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Tong Q, Yao L, Su M, Yang YG, Sun L. Thymocyte migration and emigration. Immunol Lett 2024; 267:106861. [PMID: 38697225 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2024.106861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Hematopoietic precursors (HPCs) entering into the thymus undergo a sequential process leading to the generation of a variety of T cell subsets. This developmental odyssey unfolds in distinct stages within the thymic cortex and medulla, shaping the landscape of T cell receptor (TCR) expression and guiding thymocytes through positive and negative selection. Initially, early thymic progenitors (ETPs) take residence in the thymic cortex, where thymocytes begin to express their TCR and undergo positive selection. Subsequently, thymocytes transition to the thymic medulla, where they undergo negative selection. Both murine and human thymocyte development can be broadly classified into distinct stages based on the expression of CD4 and CD8 coreceptors, resulting in categorizations as double negative (DN), double positive (DP) or single positive (SP) cells. Thymocyte migration to the appropriate thymic microenvironment at the right differentiation stage is pivotal for the development and the proper functioning of T cells, which is critical for adaptive immune responses. The journey of lymphoid progenitor cells into the T cell developmental pathway hinges on an ongoing dialogue between the differentiating cell and the signals emanating from the thymus niche. Herein, we review the contribution of the key factors mentioned above for the localization, migration and emigration of thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyue Tong
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China
| | - Liyu Yao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mengting Su
- National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China.
| | - Liguang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China.
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2
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Hernández-Torres DC, Stehle C. Embryonic ILC-poiesis across tissues. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1040624. [PMID: 36605193 PMCID: PMC9807749 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1040624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), consisting of Group 1 ILCs (natural killer cells and ILC1), ILC2, and ILC3, are critical effectors of innate immunity, inflammation, and homeostasis post-natally, but also exert essential functions before birth. Recent studies during critical developmental periods in the embryo have hinted at complex waves of tissue colonization, and highlighted the breadth of multipotent and committed ILC progenitors from both classic fetal hematopoietic organs such as the liver, as well as tissue sites such as the lung, thymus, and intestine. Assessment of the mechanisms driving cell fate and function of the ILC family in the embryo will be vital to the understanding ILC biology throughout fetal life and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Carolina Hernández-Torres
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany,Medical Department I, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,*Correspondence: Daniela Carolina Hernández-Torres, ; Christina Stehle,
| | - Christina Stehle
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany,Medical Department I, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,*Correspondence: Daniela Carolina Hernández-Torres, ; Christina Stehle,
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3
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The tricks for fighting against cancer using CAR NK cells: A review. Mol Cell Probes 2022; 63:101817. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2022.101817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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4
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Lymphoblastic T Cells and Mature NK Cells With the Same TCRγ Rearrangement: A Common Origin? Hemasphere 2021; 5:e608. [PMID: 34350384 PMCID: PMC8328240 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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5
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Hematopoietic stem progenitor cells lacking HLA differ from those lacking GPI-anchored proteins in the hierarchical stage and sensitivity to immune attack in patients with acquired aplastic anemia. Leukemia 2021; 35:3257-3267. [PMID: 33824463 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To characterize glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein-deficient (GPI[-]) and HLA-class I allele-lacking (HLA[-]) hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs) in acquired aplastic anemia (AA), we studied the peripheral blood (PB) of 56 AA patients in remission who possessed both (n = 13, Group A) or either GPI(-) (n = 34, Group B) and HLA(-) (n = 9, Group C) cell populations. Seventy-seven percent (10/13) of Group A had HLA(-) cells in all lineages of PB cells, including platelets, while only 23% (3/13) had GPI(-) cells in all lineages, and the median percentage of HLA(-) granulocytes in the total granulocytes (21.2%) was significantly higher than that of GPI(-) granulocytes (0.28%, P < 0.05). The greater lineage diversity in HLA(-) cells than in GPI(-) cells was also seen when Group B and Group C were compared. Longitudinal studies of seven patients in Group A showed a gradual decrease in the percentage of HLA(-) granulocytes, with a reciprocal increase in the GPI(-) granulocytes in four patients responding to cyclosporine (CsA) and an increase in the HLA(-) granulocytes with a stable or declining GPI(-) granulocytes in three patients in sustained remission off CsA therapy. These findings suggest that HLA(-) HSPCs differ from GPI(-) HSPCs in the hierarchical stage and sensitivity to immune attack in AA.
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6
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Izotova N, Rivat C, Baricordi C, Blanco E, Pellin D, Watt E, Gkazi AS, Adams S, Gilmour K, Bayford J, Booth C, Gaspar HB, Thrasher AJ, Biasco L. Long-term lymphoid progenitors independently sustain naïve T and NK cell production in humans. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1622. [PMID: 33712608 PMCID: PMC7954865 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21834-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Our mathematical model of integration site data in clinical gene therapy supported the existence of long-term lymphoid progenitors capable of surviving independently from hematopoietic stem cells. To date, no experimental setting has been available to validate this prediction. We here report evidence of a population of lymphoid progenitors capable of independently maintaining T and NK cell production for 15 years in humans. The gene therapy patients of this study lack vector-positive myeloid/B cells indicating absence of engineered stem cells but retain gene marking in both T and NK. Decades after treatment, we can still detect and analyse transduced naïve T cells whose production is likely maintained by a population of long-term lymphoid progenitors. By tracking insertional clonal markers overtime, we suggest that these progenitors can support both T and NK cell production. Identification of these long-term lymphoid progenitors could be utilised for the development of next generation gene- and cancer-immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Izotova
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Faculty of Population Health Sciences, London, UK
| | - Christine Rivat
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Faculty of Population Health Sciences, London, UK
- Orchard Therapeutics, University College of London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Cristina Baricordi
- Gene Therapy Program, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elena Blanco
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Faculty of Population Health Sciences, London, UK
| | - Danilo Pellin
- Gene Therapy Program, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Athina S Gkazi
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Faculty of Population Health Sciences, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Claire Booth
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Faculty of Population Health Sciences, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - H Bobby Gaspar
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Faculty of Population Health Sciences, London, UK
- Orchard Therapeutics, University College of London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Faculty of Population Health Sciences, London, UK.
- Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Luca Biasco
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Faculty of Population Health Sciences, London, UK.
