in the morphological and metabolic changes associated with the different patterns of apoptosis, some recurrent sequences of events are observed in almost all dying cells. The metabolic state of a cell often seems to play a major role in determining if and how this cell will die in given external circumstances. The nature of molecules causally involved in the dying cell can now be approached in some systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Golstein
- Centre d'Immunologie INSERM-CNRS de Marseille-Luminy, France
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