1
|
Faris A, Hadni H, Ibrahim IM, Elhallaoui M. In silico discovery of potent and selective Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) inhibitors through 3D-QSAR, covalent docking, ADMET analysis, molecular dynamics simulations, and binding free energy of pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:4817-4833. [PMID: 37338041 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2222839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a prevalent and debilitating chronic disease worldwide. Targeting Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) has emerged as a crucial molecular strategy to treat this condition. In this study, we employed a comprehensive theoretical approach that included 3D-QSAR, covalent docking, ADMET, and molecular dynamics to propose and optimize new anti-JAK3 compounds. We investigated a series of 28 1H-pyrazolo[3.4-d]pyrimidin-4-amino inhibitors and developed a highly accurate 3D-QSAR model using comparative molecular similarity index analysis (COMSIA). The model predicted with Q2 = 0.59, R2 = 0.96, and R2(Pred) = 0.89, was validated using Y-randomization and external validation methods. Our covalent docking studies identified T3 and T5 as highly potent inhibitors of JAK3 compared to the reference ligand 17. Additionally, we evaluated the ADMET properties and drug similarity of our newly developed compounds and reference ligand, providing critical insights for further optimization of anti-JAK3 medications. Furthermore, MM-GBSA analysis showed promising results for the designed compounds. Finally, we validated our docking results using molecular dynamics simulations, which confirmed the stability of hydrogen bonding contacts with key residues required to block JAK3 activity. Our findings offer new chemical scaffolds and insights that could lead to the development of novel and effective JAK3 therapeutic targets for treating rheumatoid arthritis.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmoujoud Faris
- LIMAS, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Hanine Hadni
- LIMAS, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Ibrahim M Ibrahim
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Menana Elhallaoui
- LIMAS, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cunha SMF, Lam S, Mallard B, Karrow NA, Cánovas Á. Genomic Regions Associated with Resistance to Gastrointestinal Nematode Parasites in Sheep-A Review. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:187. [PMID: 38397178 PMCID: PMC10888242 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) can be a major constraint and global challenge to the sheep industry. These nematodes infect the small intestine and abomasum of grazing sheep, causing symptoms such as weight loss, diarrhea, hypoproteinemia, and anemia, which can lead to death. The use of anthelmintics to treat infected animals has led to GIN resistance, and excessive use of these drugs has resulted in residue traced in food and the environment. Resistance to GINs can be measured using multiple traits, including fecal egg count (FEC), Faffa Malan Chart scores, hematocrit, packed cell volume, eosinophilia, immunoglobulin (Ig), and dagginess scores. Genetic variation among animals exists, and understanding these differences can help identify genomic regions associated with resistance to GINs in sheep. Genes playing important roles in the immune system were identified in several studies in this review, such as the CFI and MUC15 genes. Results from several studies showed overlapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with multiple traits measuring resistance to GINs, mainly FEC. The discovery of genomic regions, positional candidate genes, and QTLs associated with resistance to GINs can help increase and accelerate genetic gains in sheep breeding programs and reveal the genetic basis and biological mechanisms underlying this trait.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samla Marques Freire Cunha
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.M.F.C.); (S.L.); (B.M.); (N.A.K.)
| | - Stephanie Lam
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.M.F.C.); (S.L.); (B.M.); (N.A.K.)
| | - Bonnie Mallard
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.M.F.C.); (S.L.); (B.M.); (N.A.K.)
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Niel A. Karrow
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.M.F.C.); (S.L.); (B.M.); (N.A.K.)
| | - Ángela Cánovas
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.M.F.C.); (S.L.); (B.M.); (N.A.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao Y, Mu Y, Zou Y, He Z, Lu T, Wang X, Li W, Gao B. Conjoint research of WGCNA, single-cell transcriptome and structural biology reveals the potential targets of IDD development and treatment and JAK3 involvement. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:14764-14790. [PMID: 38095643 PMCID: PMC10781489 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study conducted integrated analysis of bulk RNA sequencing, single-cell RNA sequencing and Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), to comprehensively decode the most essential genes of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD); then mainly focused on the JAK3 macromolecule to identify natural compounds to provide more candidate drug options in alleviating IDD. METHODS In the first part, we performed single-cell transcriptome analysis and WGCNA workflow to delineate the most pivotal genes of IDD. Then series of structural biology approaches and high-throughput virtual screening techniques were performed to discover potential compounds targeting JAK-STAT signaling pathway, such as Libdock, ADMET, precise molecular docking algorithm and in-vivo drug stability assessment. RESULTS Totally 4 hub genes were determined in the development of IDD, namely VEGFA, MMP3, TNFSF11, and TIMP3, respectively. Then, 3 novel natural materials, ZINC000014952116, ZINC000003938642 and ZINC000072131515, were determined as potential compounds, with less toxicities and moderate ADME characteristics. In-vivo drug stability assessment suggested that these drugs could interact with JAK3, and their ligand-JAK3 complexes maintained the homeostasis in-vivo, which acted as regulatory role to JAK3 protein. Among them, ZINC000072131515, also known as Menaquinone, demonstrated significant protective roles to alleviate the progression of IDD in vitro, which proved the nutritional therapy in alleviating IDD. CONCLUSIONS This study reported the essential genes in the development of IDD, and also the roles of Menaquinone to ameliorate IDD through inhibiting JAK3 protein. This study also provided more options and resources on JAK3 targeted screening, which may further expand the drug resources in the pharmaceutical market.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjing Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuxue Mu
- Aerospace Clinical Medical Center, School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yujia Zou
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | - Zhijian He
- Department of Sports Teaching and Research, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tianxing Lu
- Zonglian College, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinhui Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Xin Xiang 453100, China
| | - Weihang Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hardwick RN, Brassil P, Badagnani I, Perkins K, Obedencio GP, Kim AS, Conner MW, Bourdet DL, Harstad EB. OUP accepted manuscript. Toxicol Sci 2022; 186:323-337. [PMID: 35134999 PMCID: PMC8963331 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Brassil
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Theravance Biopharma US, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Ilaria Badagnani
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Theravance Biopharma US, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Kimberly Perkins
- Translational Safety Sciences, Theravance Biopharma US, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Glenmar P Obedencio
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Theravance Biopharma US, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | | | | | - David L Bourdet
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Theravance Biopharma US, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Eric B Harstad
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at Translational Safety Sciences, Theravance Biopharma US, Inc., 901 Gateway Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun P, Xue Y. Silence of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) regulates extracellular matrix degradation of chondrocyte in osteoarthritis by janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer of activators of transcription (STAT) signaling. Bioengineered 2022; 13:1872-1879. [PMID: 35129065 PMCID: PMC8973840 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2018976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) was previously reported to be critical for the regulation of osteoclast differentiation. However, its function in osteoarthritis (OA) has not yet been determined. This study aims to reveal the role of TBK1 in the extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation in OA. C57BL/6 J mice were subjected to anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) surgery to establish an OA animal model. ATDC5 cells were treated with IL-1β to construct a cell model of OA. Changes in the expression of TBK1 were analyzed by qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Safranin O-fast green staining, ELISA, and Western blotting were performed to evaluate the ECM degradation. By searching GSE75181 and GSE6119 datasets, TBK1 was found to be highly expressed in the OA model. Its upregulation was also confirmed in ACLT mice and in a cell model of OA. Silencing of TBK1 reduced cartilage degradation, OARSI score, and serum levels of CTX-II and COMP. Silencing of TBK1 attenuated ECM degradation, as ADAMTS-4, MMP3, and MMP13 were downregulated, whilst SOX9, collagen II, and aggrecan were upregulated. Furthermore, TBK1 activates the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Transfection of cells with the STAT3 overexpression plasmid blocked the beneficial effects of TBK1 silencing. In conclusion, TBK1 is highly expressed in OA. Silencing of TBK1 inhibited ECM degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China.,Department of Orthopaedic, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Shandong, China
| | - Yuan Xue
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Qiu Q, Feng Q, Tan X, Guo M. JAK3-selective inhibitor peficitinib for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2019; 12:547-554. [PMID: 31059310 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2019.1615443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic progressive autoimmune disease characterized by synovitis as well as symmetric and destructive arthropathy. Although several disease modified antirheumatic-drugs (DMARDs) have widely used in clinical practice, certain patients are nonresponsive to or cannot take such medications due to adverse reactions. It is evident that Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors have the potential to provide a significant breakthrough in the treatment of RA. These potent, orally administered, JAK inhibitors simplify the treatment options for patients. Areas covered: We discuss the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of peficitinib for the treatment of RA. Expert opinion: Peficitinib is a novel JAK3 inhibitor potently inhibiting JAK3 enzymatic activity and JAK1/3-mediated cell proliferation. Its selectivity for JAK family kinases is similar to that of tofacitinib, but slightly less potent for JAK2. It is currently being evaluated by the FDA to treat adult patients with moderately to severely active RA who show inadequate response to or are intolerant of methotrexate. It can be used either as monotherapy or combination therapy with methotrexate, or other DMARDs. However, we think that more cautious consideration and measurement for adverse events are needed, after considering the safety results of ongoing clinical studies of peficitinib.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qiu
- a Department of Pharmacy, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Qilin Feng
- a Department of Pharmacy, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Xueying Tan
- b College of pharmacy , Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College , Ningbo , China
| | - Mingxing Guo