- Gene Therapy Program, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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7
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Pfefferle A, Jacobs B, Haroun-Izquierdo A, Kveberg L, Sohlberg E, Malmberg KJ. Deciphering Natural Killer Cell Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:812. [PMID: 32477340 PMCID: PMC7235169 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have a central role within the innate immune system, eliminating virally infected, foreign and transformed cells through their natural cytotoxic capacity. Release of their cytotoxic granules is tightly controlled through the balance of a large repertoire of inhibitory and activating receptors, and it is the unique combination of these receptors expressed by individual cells that confers immense diversity both in phenotype and functionality. The diverse, yet unique, NK cell repertoire within an individual is surprisingly stable over time considering the constant renewal of these cells at steady state. Here we give an overview of NK cell differentiation and discuss metabolic requirements, intra-lineage plasticity and transcriptional reprogramming during IL-15-driven homeostatic proliferation. New insights into the regulation of NK cell differentiation and homeostasis could pave the way for the successful implementation of NK cell-based immunotherapy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Pfefferle
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benedikt Jacobs
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alvaro Haroun-Izquierdo
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lise Kveberg
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ebba Sohlberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl-Johan Malmberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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8
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Böning MAL, Trittel S, Riese P, van Ham M, Heyner M, Voss M, Parzmair GP, Klawonn F, Jeron A, Guzman CA, Jänsch L, Schraven B, Reinhold A, Bruder D. ADAP Promotes Degranulation and Migration of NK Cells Primed During in vivo Listeria monocytogenes Infection in Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3144. [PMID: 32038647 PMCID: PMC6987423 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesion and degranulation-promoting adaptor protein (ADAP) serves as a multifunctional scaffold and is involved in the formation of immune signaling complexes. To date only limited and moreover conflicting data exist regarding the role of ADAP in NK cells. To extend existing knowledge we investigated ADAP-dependency of NK cells in the context of in vivo infection with the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes (Lm). Ex vivo analysis of infection-primed NK cells revealed impaired cytotoxic capacity in NK cells lacking ADAP as indicated by reduced CD107a surface expression and inefficient perforin production. However, ADAP-deficiency had no global effect on NK cell morphology or intracellular distribution of CD107a-containing vesicles. Proteomic definition of ADAPko and wild type NK cells did not uncover obvious differences in protein composition during the steady state and moreover, similar early response patterns were induced in NK cells upon infection independent of the genotype. In line with protein network analyses that suggested an altered migration phenotype in naïve ADAPko NK cells, in vitro migration assays uncovered significantly reduced migration of both naïve as well as infection-primed ADAPko NK cells compared to wild type NK cells. Notably, this migration defect was associated with a significantly reduced expression of the integrin CD11a on the surface of splenic ADAP-deficient NK cells 1 day post-Lm infection. We propose that ADAP-dependent alterations in integrin expression might account at least in part for the fact that during in vivo infection significantly lower numbers of ADAPko NK cells accumulate in the spleen i.e., the site of infection. In conclusion, we show here that during systemic Lm infection in mice ADAP is essential for efficient cytotoxic capacity and migration of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha A L Böning
- Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephanie Trittel
- Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peggy Riese
- Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marco van Ham
- Cellular Proteome Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maxi Heyner
- Cellular Proteome Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Voss
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gerald P Parzmair
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frank Klawonn
- Cellular Proteome Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Jeron
- Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carlos A Guzman
- Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lothar Jänsch
- Cellular Proteome Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Burkhart Schraven
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Annegret Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dunja Bruder
- Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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9
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Sathe P, Pang SHM, Delconte R, Elwood N, Huntington ND. Identification of Novel Human NK Cell Progenitor Subsets. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122716. [PMID: 29244714 PMCID: PMC5751317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the pathways and regulation of human haematopoiesis, in particular, lymphopoiesis, is vital to manipulation of these processes for therapeutic purposes. However, although haematopoiesis has been extensively characterised in mice, translation of these findings to human biology remains rudimentary. Here, we describe the isolation of three progenitor subsets from human foetal bone marrow that represent differential stages of commitment to the natural killer (NK) cell lineage based on IL-15 responsiveness. We identify CD7 as a marker of IL-15 responsive progenitors in human bone marrow and find that this expression is maintained throughout commitment and maturation. Within the CD7+ fraction, we focussed on the lineage potential of three subsets based on CD127 and CD117 expression and observed restricted lymphoid and biased NK cell potential amongst subsets. We further demonstrate the presence of subsets similar in both phenotype and function in umbilical cord blood and the bone marrow of humanised mice, validating these as appropriate sources of progenitors for the investigation of human haematopoiesis. Overall, we describe several stages in the process of lymphopoiesis that will form the basis of investigating the regulators of this process in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sathe
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.
| | - Swee Heng Milon Pang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.
| | - Rebecca Delconte
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.
| | - Ngaire Elwood
- Cord Blood Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.
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10
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Nagasawa M, Germar K, Blom B, Spits H. Human CD5 + Innate Lymphoid Cells Are Functionally Immature and Their Development from CD34 + Progenitor Cells Is Regulated by Id2. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1047. [PMID: 28912776 PMCID: PMC5583608 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have emerged as a key cell type involved in surveillance and maintenance of mucosal tissues. Mouse ILCs rely on the transcriptional regulator Inhibitor of DNA-binding protein 2 (Id2) for their development. Here, we show that Id2 also drives development of human ILC because forced expression of Id2 in human thymic progenitors blocked T cell commitment, upregulated CD161 and promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF), and maintained CD127 expression, markers that are characteristic for human ILCs. Surprisingly CD5 was also expressed on these in vitro generated ILCs. This was not an in vitro artifact because CD5 was also found on ex vivo isolated ILCs from thymus and from umbilical cord blood. CD5 was also expressed on small proportions of ILC2 and ILC3. CD5+ ILCs were functionally immature, but could further differentiate into mature CD5− cytokine-secreting ILCs. Our data show that Id2 governs human ILC development from thymic progenitor cells toward immature CD5+ ILCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Nagasawa
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kristine Germar
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bianca Blom
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hergen Spits
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In utero transplantation (IUT) of hematopoietic stem cells has the potential to treat a large number of hematologic and metabolic diseases amenable to partial replacement of the hematopoietic system. METHODS A review of the literature was conducted that focused on the clinical and experimental experience with IUT and, in this context, the development of the hematopoietic and immune systems. RESULTS Successful application of IUT has been limited to the treatment of various types of immunodeficiencies that affect lymphocyte development and function. Other congenital defects such as the thalassemias have not resulted in clinically significant engraftment. Recent efforts at understanding and overcoming the barriers to engraftment in the fetus have focused on providing a selective advantage to donor stem cells and fostering immune tolerance toward the donor cells. The critical cellular components of the graft that promote engraftment and tolerance induction are being evaluated in animal models. Improvements in engraftment have resulted from the inclusion of T cells and/or dendritic cells in the graft, as well as a strategy of combined prenatal and postnatal transplantation. CONCLUSIONS The advantages, necessity, and benefits of early treatment will continue to encourage development of IUT as a means to treat hematopoietic and other types of birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus O Muench
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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12
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Medrano G, Guan P, Barlow-Anacker AJ, Gosain A. Comprehensive selection of reference genes for quantitative RT-PCR analysis of murine extramedullary hematopoiesis during development. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181881. [PMID: 28732075 PMCID: PMC5521956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to perform a comprehensive evaluation and selection of reference genes for the study of extramedullary hematopoiesis during development and the early post-natal period. A total of six candidate reference genes (ACTB, GAPDH, HPRT1, PPID, TBP, TUBB3) in four organs (heart, liver, spleen, and thymus) over five perinatal time points (Embryonic days 14.5, 16.5, 18.5, Post-natal days 0, 21) were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. The expression stability of the candidate reference genes were analyzed using geNorm, NormFinder, Bestkeeper, Delta CT method, and RefFinder software packages. Detailed methodology for isolation of high quality/purity RNA and analysis is presented. Detailed analysis demonstrated that TBP is the best single reference gene for embryonic samples and HPRT1 is the best single reference gene for post-natal and pooled embryonic and post-natal samples. Organ-level analysis demonstrated that HPRT1 was the most suitable reference gene for heart, liver and thymus samples, while TBP was the best candidate for spleen samples. In general, TUBB3 was consistently the least stable gene for normalization. This is the first study to describe a systematic comprehensive selection of reference genes for murine extramedullary hematopoietic tissues over a developmental time course. We provide suggested reference genes for individual tissues and developmental stages and propose that a combination of reference genes affords flexibility in experimental design and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Medrano
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Peihong Guan
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Amanda J. Barlow-Anacker
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ankush Gosain
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Ganshina IV. Serous cavities of coelomic origin as possible organs of the immune system. Part 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079086416060025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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14
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The Memories of NK Cells: Innate-Adaptive Immune Intrinsic Crosstalk. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:1376595. [PMID: 28078307 PMCID: PMC5204097 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1376595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although NK cells are considered part of the innate immune system, a series of evidences has demonstrated that they possess characteristics typical of the adaptive immune system. These NK adaptive features, in particular their memory-like functions, are discussed from an ontogenetic and evolutionary point of view.
