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Wang J, Li T, Zan H, Rivera CE, Yan H, Xu Z. LUBAC Suppresses IL-21-Induced Apoptosis in CD40-Activated Murine B Cells and Promotes Germinal Center B Cell Survival and the T-Dependent Antibody Response. Front Immunol 2021; 12:658048. [PMID: 33953720 PMCID: PMC8089397 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.658048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell activation by Tfh cells, i.e., through CD154 engagement of CD40 and IL-21, and survival within GCs are crucial for the T-dependent Ab response. LUBAC, composed of HOIP, SHARPIN, and HOIL-1, catalyzes linear ubiquitination (Linear M1-Ub) to mediate NF-κB activation and cell survival induced by TNF receptor superfamily members, which include CD40. As shown in this study, B cells expressing the Sharpin null mutation cpdm (Sharpincpdm) could undergo proliferation, CSR, and SHM in response to immunization by a T-dependent Ag, but were defective in survival within GCs, enrichment of a mutation enhancing the BCR affinity, and production of specific Abs. Sharpincpdm B cells stimulated in vitro with CD154 displayed normal proliferation and differentiation, marginally impaired NF-κB activation and survival, but markedly exacerbated death triggered by IL-21. While activating the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway in both Sharpin+/+ and Sharpincpdm B cells, IL-21 induced Sharpincpdm B cells to undergo sustained activation of caspase 9 and caspase 8 of the mitochondria-dependent and independent pathway, respectively, and ultimately caspase 3 in effecting apoptosis. These were associated with loss of the caspase 8 inhibitor cFLIP and reduction in cFLIP Linear M1-Ub, which interferes with cFLIP poly-ubiquitination at Lys48 and degradation. Finally, the viability of Sharpincpdm B cells was rescued by caspase inhibitors but virtually abrogated – together with Linear M1-Ub and cFLIP levels – by a small molecule HOIP inhibitor. Thus, LUBAC controls the cFLIP expression and inhibits the effects of caspase 8 and IL-21-activated caspase 9, thereby suppressing apoptosis of CD40 and IL-21-activated B cells and promoting GC B cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tianbao Li
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Hong Zan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Carlos E Rivera
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Zhenming Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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2
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Zhang J, Kodali S, Chen M, Wang J. Maintenance of Germinal Center B Cells by Caspase-9 through Promotion of Apoptosis and Inhibition of Necroptosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:113-120. [PMID: 32434938 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In response to T cell-dependent Ag encounter, naive B cells develop into germinal center (GC) B cells, which can further differentiate into Ab-secreting plasma cells or memory B cells. GC B cells are short lived and are prone to caspase-mediated apoptosis. However, how apoptotic caspases regulate GC B cell fate has not been fully characterized. In this study, we show that mice with B cell-specific knockout of caspase-9 had decreases in GC B cells and Ab production after immunization. Caspase-9-deficient B cells displayed defects in caspase-dependent apoptosis but increases in necroptosis signaling. Additional deletion of Ripk3 restored GC B cells and Ab production in mice with B cell-specific knockout of caspase-9. Our results indicate that caspase-9 plays an important role in the maintenance of Ab responses by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting necroptosis in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingting Zhang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Srikanth Kodali
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Min Chen
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Jin Wang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030; .,Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
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3
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Koncz G, Hueber AO. The Fas/CD95 Receptor Regulates the Death of Autoreactive B Cells and the Selection of Antigen-Specific B Cells. Front Immunol 2012; 3:207. [PMID: 22848207 PMCID: PMC3404404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death receptors have crucial roles in the regulation of immune responses. Here we review recent in vivo data confirming that the Fas death receptor (TNFSR6) on B cells is important for the regulation of autoimmunity since the impairment of only Fas function on B cells results in uncontrolled autoantibody production and autoimmunity. Fas plays a role in the elimination of the non-specific and autoreactive B cells in germinal center, while during the selection of antigen-specific B cells different escape signals ensure the resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis. Antigen-specific survival such as BCR or MHCII signal or coreceptors (CD19) cooperating with BCR inhibits the formation of death inducing signaling complex. Antigen-specific survival can be reinforced by antigen-independent signals of IL-4 or CD40 overproducing the anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Koncz
- Immunology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University Eötvös Lorand Budapest, Hungary
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4
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Shirshev SV. Role of Epac proteins in mechanisms of cAMP-dependent immunoregulation. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 76:981-98. [PMID: 22082266 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791109001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review presents observations on the role of Epac proteins (exchange protein directly activated by cAMP) in immunoregulation mechanisms. Signaling pathways that involve Epac proteins and their domain organization and functions are considered. The role of Epac1 protein expressed in the immune system cells is especially emphasized. Molecular mechanisms of the cAMP-dependent signal via Epac1 are analyzed in monocytes/macrophages, T-cells, and B-lymphocytes. The role of Epac1 is shown in the regulation of adhesion, leukocyte chemotaxis, as well as in phagocytosis and bacterial killing. The molecular cascade initiated by Epac1 is examined under conditions of antigen activation of T-cells and immature B-lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Shirshev
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia.