- c Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chang B, FitzMaurice B, Wang J, Low BE, Wiles MV, Nishina PM. Spontaneous Posterior Segment Vascular Disease Phenotype of a Mouse Model, rnv3, Is Dependent on the Crb1rd8 Allele. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:5127-5139. [PMID: 30372741 PMCID: PMC6203173 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the molecular basis of lesion development in a murine model of spontaneous retinal vascularization, rnv3 (retinal vascularization 3, aka JR5558). Methods Disease progression of rnv3 was examined in longitudinal studies by clinical evaluation, electroretinography (ERG) and light microscopy analyses. The chromosomal position for the recessive rnv3 mutation was determined by DNA pooling and genome-wide linkage analysis. The causative mutation was discovered by comparison of whole exome sequences of rnv3 mutant and wild-type (WT) controls. In order to confirm the causative mutation, transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN)-mediated oligonucleotide directed repair (ODR) was utilized to correct the mutant allele. Phenotypic correction was assessed by fundus imaging and optical coherence tomography of live mice. Results rnv3 exhibits early-onset, multifocal depigmented retinal lesions observable by fundus examination starting at 18 days of age. The retinal lesions are associated with fluorescein leakage around 25 days of age, with peak leakage at about 4 weeks of age. ERG responses deteriorate as rnv3 mutants age, concomitant with progressive photoreceptor disruption and loss that is observable by histology. Genetic analysis localized rnv3 to mouse chromosome (Chr) 1. By high throughput sequencing of a whole exome capture library of a rnv3/rnv3 mutant and subsequent sequence analysis, a single base deletion (del) in the Crb1 [crumbs family member 1] gene, which was previously reported to cause retinal degeneration 8, was identified. The TALEN-mediated ODR rescued the posterior segment vascularization phenotype; heterozygous Crb1rd8+em1Boc/Crb1rd8 and homozygous Crb1rd8+em1Boc/Crb1rd8+em1Boc mice showed a normal retinal phenotype. Additionally, six novel disruptions of Crb1 that were generated through aberrant non-homologous end joining induced by TALEN exhibited variable levels of vascularization, suggesting allelic effects. Conclusions The rnv3 model and the models of six novel disruptions of Crb1 are all reliable, novel mouse models for the study of both early and late events associated with posterior segment vascularization and can also be used to test the effects of pharmacological targets for treating human ocular vascular disorders. Further study of these models may provide a greater understanding about how different Crb1 alleles result in aberrant angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States
| | | | - Jieping Wang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States
| | - Benjamin E Low
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Smith GA, Uchida K, Weiss A, Taunton J. Essential biphasic role for JAK3 catalytic activity in IL-2 receptor signaling. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 12:373-9. [PMID: 27018889 PMCID: PMC4837022 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To drive lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation, common γ-chain (γc) cytokine receptors require hours to days of sustained stimulation. JAK1 and JAK3 kinases are found together in all γc-receptor complexes, but how their respective catalytic activities contribute to signaling over time is not known. Here we dissect the temporal requirements for JAK3 kinase activity with a selective covalent inhibitor (JAK3i). By monitoring phosphorylation of the transcription factor STAT5 over 20 h in CD4(+) T cells stimulated with interleukin 2 (IL-2), we document a second wave of signaling that is much more sensitive to JAK3i than the first wave. Selective inhibition of this second wave is sufficient to block cyclin expression and entry to S phase. An inhibitor-resistant JAK3 mutant (C905S) rescued all effects of JAK3i in isolated T cells and in mice. Our chemical genetic toolkit elucidates a biphasic requirement for JAK3 kinase activity in IL-2-driven T cell proliferation and will find broad utility in studies of γc-receptor signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A Smith
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kenji Uchida
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jack Taunton
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pharmacological control of receptor of advanced glycation end-products and its biological effects in psoriasis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE : IJBS 2013; 9:112-22. [PMID: 24170986 PMCID: PMC3809352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Receptor for advanced glycation end-products is implicated in a development of chronic inflammatory response. Aim of this paper is to provide a review on commercial and experimental medicines that can interfere with RAGE and signaling through RAGE. We searched three bibliographical databases (PubMed, Web of Science and MEDLINE) for the publications from 2005 to March 2012 and identified 5 major groups of agents that can interfere with RAGE biological effects. In the first part of this paper, we discuss AGE crosslink breakers. These chemicals destroy advanced glycation end products (AGEs) that are crosslinked to the extracellular matrix proteins and can interact with RAGE as ligands. Then, we describe two non-conventional agents SAGEs and KIOM-79 that abolish certain biological effects of RAGE and have a strong anti-inflammatory potential. In the third part, we evaluate the inhibitors of the signaling cascades that underlie RAGE. Particularly, we discuss two groups of kinase inhibitors tyrphostins and the inhibitors of JAK kinases. Considering RAGE as a potential master regulator of processes that are crucial for the pathogenesis of psoriasis, we propose that these medicins may help in controlling the disease by abolishing the chronic inflammation in skin lesions.
Collapse
|
10
|
Gómez-Valadés AG, Llamas M, Blanch S, Perales JC, Román J, Gómez-Casajús L, Mascaró C. Specific Jak3 Downregulation in Lymphocytes Impairs γc Cytokine Signal Transduction and Alleviates Antigen-driven Inflammation In Vivo. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2012; 1:e42. [PMID: 23344234 PMCID: PMC3464880 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2012.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Jak3, one of the four members comprising the Jak family of cytosolic tyrosine kinases, has emerged as a promising target for nontoxic immunotherapies. Although a number of Jak inhibitors has already demonstrated efficacy, they suffer from secondary effects apparently associated to their pan-Jak activity. However, whether selective Jak3 inhibition would afford therapeutic efficacy remains unclear. To address this question we have investigated the immunosuppressive potential of selective Jak3 intervention in lymphocytes using RNA interference (RNAi) technology in vitro and in vivo. Using synthetic small interference RNA (siRNA) sequences we achieved successful transfections into human and mouse primary T lymphocytes. We found that Jak3 knockdown was sufficient to impair not only interleukin-2 (IL-2) and T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated cell activation in vitro, but also antigen-triggereds welling, inflammatory cell infiltration, and proinflammatory cytokine raise in vivo. Furthermore, Jak1 (which mediates γc cytokine signaling in conjunction with Jak3) cosilencing did not provide higher potency to the aforementioned immunosuppressant effects. Our data provides direct evidences indicating that Jak3 protein plays an important role in γc cytokine and antigen-mediated T cell activation and modulates Th1-mediated inflammatory disorders, all in all highlighting its potential as a target in immunosuppressive therapies.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling pathways play crucial roles in lymphopoiesis. In particular, JAK3 has unique functions in the lymphoid system such that JAK3 ablation results in phenotypes resembling severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome. This review focuses on the biochemistry, immunological functions, and clinical significance of JAK3. Compared with other members of the JAK family, the biochemical properties of JAK3 are relatively less well characterized and thus largely inferred from studies of JAK2. Furthermore, new findings concerning the cross-talks between Notch and JAK signaling pathways through ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation are discussed in more detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Immunobiology and Cancer Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, 73104, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kim YH, Chung JI, Woo HG, Jung YS, Lee SH, Moon CH, Suh-Kim H, Baik EJ. Differential regulation of proliferation and differentiation in neural precursor cells by the Jak pathway. Stem Cells 2011; 28:1816-28. [PMID: 20979137 DOI: 10.1002/stem.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal precursor cells (NPCs) are temporally regulated and have the ability to proliferate and differentiate into mature neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes in the presence of growth factors (GFs). In the present study, the role of the Jak pathway in brain development was investigated in NPCs derived from neurosphere cultures using Jak2 and Jak3 small interfering RNAs and specific inhibitors. Jak2 inhibition profoundly decreased NPC proliferation, preventing further differentiation into neurons and glial cells. However, Jak3 inhibition induced neuronal differentiation accompanied by neurite growth. This phenomenon was due to the Jak3 inhibition-mediated induction of neurogenin (Ngn)2 and NeuroD in NPCs. Jak3 inhibition induced NPCs to differentiate into scattered neurons and increased the expression of Tuj1, microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP2), Olig2, and neuroglial protein (NG)2, but decreased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, with predominant neurogenesis/polydendrogenesis compared with astrogliogenesis. Therefore, Jak2 may be important for NPC proliferation and maintenance, whereas knocking-down of Jak3 signaling is essential for NPC differentiation into neurons and oligodendrocytes but does not lead to astrocyte differentiation. These results suggest that NPC proliferation and differentiation are differentially regulated by the Jak pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hee Kim
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
CP-690550, a Janus kinase inhibitor, suppresses CD4+ T-cell-mediated acute graft-versus-host disease by inhibiting the interferon-γ pathway. Transplantation 2010; 90:825-35. [PMID: 20697326 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181f24e59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a critical obstacle to bone marrow transplantation. Although numerous studies have described immunosuppression protocols to mitigate acute GVHD, the need still exists for a more efficient immunosuppressant with fewer side effects. Here, we evaluated the protective effect of CP-690550, a newly developed Janus kinase inhibitor, in an acute GVHD model. METHODS CP-690550 was chemically synthesized. Acute GVHD was induced through the transfer of parent B6 (H-2) bone marrow and CD4 T cells into lethally irradiated (B6×bm12)F1 (H-2) mice. RESULTS.: CP-690550 treatments confined to days -3 to 11 of GVHD induction provided full protection against allogeneic, acute GVHD-related lethality and histopathology. An analysis of the initial donor-derived CD4 T-cell responses revealed that the inhibitory effects of CP-690550 were largely related to the suppression of donor CD4 T-cell-mediated interferon (IFN)-γ production. Enhanced inhibition of T helper 1 cell differentiation, rather than the inhibition of allogeneic CD4 T-cell proliferation or T helper 17 cell differentiation, was also confirmed in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions. Because lethality was considerably delayed by the systemic blockade of IFN-γ, the principal protective effect of CP-690550 occurred through the modulation of IFN-γ production. CONCLUSION The targeting of Janus kinase with a sensitive and specific inhibitor, CP-690550, conferred effective protection from acute GVHD induced by a semiallogeneic major histocompatibility complex class II-disparate combination. Protection from acute GVHD was largely mediated by the inhibition of IFN-γ production.