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15
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Dobashi A, Tsuyama N, Asaka R, Togashi Y, Ueda K, Sakata S, Baba S, Sakamoto K, Hatake K, Takeuchi K. Frequent BCOR aberrations in extranodal NK/T-Cell lymphoma, nasal type. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2016; 55:460-71. [PMID: 26773734 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extranodal natural killer/T cell lymphoma (ENKTL) is a rare subtype of lymphoma. Recurrent mutations in the JAK-STAT pathway, recently reported in ENKTL cases, are interesting in terms of both pathogenesis and inhibitor therapy. However, the frequencies of these mutations are low and variable among reports, and other pathognomonic mutations in ENKTL remain to be elucidated. In the present study, targeted capture sequencing of 602 cancer-related genes from 25 frozen ENKTL samples was performed, 11 of which were matched to normal samples. Several recurrent somatic mutations involving BCOR (32%), TP53 (16%), DDX3X (12%), FAT4 (8%), NRAS (8%), MLL3 (12%), and MIR17HG (8%) were identified. The pattern of BCOR aberrations (1 nonsense and 5 frame-shift mutations, a mutation leading to a splicing error, and gene loss) suggested that loss of function of BCOR was the functionally important outcome of such changes. The literature was reviewed and the public data on BCOR aberrations was reanalyzed and it was found that the aberrations were frequently found in myeloid neoplasms, but, interestingly, were highly specific to ENKTL among lymphoid malignancies. Given the high frequency and pattern of aberration, BCOR is likely to play an important role in ENKTL pathogenesis as a tumor suppressor gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Dobashi
- Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto, Tokyo
| | - Naoko Tsuyama
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto, Tokyo
| | - Reimi Asaka
- Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto, Tokyo.,Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto, Tokyo
| | - Yuki Togashi
- Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto, Tokyo.,Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto, Tokyo
| | - Kyoko Ueda
- Hematology and Oncology, The Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto, Tokyo
| | - Seiji Sakata
- Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto, Tokyo
| | - Satoko Baba
- Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto, Tokyo
| | - Kana Sakamoto
- Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto, Tokyo
| | - Kiyohiko Hatake
- Hematology and Oncology, The Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto, Tokyo
| | - Kengo Takeuchi
- Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto, Tokyo.,Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto, Tokyo
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16
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Wiekmeijer AS, Pike-Overzet K, IJspeert H, Brugman MH, Wolvers-Tettero ILM, Lankester AC, Bredius RGM, van Dongen JJM, Fibbe WE, Langerak AW, van der Burg M, Staal FJT. Identification of checkpoints in human T-cell development using severe combined immunodeficiency stem cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:517-526.e3. [PMID: 26441229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) represents congenital disorders characterized by a deficiency of T cells caused by arrested development in the thymus. Yet the nature of these developmental blocks has remained elusive because of the difficulty of taking thymic biopsy specimens from affected children. OBJECTIVE We sought to identify the stages of arrest in human T-cell development caused by various major types of SCID. METHODS We performed transplantation of SCID CD34(+) bone marrow stem/progenitor cells into an optimized NSG xenograft mouse model, followed by detailed phenotypic and molecular characterization using flow cytometry, immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor spectratyping, and deep sequencing of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) and T-cell receptor δ (TRD) loci. RESULTS Arrests in T-cell development caused by mutations in IL-7 receptor α (IL7RA) and IL-2 receptor γ (IL2RG) were observed at the most immature thymocytes much earlier than expected based on gene expression profiling of human thymocyte subsets and studies with corresponding mouse mutants. T-cell receptor rearrangements were functionally required at the CD4(-)CD8(-)CD7(+)CD5(+) stage given the developmental block and extent of rearrangements in mice transplanted with Artemis-SCID cells. The xenograft model used is not informative for adenosine deaminase-SCID, whereas hypomorphic mutations lead to less severe arrests in development. CONCLUSION Transplanting CD34(+) stem cells from patients with SCID into a xenograft mouse model provides previously unattainable insight into human T-cell development and functionally identifies the arrest in thymic development caused by several SCID mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Sophia Wiekmeijer
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Pike-Overzet
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hanna IJspeert
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn H Brugman
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Arjan C Lankester
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert G M Bredius
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques J M van Dongen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem E Fibbe
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anton W Langerak
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam van der Burg
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J T Staal
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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17
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Lim AWY, McKenzie ANJ. Deciphering the transcriptional switches of innate lymphoid cell programming: the right factors at the right time. Genes Immun 2015; 16:177-86. [PMID: 25611557 PMCID: PMC4409422 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2014.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are increasingly recognised as an innate immune counterpart of adaptive TH cells. In addition to their similar effector cytokine production, there is a strong parallel between the transcription factors that control the differentiation of TH1, TH2 and TH17 cells and ILC Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Here, we review the transcriptional circuit that specifies the development of a common ILC progenitor and its subsequent programming into distinct ILC groups. Notch, GATA-3, Nfil3 and Id2 are identified as early factors that suppress B and T cell potentials and are turned on in favour of ILC commitment. Natural killer cells, which are the cytotoxic ILCs, develop along a pathway distinct from the rest of the helper-like ILCs that are derived from a common progenitor to all helper-like innate lymphoid cells (CHILPs). PLZF− CHILPs give rise to lymphoid tissue inducer cells while PLZF+ CHILPs have multi-lineage potential and could give rise to ILCs 1, 2 and 3. Such lineage specificity is dictated by the controlled expression of T-bet, RORα, RORγt and AHR. In addition to the type of transcription factors, the developmental stages at which these factors are expressed are crucial in specifying the fate of the ILCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Y Lim
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - A N J McKenzie
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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18
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that survey the environment and protect the host from infected and cancerous cells. As their name implies, NK cells represent an early line of defense during pathogen invasion by directly killing infected cells and secreting inflammatory cytokines. Although the function of NK cells was first described more than four decades ago, the development of this cytotoxic lineage is not well understood. In recent years, we have begun to identify specific transcription factors that control each stage of development and maturation, from ontogeny of the NK cell progenitor to the effector functions of activated NK cells in peripheral organs. This chapter highlights the transcription factors that are unique to NK cells, or shared between NK cells and other hematopoietic cell lineages, but govern the biology of this cytolytic lymphocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Sun