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5
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Abstract
Programmed cell death is essential for the maintenance of lymphocyte homeostasis and immune tolerance. Dendritic cells (DCs), the most efficient antigen-presenting cells, represent a small cell population in the immune system. However, DCs play major roles in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Programmed cell death in DCs is essential for regulating DC homeostasis and consequently, the scope of immune responses. Interestingly, different DC subsets show varied turnover rates in vivo. The conventional DCs are relatively short-lived in most lymphoid organs, while plasmacytoid DCs are long-lived cells. Mitochondrion-dependent programmed cell death plays an important role in regulating spontaneous DC turnover. Antigen-specific T cells are also capable of killing DCs, thereby providing a mechanism for negative feedback regulation of immune responses. It has been shown that a surplus of DCs due to defects in programmed cell death leads to overactivation of lymphocytes and the onset of autoimmunity. Studying programmed cell death in DCs will shed light on the roles for DC turnover in the regulation of the duration and magnitude of immune responses in vivo and in the maintenance of immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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6
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Abstract
Human genetics offers new possibilities for understanding physiological regulatory mechanisms and disorders of the immune system. Genetic abnormalities of lymphocyte cell death programs have provided insights into mechanisms of receptor biology and principles of immune homeostasis and tolerance. Thus far, there are two major diseases of programmed cell death associated with inherited human mutations: the autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome and the caspase-eight deficiency state. We describe the details of their molecular pathogenesis and discuss how these diseases illustrate important concepts in immune regulation and genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bidère
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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7
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Sonnet C, Lafuste P, Arnold L, Brigitte M, Poron F, Authier FJ, Chrétien F, Gherardi RK, Chazaud B. Human macrophages rescue myoblasts and myotubes from apoptosis through a set of adhesion molecular systems. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:2497-507. [PMID: 16720640 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying stromal cell supportive functions are incompletely understood but probably implicate a mixture of cytokines, matrix components and cell adhesion molecules. Skeletal muscle uses recruited macrophages to support post-injury regeneration. We and others have previously shown that macrophages secrete mitogenic factors for myogenic cells. Here, we focused on macrophage-elicited survival signals. We demonstrated that: (1) macrophage influx is temporally correlated with the disappearance of TUNEL-positive apoptotic myogenic cells during post-injury muscle regeneration in mice; (2) direct cell-cell contacts between human macrophages and myogenic cells rescue myogenic cells from apoptosis, as assessed by decreased annexin V labelling and caspase-3 activity, and by increased DIOC-6 staining, Bcl-2 expression and phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2 survival pathways; (3) four pro-survival cell-cell adhesion molecular systems detected by DNA macroarray are expressed by macrophages and myogenic cells in vitro and in vivo - VCAM-1-VLA-4, ICAM-1-LFA-1, PECAM-1-PECAM-1 and CX3CL1-CX3CR1; (4) macrophages deliver anti-apoptotic signals through all four adhesion systems, as assessed by functional analyses with blocking antibodies; and (5) macrophages more strongly rescue differentiated myotubes, which must achieve adhesion-induced stabilisation of their structure to survive. Macrophages could secure these cells until they establish final association with the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Sonnet
- INSERM E0011 Cellular interactions in the neuromuscular system, Faculté de Médecine, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; Université Paris XII, 8 rue du Général Sarrail, 94000 Créteil, France
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8
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Arditti FD, Aviner S, Dekel B, Krauthgamer R, Gan J, Nagler A, Tabilio A, Martelli M, Berrebi A, Reisner Y. Eradication of B-CLL by autologous and allogeneic host nonreactive anti–third-party CTLs. Blood 2005; 105:3365-71. [PMID: 15238417 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-03-0982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Establishment of cell lines capable of killing leukemia cells, in the absence of alloreactivity against normal host cells, represents a most desirable goal in bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and cancer immunotherapy. By using a human → mouse chimeric model, we demonstrate that allogeneic anti-third-party cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) depleted of alloreactivity are endowed with a potent anti-B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) reactivity. Likewise, CTL preparations generated from autologous T cells of the same patients with B-CLL exhibited comparable leukemia eradication, suggesting that the reactivity of allogeneic anti-third-party CTLs is not mediated by residual antihost clones. This specificity was also exhibited in vitro, and annexin staining revealed that B-CLL killing is mediated by apoptosis. While the CTLs killing of third-party cells could be blocked by anti-CD3 antibody, the lysis of the B-CLL cells was not inhibited by this antibody, suggesting a T-cell receptor (TCR)-independent cytotoxicity. The role of cell contact leading to apoptosis of B-CLL cells is shown in transwell plates and by anti-lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1)-blocking antibody. Up-regulation of CD54 and the subsequent apoptosis of B-CLL cells depend on the initial LFA-1/ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1) interaction. Taken together, these results suggest that allogeneic or autologous host nonreactive anti-third-party CTLs may represent a new therapeutic approach for patients with B-CLL. (Blood. 2005;105:3365-3371)
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Fas Ligand Protein
- Humans
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Isoantigens/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/immunology
- Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- fas Receptor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian D Arditti
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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9
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Cooperative Disengagement of Fas and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Function in Neoplastic Cells Confers Enhanced Colonization Efficiency. Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.1045.65.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of tumor progression is crucial toward the development of therapeutic interventions. Although the loss of sensitivity to cell death is a hallmark of neoplastic progression, it is likely one of several essential features that underlie a malignantly proficient or aggressive tumorigenic phenotype. Here, we identified intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) as a molecule with expression coordinately regulated with Fas and inversely correlated with malignant phenotype between matched pairs of differentially aggressive malignant subpopulations in three mouse models. To determine whether coordinate expression of Fas and ICAM-1 regulated malignant behavior, tumor sublines were produced that expressed either lower levels of both Fas and ICAM-1, lower levels of Fas, or lower levels of ICAM-1 and then assessed for metastatic lung tumor growth. Tumor sublines rendered both Fas incompetent and ICAM-1 incompetent displayed significantly higher numbers of tumor nodules compared with tumor sublines separately expressing low levels of Fas or ICAM-1. However, all tumor sublines regardless of their Fas and ICAM-1 levels comparably infiltrated the lung, suggesting that Fas- and ICAM-1–based interactions ultimately influenced lung colonization efficiency. Overall, these data suggested that both Fas and ICAM-1 pathways cooperated to regulate tumor progression and that the coordinate down-regulation of Fas and ICAM-1 intensified malignant progression at the level of colonization. Thus, a FasloICAM-1lo phenotype may be characteristic of at least certain advancing, immune-resistant neoplastic subpopulations.
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10
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Nashar TO, Drake JR. The Pathway of Antigen Uptake and Processing Dictates MHC Class II-Mediated B Cell Survival and Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:1306-16. [PMID: 15661887 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.3.1306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the pathway of Ag uptake and processing on MHC class II (CII)-mediated B cell function is unknown. In this study, we investigate in resting and activated (via the BCR or CD40) B cells the biological properties of CII-peptide complexes (CII-peptide) generated by either the BCR-mediated Ag processing (type I complex) or fluid phase Ag processing (type II complex). Compared with type I complex, ligation of type II complex by either specific Ab or the TCR in Ag-presenting assay results in significant decreases in B cell survival rate (50-100%) and expression levels of CII, CD86, and CD54. Loss of B cells following ligation of type II complex occurs in the presence of a comparatively good level of specific CD4(+) T cell division, indicating that B cell loss is a late event following T cell stimulation. Comparative analysis of T and B cell conjugates after Ab ligation of type I or II complex reveals decreased efficiency of the latter in forming conjugates. Neither initial differential levels of CII and other studied surface markers, B cell type inherent differences, BCR signaling, T cell proliferation, nor initial density of CII-peptide complexes could explain the T cell-induced B cell loss. We propose that the context in which CII-peptide complexes are present in the membrane following BCR uptake and processing leads to B cell survival. Thus, appropriate targeting of Ag ensures generation of relevant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toufic O Nashar
- Albany Medical College, Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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11
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Lankoff A, Carmichael WW, Grasman KA, Yuan M. The uptake kinetics and immunotoxic effects of microcystin-LR in human and chicken peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro. Toxicology 2004; 204:23-40. [PMID: 15369846 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2004] [Accepted: 05/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR is a cyanobacterial heptapeptide that presents acute and chronic hazards to animal and human health. We investigated the influence of this toxin on human and chicken immune system modulation in vitro. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were treated with microcystin-LR at environmentally relevant doses of 1, 10 and 25 microg/ml for 12, 24, 48, 72 h (for proliferation assay cells were treated for 72 h). T-cell and B-cell proliferation as well as apoptosis and necrosis were determined in human and chicken samples. IL-2 and IL-6 production by human lymphocytes also was measured. In addition, uptake kinetics of microcystin-LR into human and chicken peripheral blood lymphocytes were calculated by Liquid Chromatography (LS) /Mass Spectrometry (MS) analysis. At the highest dose microcystin-LR decreased T-cell proliferation and all doses of microcystin-LR inhibited B-cell proliferation. The frequency of apoptotic and necrotic cells increased in a dose and time-dependent manner. Human lymphocytes responded to stimulation with microcystin-LR by increased production of IL-6 and decreased production of IL-2. Human lymphocytes were able to uptake from 0.014 to 1.663 microg/ml and chicken lymphocytes from 0.035 to 1.733 microg/ml of the microcystin-LR added to the cultures, depending on the treatment time and dose. In conclusion, microcystin-LR acted as an immunomodulator in cytokine production and down-regulated lymphocyte functions by induction of apoptosis and necrosis. However, further studies dealing with the influence of microcystin-LR on expression cytokine genes and transcription factors are necessary to confirm these hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lankoff
- Department of Radiobiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University, Swietokrzyska Academy, 25-406 Kielce, ul. Swietokrzyska, 1525 425, Poland.