Collapse
|
14
|
Chattopadhyay S, Bhattacharyya S, Saha B, Chakraborty J, Mohanty S, Sakib Hossain DM, Banerjee S, Das K, Sa G, Das T. Tumor-shed PGE(2) impairs IL2Rgammac-signaling to inhibit CD4 T cell survival: regulation by theaflavins. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7382. [PMID: 19812686 PMCID: PMC2753647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many tumors are associated with decreased cellular immunity and elevated levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a known inhibitor of CD4+ T cell activation and inducer of type-2 cytokine bias. However, the role of this immunomodulator in the survival of T helper cells remained unclear. Since CD4+ T cells play critical roles in cell-mediated immunity, detail knowledge of the effect tumor-derived PGE2 might have on CD4+ T cell survival and the underlying mechanism may, therefore, help to overcome the overall immune deviation in cancer. Methodology/Principal Findings By culturing purified human peripheral CD4+ T cells or Jurkat cells with spent media of theaflavin- or celecoxib-pre-treated MCF-7 cells, we show that tumor-shed PGE2 severely impairs interleukin 2 receptor γc (IL2Rγc)-mediated survival signaling in CD4+ T cells. Indeed, tumor-shed PGE2 down-regulates IL2Rγc expression, reduces phosphorylation as well as activation of Janus kinase 3 (Jak-3)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat-5) and decreases Bcl-2/Bax ratio thereby leading to activation of intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Constitutively active Stat-5A (Stat-5A1*6) over-expression efficiently elevates Bcl-2 levels in CD4+ T cells and protects them from tumor-induced death while dominant-negative Stat-5A over-expression fails to do so, indicating the importance of Stat-5A-signaling in CD4+ T cell survival. Further support towards the involvement of PGE2 comes from the results that (a) purified synthetic PGE2 induces CD4+ T cell apoptosis, and (b) when knocked out by small interfering RNA, cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2)-defective tumor cells fail to initiate death. Interestingly, the entire phenomena could be reverted back by theaflavins that restore cytokine-dependent IL2Rγc/Jak-3/Stat-5A signaling in CD4+ T cells thereby protecting them from tumor-shed PGE2-induced apoptosis. Conclusions/Significance These data strongly suggest that tumor-shed PGE2 is an important factor leading to CD4+ T cell apoptosis during cancer and raise the possibility that theaflavins may have the potential as an effective immunorestorer in cancer-bearer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreya Chattopadhyay
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, India
| | - Sankar Bhattacharyya
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, India
| | - Baisakhi Saha
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, India
| | - Juni Chakraborty
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, India
| | - Suchismita Mohanty
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Shuvomoy Banerjee
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, India
| | - Kaushik Das
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, India
| | - Gaurisankar Sa
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, India
| | - Tanya Das
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, India
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ciupe SM, Devlin BH, Markert ML, Kepler TB. The dynamics of T-cell receptor repertoire diversity following thymus transplantation for DiGeorge anomaly. PLoS Comput Biol 2009; 5:e1000396. [PMID: 19521511 PMCID: PMC2690399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell populations are regulated both by signals specific to the T-cell receptor (TCR) and by signals and resources, such as cytokines and space, that act independently of TCR specificity. Although it has been demonstrated that disruption of either of these pathways has a profound effect on T-cell development, we do not yet have an understanding of the dynamical interactions of these pathways in their joint shaping of the T cell repertoire. Complete DiGeorge Anomaly is a developmental abnormality that results in the failure of the thymus to develop, absence of T cells, and profound immune deficiency. After receiving thymic tissue grafts, patients suffering from DiGeorge anomaly develop T cells derived from their own precursors but matured in the donor tissue. We followed three DiGeorge patients after thymus transplantation to utilize the remarkable opportunity these subjects provide to elucidate human T-cell developmental regulation. Our goal is the determination of the respective roles of TCR-specific vs. TCR-nonspecific regulatory signals in the growth of these emerging T-cell populations. During the course of the study, we measured peripheral blood T-cell concentrations, TCRbeta V gene-segment usage and CDR3-length spectratypes over two years or more for each of the subjects. We find, through statistical analysis based on a novel stochastic population-dynamic T-cell model, that the carrying capacity corresponding to TCR-specific resources is approximately 1000-fold larger than that of TCR-nonspecific resources, implying that the size of the peripheral T-cell pool at steady state is determined almost entirely by TCR-nonspecific mechanisms. Nevertheless, the diversity of the TCR repertoire depends crucially on TCR-specific regulation. The estimated strength of this TCR-specific regulation is sufficient to ensure rapid establishment of TCR repertoire diversity in the early phase of T cell population growth, and to maintain TCR repertoire diversity in the face of substantial clonal expansion-induced perturbation from the steady state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanca M. Ciupe
- Center for Computational Immunology, Department of Biostatistics and
Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United
States of America
| | - Blythe H. Devlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North
Carolina, United States of America
| | - M. Louise Markert
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North
Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North
Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Kepler
- Center for Computational Immunology, Department of Biostatistics and
Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United
States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North
Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
The Janus family kinases (Jaks), Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, and Tyk2, form one subgroup of the non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases. They are involved in cell growth, survival, development, and differentiation of a variety of cells but are critically important for immune cells and hematopoietic cells. Data from experimental mice and clinical observations have unraveled multiple signaling events mediated by Jaks in innate and adaptive immunity. Deficiency of Jak3 or Tyk2 results in defined clinical disorders, which are also evident in mouse models. A striking phenotype associated with inactivating Jak3 mutations is severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome, whereas mutation of Tyk2 results in another primary immunodeficiency termed autosomal recessive hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome. By contrast, complete deletion of Jak1 or Jak2 in the mouse are not compatible with life and, unsurprisingly, do not have counterparts in human disease. However, activating mutations of each of the Jaks are found in association with malignant transformation, the most common being gain-of-function mutations of Jak2 in polycythemia vera and other myeloproliferative disorders. Our existing knowledge on Jak signaling pathways and fundamental work on their biochemical structure and intracellular interactions allow us to develop new strategies for controlling autoimmune diseases or malignancies by developing selective Jak inhibitors, which are now coming into clinical use. Despite the fact that Jaks were discovered only a little more than a decade ago, at the time of writing there are 20 clinical trials underway testing the safety and efficacy of Jak inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Ghoreschi
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of T-cell activation, migration to inflammatory sites, and pathologic disease processes triggered the development of a wide variety of T-cell-targeted signaling inhibitors, which have different targets and modes of action. Depending on the distribution and the role of targets in disease processes, T-cell inhibitors exhibit different levels of efficacy and potential side effects. This review outlines target molecules to which T-cell inhibitors have been developed, their efficacy, and potential safety concerns of T-cell inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonghwa Won
- Molecular Immunology Division, Mogam Biotechnology Research Institute, Gyounggi-Do, South Korea.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sur R, Cavender D, Malaviya R. Different approaches to study mast cell functions. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:555-67. [PMID: 17386403 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells have long been known to play a detrimental role in the pathogenesis of IgE-associated allergic disorders by their ability to release a wide variety of pro-inflammatory mediators. A number of studies, however, have demonstrated that mast cells play a beneficial role in innate host defense against bacterial infections. Since mast cells clearly play both physiological and pathophysiological functions in the body, it is important to learn about the components of mast cells that drive these responses. The functional roles of mast cell in vivo have been principally characterized by comparing the biological responses in mast cell-deficient mice (WBB6F(1)-W/W(v)), their normal wild-type littermates (WBB6F(1)-+/+) and mast cell deficient mice reconstituted locally or systemically with mast cells cultured from the bone marrow cells of WBB6F(1)-+/+ mice (WBB6F(1)-W/W(v)+MC). Recently investigators have demonstrated that mast cell-deficient mice (WBB6F(1)-W/W(v)) can be reconstituted with mast cells derived in vitro from the bone marrow cells of certain gene knock-out mice or genetically-manipulated embryonic stem cells. This novel approach of analyzing the biological consequences of gene mutations in mast cells will help us to better understand the role of individual gene products in mast cell responses. In this review, we discuss these new approaches to investigate the functions of mast cells in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runa Sur