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, 408 East 69th Street, ZRC-1402, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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19
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Lysakova-Devine T, O'Farrelly C. Tissue-specific NK cell populations and their origin. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:981-90. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1ru0514-241r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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20
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NK Cells as a Barrier to Xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555818043.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Oshimi K, Kawa K, Nakamura S, Suzuki R, Suzumiya J, Yamaguchi M, Kameoka J, Tagawa S, Imamura N, Ohshima K, Kojya S, Iwatsuki K, Tokura Y, Sato E, Sugimori H. NK-cell neoplasms in Japan. Hematology 2013; 10:237-45. [PMID: 16019472 DOI: 10.1080/10245330400026162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoplasms putatively originating from precursor and mature natural killer (NK) cells are rare, and their clinical features are unclear. A nationwide survey was performed in Japan to clarify the clinical features of these neoplasms diagnosed between 1994 and 1998, and data for 237 patients who met the criteria for putative NK cell-lineage neoplasms were analyzed. Among them, 11 had myeloid/NK-cell precursor acute leukemia, 15 blastic NK-cell lymphoma, 21 precursor NK-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 22 aggressive NK-cell leukemia/lymphoma, 149 nasal-type NK-cell lymphoma (123 nasal and 26 extranasal) and 19 chronic NK lymphocytosis. The median overall survival time of patients with aggressive NK-cell leukemia/lymphoma was 2 months, which for chronic NK lymphocytosis was more than 8 years, and that for the other types of NK-cell neoplasms was between 6 and 22 months. Nasal NK-cell lymphoma and extranasal NK-cell lymphoma share the same histology. The age of affliction was the same, but the sex was different with males predominantly having nasal NK-cell lymphoma and females extranasal NK-cell lymphoma. Patients with extranasal NK-cell lymphoma had the tendency to exhibit a more advanced state of disease, with significantly higher International Prognostic Index and LDH levels, and significantly lower hemoglobin and platelet levels. The overall survival, however, did not differ significantly. Precursor NK-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and blastic NK-cell lymphoma were arbitrarily defined by the presence or absence of 30% or more of blastic cells in the bone marrow or peripheral blood, but there were no significant differences for affected age, gender, involved sites or prognosis. Aggressive NK-cell leukemia/lymphoma and extranasal NK-cell lymphoma were arbitrarily defined by the presence or absence of 30% or more of large granular lymphocytes in the bone marrow or peripheral blood and it is possible that aggressive NK-cell leukemia/lymphoma is a leukemic phase of extranasal NK-cell lymphoma. The incidence of skin involvement, however, was significantly higher for extranasal NK-cell lymphoma, suggesting that the two diseases are different. In nasal NK-cell lymphoma, Epstein-Barr virus in tumor cells was detected in all patients tested, suggesting its causative role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Oshimi
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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22
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Gimenes-Teixeira HL, Lucena-Araujo AR, Dos Santos GA, Zanette DL, Scheucher PS, Oliveira LC, Dalmazzo LF, Silva-Júnior WA, Falcão RP, Rego EM. Increased expression of miR-221 is associated with shorter overall survival in T-cell acute lymphoid leukemia. Exp Hematol Oncol 2013; 2:10. [PMID: 23566596 PMCID: PMC3637292 DOI: 10.1186/2162-3619-2-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD56 expression has been associated with a poor prognosis in lymphoid neoplasms, including T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in lymphoid differentiation, and aberrant miRNA expression has been associated with treatment outcome in lymphoid malignancies. Here, we evaluated miRNA expression profiles in normal thymocytes, mature T-cells, and T-ALL samples with and without CD56 expression and correlated microRNA expression with treatment outcome. Methods The gene expression profile of 164 miRNAs were compared for T-ALL/CD56+ (n=12) and T-ALL/CD56- (n=36) patients by Real-Time Quantitative PCR. Based on this analysis, we decided to evaluate miR-221 and miR-374 expression in individual leukemic and normal samples. Results miR-221 and miR-374 were expressed at significantly higher levels in T-ALL/CD56+ than in T-ALL/CD56- cells and in leukemic blasts compared with normal thymocytes and peripheral blood (PB) T-cells. Age at diagnosis (15 or less vs grater than 15 years; HR: 2.19, 95% CI: 0.98-4.85; P=0.05), miR-221 expression level (median value as cut off in leukemic samples; HR: 3.17, 95% CI: 1.45-6.92; P=0.004), and the expression of CD56 (CD56-vs CD56+; HR: 2.99, 95% CI: 1.37-6.51; P=0.006) were predictive factors for shorter overall survival; whereas, only CD56 expression (HR: 2.73, 95% CI: 1.03-7.18; P=0.041) was associated with a shorter disease-free survival rate. Conclusions miR-221 is highly expressed in T-ALL and its expression level may be associated with a poorer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamilton L Gimenes-Teixeira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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23
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Abstract
The current World Health Organization (WHO) classification includes two types of natural killer (NK)-cell lymphomas: extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKL), and aggressive NK-cell leukemia (ANKL). These diseases are mostly endemic to East Asia and Latin America. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is usually detected in tumor cells, suggesting that EBV plays an important role in lymphomagenesis. At the site of origin, ENKL can be divided into two major subtypes: nasal and extranasal diseases. The advanced disease presentation, highly aggressive clinical course, and poor prognosis of the latter are analogous to ANKL. It is well known that P-glycoprotein, which is a product of the multi-drug resistance (MDR1) gene, is expressed on neoplastic cells of ENKL or ANKL. This is a major cause of the refractoriness of malignant lymphoma to conventional chemotherapeutic regimens containing anthracycline. Recent studies, however, have identified that L-asparaginase-containing regimens, such as SMILE (steroid, methotrexate, ifosfamide, L-asparaginase and etoposide), are effective for ENKL. Considering the myelotoxicity of SMILE, its use in the treatment of ANKL needs some modifications, but this treatment scheme is promising in improving the prognosis of NK-cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuro Suzuki
- Department of HSCT Data Management & Biostatistics, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daiko-Minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, 461-0047, Japan.
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24
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Pereira de Sousa A, Berthault C, Granato A, Dias S, Ramond C, Kee BL, Cumano A, Vieira P. Inhibitors of DNA binding proteins restrict T cell potential by repressing Notch1 expression in Flt3-negative common lymphoid progenitors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3822-30. [PMID: 22972921 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lineage commitment is regulated during hematopoiesis, with stepwise loss of differentiation potential ultimately resulting in lineage commitment. In this study we describe a novel population of B/NK bipotent precursors among common lymphoid progenitors in the fetal liver and the bone marrow. The absence of T cell precursor potential, both in vivo and in vitro, is due to low Notch1 expression and secondary to inhibition of E2A activity by members of the inhibitor of DNA binding (Id) protein family. Our results demonstrate a new, Id protein-dependent, molecular mechanism of Notch1 repression, operative in both fetal and adult common lymphoid progenitors, where T cell potential is selectively inhibited without affecting either the B or NK programs. This study identifies Id proteins as negative regulators of T cell specification, before B and NK commitment, and provides important insights into the transcriptional networks orchestrating hematopoiesis.