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12
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Wachlin G, Augstein P, Schröder D, Kuttler B, Klöting I, Heinke P, Schmidt S. IL-1beta, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha increase vulnerability of pancreatic beta cells to autoimmune destruction. J Autoimmun 2003; 20:303-12. [PMID: 12791316 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-8411(03)00039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the pathogenesis of type-1 diabetes insulin-producing beta-cells are destroyed by cellular autoimmune processes. The locality of beta-cell destruction is the inflamed pancreatic islet. During insulitis cytokines released from islet-infiltrating mononuclear cells affect beta-cells at several levels. We investigated whether cytokine-induced beta-cell destruction is associated with changes in the expression of the surface receptors intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and Fas. Islets from diabetes-prone and congenic diabetes-resistant BB rats were exposed to interleukin (IL)-1beta alone or in combination with interferon (IFN)-gamma plus tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. Cytokines decreased islet insulin content, suppressed glucose stimulated insulin secretion and generated enhanced amounts of nitric oxide and DNA-strand breaks. While no membrane alterations of IL-1beta treated islets cells were detectable, the cytokine combination caused damage of cell membranes. Independent of diabetes susceptibility IL-1beta treated islet beta-cells expressed a significantly increased amount of ICAM-1 on their surfaces which was not further increased by IFN-gamma+TNF-alpha. However, IL-1beta induced Fas expression was significantly enhanced only on beta-cells from diabetes-prone BB rats. From these results we suggest that IL-1beta mediates the major stimulus for ICAM-1 induction which is possibly a necessary but not sufficient step in the process of beta-cell destruction. Obviously, the additional enhancement of Fas expression on the surface of beta-cells is important for destruction. The combined action of all three cytokines induced the expression of Fas on the beta-cell surface independent of diabetes susceptibility, indicating that such a strong stimulus in vitro may induce processes different from the precise mechanisms of beta-cell destruction in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhild Wachlin
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald, Greifswalder Strasse 11b, Karlsburg 17495, Germany.
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13
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Zhang M, Guo R, Zhai Y, Fu XY, Yang D. Light stimulates IFNgamma-mediated intercellular adhesion molecule-1 upregulation of cancer cells. Hum Immunol 2003; 64:416-26. [PMID: 12651068 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(03)00026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) works as one of the ligands for activating the killing activity of natural killer (NK) cells and cancer specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Expression of ICAM-1 enhances lymphocyte adhesion to the cancer cells in vivo. Cancer cell lines express significantly lower level of ICAM-1 than that of normal epithelium or benign cells. Overexpression of LIGHT (LIGHT: homologous to lymphotoxins, indicating inducible expression, and competes with herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D for herpes virus entry mediator [HVEM/TR2]) in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells was observed to suppress tumor growth in vivo. In order to elucidate the mechanisms how LIGHT overexpression could trigger tumor suppression, the expression level of a panel of cell surface makers CD54, CD56, CD95, and CD119 was investigated in a group of cancer cells. Flow cytometry analysis results demonstrate that LIGHT gene expression in cancer cells can greatly increase ICAM-1 expression level, IFNgamma alone can stimulate cancer cells to express ICAM-1, which can be highly augmented by LIGHT in a dose-dependent manner. This upregulation of ICAM-1 expression is not only at ICAM-1 protein trafficking level on cell surface as demonstrated by flow cytometry analysis, but also at ICAM-1 total protein level as confirmed by Western blot. There is no difference of expression level among these cancer cell lines for the other three cell surface markers: CD56, CD95 (Fas), and CD119. It was confirmed that LIGHT enhancement upregulation of ICAM-1 expression is at least STAT1 and JAK1 dependent by using STAT1-deficient U3A and JAK1-deficient E2A4 cells. These findings suggest that LIGHT-induced inhibition of tumor growth is highly correlated with its upregulation of ICAM-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manchao Zhang
- Structure Biology and Cancer Drug Discovery Program, Lombardi Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Washington, DC, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Apoptosis in mammalian cells can be initiated through two major interrelated pathways, one involving engagement of the TNF family of death receptors, the other involving the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. Unlike other members of the TNF ligand family, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) preferentially induces apoptosis in tumor cell lines, but not in normal cells, suggesting that TRAIL could potentially represent a powerful cancer therapeutic. Recent experiments have revealed that one of the key regulators of TRAIL expression in lymphocytes is the NF-kappa B transcription factors. Several TRAIL receptors have been identified: two of these receptors TRAIL-R1/DR4 and TRAIL-R2/DR5 contain cytoplasmic death domains and signal apoptosis, while two other decoy receptors, TRAIL-R3/DcR1 and TRAIL-R4/DcR2 lack a functional death domain and do not mediate apoptosis. Many cancer cell lines preferentially express TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2, suggesting differential regulation of the death and decoy receptors. Further knowledge of the regulation and physiological role of TRAIL and TRAIL receptors may aid in the rational design of regimens that utilize the TRAIL signaling pathway to eliminate tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tudor M Baetu
- Terry Fox Molecular Oncology Group, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3755 Cote St. Catherine, Montreal, Que., Canada H3T 1E2
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15
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Hasebe H, Sato K, Yanagie H, Takeda Y, Nonaka Y, Takahashi TA, Eriguchi M, Nagawa H. Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and c-FLIP(L) potentially regulate the susceptibility of human peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells to cell death at different developmental stages. Biomed Pharmacother 2002; 56:144-51. [PMID: 12046686 DOI: 10.1016/s0753-3322(02)00164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the susceptibility of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) to spontaneous and CD95-mediated cell death at different developmental stages. Time course experiments revealed that the susceptibility of mature dendritic cells (mDCs) to spontaneous cell death was significantly lower than that of immature dendritic cells (iDCs) in a long-term culture under cytokine-free conditions, and the treatment with GM-CSF rescued these cells from spontaneous cell death at the late culture period. iDCs and mDCs expressed similar levels of CD95 whereas both cell types were relatively resistant to CD95-mediated cell death. Antigen (Ag)-specific and nonspecific cognate interaction with T cells failed to cause cell death of iDCs and mDCs. iDCs constitutively expressed transcripts and intracellular products of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, but not cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein(long (c-FLIP(L)), while the increased expressions of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and c-FLIP(L) were observed in mDCs. These results suggest that the selective expressions of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and c-FLIP(L) may be involved in the difference in the susceptibility to cell death between iDCs and mDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hasebe