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bhattacharyya S, Mandal D, Saha B, Sen GS, Das T, Sa G. Curcumin prevents tumor-induced T cell apoptosis through Stat-5a-mediated Bcl-2 induction. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:15954-64. [PMID: 17392282 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608189200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with advanced cancer exhibit multifaceted defects in their immune capacity, which are likely to contribute to an increased susceptibility to infections and disease progression. We demonstrated earlier that curcumin inhibits tumor growth and prevents immune cell death in tumor-bearing hosts. Here we report that tumor-induced immunodepletion involves apoptosis of thymic CD4+/CD8+ single/double positive cells as well as loss of circulating CD4+/CD8+ T cells. Administration of curcumin to tumor-bearing animals resulted in restoration of progenitor, effecter, and circulating T cells. In fact, tumor burden decreased the expression level of the pro-proliferative protein Bcl-2 while increasing the pro-apoptotic protein Bax in T cells. Curcumin down-regulated the Bax level while augmenting Bcl-2 expression in these cells, thereby protecting the immunocytes from tumor-induced apoptosis. A search for the upstream mechanism revealed down-regulation of the common cytokine receptor gamma chain (gammac) expression in T cells by tumor-secreted prostaglandin E2. As a result, Jak-3 and Stat-5a phosphorylation and to a lesser extent Stat-5b phosphorylation were also decreased in T cells. These entire phenomena could be reverted back by curcumin, indicating that this phytochemical restored the cytokine-dependent Jak-3/Stat-5a signaling pathway in T cells of tumor bearers. Overexpressed Stat-5a/constitutively active Stat-5a1*6 but not Stat-5b could efficiently elevate Bcl-2 levels and protect T cells from tumor-induced death, whereas C-terminal truncated Stat-5a713 overexpression failed to do so, indicating the importance of Stat-5a signaling in T cell survival. Thus, these results raise the possibility of inclusion of curcumin in successful therapeutic regimens against cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Bhattacharyya
- Bose Institute, P-1/12 Calcutta Improvement Trust Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700 054, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Higuchi T, Shiraishi T, Shirakusa T, Hirayama S, Shibaguchi H, Kuroki M, Hiratuka M, Yamamoto S, Iwasaki A, Kuroki M. Prevention of acute lung allograft rejection in rat by the janus kinase 3 inhibitor, tyrphostin AG490. J Heart Lung Transplant 2006; 24:1557-64. [PMID: 16210130 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2004.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Revised: 10/19/2004] [Accepted: 11/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tyrphostin AG490 (AG490) potently and selectively inhibits gammac/Janus kinase 3-dependent signaling pathways, including downstream Stat5a/b activation and subsequent T cell proliferation by alloantigen stimulation. We evaluated the effects of AG490 on acute rat lung allograft rejection. METHODS A 7-day course of an intraperitoneal (IP) injection with 10 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, or 20 mg/kg AG490 was administered to inhibit the rejection of orthotopically transplanted Brown Norway (RT1n) rat lung allografts in Fischer 344 (RT1(1vl)) rat recipients. The progression of allograft rejection was evaluated by X-ray with a semi-quantitative scoring system and was evaluated histologically with a semi-quantitative rejection scoring system for acute lung allograft rejection. Moreover, to determine whether AG490 regulates CD4+ T cell differentiation during acute rejection, flow cytometry was used to investigate Th1 (interferon-gamma) and Th2 (interleukin [IL]-4, IL-10) intracellular cytokine profiles and the CD4+CD25+ T cell population in recipient splenocytes. RESULTS Results of radiology and histology confirmed that treatment with AG490 significantly suppressed acute lung allograft rejection. Furthermore, the splenocytes of the AG490-treated recipients had significantly lower production of interferon-gamma and relatively higher production of IL-10, implying that a Th2 shift was induced by AG490. In addition, AG490-treated recipients had a significantly increased population of CD4+CD25+ T cells in their splenocytes on Day 6 after transplantation. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that treatment with AG490 prevents acute lung allograft rejection in rats. The effects of AG490 may contribute to development of CD4+CD25+ T cells and a Th2 shift of CD4+ T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takao Higuchi
- The Second Department of Surgery, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Qiu L, Lai R, Lin Q, Lau E, Thomazy DM, Calame D, Ford RJ, Kwak LW, Kirken RA, Amin HM. Autocrine release of interleukin-9 promotes Jak3-dependent survival of ALK+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma cells. Blood 2006; 108:2407-15. [PMID: 16763206 PMCID: PMC1895569 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-04-020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrant fusion protein NPM-ALK plays an important pathogenetic role in ALK+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL). We previously demonstrated that Jak3 potentiates the activity of NPM-ALK. Jak3 activation is restricted to interleukins that recruit the common gamma chain (gammac) receptor, including IL-9. NPM-ALK was previously shown to promote widespread lymphomas in IL-9 transgenic mice by unknown mechanisms. We hypothesized that IL-9 plays an important role in ALK+ ALCL via Jak3 activation. Our studies demonstrate the expression of IL-9Ralpha and IL-9 in 3 ALK+ ALCL-cell lines and 75% and 83% of primary tumors, respectively. IL-9 was detected in serum-free culture medium harvested from ALK+ ALCL-cell lines, supporting autocrine release of IL-9. Treatment of these cells with an anti-IL-9-neutralizing antibody decreased pJak3 and its kinase activity, along with pStat3 and ALK kinase activity. These effects were associated with decreased cell proliferation and colony formation in soft agar and cell-cycle arrest. Evidence suggests that cell-cycle arrest can be attributed to up-regulation of p21 and down-regulation of Pim-1. Our results illustrate that IL-9/Jak3 signaling plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of ALK+ ALCL and that it represents a potential therapeutic target for treating patients with ALK+ ALCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Qiu
- Department of Hematopathology, Box 72, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mayack SR, Berg LJ. Cutting edge: an alternative pathway of CD4+ T cell differentiation is induced following activation in the absence of gamma-chain-dependent cytokine signals. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:2059-63. [PMID: 16455959 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.4.2059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This report addresses the role of gamma-chain cytokine signals in regulating CD4(+) T cell differentiation following activation. Using murine CD4(+) T cells lacking the Jak3 tyrosine kinase, we show that activation of these cells in the absence of gamma-chain-dependent cytokine signals induces an alternative pathway of T cell differentiation. Specifically, activated Jak3(-/-) CD4(+) T cells produce IL-10, TGF-beta, and IFN-gamma, but not IL-2 or IL-4, and are unable to proliferate in vitro. In addition, Jak3(-/-) CD4(+) T cells express high levels of programmed death-1 and lymphocyte activation gene-3 and modestly suppress the proliferation of wild-type CD4(+) T cells in coculture assays. Together, these features demonstrate a striking similarity between Jak3(-/-) CD4(+) T cells and the regulatory T cells that have been shown to suppress immune responses in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that Jak3 is a critical component of signaling pathways that regulate T cell differentiation into effector vs regulatory lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shane R Mayack
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Stepkowski SM, Kao J, Wang ME, Tejpal N, Podder H, Furian L, Dimmock J, Jha A, Das U, Kahan BD, Kirken RA. The Mannich base NC1153 promotes long-term allograft survival and spares the recipient from multiple toxicities. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:4236-46. [PMID: 16177063 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.7.4236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
JAK3 is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase with limited tissue expression but is readily found in activated T cells. Patients lacking JAK3 are immune compromised, suggesting that JAK3 represents a therapeutic target for immunosuppression. Herein, we show that a Mannich base, NC1153, blocked IL-2-induced activation of JAK3 and its downstream substrates STAT5a/b more effectively than activation of the closely related prolactin-induced JAK2 or TNF-alpha-driven NF-kappaB. In addition, NC1153 failed to inhibit several other enzymes, including growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, Src family members, and serine/threonine protein kinases. Although NC1153 inhibited proliferation of normal human T cells challenged with IL-2, IL-4, or IL-7, it did not block T cells void of JAK3. In vivo, a 14-day oral therapy with NC1153 significantly extended survival of MHC/non-MHC mismatched rat kidney allografts, whereas a 90-day therapy induced transplantation tolerance (>200 days). Although NC1153 acted synergistically with cyclosporin A (CsA) to prolong allograft survival, it was not nephrotoxic, myelotoxic, or lipotoxic and did not increase CsA-induced nephrotoxicity. In contrast to CsA, NC1153 was not metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4. Thus, NC1153 prolongs allograft survival without several toxic effects associated with current immunosuppressive drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislaw M Stepkowski