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25
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Marras F, Bozzano F, Bentivoglio G, Ugolotti E, Biassoni R, Moretta L, De Maria A. Receptor modulation and functional activation of human CD34+ Lin- -derived immature NK cells in vitro by Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2459-70. [PMID: 22736333 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It is not yet clear whether immature NK (iNK) cells are bystanders to or rather participate in immune responses to pathogens that may colocalize in areas of NK-cell maturation such as bone marrow or lymph nodes. Mycobacteria, including Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), have been shown to interact with peripheral NK cells and in vivo may colocalize in areas of iNK-cell development. We studied infection with BCG of human cord blood CD34(+) Lin(-)-derived cultures containing myelomonocytes and iNK cells in vitro. Increased iNK-cell DNAM-1 expression, transient natural cytotoxicity receptor modulation, and production of IFN-γ were observed. Transcriptional receptor modulation was associated to BCG challenge, which determined increased iNK-cell cytotoxic activity against tumor cell lines and also increased killing of immature dendritic cells (iDCs). No requirement for cell contact was recorded for BCG-induced iNK-cell activation, while cytokine production including IL-18, IL-10, GM-CSF, and TGF-β contributed to the observed effects. Thus, iNK cells are affected by mycobacteria in vitro and may contribute to shaping of adaptive mature innate responses through iDC-iNK cross-talk. In addition, iNK-cell activation by BCG may represent a novel additional mechanism contributing to the effects observed upon BCG administration in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD34/genetics
- Antigens, CD34/immunology
- Antigens, CD34/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- BCG Vaccine/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/immunology
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/immunology
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-18/genetics
- Interleukin-18/immunology
- Interleukin-18/metabolism
- K562 Cells
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Mycobacterium bovis/genetics
- Mycobacterium bovis/immunology
- Mycobacterium bovis/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
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26
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González-García S, García-Peydró M, Alcain J, Toribio ML. Notch1 and IL-7 receptor signalling in early T-cell development and leukaemia. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012; 360:47-73. [PMID: 22695916 DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Notch receptors are master regulators of many aspects of development and tissue renewal in metazoans. Notch1 activation is essential for T-cell specification of bone marrow-derived multipotent progenitors that seed the thymus, and for proliferation and further progression of early thymocytes along the T-cell lineage. Deregulated activation of Notch1 significantly contributes to the generation of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL). In addition to Notch1 signals, survival and proliferation signals provided by the IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) are also required during thymopoiesis. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling stage-specific survival and proliferation signals provided by Notch1 and IL-7R has recently been improved by the discovery that the IL-7R is a transcriptional target of Notch1. Thus, Notch1 controls T-cell development, in part by regulating the stage- and lineage-specific expression of IL-7R. The finding that induction of IL-7R expression downstream of Notch1 also occurs in T-ALL highlights the important contribution that deregulated IL-7R expression and function may have in this pathology. Confirming this notion, oncogenic IL7R gain-of-function mutations have recently been identified in childhood T-ALL. Here we discuss the fundamental role of Notch1 and IL-7R signalling pathways in physiological and pathological T-cell development in mice and men, highlighting their close molecular underpinnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara González-García
- Centro de Biología Molecular, Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Abstract
The recently updated World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, published in 2008, has made great advances in revising the disorders previously included in the pool of natural killer (NK) cell tumors. Although NK cell neoplasms represent a relatively rare group of diseases, accounting for <5% of all lymphoid neoplasms, they include very distinctive conditions both clinically and pathologically. This family of diseases includes the most indolent clinical forms, such as the provisional new entry of chronic lymphoproliferative disorder of NK cells (CLPD-NK) in the WHO classification, as well as one of the most fatal diseases recognized in medical oncology, aggressive NK cell leukemia (ANKL), which is characterized by a prognosis of weeks, or even days. In addition, some disorders previously identified as blastic NK cell lymphoma within the NK cell system have been more properly defined and included in the blastic plasmacytoid dentritic cell neoplasms, although rare cases of bona fide immature NK lymphoid tumors (now classified as NK cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma) have been reported in the literature. This paper focuses on recent concepts and progress in morphology, pathogenesis, clinicopathological features, treatment approaches, and outcomes of NK cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Semenzato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padova, Italy.
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28
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in host defense against tumors and viruses and other infectious diseases. NK cell development is regulated by mechanisms that are both shared with and separate from other hematopoietic cell lineages. Functionally, NK cells use activating and inhibitory receptors to recognize both healthy and altered cells such as transformed or infected cells. Upon activation, NK cells produce cytokines and cytotoxic granules using mechanisms similar to other hematopoietic cell lineages especially cytotoxic T cells. Here we review the transcription factors that control NK cell development and function. Although many of these transcription factors are shared with other hematopoietic cell lineages, they control unexpected and unique aspects of NK cell biology. We review the mechanisms and target genes by which these transcriptional regulators control NK cell development and functional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G T Hesslein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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29
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Abstract
Because lymphoid progenitors can give rise to natural killer (NK) cells, NK ontogeny has been considered to be exclusively lymphoid. Here, we show that rare human CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitors develop into NK cells in vitro in the presence of cytokines (interleukin-7, interleukin-15, stem cell factor, and fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 ligand). Adding hydrocortisone and stromal cells greatly increases the frequency of progenitor cells that give rise to NK cells through the recruitment of myeloid precursors, including common myeloid progenitors and granulocytic-monocytic precursors to the NK-cell lineage. WNT signaling was involved in this effect. Cells at more advanced stages of myeloid differentiation (with increasing expression of CD13 and macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor [M-CSFR]) could also differentiate into NK cells in the presence of cytokines, stroma, and hydrocortisone. NK cells derived from myeloid precursors (CD56(-)CD117(+)M-CSFR(+)) showed more expression of killer immunoglobulin-like receptors, a fraction of killer immunoglobulin-like receptor-positive-expressing cells that lacked NKG2A, a higher cytotoxicity compared with CD56(-)CD117(+)M-CSFR(-) precursor-derived NK cells and thus resemble the CD56(dim) subset of NK cells. Collectively, these studies show that NK cells can be derived from the myeloid lineage.
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30
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Klein Wolterink RGJ, García-Ojeda ME, Vosshenrich CAJ, Hendriks RW, Di Santo JP. The intrathymic crossroads of T and NK cell differentiation. Immunol Rev 2010; 238:126-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00960.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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31
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Schotte R, Dontje W, Nagasawa M, Yasuda Y, Bakker AQ, Spits H, Blom B. Synergy between IL-15 and Id2 Promotes the Expansion of Human NK Progenitor Cells, Which Can Be Counteracted by the E Protein HEB Required To Drive T Cell Development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:6670-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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32
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Repertoire development and the control of cytotoxic/effector function in human gammadelta T cells. Clin Dev Immunol 2010; 2010:732893. [PMID: 20396597 PMCID: PMC2854522 DOI: 10.1155/2010/732893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
T cells develop into two major populations distinguished by their T cell receptor (TCR) chains. Cells with the alphabeta TCR generally express CD4 or CD8 lineage markers and mostly fall into helper or cytotoxic/effector subsets. Cells expressing the alternate gammadelta TCR in humans generally do not express lineage markers, do not require MHC for antigen presentation, and recognize nonpeptidic antigens. We are interested in the dominant Vgamma2Vdelta2+ T cell subset in human peripheral blood and the control of effector function in this population. We review the literature on gammadelta T cell generation and repertoire selection, along with recent work on CD56 expression and defining a cytotoxic/effector lineage within the phosphoantigen-reactive Vgamma2Vdelta2 cells. A unique mechanism for MHC-independent repertoire selection is linked to the control of effector function that is vital to the role for gammadelta T cells in tumor surveillance. Better understanding of these mechanisms will improve our ability to exploit this population for tumor immunotherapy.