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Katagiri K, Hattori M, Minato N, Kinashi T. Rap1 functions as a key regulator of T-cell and antigen-presenting cell interactions and modulates T-cell responses. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:1001-15. [PMID: 11809793 PMCID: PMC134636 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.4.1001-1015.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of T cells by antigen requires adhesive interactions with antigen-presenting cells (APC) in which leukocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) and intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) are important. However, it is not well understood what signaling molecules regulate this process and how the modulation of adhesive events influences T-cell activation. Here we show that Rap1 is activated in T cells in an antigen-dependent manner and accumulated at the contact site of T-cell and antigen-loaded APC. Inhibition of Rap1 activation by a dominant-negative Rap1 or SPA-1, a Rap1 GTPase-activating protein, abrogates LFA-1-ICAM-1-mediated adhesive interactions with antigen-pulsed APC and the subsequent T-cell-receptor triggering and interleukin-2 production. Conversely, augmented antigen-dependent Rap1 activation by the expression of wild-type Rap1 enhances these responses but culminates in apoptosis by Fas and FasL. Thus, Rap1 functions as a key regulator of T-cell and APC interactions and modulates T-cell responses from productive activation to activation-induced cell death by regulating the strength of adhesive interactions. Moreover, constitutive Rap1 activation rendered T cells unresponsive with accumulation of p27(Kip1). Our study indicates that the activation state of Rap1 has a decisive effect on the T-cell response to antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koko Katagiri
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Allergy, Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masakazu Hattori
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Allergy, Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Nagahiro Minato
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Allergy, Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kinashi
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Allergy, Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Molecular Immunology and Allergy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. Phone: 81-75-771-8159. Fax: 81-75-771-8184. E-mail:
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17
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Jodo S, Xiao S, Hohlbaum A, Strehlow D, Marshak-Rothstein A, Ju ST. Apoptosis-inducing membrane vesicles. A novel agent with unique properties. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:39938-44. [PMID: 11546786 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107005200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD95 ligand (FasL) transmembrane protein is found on activated T cells and cells outside the immune system. A well-known turnover process of membrane FasL is mediated by matrix metalloproteinase, which generates soluble FasL (sFasL). Here, we demonstrate that membrane FasL turnover occurs effectively through the release of membrane vesicles. Quantitative analysis indicates that this process is as effective as sFasL release for FasL-3T3 cells but somewhat less effective for FasL-expressing T cells. The apoptosis-inducing membrane vesicles display unique properties not found in FasL-expressing cells and sFasL. Unlike sFasL, vesicle-associated FasL remained bioactive, killing the same panel of targets that are susceptible to FasL-expressing cells. In contrast to FasL-expressing T cells, FasL-mediated killing by vesicles do not involve LFA-1/ICAM interaction and do not depend on de novo protein synthesis. These observations indicate that the release of FasL-bearing vesicles contributes to the turnover of cell-associated FasL, but the impact of the bioactive FasL-expressing vesicles on the function of cell-associated FasL is different from that of sFasL.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jodo
- Department of Medicine, the Arthritis Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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18
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Baetu TM, Kwon H, Sharma S, Grandvaux N, Hiscott J. Disruption of NF-kappaB signaling reveals a novel role for NF-kappaB in the regulation of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand expression. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:3164-73. [PMID: 11544302 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.6.3164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The NF-kappaB family of transcription factors functions broadly in the host control of immunoregulatory gene expression, inflammation, and apoptosis. Using Jurkat T cells engineered to inducibly express a transdominant repressor of IkappaBalpha, we examined the role of NF-kappaB in the regulation of cytokine and apoptotic gene expression. In this T cell model, as well as in primary T lymphocytes, expression of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) apoptotic signaling protein was dramatically down-regulated by inhibition of NF-kappaB binding activity. TRAIL acts through membrane death receptors to induce apoptosis of activated T lymphocytes and can be up-regulated by a variety of physiological and pharmacological inducers. However, regulation of TRAIL gene expression has not been defined. Treatment with TCR mimetics (PMA/ionomycin, PHA, and anti-CD3/CD28 Abs) resulted in a rapid increase in the expression of TRAIL mRNA and cell surface TRAIL protein. Induction of the transdominant repressor of IkappaBalpha dramatically down-regulated surface expression of TRAIL, indicating an essential role for NF-kappaB in the regulation of TRAIL. The induced expression of TRAIL was linked to a c-Rel binding site in the proximal TRAIL promoter at position -256 to -265; mutation of this site or an adjacent kappaB site resulted in a complete loss of the inducibility of the TRAIL promoter. The regulation of TRAIL expression by NF-kappaB may represent a general mechanism that contributes to the control of TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Baetu
- Terry Fox Molecular Oncology Group, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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19
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Doyle IS, Hollmann CA, Crispe IN, Owens T. Specific blockade by CD54 and MHC II of CD40-mediated signaling for B cell proliferation and survival. Exp Cell Res 2001; 265:312-8. [PMID: 11302697 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2001.5183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of B lymphocyte proliferation is critical to maintenance of self-tolerance, and intercellular interactions are likely to signal such regulation. Here, we show that coligation of either the adhesion molecule ICAM-1/CD54 or MHC II with CD40 inhibited cell cycle progression and promoted apoptosis of mouse splenic B cells. This resulted from specific blockade of NF-kappa B induction, which normally inhibits apoptosis. LPS- or B cell receptor (BCR)-induced proliferation was not inhibited by these treatments, and mAb-induced association of CD40 with other B cell surface molecules did not have these effects. Addition of BCR or IL-4 signals did not overcome the effect of ICAM-1 or MHC II on CD40-induced proliferation. FasL expression was not detected in B cell populations. These results show that MHC II and ICAM-1 specifically modulate CD40-mediated signaling, so inhibiting proliferation and preventing inhibition of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Doyle
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
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20
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Stratowa C, Löffler G, Lichter P, Stilgenbauer S, Haberl P, Schweifer N, Döhner H, Wilgenbus KK. CDNA microarray gene expression analysis of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia proposes potential new prognostic markers involved in lymphocyte trafficking. Int J Cancer 2001; 91:474-80. [PMID: 11251968 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(200002)9999:9999<::aid-ijc1078>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Human cancer is characterized by complex molecular perturbations leading to variable clinical behavior, often even in single-disease entities. We performed a feasibility study systematically comparing large-scale gene expression profiles with clinical features in human B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). cDNA microarrays were employed to determine the expression levels of 1,024 selected genes in 54 peripheral blood lymphocyte samples obtained from patients with B-CLL. Statistical analyses were applied to correlate the expression profiles with a number of clinical parameters including patient survival and disease staging. We were able to identify genes whose expression levels significantly correlated with patient survival and/or with clinical staging. Most of these genes code either for cell adhesion molecules (L-selectin, integrin-beta2) or for factors inducing cell adhesion molecules (IL-1beta, IL-8, EGR1), suggesting that prognosis of this disease may be related to a defect in lymphocyte trafficking. This report demonstrates the feasibility of a systematic integration of large-scale gene expression profiles with clinical data as a general approach for dissecting human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Stratowa
- Boehringer Ingelheim Austria, Exploratory Research, Dr. Boehringergasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria.