- Division of Immunology and Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Podder H, Kahan BD. Janus kinase 3: a novel target for selective transplant immunosupression. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2005; 8:613-29. [PMID: 15584866 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.8.6.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Existing immunosuppressants inhibit lymphocyte activation and T cell cytokine signal transduction pathways, reducing the rate of acute rejection episodes to < 10%. However, the widespread tissue distribution of their molecular targets engenders pleiotropic toxicities. One strategy to address this problem seeks to identify compounds that selectively inhibit a target restricted in distribution to the lymphoid system. Janus kinase (Jak) 3 is such a molecule; it mediates signal transduction via the gamma common chain of lymphokine surface receptors. Disruption of this lymphoid-restricted enzyme would not be predicted to produce collateral damage in other organ systems. Development of selective Jak3 inhibitors has been difficult due to crossreactivity with its homologue, Jak2. In contrast to all other putative antagonists, which are discussed in detail herein, one Jak3 inhibitor, NC1153, shows at least 40-fold greater selective inhibition for Jak3 than for Jak2, is robustly synergistic with calcineurin antagonists, and, either alone or in combination with cyclosporin, produces no adverse effects in rodents preconditioned to be at heightened risk for nephrotoxicity, bone marrow suppression, or altered lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hemangshu Podder
- The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Division of Immunology and Organ Transplantation, 6431 Fannin Street, Suite 6.240, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
The size of the peripheral T cell pool is remarkably stable throughout life, reflecting precise regulation of cellular survival, proliferation, and apoptosis. Homeostatic proliferation refers to the process by which T cells spontaneously proliferate in a lymphopenic host. The critical signals driving this expansion are "space," contact with self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/peptide complexes, and cytokine stimulation. A number of studies have delineated an association between T cell lymphopenia, compensatory homeostatic expansion, and the development of diverse autoimmune syndromes. In the nonobese diabetic mouse model of type 1 diabetes, lymphopenia-induced homeostatic expansion fuels the generation of islet-specific T cells. Excess interleukin-21 facilitates T cell cycling but limited survival, resulting in recurrent stimulation of T cells specific for self-peptide/MHC complexes. Indeed, data from several experimental models of autoimmunity indicate that a full T cell compartment restrains homeostatic expansion of self-reactive cells that could otherwise dominate the repertoire. This review describes the mechanisms that govern T cell homeostatic expansion and outlines the evidence that lymphopenia presents a risk for development of autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette M Marleau
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hardinger KL, Koch MJ, Brennan DC. Current and future immunosuppressive strategies in renal transplantation. Pharmacotherapy 2004; 24:1159-76. [PMID: 15460177 DOI: 10.1592/phco.24.13.1159.38094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed the introduction of several new immunosuppressive agents. The availability of these new pharmacologic offerings has not diminished the challenge of achieving a balance of adequate graft protection while minimizing the consequences of excessive immunosuppression. For renal transplant recipients, maintenance immunosuppression generally consists of a calcineurin inhibitor in combination with an antiproliferative agent and a corticosteroid; more recently, mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors have been used. Excellent results have been achieved at many transplant centers with combinations of these agents in a variety of protocols. Regimens designed to limit or eliminate calcineurin inhibitor and/or corticosteroid therapy are actively being pursued in the transplant community. Allograft tolerance and xenotransplantation are being studied, and the knowledge gained from the effort may help in the development of innovative strategies and new immunosuppressive agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Hardinger
- Department of Pharmacy, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Borie DC, O'Shea JJ, Changelian PS. JAK3 inhibition, a viable new modality of immunosuppression for solid organ transplants. Trends Mol Med 2004; 10:532-41. [PMID: 15519279 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2004.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The field of organ transplantation has had tremendous success because of the availability of immunosuppressive drugs that efficiently prevent acute organ rejection. Numerous and severe side effects are, however, associated with all current immunosuppressive therapies and justify a search for drugs with better efficacy and safety profiles. Janus kinase (JAK) 3, a tyrosine kinase that is crucial for mediating signals from the common gamma-chain of cytokine receptors, is peculiar in that its expression, contrarily to the targets of most current immunosuppressive drugs, is limited to cells that actively participate to the immune response to allografts. The recent demonstration in stringent preclinical models that JAK3 inhibition results in efficacy for the prevention of allograft rejection with a narrow side-effect profile might lead to a new era in the field of immunosuppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic C Borie
- Transplantation Immunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5407, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
The factors affecting T cell viability vary depending on the type and status of the T cell involved. Naive T cells die via a Bcl-2/Bim dependent route. Their deaths are prevented in animals by IL-7 and contact with MHC. Activated T cells die in many different ways. Among these is a pathway involving signals that come from outside the T cell and affect it via surface receptors such as Fas. Activated T cells also die through a pathway driven by signals generated within the T cell itself, a cell autonomous route. This pathway involves members of the Bcl-2 family, in particular Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Bim, and probably Bak. The viability of CD8+ and CD4+ memory T cells is controlled in different ways. CD8+ memory T cells are maintained by IL-15 and IL-7. The control of CD4+ memory T cells is more mysterious, with roles reported for IL-7 and/or contact via the TCR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Marrack
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Soldevila G, Licona I, Salgado A, Ramírez M, Chávez R, García-Zepeda E. Impaired chemokine-induced migration during T-cell development in the absence of Jak 3. Immunology 2004; 112:191-200. [PMID: 15147562 PMCID: PMC1782482 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The arrival of bone marrow T-cell progenitors to the thymus, and the directed migration of thymocytes, are thought to be regulated by the expression of chemokines and their receptors. Recent data has shown that the Jak/Stat signalling pathway is involved in chemokine receptor signalling. We have investigated the role of Jak 3 in chemokine-mediated signalling in the thymus using Jak 3(-/-) mice. These mice show defects in T-cell development, as well as in peripheral T-cell function, resulting in a hypoplastic thymus and an altered T-cell homeostasis. Here we demonstrate, for the first time, that bone marrow progenitors and thymocytes from Jak 3(-/-) mice have decreased chemotactic responses to CXCL12 and CCL25. We also show that Jak 3 is involved in signalling through CCR9 and CXCR4, and that specific inhibition of Jak 3 in wild-type progenitors and thymocytes decreases their chemotactic responses towards CCL25 and CXCL12. Finally, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that thymocytes from Jak 3(-/-) mice express similar levels of CXCR4 and CCR9 compared to wild-type mice. Altogether, deficient CCL25- and CXCL12-induced migration could result in a homing defect of T-cell progenitors to the thymus, as well as in a deficient thymocyte migration through the thymic stroma. Our results strongly suggest that the absence of Jak 3 affects T-cell development, not only through an impaired interleukin-7 receptor (IL-7R)-mediated signalling, but also through impaired chemokine-mediated responses, which are crucial for thymocyte migration and differentiation.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chemokine CXCL12
- Chemokines/immunology
- Chemokines, CC/immunology
- Chemokines, CXC/immunology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Janus Kinase 3
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Phosphorylation
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/immunology
- Quinazolines/pharmacology
- Receptors, CCR
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Tyrosine/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Soldevila
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hofmann SR, Lam AQ, Frank S, Zhou YJ, Ramos HL, Kanno Y, Agnello D, Youle RJ, O'Shea JJ. Jak3-independent trafficking of the common gamma chain receptor subunit: chaperone function of Jaks revisited. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:5039-49. [PMID: 15143194 PMCID: PMC416416 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.11.5039-5049.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Janus kinases (Jaks) play an essential role in cytokine signaling and have been reported to regulate plasma membrane expression of their cognate receptors. In this study, we examined whether Jak3 and the common gamma chain (gamma(c)) reciprocally regulate their plasma membrane expression. In contrast to interleukin-2Ralpha, gamma(c) localized poorly to the plasma membrane and accumulated in endosomal-lysosomal compartments. However, gamma(c) was expressed at comparable levels on the surface of cells lacking Jak3, and plasma membrane turnover of gamma(c) was independent of Jak3. Nonetheless, overexpression of Jak3 enhanced accumulation of gamma(c) at the plasma membrane. Without gamma(c), Jak3 localized in the cytosol, whereas in the presence of the receptor, it colocalized with gamma(c) in endosomes and at the plasma membrane. Although the Jak FERM domain is necessary and sufficient for receptor binding, the requirement for full-length Jak3 in gamma(c) membrane trafficking was remarkably stringent; using truncation and deletion mutants, we showed that the entire Jak3 molecule was required, although kinase activity was not. Thus, unlike other cytokine receptors, gamma(c) does not require Jak3 for receptor membrane expression. However, full-length Jak3 is required for normal trafficking of this cytokine receptor/Jak pair, a finding that has important structural and clinical implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun R Hofmann