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33
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Gaiser T, Haedicke W, Becker MR. A rare pediatric case of a thymic cytotoxic and lymphoblastic T/NK cell lymphoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2010; 3:437-442. [PMID: 20490334 PMCID: PMC2872750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Attempts to establish a concise classification of lymphoblastic lymphomas (LBLs) have gained momentum in recent years, mainly due to the expanding possibilities of immunohistochemical and genetic characterization of different disease entities. Thus, cases of immature lymphoid malignancies with unusual immunopathological features have been reported during the last years, suggesting the need for new LBL classification concepts. To further characterize and demonstrate the extended spectrum of LBL, we present an unusual pediatric case of LBL that could not be categorized into one of the subgroups and exhibited a benign course after surgical treatment and subsequent chemotherapy. A mediastinal tumor of a 6-year-old Caucasian boy was examined by clinical staging, light microscopy, immunohistochemistry and PCR assays. The tumor cells reacted with TdT and had a positive cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for CD3. Further T- aand NK-cell markers CD1a, CD4, CD8, CD10, and CD56 reacted positively, but CD57, CD16 and CD 30 (Ber H2) were all negative. CD34 as a marker for bipotential B/T-precursors was also positive. B cell markers (CD20, CD22, Cd79a and IgM) were all negative. No clonal B cell Ig or T cell gamma chain rearrangements were detectable. Epstein Barr virus and other Herpes Virus DNA were not detected using a sensitive PCR assay. The applied chemotherapy was tolerated well and a complete remission of the tumor was achieved (observation period three years after the initial diagnosis). Localization, morphology, and the expressions markers made the tumor a typical member of the LBL group. However, our case represents a rare pediatric lymphoma derived from a thymic precursor committed to T/NK-cell differentiation and a favourable outcome after chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Gaiser
- Section of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Maria R Becker
- Department of Dermatology, University of HeidelbergGermany
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Suzuki R, Ohtake S, Takeuchi J, Nagai M, Kodera Y, Hamaguchi M, Miyawaki S, Karasuno T, Shimodaira S, Ohno R, Nakamura S, Naoe T. The clinical characteristics of CD7+ CD56+ acute myeloid leukemias other than M0. Int J Hematol 2010; 91:303-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-010-0492-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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The localization and migration of natural killer cells in health and disease. NATURAL KILLER CELLS 2010. [PMCID: PMC7150348 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-370454-2.00010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells comprise a finite lymphocyte lineage with distinctive gene expression patterns. Natural killer (NK) cells develop in the bone marrow (BM) and are not static but populate secondary and primary lymphoid organs. A unique feature of NK cells is their expression of activating and inhibitory receptors, which allow them to respond either when ligands for activating receptors are upregulated or when ligands for inhibitory receptors are downregulated. The unique transcriptome of NK cells renders them capable of protecting the host from a vast array of disease states. Their undisputed importance in host protection is conferred by their ability to eliminate unhealthy cells. However, in order for NK cells to exert their effects, they need to be strategically located at the right places. This chapter provides an overview of the current understanding of the localization of NK cell populations and their ability to migrate in response to homeostatic and pathological conditions. NK cells develop in the BM, which they exit using specific molecular interactions. Exit from the BM is followed by localization to a number of tissues, including secondary lymphoid organs. Within each tissue, NK cells often acquire unique function and phenotype that is regulated by the local microenvironment. Their localization is primarily directed by the action of chemokines and therefore is in tight association with the activation status of the organism. Changes in chemokine expression during disease results in further NK cell mobilization and allows them to protect the host from infection and malignancy. Thus, from their time of production until their end, NK cells travel exhaustively over long distances and visit places that influence their already dynamic life.
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In vitro-differentiated T/natural killer-cell progenitors derived from human CD34+ cells mature in the thymus. Blood 2009; 115:261-4. [PMID: 19828700 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-05-223990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) is a treatment option for patients with hematopoietic malignancies that is hampered by treatment-related morbidity and mortality, in part the result of opportunistic infections, a direct consequence of delayed T-cell recovery. Thymic output can be improved by facilitation of thymic immigration, known to require precommitment of CD34(+) cells. We demonstrate that Delta-like ligand-mediated predifferentiation of mobilized CD34(+) cells in vitro results in a population of thymocyte-like cells arrested at a T/natural killer (NK)-cell progenitor stage. On intrahepatic transfer to Rag2(-/-)gamma(c)(-/-) mice, these cells selectively home to the thymus and differentiate toward surface T-cell receptor-alphabeta(+) mature T cells considerably faster than animals transplanted with noncultured CD34(+) cells. This finding creates the opportunity to develop an early T-cell reconstitution therapy to combine with HSCT.
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Cooper MA, Colonna M, Yokoyama WM. Hidden talents of natural killers: NK cells in innate and adaptive immunity. EMBO Rep 2009; 10:1103-10. [PMID: 19730434 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2009.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune lymphocytes capable of killing target cells and producing immunoregulatory cytokines. Herein, we discuss recent studies that indicate that NK cells span the conventional boundaries between innate and adaptive immunity. For example, it was recently discovered that NK cells have the capacity for memory-like responses, a property that was previously thought to be limited to adaptive immunity. NK cells have also been identified in multiple tissues, and a subset of cells that specialize in the production of the T(H)17 cytokine IL-22, NK-22s, was recently described in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue. Finally, we review work that shows that NK cells develop at sites that were traditionally thought to be occupied only by adaptive immune cells, including the thymus and lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Characterization in vitro and engraftment potential in vivo of human progenitor T cells generated from hematopoietic stem cells. Blood 2009; 114:972-82. [PMID: 19491395 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-10-187013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell development follows a defined set of stage-specific differentiation steps. However, molecular and cellular events occurring at early stages of human T-cell development remain to be fully elucidated. To address this, human umbilical cord blood (UCB) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) were induced to differentiate to the T lineage in OP9-DL1 cocultures. A developmental program involving a sequential and temporally discrete expression of key differentiation markers was revealed. Quantitative clonal analyses demonstrated that CD34(+)CD38(-) and CD34(+)CD38(lo) subsets of UCB contain a similarly high T-lineage progenitor frequency, whereas the frequency in CD34(+)CD38(+/hi) cells was 5-fold lower. Delta-like/Notch-induced signals increased the T-cell progenitor frequency of CD34(+)CD38(-/lo) cells differentiated on OP9-DL1, and 2 distinct progenitor subsets, CD34(+)CD45RA(+)CD7(++)CD5(-)CD1a(-) (proT1) and CD34(+)CD45RA(+)CD7(++)CD5(+)CD1a(-) (proT2), were identified and their thymus engrafting capacity was examined, with proT2 cells showing a 3-fold enhanced reconstituting capacity compared with the proT1 subset. Furthermore, in vitro-generated CD34(+)CD7(++) progenitors effectively engrafted the thymus of immunodeficient mice, which was enhanced by the addition of an IL-7/IL-7 antibody complex. Taken together, the identification of T-progenitor subsets readily generated in vitro may offer important avenues to improve cellular-based immune-reconstitution approaches.