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21
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Nieda M, Kikuchi A, nicol A, Koezuka Y, Ando Y, Ishihara S, Lapteva N, Yabe T, Tokunaga K, Tadokoro K, Juji T. Dendritic cells rapidly undergo apoptosis in vitro following culture with activated CD4+ Valpha24 natural killer T cells expressing CD40L. Immunology 2001; 102:137-45. [PMID: 11260318 PMCID: PMC1783162 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2001.01175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2000] [Revised: 08/30/2000] [Accepted: 10/24/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Valpha24 natural killer T (Valpha24NKT) cells are activated by alpha-glycosylceramide-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) in a CD1d-dependent and T-cell receptor-mediated manner. There are two major subpopulations of Valpha24NKT cells, CD4- CD8- Valpha24NKT and CD4+ Valpha24NKT cells. We have recently shown that activated CD4- CD8- Valpha24NKT cells have cytotoxic activity against DCs, but knowledge of the molecules responsible for cytotoxicity of Valpha24NKT cells is currently limited. We aimed to investigate whether CD4+ Valpha24NKT cells also have cytotoxic activity against DCs and to determine the mechanisms underlying any observed cytotoxic activity. We demonstrated that activated CD4+ Valpha24NKT cells [CD40 ligand (CD40L) -positive] have cytotoxic activity against DCs (strongly CD40-positive), but not against monocytes (weakly CD40-positive) or phytohaemagglutinin blast T cells (CD40-negative), and that apoptosis of DCs significantly contributes to the observed cytotoxicity. The apoptosis of DCs following culture with activated CD4+ Valpha24NKT cells, but not with resting CD4+ Valpha24NKT cells (CD40L-negative), was partially inhibited by anti-CD40L mAb. Direct ligation of CD40 on the DCs by the anti-CD40 antibody also induced apoptosis of DCs. Our results suggest that CD40-CD40L interaction plays an important role in the induction of apoptosis of DCs following culture with activated CD4+ Valpha24NKT cells. The apoptosis of DCs from normal donors, triggered by the CD40-CD40L interaction, may contribute to the homeostatic regulation of the normal human immune system, preventing the interminable activation of activated CD4+ Valpha24NKT cells by virtue of apoptosis of DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nieda
- Department of Research, The Japanese Red Cross Central Blood Centre, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Piguet PF, Vesin C, Rochat A. Beta2 integrin modulates platelet caspase activation and life span in mice. Eur J Cell Biol 2001; 80:171-7. [PMID: 11302522 DOI: 10.1078/0171-9335-00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the role of CD18 (beta2 integrin) in platelet physiology, using mice genetically deficient in CD18 (CD18 -/-), or its main ligand CD54 (ICAM-1, CD54 -/-). CD18 and CD11a were evident in platelets from +/+, but not from CD18 -/- mice, as seen by immunofluorescence or Western blots. CD18 mRNA was also detectable by RT-PCR in platelets from +/+, but not from CD18 -/- mice. The life span of platelets was significantly shorter in CD18 -/- than in +/+ or CD54 -/- mice, as seen by in vivo biotinylation. When a local inflammation was elicited by the intra-tracheal injection of TNF, labeled platelets from +/+, but not from CD18 -/- donors, did localize in the lung. The content of Bcl-3 was about 20-fold higher in platelet from CD18 -/-, than in those from +/+ or CD54 -/- donors, as seen on Western blots or by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry, while the amount of pro-caspase-3 was decreased. An activation of caspases in platelets from CD18 -/- was also evidenced by protease assays. Accordingly, gelsolin, a protein cleaved by caspase-3, showed a low-molecular-weight band in platelets from CD18 -/- but not from +/+ donors. These results demonstrate that the beta2 integrin, present in mouse platelets, modulates caspase activation and consequently platelet life span and response to TNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Piguet
- Department of Pathology, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
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23
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Grinev VV, Grigorovich SA, Shman TV, Sheleg SV, Smolnikova VV, Potapnev MP, Svirnovski AI. Different Mechanisms of Resistance to Lymphokine-activated Killer (LAK) Cells in Leukemic Cell Sublines Selected by Etoposide or by LAK Cells. Hematology 2001; 6:321-9. [PMID: 27405526 DOI: 10.1080/10245332.2001.11746586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two models of in vitro induction of human IM-9 lymphoblastoid cell line resistance to LAK cell-mediated killing were compared. IM-9 cell line variants were selected in vitro by prolonged exposure to LAK cells or to etoposide. Sensitivity to killing by LAK cells or by etoposide, conjugation with LAK cells and surface marker patterns were compared. Both LAK-cell-selected cell subline (IM-9/SL-15) and etoposide-selected cell subline (IM-9/ER) have acquired resistance to LAK cell-mediated death. IM-9/ER cells, but not IM-9/SL-15 cells, were 3.2-fold less sensitive to etoposide as compared to parental IM-9 cells. IM-9/SL-15 cells revealed decreased conjugation with LAK cells and augmented CDlla/CD18 surface molecule expression as compared to IM-9 line. In contrast, IM-9/ER cells displayed a level of conjugation with LAK cells equal to IM-9 cells, but loss of CD11a/C18 expression. Our results suggest different mechanisms of acquired resistance to LAK cells are operative in etoposide- or LAK-selected sublines, involving deterioration of LFA-1 molecule expression and altered conjugation properties, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Grinev
- a Belarusian State University , F. Skoriny Avenue-4, 220050 Minsk , Belarus
| | - S A Grigorovich
- b Hematology and Blood Transfusion Research Institute , 160 Dolginovski Trakt, 223059 Minsk , Belarus
| | - T V Shman
- c Belarussian Center for Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, P.O Lesnoye-2, Minsk District , 223052 Belarus
| | - S V Sheleg
- b Hematology and Blood Transfusion Research Institute , 160 Dolginovski Trakt, 223059 Minsk , Belarus
| | - V V Smolnikova
- b Hematology and Blood Transfusion Research Institute , 160 Dolginovski Trakt, 223059 Minsk , Belarus
| | - M P Potapnev
- c Belarussian Center for Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, P.O Lesnoye-2, Minsk District , 223052 Belarus
| | - A I Svirnovski
- b Hematology and Blood Transfusion Research Institute , 160 Dolginovski Trakt, 223059 Minsk , Belarus
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24
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Tanaka Y, Maruo A, Fujii K, Nomi M, Nakamura T, Eto S, Minami Y. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 discriminates functionally different populations of human osteoblasts: characteristic involvement of cell cycle regulators. J Bone Miner Res 2000; 15:1912-23. [PMID: 11028443 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.10.1912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The concept of differential regulation of certain adhesion molecules on different cell subsets and their relevance to cell functions has emerged in recent years. The initial event in bone remodeling is an increase in osteoclastic bone resorption and cell adhesion between osteoclastic precursors and bone marrow stromal cells or osteoblasts is known to commit the osteoclast development. Here, we show that human osteoblasts can be divided into two subsets based on the expression of the intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1; ICAM-1+ osteoblasts highly adhered to monocytes, including osteoclast precursors, produced osteoclast differentiation factor (ODF), and induced multinuclear osteoclast-like cell formation. Anti-ODF monoclonal antibody (mAb) did not inhibit the adhesion of monocytes to osteoblastic cells, whereas anti-leukocyte function-associated antigen (LFA)-1, a receptor for ICAM-1, mAb blocked the adhesion. We thereby propose that the higher affinity adhesion via LFA-1/ICAM-1 is prerequisite for efficient function of membrane-bound ODF during osteoclast maturation. The functional characteristics of ICAM-1+ osteoblasts were emphasized further by cell cycle regulation, as manifested by (i) up-regulation of p53 and p21, (ii) reduction of activity of cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) 6, (iii) underphosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein, (iv) increased Fas but reduced bcl-2 expression, and (v) majority of cells remained at G0/G1 phase. Furthermore, ICAM-1+ osteoblasts were induced by interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). Taken together, we propose that the differentiation of osteoblasts to ICAM-1+ subpopulation by inflammatory cytokines plays an important role in osteoporosis, which is observed in patients with chronic inflammation, because ICAM-1+ osteoblasts can bias bone turnover to bone resorption, committing osteoclast maturation through cell adhesion with its precursor, and the majority of ICAM-1+ osteoblasts arrested at G0/G1 phase. Such regulation of cell cycle arrest also is an important determinant of the life span of cells in bone in which continuous bone remodeling maintains its homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tanaka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Kitakyushu, Japan