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, 10 Center Dr., Bldg. 10, Rm. 9N256, Bethesda, MD 20892-1820, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Burchill MA, Goetz CA, Prlic M, O'Neil JJ, Harmon IR, Bensinger SJ, Turka LA, Brennan P, Jameson SC, Farrar MA. Distinct effects of STAT5 activation on CD4+ and CD8+ T cell homeostasis: development of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells versus CD8+ memory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:5853-64. [PMID: 14634095 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.11.5853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Using transgenic mice that express a constitutively active version of STAT5b, we demonstrate that STAT5 plays a key role in governing B cell development and T cell homeostasis. STAT5 activation leads to a 10-fold increase in pro-B, but not pro-T, cells. Conversely, STAT5 signaling promotes the expansion of mature alphabeta T cells (6-fold increase) and gammadelta and NK T cells (3- to 4-fold increase), but not of mature B cells. In addition, STAT5 activation has dramatically divergent effects on CD8(+) vs CD4(+) T cells, leading to the selective expansion of CD8(+) memory-like T cells and CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells. These results establish that activation of STAT5 is the primary mechanism underlying both IL-7/IL-15-dependent homeostatic proliferation of naive and memory CD8(+) T cells and IL-2-dependent development of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Division/immunology
- Crosses, Genetic
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Homeostasis/genetics
- Homeostasis/immunology
- Immunologic Memory/genetics
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Milk Proteins
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- STAT5 Transcription Factor
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/physiology
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Burchill
- Center for Immunology, Cancer Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Corry DB, Kheradmand F. Biology and therapeutic potential of the interleukin-4/interleukin-13 signaling pathway in asthma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 1:185-93. [PMID: 14720056 DOI: 10.1007/bf03256608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The future management of patients with allergic asthma is poised to change in the coming one to two decades. This prediction is based on fundamental new insights into the pathogenesis of disease, gained through the study of both humans and experimental models of asthma. These studies have revealed that allergic asthma is an immune-mediated disease which, despite the redundancy characteristic of all immune responses, may be induced through a single dominant signaling cascade called the interleukin (IL)-4/IL-13 signaling pathway. In addition to the cytokine IL-4, this pathway includes IL-13, the cytokine receptor subunit IL-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Ralpha), Janus-associated tyrosine kinases and the transcription factor, signal transducer and activator of transcription 6. The IL-4 signaling pathway controls the most important cellular developmental (afferent) events that underlie asthma. These include T helper (Th) type 2 cell activation, B cell activation and immunoglobulin (Ig) E secretion, mast cell development, and effector (efferent) events related exclusively to immune effects on the lung such as goblet cell metaplasia and airway hyperresponsiveness. Any of the IL-4 signaling molecules are potentially amenable to pharmacological intervention, but a detailed understanding of the entire pathway is required to appreciate their actual potential for drug development. For example, neutralization strategies that target only IL-4 are unlikely to succeed because they leave IL-13 free to continue the signaling cascade. In contrast, neutralization of IL-4Ralpha may represent a more feasible strategy, as it should prevent signaling by both IL-4 and IL-13. The therapeutic potential of targeting intracytoplasmic tyrosine kinases has already been achieved with the use of small molecules, suggesting that this approach may be realistically adopted for the treatment of asthma. However, well designed asthma clinical trials are warranted to determine with certainty, the efficacy of therapies based on IL-4/IL-13 blockade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David B Corry
- Departments of Medicine and the Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wilcox HM, Berg LJ. Itk phosphorylation sites are required for functional activity in primary T cells. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:37112-21. [PMID: 12842872 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m304811200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tec family kinase Itk plays a critical role in signal transduction downstream of the T cell antigen receptor and has been implicated in the activation of phospholipase C-gamma1, a key regulator of calcium mobilization and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. We have shown previously that Itk is regulated by an activating transphosphorylation event in which Tyr-511 in the kinase domain is phosphorylated by Lck (Heyeck, S. D., Wilcox, H. M., Bunnell, S. C., and Berg, L. J. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 25401-25408). In this study, we present evidence for another mode of regulation for Itk, the autophosphorylation of Tyr-180 in the Src homology 3 (SH3) domain. To investigate the role of Itk trans- and autophosphorylation in T cell signaling, a retroviral transduction system was used to introduce different versions of Itk into Itk-deficient primary T cells. We report that Itk mutated at either the trans- or the autophosphorylation site is unable to fully restore cytokine production and ERK activation in the Itk-deficient cells; Itk-Y511F is severely defective, whereas Itk-Y180F has partial activity. Because phosphorylation at Tyr-180 is predicted to interfere with ligand binding by the SH3 domain, an SH3 point mutant that cannot bind ligand was also examined and found to be unable to restore function to the Itk-/- cells. These data provide new insights into the complex regulation of Itk in primary T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Wilcox
- Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhou YW, Aritake S, Tri Endharti A, Wu J, Hayakawa A, Nakashima I, Suzuki H. Murine lymph node-derived stromal cells effectively support survival but induce no activation/proliferation of peripheral resting T cells in vitro. Immunology 2003; 109:496-503. [PMID: 12871215 PMCID: PMC1783011 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the homeostatic mechanisms by which the levels of peripheral lymphocytes are maintained. The survival of naïve T cells in vivo must be maintained by some factors that have not been characterized in an in vitro culture system. In this study, we established a culture system of stromal cells derived from murine lymph nodes and investigated the action of the stromal cells in supporting the survival of resting T cells in vitro. Most of the T cells cocultured with the stromal cells did not die, and the supernatant of cultured stromal cells increase the viability of T cells. This T-cell survival-supporting activity was maintained for more than 7 days. Although interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-7, and interferon-beta also rescued peripheral T cells from spontaneous cell death, medium-soluble and heat-sensitive factor(s) derived from the stromal cells supported the survival of T cells more effectively and for a longer time than did these cytokines. T cells maintained in the culture system with the stromal cells appeared to remain in a resting G0/G1 state and did not show remarkable DNA synthesis. From these results, it is presumed that some soluble factor(s) other than the tested cytokines that have been identified as supporting T-cell survival are produced from lymph node stromal cells. These factor(s) play an important role in maintenance of resting T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Wen Zhou
- Departments of Immunology and Equipment Center for Research and Education, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Recent therapeutic strategies to combat organ allograft rejection have focused on T-cell signaling pathways and the molecules that comprise them. The macrolide antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus, known as sirolimus or rapamycin, has shown great therapeutic potential in the transplant setting. Sirolimus alone or in combination with other immunosuppressive agents can block acute rejection, chronic graft destruction, and promote permanent allograft acceptance. Sirolimus targets a unique serine-threonine kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTor), which plays a key role in mitogenic and nutritional cells signals. Within T cells, mTor regulates a number of proteins likely dependent on T cell growth factors such as interleukin 2. This review is focused on the molecular mechanisms by which mTor may regulate T-cell signaling cascades and affect T-cell responsiveness, and how sirolimus likely uncouples this activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Kirken