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Haraguchi K, Suzuki T, Koyama N, Kumano K, Nakahara F, Matsumoto A, Yokoyama Y, Sakata-Yanagimoto M, Masuda S, Takahashi T, Kamijo A, Takahashi K, Takanashi M, Okuyama Y, Yasutomo K, Sakano S, Yagita H, Kurokawa M, Ogawa S, Chiba S. Notch Activation Induces the Generation of Functional NK Cells from Human Cord Blood CD34-Positive Cells Devoid of IL-15. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:6168-78. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Di Santo JP. Functionally distinct NK-cell subsets: developmental origins and biological implications. Eur J Immunol 2009; 38:2948-51. [PMID: 18979515 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
NK cells were initially identified based on their capacity to destroy susceptible target cells via granule-mediated cytotoxicity. Subsequently, NK-cell cytokine production (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha) was shown to be critical in restricting pathogen infection, defining a non-cytotoxic role for NK cells in host defense. Recently, specialized NK-cell subsets with biased effector functions have been described in mice and man. This overview will consider the developmental origins and biological implications of this NK-cell diversification.
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Fischer L, Gökbuget N, Schwartz S, Burmeister T, Rieder H, Brüggemann M, Hoelzer D, Thiel E. CD56 expression in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia is associated with non-thymic phenotype and resistance to induction therapy but no inferior survival after risk-adapted therapy. Haematologica 2008; 94:224-9. [PMID: 19109214 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of CD56 has been associated with poor prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia and aggressive lymphoma. DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed the impact of CD56 expression in a cohort of 452 newly diagnosed adult T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) patients; clinical data were available for 306 patients. Treatment was according to the GMALL study protocols 06/99 and 07/03 stipulating stratification into standard (thymic T-ALL) and high risk (pre- and mature T-ALL) groups. RESULTS CD56 expression was detected in 63/452 (13.9%) patients. CD56(+) T-ALL were predominantly of non-thymic (pre-T 35%, mature 41%) immunophenotypic subtypes, whereas 53% of the CD56(-) cases were thymic T-ALL (p=0.00002). CD13, CD33, CD34 and HLA-DR were significantly more frequently expressed. A clonal T-cell receptor rearrangement was detected in 22/23 CD56(+) ALL. No major clinical differences were observed at presentation. Treatment of CD56(+) ALL resulted in a lower rate of complete remissions (70% vs. 88%) (p=0.001) and a higher rate of resistant disease (21% vs. 8%) (p=0.004). CD56 expression had no significant influence on overall (48% vs. 59%) and disease free survival (67% vs. 57%) at three years. CONCLUSIONS CD56 is expressed on a subset of adult T-ALL with distinct immunophenotypical features and higher resistance to therapy. Most CD56(+) ALL were treated in the high-risk arm of the GMALL study protocols owing to their non-thymic phenotype. Thus after risk adapted treatment a prognostic impact of CD56 expression was not detectable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Fischer
- Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Medizinische Klinik III, Berlin.
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Suzuki R, Takeuchi K, Ohshima K, Nakamura S. Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma: diagnosis and treatment cues. Hematol Oncol 2008; 26:66-72. [PMID: 18283711 DOI: 10.1002/hon.847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKL) is mostly endemic to East Asia. It predominantly occurs in the nasal or paranasal areas and less frequently in the skin. Most of the tumours show NK-cell, but rarely T-cell, phenotypes. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome can be usually detected in lymphoma cells. Geographic localization of ENKL matches the endemic distribution of EBV, suggesting that EBV plays an important role in lymphomagenesis. Originally, NK-cell and T-cell types were believed to present the same clinicopathologic characteristics, but recent data suggest more aggressive characteristics for the NK-cell phenotype. Although ENKL is sensitive to radiotherapy, it shows a poorer response to chemotherapeutic agents than other lymphomas due to expression of p-glycoprotein. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches must be considered. Several new clinical trials are now being conducted in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuro Suzuki
- Department of HSCT Data Management, Nagoya University, School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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Huntington ND, Vosshenrich CAJ, Di Santo JP. Developmental pathways that generate natural-killer-cell diversity in mice and humans. Nat Rev Immunol 2007; 7:703-14. [PMID: 17717540 DOI: 10.1038/nri2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes capable of producing inflammatory cytokines and spontaneously killing malignant, infected or 'stressed' cells. These NK-cell functions are controlled by cell-surface receptors that titrate stimulatory and inhibitory signals. However, we remain puzzled about where and when NK cells develop and differentiate, and this has fuelled the debate over the diversification of the peripheral NK-cell pool: are NK cells functionally homogeneous or are there subsets with specialized effector functions? In this Review, we consider the developmental relationships and biological significance of the diverse NK-cell subsets in mice and humans, and discuss how new humanized mouse models may help to characterize them further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Huntington
- Cytokines and Lymphoid Development Unit and Inserm Unit 668, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
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Fujimoto S, Ikawa T, Kina T, Yokota Y. Forced expression of Id2 in fetal thymic T cell progenitors allows some of their progeny to adopt NK cell fate. Int Immunol 2007; 19:1175-82. [PMID: 17698981 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxm085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The E proteins are indispensable for early T cell development. On the other hand, we previously demonstrated that their inhibitor Id2 is essential for NK lineage commitment from bipotent progenitors generating both T and NK cells (p-T/NK). To shed more light on the role of E proteins and Id2 in the development of early intrathymic progenitors, we performed a clonal analysis: individual fetal thymic CD4(-)CD8(-)CD44(+)CD25(-)CD122(-) (DN1CD122(-)) cells were retrovirally transduced with an Id2-internal ribosomal entry site (IRES)-green fluorescent protein (GFP) (Id2-GFP) gene or a control IRES-GFP (GFP) gene, and cultured in a modified fetal thymus organ culture able to support T and NK cell development. After the culture, both T and NK cells, T cells and no NK cells, NK cells and no T cells, or completely no cells were generated from single cells in each lobe. Hence, the seeded cells were regarded as p-T/NK, unipotent progenitors generating T cells (p-T), unipotent NK progenitors, or cells without progenitor activity, respectively. With Id2-GFP transduction, p-T disappeared and more p-T/NK emerged than with GFP transduction. This increase corresponded to the number of p-T that was counted when the vector-transduced-DN1CD122(-) cells of the same number were examined. Additionally, a fraction of GFP(-) NK cells obtained after Id2-GFP transduction underwent TCRbeta D-J rearrangement. Our data strongly suggest that forced expression of Id2 allows some progeny of p-T to adopt an NK cell fate, and that p-T retain a program for NK lineage development that can be implemented by inhibiting the function of E proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Fujimoto
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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Chinen H, Matsuoka K, Sato T, Kamada N, Okamoto S, Hisamatsu T, Kobayashi T, Hasegawa H, Sugita A, Kinjo F, Fujita J, Hibi T. Lamina propria c-kit+ immune precursors reside in human adult intestine and differentiate into natural killer cells. Gastroenterology 2007; 133:559-73. [PMID: 17681176 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recent studies have revealed that murine intestinal mucosa contains several kinds of lineage markers (lin)(-) c-kit(+) immune precursor cells. However, immune precursors in the human adult intestine have not been studied extensively. METHODS Lamina propria mononuclear cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes from surgically resected human adult intestine were examined for the surface antigen expression and cytokine profile by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. The transcriptional profile of these cells was analyzed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The phenotypic and functional characterization of the in vitro differentiating cells from the precursors was examined by flow cytometry. RESULTS We identified lin(-) c-kit(+) cells scattered throughout lamina propria of the human adult intestine. These intestinal immune precursors expressed CD34, CD38, CD33, interleukin-2R alpha, and interleukin-7R alpha, and they had much more abundant expression of Id2, PU.1, SpiB1, and lymphotoxin than thymocytes. The lin(-) c-kit(+) immune precursors mainly differentiated into CD56(+) c-kit(dim) cells during in vitro culture. These in vitro differentiating cells corresponded to intestinal natural killer (NK) cells, which had distinct characteristics from their peripheral counterparts, such as CD83 and integrin alpha(E) expression, less cytotoxic activity, and higher interferon-gamma production. Furthermore, both c-kit(dim) cells and NK cells were increased in lamina propria of Crohn's disease, although there was no change for peripheral blood NK cells. CONCLUSIONS The human intestine may have the unique NK cell differentiation system, which may contribute to maintenance of immune homeostasis in the intestine.