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25
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Sakata-Kaneko S, Wakatsuki Y, Matsunaga Y, Usui T, Kita T. Altered Th1/Th2 commitment in human CD4+ T cells with ageing. Clin Exp Immunol 2000; 120:267-73. [PMID: 10792375 PMCID: PMC1905644 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immune system undergoes continuous remodelling with the advancement of age. Since age-associated functional alterations in the immune system could be caused by a possible change in helper T cell regulation in elderly subjects, we comparatively studied the function of CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood obtained from both young and old healthy volunteers. Upon cell activation by phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin, the proportion of CD4+ T cells containing interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was found to be greater in the old subjects. Utilizing a co-culture system, which activated CD4+ T cells via the TCR/CD3 complex and CD28, we found that CD4+ T cells from the old subjects secreted more IFN-gamma and IL-2, but less IL-4, than those from the young subjects. Upon cell activation by co-culture, CD4+ T cells from the old subjects expressed more CD26, CD40L, and LFA-1, but less CD30, than those from the young. These results together suggest that the microenvironment in which CD4+ T cells develop in older people may cause production of more cells committed to Th1 than that in younger subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sakata-Kaneko
- Department of Clinical Bio-regulatory Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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26
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Abstract
Abstract
It has recently become clear that distinct subsets of CD8 T cells, analogous to their CD4 counterparts, exist in rodents and humans. To examine functional differences between human CD8 T-cell subsets, we generated Tc1, Tc2, and Tc0 T-cell clones from the peripheral blood of healthy individuals. The majority of CD8 T-cell clones generated displayed a classic Tc1 phenotype, but 10% to 20% secreted interleukin (IL)-4 in addition to interferon-γ (Tc0 phenotype). Generation of Tc2 clones was dependent on the use of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 as the primary stimulus. The cytokine profiles of established clones remained susceptible to modification by the addition of IL-12 and IL-4. In addition, IL-12 enhanced and IL-4 inhibited the growth of Tc1 but not Tc2/0 CD8 T-cell clones. Significant functional differences were observed between the subsets. Tc2/0 clones expressed CD30 and CD40 ligand at a much higher level than Tc1 clones. Both Tc1 and Tc2/0 clones showed comparable cytotoxicity and produced similar levels of perforin and Fas L. However, Tc2 clones were much more resistant to activation-induced cell death and less susceptible to apoptosis by direct Fas ligation. Moreover, Tc1 and Tc2 clones had opposing effects on the development of CD4 effectors, promoting type 1 and type 2 responses, respectively. These data provide evidence for profound differences between human CD8 T-cell subsets that may be important in their functions as cytotoxic or immunoregulatory cells. (Blood. 2000;95:231-240)
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27
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Abstract
It has recently become clear that distinct subsets of CD8 T cells, analogous to their CD4 counterparts, exist in rodents and humans. To examine functional differences between human CD8 T-cell subsets, we generated Tc1, Tc2, and Tc0 T-cell clones from the peripheral blood of healthy individuals. The majority of CD8 T-cell clones generated displayed a classic Tc1 phenotype, but 10% to 20% secreted interleukin (IL)-4 in addition to interferon-γ (Tc0 phenotype). Generation of Tc2 clones was dependent on the use of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 as the primary stimulus. The cytokine profiles of established clones remained susceptible to modification by the addition of IL-12 and IL-4. In addition, IL-12 enhanced and IL-4 inhibited the growth of Tc1 but not Tc2/0 CD8 T-cell clones. Significant functional differences were observed between the subsets. Tc2/0 clones expressed CD30 and CD40 ligand at a much higher level than Tc1 clones. Both Tc1 and Tc2/0 clones showed comparable cytotoxicity and produced similar levels of perforin and Fas L. However, Tc2 clones were much more resistant to activation-induced cell death and less susceptible to apoptosis by direct Fas ligation. Moreover, Tc1 and Tc2 clones had opposing effects on the development of CD4 effectors, promoting type 1 and type 2 responses, respectively. These data provide evidence for profound differences between human CD8 T-cell subsets that may be important in their functions as cytotoxic or immunoregulatory cells. (Blood. 2000;95:231-240)
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28
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Stucki A, Hayflick JS, Sandmaier BM. Antibody engagement of intercellular adhesion molecule 3 triggers apoptosis of normal and leukaemic myeloid marrow cells. Br J Haematol 2000; 108:157-66. [PMID: 10651739 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.01811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion molecule 3 (ICAM-3, CD50) is an immunoglobulin (Ig) domain-containing cell-cell adhesion receptor that binds to the lymphocyte function antigen 1 (LFA-1; CD11a/CD18) integrin. It is constitutively expressed on haematopoietic precursors and differentiated leucocytes, as well as on most leukaemic cells. ICAM-3/LFA-1 binding during a lymphocyte-mediated cellular immune response has been well established; however, its role in the marrow compartment is unclear. In this study, marrow cells from normal and acute leukaemic donors, as well as leukaemic cell lines, were cultured in the presence of various monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to ICAM-3, and apoptosis was subsequently measured by annexin V binding. Anti-ICAM-3 mAb ICR 1.1 engagement triggered increased percentages of apoptosis among normal and leukaemic marrow myeloid cells. Fab fragments of ICR 1.1 mimicked the intact mAb, suggesting that the apoptotic signal was independent of Fc receptor interactions and did not require bivalent epitope engagement. In addition, the apoptotic signal was found to be independent of ICAM-1/LFA-1 binding interactions, as well as Fas/FasL and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)/TNF receptor-activated pathways, as neutralizing antibodies to CD11a/CD18, Fas and TNF-alpha failed to abrogate the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stucki
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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29