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Huleatt JW, Cresswell J, Bottomly K, Crispe IN. P27kip1 regulates the cell cycle arrest and survival of activated T lymphocytes in response to interleukin-2 withdrawal. Immunology 2003; 108:493-501. [PMID: 12667211 PMCID: PMC1782912 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of activated T lymphocytes undergo cell death at the end of a primary immune response, while a minority survive as memory cells. The mechanisms that control the decision between these two fates are unknown. In the present study we examined the response of activated T cells to interleukin-2 (IL-2) withdrawal. Within hours, the percentage of T lymphocytes in cell cycle showed a steady decrease, while the percentage arrested in G1 increased proportionally. Deprivation of IL-2 resulted in upregulation of the cell cycle inhibitor p27kip1. Comparison with resting T-cell populations revealed that the highest expression of p27kip1 occurs in activated T cells undergoing cell cycle arrest following IL-2 withdrawal. T cells deficient in p27kip1 expression showed an impaired ability to undergo cell cycle arrest in response to IL-2 deprivation. Moreover, T cells deficient in p27kip1 showed significantly more apoptosis after IL-2 withdrawal. Collectively, this study demonstrates that p27kip1 regulates both the cell cycle arrest and the apoptosis of antigen-specific T lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James W Huleatt
- Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8011, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
In a human, about 10(11) excess peripheral lymphocytes die every day. This death process maintains a constant lymphocyte population size in the face of a continuous influx of new lymphocytes and the homeostatic proliferation of old ones. Death is triggered when a lymphocyte fails to acquire signals from survival factors, the availability of which, therefore, determines the size of the pool of lymphocytes. A lymphocyte acquires survival signals through receptors for cytokines, antigens, hormones and probably other extracellular factors. Here, we discuss current concepts of the intracellular signalling pathways for survival versus death that establish cytokine-regulated lymphocyte homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette R Khaled
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
In the pipeline, there are a number of novel immunosuppressive drugs in preclinical development or in early clinical trials. The major target of new agents are cell-surface molecules important in immune cell interactions (especially the costimulatory pathway), signaling pathways that activate T cells, T-cell proliferation and trafficking and recruitment of immune cells responsible for rejection. The most promising biologic agents include a humanized anti-CD11a (anti-LFA1), humanized anti-B7.1/B7.2, a second-generation CTLA4Ig (LEA29Y) and a humanized antibody to anti-CD45 RB. Inhibitors of T-cell activation and signaling are still in preclinical development. The most interesting inhibitors of T-cell proliferation include inhibitors of the Janus protein tyrosine kinase, JAK3, and FK778, a leflunomide analog. Chemokines play an important role in rejection by virtue of their critical role as regulator of trafficking and activation of lymphocytes. Early trials of FTY720, a synthetic small molecule with functional homology to sphingosine-1 phosphate leading to lymphocyte sequestration, appear very promising; however, enthusiasm for this drug is mitigated by its potential cardiac side-effects. Antagonists to several chemokine receptors, including CCR1, CXCR3 and CCR5, have been shown to be effective in experimental transplantation and are likely to be considered for clinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Vincenti
- University of California, San Francisco, Kidney Transplant Service, 505 Parnassus Avenue, Room 884M, San Francisco, CA 94143-0116, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Nagy ZS, Wang Y, Erwin‐Cohen RA, Aradi J, Monia B, Wang LH, Stepkowski SM, Rui H, Kirken RA. Interleukin‐2 family cytokines stimulate phosphorylation of the Pro‐Ser‐Pro motif of Stat5 transcription factors in human T cells: resistance to suppression of multiple serine kinase pathways. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.72.4.819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna S. Nagy
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, The University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Yuling Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Rebecca A. Erwin‐Cohen
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - János Aradi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, The University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Brett Monia
- Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Molecular Pharmacology, Carlsbad, California
| | - Li Hua Wang
- IRSP, SAIC Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Maryland
| | - Stanislaw M. Stepkowski
- Division of Immunology and Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston; and
| | - Hallgeir Rui
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert A. Kirken
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Jameson
- Center for Immunology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota at Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
DeLuca D, Clark DR. Interleukin-7 negatively regulates the development of mature T cells in fetal thymus organ cultures. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 26:365-384. [PMID: 11888651 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(01)00085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We added antibody specific for interleukin-7 (IL-7) to chimeric fetal thymus organ cultures (FTOC) to investigate the involvement of this cytokine at distinct stages of T cell development. We report that the neutralization of IL-7 early in fetal T cell development results in a decrease in the production of mature CD4 or CD8 ('single positive', SP) or CD4/8 negative ('double negative', DN) T cell phenotypes, as defined by their expression of CD3. This loss of T cell development was not complete, but it did include the development of gammadelta T cells. However, if IL-7 was neutralized at later stages of FTOC, the production of CD4/8 positive ('double positive', DP) T cells was increased, and if the addition of the antibody was delayed further, the production of mature SP T cells was increased. This last result could be extended to both alphabeta and gammadelta T cells. These data suggested that IL-7 played a negative regulatory role in the development of progressively mature T cells. Tissue sections of FTOC showed that IL-7 was expressed in the subcapsular region of the tissue where immature T cells reside. However, IL-7 was not detected in the medullary region where mature T cells are located. These data suggest that IL-7 not only supports the development of immature fetal T cells, but it may inhibit the development of mature T cells. The production of mature fetal T cells may, therefore, be delayed until their precursors enter the medullary microenvironment, where IL-7 production is low. In this way, T cells may be prevented from maturing until negative selection or anergy events eliminate or inactivate autoreactive clones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominick DeLuca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Arizona, LSN 648, 1501 N Cambell Ave., Tucson, AZ 85724-5049, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
New directions in T-cell signal transduction and transplantation tolerance. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2002. [DOI: 10.1097/00075200-200203000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
43
|
Franchimont D, Galon J, Vacchio MS, Fan S, Visconti R, Frucht DM, Geenen V, Chrousos GP, Ashwell JD, O'Shea JJ. Positive effects of glucocorticoids on T cell function by up-regulation of IL-7 receptor alpha. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:2212-8. [PMID: 11859107 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.5.2212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite the effects of glucocorticoids on immune function, relatively little is known about glucocorticoid-inducible genes and how their products may regulate lymphocyte function. Using DNA microarray technology to analyze gene expression in PBMC from healthy donors, we identified IL-7Ralpha as a glucocorticoid-inducible gene. This observation was confirmed at the mRNA and protein levels. Conversely, TCR signaling decreased IL-7Ralpha expression, and the relative strength of signaling between these two receptors determined the final IL-7Ralpha levels. The up-regulation of IL-7Ralpha by glucocorticoids was associated with enhanced IL-7-mediated signaling and function. Moreover, IL-7-mediated inhibition of apoptosis at increasing concentrations of glucocorticoids is consistent with enhanced cell sensitivity to IL-7 following glucocorticoid exposure. These observations provide a mechanism by which glucocorticoids may have a positive influence on T cell survival and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Franchimont
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kelly E, Won A, Refaeli Y, Van Parijs L. IL-2 and related cytokines can promote T cell survival by activating AKT. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:597-603. [PMID: 11777951 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.2.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The regulated elimination of T cells serves to maintain normal immune function and prevents autoimmune responses. IL-2 family cytokines play an important role in controlling the survival of immature and mature T cells. These molecules activate the protein kinase, AKT/PKB. AKT has been shown to transduce an antiapoptotic signal in numerous cell types. In this study, we show that an active form of AKT can protect T cells from apoptosis following growth factor withdrawal and that IL-2 family cytokines can promote T cell survival by activating this kinase. We also provide evidence that AKT does not block death receptor-mediated killing of lymphocytes. These data suggest that AKT may serve as a common signaling element by which members of the IL-2 family of cytokines promote T cell survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Kelly