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MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/metabolism
- Adult Stem Cells/immunology
- Adult Stem Cells/metabolism
- Adult Stem Cells/pathology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD34/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- CD56 Antigen/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Lineage
- Cells, Cultured
- Colitis, Ulcerative/genetics
- Colitis, Ulcerative/immunology
- Colitis, Ulcerative/metabolism
- Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology
- Crohn Disease/genetics
- Crohn Disease/immunology
- Crohn Disease/metabolism
- Crohn Disease/pathology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/metabolism
- Immunophenotyping
- Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 2/genetics
- Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 2/metabolism
- Integrin alpha Chains/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Lymphotoxin-alpha/genetics
- Lymphotoxin-alpha/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/metabolism
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 3
- Time Factors
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- CD83 Antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Chinen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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Aoyama K, Delaney C, Varnum-Finney B, Kohn AD, Moon RT, Bernstein ID. The interaction of the Wnt and Notch pathways modulates natural killer versus T cell differentiation. Stem Cells 2007; 25:2488-97. [PMID: 17641244 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt and Notch signaling pathways have been independently shown to play a critical role in regulating hematopoietic cell fate decisions. We previously reported that induction of Notch signaling in human CD34(+)CD38(-) cord blood cells by culture with the Notch ligand Delta 1 resulted in more cells with T or natural killer (NK) lymphoid precursor phenotype. Here, we show that addition of Wnt3a to Delta 1 further increased the percentage of CD34(-)CD7(+) and CD34(-)CD7(+)cyCD3(+) cells with increased expression of CD3 epsilon and preT alpha. In contrast, culture with Wnt3a alone did not increase generation of CD34(-)CD7(+) precursors or expression of CD3 epsilon or preT alpha gene. Furthermore, Wnt3a increased the amount of activated Notch1, suggesting that Wnt modulates Notch signaling by affecting Notch protein levels. In contrast, addition of a Wnt signaling inhibitor to Delta 1 increased the percentage of CD56(+) NK cells. Overall, these results demonstrate that regulation of Notch signaling by the Wnt pathway plays a critical role in differentiation of precursors along the early T or NK differentiation pathways. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Aoyama
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., D2-373, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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Abstract
Thymus is the site of generation and selection of T-lymphocytes. It also contains phenotypically and functionally distinct dendritic cell (DC) populations, including conventional DC (cDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC). Thymic cDC are heterogeneous and contain two subsets: a major subset derived from the precursors within thymus, and a minor subset presumably of extrathymic origin. Increasing evidence suggest that thymic cDC can cross-present self-antigens to developing thymocytes and play an important role in thymocyte negative selection and central tolerance induction. Thymic pDC can produce type-I interferon upon appropriate activation. However, their role in a steady state thymus is currently unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wu
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G, Royal Parade, Parkville, Vic. 3050, Australia.
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Abstract
Our understanding of human natural killer (NK) cell development lags far behind that of human B- or T-cell development. Much of our recent knowledge of this incomplete picture comes from experimental animal models that have aided in identifying fundamental in vivo processes, including those controlling NK cell homeostasis, self-tolerance, and the generation of a diverse NK cell repertoire. However, it has been difficult to fully understand the mechanistic details of NK cell development in humans, primarily because the in vivo cellular intermediates and microenvironments of this developmental pathway have remained elusive. Although there is general consensus that NK cell development occurs primarily within the bone marrow (BM), recent data implicate secondary lymphoid tissues as principal sites of NK cell development in humans. The strongest evidence stems from the observation that the newly described stages of human NK cell development are naturally and selectively enriched within lymph nodes and tonsils compared with blood and BM. In the current review, we provide an overview of these recent findings and discuss these in the context of existing tenets in the field of lymphocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aharon G Freud
- Medical Scientist Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Lefort N, Benne C, Lelièvre JD, Dorival C, Balbo M, Sakano S, Coulombel L, Lévy Y. Short exposure to Notch ligand Delta-4 is sufficient to induce T-cell differentiation program and to increase the T cell potential of primary human CD34+ cells. Exp Hematol 2006; 34:1720-9. [PMID: 17157169 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2006] [Revised: 08/09/2006] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Notch pathway plays a key role in cell fate choices and in T-cell development. The goal of our study was to evaluate whether a short in vitro stimulation of the Notch pathway may alter human progenitor cell behavior. METHODS CD34+ cord blood progenitors were exposed for 4 days to either immobilized Notch ligand Delta-4 or in control conditions. Phenotypic and molecular changes induced by the short stimulation were assessed at day 4. Next, long-term alteration of the fate of these progenitors was assessed in culture conditions suitable for B (coculture with MS5 stromal cells) and T (FTOC and OP9 stromal cells expressing Delta-4 systems) cell differentiation. RESULTS Notch activation was sufficient to trigger immunophenotypic and molecular changes consistent with early T-cell lineage differentiation. Delta-4 induced, in 4 days, CD7+cytCD3epsilon+ cells. This paralleled at the gene-transcription level with de novo expression of several T cell-related transcription factors and TCRgamma rearrangement, while B cell transcripts were simultaneous silenced. As compared to non-Delta-4 primed cells, these early changes translated to long-term alteration of the potential of cells. Delta-4 priming led to an acceleration of T-cell development, including a completion of the TCR rearrangement, when cells were cultured in systems suitable for T-cell development while B-cell development was inhibited. CONCLUSION A transient Notch activation is sufficient to promote T-cell differentiation from cord blood CD34+ cells. This system may be a useful tool for the amplification and the quantification of the T potential of CD34+ cells in various disease conditions.
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