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Divya Jyothi M, Varalakshmi C, Khar A. Regulation of effector cell functions through the ligation of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 leads to spontaneous regression of a rat histiocytoma. Scand J Immunol 1999; 50:378-86. [PMID: 10520177 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.1999.00608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules mediate cell-to-cell interactions, thereby regulating effective immune response against target cells. We have investigated the intercellular cross-talk between lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) and its counter-receptor, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). This interaction regulates the postadhesion events leading to the regression of a rat histiocytoma, AK-5, which is mediated by natural killer (NK) cells through antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC). Repeated systemic administration of anti-cell adhesion molecule (anti-CAM) monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), i.e. anti-LFA-1 and anti-intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (anti-ICAM-1), in AK-5 tumour-bearing animals enhanced tumour growth and caused delayed regression. The immune suppression achieved after the administration of these antibodies could be attributed to the diminished cytotoxic, as well as apoptotic, activity of NK cells. The MoAbs selectively reduced the adhesion of NK cells to the tumour cells in vitro. Flow cytometric analysis showed down-regulation of Fas-ligand expression on NK and T cells following MoAb administration in vivo. Marked reduction in the lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity of NK cells was also observed after in vitro blocking of LFA-1 and ICAM-1 molecules. In addition, continuous MoAb administration induced suppression of the cytokine response. These results underline the importance of ligand binding between LFA-1 and ICAM-1, which could provide co-stimulation for the effector-cell functions via signalling events to induce cytotoxicity, apoptosis and cytokine production, resulting in the efficient regression of AK-5 tumour in syngeneic hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Divya Jyothi
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
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30
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Sieg S, Smith D, Kaplan D. Differential activity of soluble versus cellular Fas ligand: regulation by an accessory molecule. Cell Immunol 1999; 195:89-95. [PMID: 10448008 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1999.1530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fas ligand induces apoptosis by binding to its receptor Fas. This process has been shown to be important for activation-induced cell death of T lymphocytes, homeostasis of T cell numbers, cytotoxicity, and the maintenance of immunological privilege. Fas ligand is a type II membrane protein that is cleaved by a metalloproteinase to produce an active, soluble molecule. It has been found that a variety of target cells are differentially sensitive to soluble and membrane-associated forms of Fas ligand. However, the explanation for this differential activity has not been determined. One proposed explanation for this differential activity is that membrane-associated Fas ligand is more efficiently aggregated than soluble Fas ligand. Another possibility that we have investigated is that accessory molecules may act to enhance the activity of cellular Fas ligand. We have transfected cells to express membrane-associated Fas ligand and have characterized clones of these transfected cells in terms of Fas ligand and ICAM-1 surface expression. Enhanced activity was associated with enhanced levels of both Fas ligand and ICAM-1. Moreover, inhibition of ICAM-1 modulated the activity of membrane-associated Fas ligand so that its cellular specificity was similar to that of soluble Fas ligand. Thus, ICAM-1 plays a significant role in regulating Fas ligand activity, and this role explains, at least in part, the different functional attributes of the soluble versus the cell-associated molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sieg
- Case Western Reserve University, 2109 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4943, USA
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Wang J, Zheng L, Lobito A, Chan FK, Dale J, Sneller M, Yao X, Puck JM, Straus SE, Lenardo MJ. Inherited human Caspase 10 mutations underlie defective lymphocyte and dendritic cell apoptosis in autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type II. Cell 1999; 98:47-58. [PMID: 10412980 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Caspases are cysteine proteases that mediate programmed cell death in phylogenetically diverse multicellular organisms. We report here two kindreds with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) type II, characterized by abnormal lymphocyte and dendritic cell homeostasis and immune regulatory defects, that harbor independent missense mutations in Caspase 10. These encode amino acid substitutions that decrease caspase activity and interfere with death receptor-induced apoptosis, particularly that stimulated by Fas ligand and TRAIL. These results provide evidence that inherited nonlethal caspase abnormalities cause pleiotropic apoptosis defects underlying autoimmunity in ALPS type II.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Matsue H, Edelbaum D, Hartmann AC, Morita A, Bergstresser PR, Yagita H, Okumura K, Takashima A. Dendritic Cells Undergo Rapid Apoptosis In Vitro During Antigen-Specific Interaction with CD4+ T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.9.5287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The terminal fate of dendritic cells (DC) remains relatively uncertain. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that DC undergo apoptosis after Ag-specific interaction with T cells. When splenic DC isolated from BALB/c mice were cocultured with HDK-1 T cells (a keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-specific CD4+ Th1 clone) in the presence of KLH, they showed conspicuous cell death as measured by propidium iodide (PI) uptake and chromatin condensation, whereas they remained relatively intact when incubated with either T cells or KLH alone. Likewise, the long term DC line XS52, which was established from BALB/c mouse epidermis, also died rapidly (within 2 h), and they exhibited characteristic DNA laddering when cocultured with HDK-1 T cells in the presence of KLH. RT-PCR and FACS analyses revealed the expression of CD95 (Fas) by XS52 DC and of CD95 ligand (CD95L) (Fas ligand) by activated HDK-1 T cells, suggesting a functional role for these molecules. In fact, anti-CD95L mAb inhibited partially (50%) T cell-mediated XS52 cell death, and coupling of surface CD95 with anti-CD95 mAb triggered significant XS52 cell death, but only in the presence of cycloheximide. Thus, ligation of CD95 (on DC) with CD95L (on T cells) is one, but not the only, mechanism by which T cells induce DC death. Finally, DC isolated from the CD95-deficient mice were found to be significantly more efficient than DC from control mice in their capacity to induce delayed type hypersensitivity responses in vivo. We propose that T cell-induced DC apoptosis serves as a unique down-regulatory mechanism that prevents the interminable activation of T cells by Ag-bearing DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Matsue
- *Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235; and
| | - Dale Edelbaum
- *Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235; and
| | - Aubrey C. Hartmann
- *Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235; and
| | - Akimichi Morita
- *Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235; and
| | - Paul R. Bergstresser
- *Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235; and
| | - Hideo Yagita
- †Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ko Okumura
- †Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Takashima
- *Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235; and
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Thilenius ARB, Sabelko-Downes KA, Russell JH. The Role of the Antigen-Presenting Cell in Fas-Mediated Direct and Bystander Killing: Potential In Vivo Function of Fas in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.2.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Costimulatory molecules are critical in mediating Fas-dependent direct and bystander lysis. In direct lysis, the APC is the Fas-positive target. It presents Ag to the T cell, thereby activating the T cell. The activated T cell then up-regulates FasL, allowing it to kill the APC. In bystander lysis, the APC again induces FasL expression on the T cell, but the target is a third Fas-positive cell that may lack the appropriate MHC-restricting element to activate the T cell. This study shows that ICAM-1 and B7-1 can serve as important adhesion molecules in direct killing using CD4+ T cell effectors. In bystander killing, B7-1 appears to act as a signaling molecule as well. It has been demonstrated that lpr and gld mice are less susceptible to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis than their wild-type counterparts. In this study, we show that although microglia are poor targets of direct killing, they are capable of stimulating myelin basic protein-specific T cells to kill innocent Fas-positive targets. This presents a possible mechanism for the pathogenesis of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja R. B. Thilenius