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Stepkowski SM, Erwin-Cohen RA, Behbod F, Wang ME, Qu X, Tejpal N, Nagy ZS, Kahan BD, Kirken RA. Selective inhibitor of Janus tyrosine kinase 3, PNU156804, prolongs allograft survival and acts synergistically with cyclosporine but additively with rapamycin. Blood 2002; 99:680-9. [PMID: 11781254 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.2.680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Janus kinase 3 (Jak3) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine (Tyr) kinase associated with the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor common gamma chain (gamma(c)) that is activated by multiple T-cell growth factors (TCGFs) such as IL-2, -4, and -7. Using human T cells, it was found that a recently discovered variant of the undecylprodigiosin family of antibiotics, PNU156804, previously shown to inhibit IL-2-induced cell proliferation, also blocks IL-2-mediated Jak3 auto-tyrosine phosphorylation, activation of Jak3 substrates signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat) 5a and Stat5b, and extracellular regulated kinase 1 (Erk1) and Erk2 (p44/p42). Although PNU156804 displayed similar efficacy in blocking Jak3-dependent T-cell proliferation by IL-2, -4, -7, or -15, it was more than 2-fold less effective in blocking Jak2-mediated cell growth, its most homologous Jak family member. A 14-day alternate-day oral gavage with 40 to 120 mg/kg PNU156804 extended the survival of heart allografts in a dose-dependent fashion. In vivo, PNU156804 acted synergistically with the signal 1 inhibitor cyclosporine A (CsA) and additively with the signal 3 inhibitor rapamycin to block allograft rejection. It is concluded that inhibition of signal 3 alone by targeting Jak3 in combination with a signal 1 inhibitor provides a unique strategy to achieve potent immunosuppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislaw M Stepkowski
- Department of Surgery/Division of Immunology and Organ Transplantation and University of Texas Medical School at Houston, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Recent discoveries on the molecular and cellular basis of asthma have markedly altered our understanding of this common respiratory disorder. These insights have come during an unexplained period of rising disease incidence and severity and are now being applied to develop improved therapies. This review explores the latest advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of allergic asthma, and provides insight into the expanding collaborations between research scientists, clinicians and the pharmaceutical industry in the race to control the asthma epidemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David B Corry
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Frucht DM, Gadina M, Jagadeesh GJ, Aksentijevich I, Takada K, Bleesing JJ, Nelson J, Muul LM, Perham G, Morgan G, Gerritsen EJ, Schumacher RF, Mella P, Veys PA, Fleisher TA, Kaminski ER, Notarangelo LD, O'Shea JJ, Candotti F. Unexpected and variable phenotypes in a family with JAK3 deficiency. Genes Immun 2001; 2:422-32. [PMID: 11781709 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6363802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2001] [Revised: 08/09/2001] [Accepted: 08/09/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of the Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) have been previously described to cause an autosomal recessive variant of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) usually characterized by the near absence of T and NK cells, but preserved numbers of B lymphocytes (T-B+SCID). We now report a family whose JAK3 mutations are associated with the persistence of circulating T cells, resulting in previously undescribed clinical presentations, ranging from a nearly unaffected 18-year-old subject to an 8-year-old sibling with a severe lymphoproliferative disorder. Both siblings were found to be compound heterozygotes for the same deleterious JAK3 mutations: an A96G initiation start site mutation, resulting in a dysfunctional, truncated protein product and a G2775(+3)C mutation in the splice donor site sequence of intron 18, resulting in a splicing defect and a predicted premature stop. These mutations were compatible with minimal amounts of functional JAK3 expression, leading to defective cytokine-dependent signaling. Activated T cells in these patients failed to express Fas ligand (FasL) in response to IL-2, which may explain the accumulation of T cells with an activated phenotype and a skewed T cell receptor (TcR) Vbeta family distribution. We speculate that residual JAK3 activity accounted for the maturation of thymocytes, but was insufficient to sustain IL-2-mediated homeostasis of peripheral T cells via Fas/FasL interactions. These data demonstrate that the clinical spectrum of JAK3 deficiency is quite broad and includes immunodeficient patients with accumulation of activated T cells, and indicate an essential role for JAK3 in the homeostasis of peripheral T cells in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Frucht
- Arthritis and Rheumatism Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Alpdogan O, Schmaltz C, Muriglan SJ, Kappel BJ, Perales MA, Rotolo JA, Halm JA, Rich BE, van den Brink MR. Administration of interleukin-7 after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation improves immune reconstitution without aggravating graft-versus-host disease. Blood 2001; 98:2256-65. [PMID: 11568014 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.7.2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged immunodeficiency after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) causes significant morbidity and mortality from infection. This study examined in murine models the effects of interleukin-7 (IL-7) given to young and middle-aged (9-month-old) recipients of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-matched or -mismatched allogeneic BMT. Although administration of IL-7 from day 0 to 14 after syngeneic BMT promoted lymphoid reconstitution, this regimen was ineffective after allogeneic BMT. However, IL-7 administration from day 14 (or 21) to 27 after allogeneic BMT accelerated restoration of the major lymphoid cell populations even in middle-aged recipients. This regimen significantly expanded donor-derived thymocytes and peripheral T cells, B-lineage cells in bone marrow and spleen, splenic natural killer (NK) cells, NK T cells, and monocytes and macrophages. Interestingly, although recipients treated with IL-7 had significant increases in CD4(+) and CD8(+) memory T-cell populations, increases in naive T cells were less profound. Most notable, however, were the observations that IL-7 treatment did not exacerbate graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in recipients of an MHC-matched BMT, and would ameliorate GVHD in recipients of a MHC-mismatched BMT. Nonetheless, graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) activity (measured against 32Dp210 leukemia) remained intact. Although activated and memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells normally express high levels of IL-7 receptor (IL-7R, CD127), activated and memory alloreactive donor-derived T cells from recipients of allogeneic BMT expressed little IL-7R. This might explain the failure of IL-7 administration to exacerbate GVHD. In conclusion, posttransplant IL-7 administration to recipients of an allogeneic BMT enhances lymphoid reconstitution without aggravating GVHD while preserving GVL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Alpdogan
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
HIV-1 infection leads to T cell dysfunction and apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. The shared common gamma chain of IL-2R and its associated Janus kinase, JAK3, are indispensable for normal T cell function and survival. We have reported that CD4 ligation with HIV gp120 inhibits T cell receptor-induced activation and expression of JAK3. We have also shown that while some strains of HIV-1, such as NL4-3, induce apoptosis of infected CD4(+) T cells, other strains, such as HIV-1 IIIB, do not. Interestingly, we show here that infection of CD4(+) T cells with HIV-1 NL4-3, but not IIIB, inhibited activation and expression of JAK3. NL4-3-infected T cells were unable to upregulate JAK3 expression following stimulation through TCR/CD3. In addition, NL4-3, but not IIIB, inhibited tyrosine phosphorylation and expression of STAT5, a downstream target of JAK3. These data suggest a correlation between apoptosis of HIV-1-infected T cells and inhibition of the JAK3/STAT5 activation pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Selliah
- Division of Rheumatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3516 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Behbod F, Erwin-Cohen RA, Wang ME, Trawick BW, Qu X, Verani R, Kahan BD, Stepkowski SM, Kirken RA. Concomitant inhibition of Janus kinase 3 and calcineurin-dependent signaling pathways synergistically prolongs the survival of rat heart allografts. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:3724-32. [PMID: 11238613 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.6.3724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic localized Janus tyrosine kinase 3 (Jak3) is activated by multiple cytokines, including IL-2, IL-4, and IL-7, through engagement of the IL-2R common gamma-chain. Genetic inactivation of Jak3 is manifested as SCID in humans and mice. These findings have suggested that Jak3 represents a pharmacological target to control certain lymphoid-derived diseases. Using the rat T cell line Nb2-11c, we document that tyrphostin AG-490 blocked in vitro IL-2-induced cell proliferation (IC(50) approximately 20 microM), Jak3 autophosphorylation, and activation of its key substrates, Stat5a and Stat5b, as measured by tyrosine/serine phosphorylation analysis and DNA-binding experiments. To test the notion that inhibition of Jak3 provides immunosuppressive potential, a 7-day course of i.v. therapy with 5-20 mg/kg AG-490 was used to inhibit rejection of heterotopically transplanted Lewis (RT1(l)) heart allografts in ACI (RT1(a)) recipients. In this study, we report that AG-490 significantly prolonged allograft survival, but also acted synergistically when used in combination with the signal 1 inhibitor cyclosporin A, but not the signal 3 inhibitor, rapamycin. Finally, AG-490 treatment reduced graft infiltration of mononuclear cells and Stat5a/b DNA binding of ex vivo IL-2-stimulated graft infiltrating of mononuclear cells, but failed to affect IL2R alpha expression, as judged by RNase protection assays. Thus, inhibition of Jak3 prolongs allograft survival and also potentiates the immunosuppressive effects of cyclosporin A, but not rapamycin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Behbod
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|