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Kimberly A. Sabelko-Downes
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - John H. Russell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO 63110
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Limmer A, Sacher T, Alferink J, Nichterlein T, Arnold B, Hämmerling GJ. A two-step model for the induction of organ-specific autoimmunity. NOVARTIS FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 1998; 215:159-67; discussion 167-71, 186-90. [PMID: 9760578 DOI: 10.1002/9780470515525.ch12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral tolerance is considered to be a safeguard against autoimmunity but the mere existence of anergic T cells renders them potentially dangerous. Using transgenic mice that were tolerant to a foreign MHC class I antigen (Kb) exclusively expressed in the liver, we investigated whether reversal of tolerance in vivo would directly result in autoimmunity. Breaking of tolerance was achieved by application of tumour cells expressing both Kb and interleukin 2. Despite the fact that the respective mice were now able to reject Kb-positive grafts, the reversed T cells did not infiltrate and attack the Kb-positive liver. However, when the liver was 'conditioned' through an inflammatory reaction either by irradiation or by infection with Listeria, massive T cell infiltration and liver damage were observed in the reversed mice. The results show that at least two steps are required for autoimmunity: (1) activation of antigen-specific T cells, and (2) conditioning of the target organ. It will be important to determine the factors leading to conditioning but it is likely that adhesion molecules are involved. These experiments are not only of relevance for treatment of autoimmune disease but also for tumour therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Limmer
- Division of Molecular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Rathmell JC, Fournier S, Weintraub BC, Allison JP, Goodnow CC. Repression of B7.2 on self-reactive B cells is essential to prevent proliferation and allow Fas-mediated deletion by CD4(+) T cells. J Exp Med 1998; 188:651-9. [PMID: 9705947 PMCID: PMC2213352 DOI: 10.1084/jem.188.4.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral tolerance mechanisms normally prevent delivery of T cell help to anergic self-reactive B cells that accumulate in the T zones of spleen and lymph nodes. Chronic exposure to self-antigens desensitizes B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling on anergic B cells so that they are not stimulated into clonal expansion by CD4(+) T cells but instead are eliminated by Fas (CD95)-induced apoptosis. Because a range of BCR-induced signals and responses are repressed in anergic B cells, it is not known which of these are critical to regulate for Fas-mediated peripheral tolerance. Display of the costimulatory molecule, B7.2 (CD86), represents a potentially important early response to acute BCR engagement that is poorly induced by antigen on anergic B cells. We show here that restoring B7.2 expression on tolerant B cells using a constitutively expressed B7.2 transgene is sufficient to prevent Fas-mediated deletion and to trigger extensive T cell-dependent clonal expansion and autoantibody secretion in the presence of specific T cells. Dysregulated expression of B7.2 on tolerant B cells caused a more extreme reversal of peripheral tolerance than that caused by defects in Fas or Fas ligand, and resulted in T cell-dependent clonal expansion and antibody secretion comparable in magnitude to that made by foreign antigen-specific B cells. These findings demonstrate that repression of B7.2 is critical to eliminate autoreactive B cells by Fas in B cell-T cell interactions. The possible role of B7.2 dysregulation in systemic autoimmune diseases is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Rathmell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Smyth MJ, Krasovskis E, Johnstone RW. Fas ligand-mediated lysis of self bystander targets by human papillomavirus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Virol 1998; 72:5948-54. [PMID: 9621057 PMCID: PMC110399 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.7.5948-5954.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) reactive with a H-2Db-presented 9-mer peptide of the human papillomavirus type 16 protein E7(49-57) (RAHYNIVTF) were generated from the spleen cells of wild-type C57BL/6 (B6) or B6 perforin-deficient (B6.P0) mice. CD8(+) B6 CTL displayed peptide-specific perforin- and Fas-mediated lysis of E7-transfected mouse RMA lymphoma cells (RMA-E7), while CD8(+) CTL from B6.P0 mice lysed RMA-E7 cells via Fas ligand (FasL) exclusively. Rapid and efficient lysis of syngeneic bystander B6 blasts or RMA cells by either B6 or B6.P0 Ag-activated CTL was mediated by a FasL-Fas mechanism. Fas-resistant bystanders were not lysed, nor were allogeneic Fas-sensitive C3H/HeJ (H-2(k)) or BALB/c (H-2(d)) bystander blasts. Interestingly, however, phorbol myristate acetate-ionomycin preactivation of B6.P0 effectors enabled lysis of allogeneic H-2(k) and H-2(d) bystanders even in the absence of antigenic stimulation. Lysis of syngeneic bystander cells was always FasL-Fas dependent and required effector-bystander contact and, in particular, an interaction between CTL LFA-1 and bystander ICAM-1. Thus, in the context of major histocompatibility complex class I molecule-peptide ligation of the T-cell receptors of CD8(+) CTL, neighboring bystander cells that are syngeneic and Fas sensitive and express the adhesion molecule ICAM-1 are potential targets of CTL attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Smyth
- Cellular Cytotoxicity Laboratory, The Austin Research Institute, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia.
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Tsujimura K, Takahashi T, Iwase S, Matsudaira Y, Kaneko Y, Yagita H, Obata Y. Two Types of Anti-TL (Thymus Leukemia) CTL Clones with Distinct Target Specificities: Differences in Cytotoxic Mechanisms and Accessory Molecule Requirements. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.11.5253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
TCRαβ CTL clones recognizing mouse thymus leukemia (TL) Ags were established and categorized into two groups: those killing any TL+ target cells (type I) and those killing only TL+ Con A blasts (type II). Cold target inhibition assays showed that the antigenic determinant(s) recognized by type II clones are expressed not only on TL+ Con A blasts but also on other TL+ target cells. The relation of the target specificity to the killing machinery and the accessory molecules involved in cytotoxicity were therefore analyzed using four representative clones selected from each type. Of the target cells tested, Fas was only expressed on Con A blasts, indicating that Fas ligand (FasL)-dependent cytotoxicity is limited to such cells. All four type II and one of four type I clones expressed FasL on the surface, while both types contained perforin in the cytoplasm. Blocking studies using neutralizing anti-FasL mAbs and concanamycin A (CMA), a selective inhibitor of the perforin pathway, suggested that type I clones kill target cells by way of perforin, while type II clones kill TL+ Con A blasts through FasL together with perforin. For their cytotoxicity, type I CTLs require a signal through CD8, while type II require LFA-1/ICAM-1 interactions. Type II clones also need a costimulatory signal through an unknown molecule for perforin-dependent cytotoxicity. These results taken together suggest that the difference in the target specificity of anti-TL CTL clones is due to variation in the killing machineries and the dependence on accessory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Tsujimura
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya
| | | | - Shigeru Iwase
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya
- †Department of Chemical Hygiene and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya
| | - Yasue Matsudaira
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya
| | - Yoko Kaneko
- ‡Department for Geriatric Research, National Institute for Longevity Sciences, Obu; and
| | - Hideo Yagita
- §Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Obata
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya
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