1
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Golyako IA, Kuzmin VS, Gorbacheva LR. The effect of hyperglycemia on the activation of peritoneal macrophages of albino rats. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2023; 69:394-402. [PMID: 38153054 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20236906394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is one of the main damaging factors of diabetes mellitus (DM). The severity of this disease is most clearly manifested under conditions of the inflammatory process. In this work, we have studied the activation features of rat peritoneal macrophages (MPs) under conditions of high glucose concentration in vitro. Comparison of the independent and combined effects of streptozotocin-induced DM and hyperglycemia on proliferation and accumulation of nitrites in the MPs culture medium revealed similarity of their effects. Elevated glucose levels and, to a lesser extent, DM decreased basal proliferation and NO production by MPs in vitro. The use of the protein kinase C (PKC) activator, phorbol ester (PMA), abolished the proinflammatory effect of thrombin on PMs. This suggests the involvement of PKC in the effects of the protease. At the same time, the effect of thrombin on the level of nitrites in the culture medium demonstrates a pronounced dose-dependence, which was not recognized during evaluation of proliferation. Proinflammatory activation of MPs is potentiated by hyperglycemia, one of the main pathological factors of diabetes. Despite the fact that high concentrations of glucose have a significant effect on proliferation and NO production, no statistically significant differences were found between the responses of MPs obtained from healthy animals and from animals with streptozotocin-induced DM. This ratio was observed for all parameters studied in the work, during analysis of cell proliferation and measurement of nitrites in the culture medium. Thus, the results obtained indicate the leading role of elevated glucose levels in the regulation of MPs activation, which is comparable to the effect of DM and even "masks" it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V S Kuzmin
- Academician E.I. Chazov National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - L R Gorbacheva
- Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Bohovyk R, Khedr S, Levchenko V, Stefanenko M, Semenikhina M, Kravtsova O, Isaeva E, Geurts AM, Klemens CA, Palygin O, Staruschenko A. Protease-Activated Receptor 1-Mediated Damage of Podocytes in Diabetic Nephropathy. Diabetes 2023; 72:1795-1808. [PMID: 37722138 PMCID: PMC10658073 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
There is clinical evidence that increased urinary serine proteases are associated with the disease severity in the setting of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Elevation of serine proteases may mediate [Ca2+]i dynamics in podocytes through the protease-activated receptors (PARs) pathway, including associated activation of nonspecific cation channels. Cultured human podocytes and freshly isolated glomeruli were used for fluorescence and immunohistochemistry stainings, calcium imaging, Western blot analysis, scanning ion conductance microscopy, and patch clamp analysis. Goto-Kakizaki, Wistar, type 2 DN (T2DN), and a novel PAR1 knockout on T2DN rat background rats were used to test the importance of PAR1-mediated signaling in DN settings. We found that PAR1 activation increases [Ca2+]i via TRPC6 channels. Both human cultured podocytes exposed to high glucose and podocytes from freshly isolated glomeruli of T2DN rats had increased PAR1-mediated [Ca2+]i compared with controls. Imaging experiments revealed that PAR1 activation plays a role in podocyte morphological changes. T2DN rats exhibited a significantly higher response to thrombin and urokinase. Moreover, the plasma concentration of thrombin in T2DN rats was significantly elevated compared with Wistar rats. T2DNPar1-/- rats were embryonically lethal. T2DNPar1+/- rats had a significant decrease in glomerular damage associated with DN lesions. Overall, these data provide evidence that, during the development of DN, elevated levels of serine proteases promote an excessive [Ca2+]i influx in podocytes through PAR1-TRPC6 signaling, ultimately leading to podocyte apoptosis, the development of albuminuria, and glomeruli damage. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS Increased urinary serine proteases are associated with diabetic nephropathy. During the development of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes, the elevation of serine proteases could overstimulate protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1). PAR1 signaling is involved in the development of DN via TRPC6-mediated intracellular calcium signaling. This study provides fundamental knowledge that can be used to develop efficient therapeutic approaches targeting serine proteases or corresponding PAR pathways to prevent or slow the progression of diabetes-associated kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Bohovyk
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Sherif Khedr
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Vladislav Levchenko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Mariia Stefanenko
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Marharyta Semenikhina
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Olha Kravtsova
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Elena Isaeva
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Aron M. Geurts
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Christine A. Klemens
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
- Hypertension and Kidney Research Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Oleg Palygin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Alexander Staruschenko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
- Hypertension and Kidney Research Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
- James A. Haley Veterans’ Hospital, Tampa, FL
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3
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Lok SWY, Yiu WH, Zou Y, Xue R, Li H, Ma J, Chen J, Chan LYY, Lai KN, Tang SCW. Tubulovascular protection from protease-activated receptor-1 depletion during AKI-to-CKD transition. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2023; 38:2232-2247. [PMID: 36914214 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfad051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thromboembolic events are prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients due to increased thrombin generation leading to a hypercoagulable state. We previously demonstrated that inhibition of protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) by vorapaxar reduces kidney fibrosis. METHODS We used an animal model of unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced CKD to explore the tubulovascular crosstalk mechanisms of PAR-1 in acute kidney injury (AKI)-to-CKD transition. RESULTS During the early phase of AKI, PAR-1-deficient mice exhibited reduced kidney inflammation, vascular injury, and preserved endothelial integrity and capillary permeability. During the transition phase to CKD, PAR-1 deficiency preserved kidney function and diminished tubulointerstitial fibrosis via downregulated transforming growth factor-β/Smad signaling. Maladaptive repair in the microvasculature after AKI further exacerbated focal hypoxia with capillary rarefaction, which was rescued by stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor and increased tubular vascular endothelial growth factor A in PAR-1-deficient mice. Chronic inflammation was also prevented with reduced kidney infiltration by both M1- and M2-polarized macrophages. In thrombin-induced human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs), PAR-1 mediated vascular injury through activation of NF-κB and ERK MAPK pathways. Gene silencing of PAR-1 exerted microvascular protection via a tubulovascular crosstalk mechanism during hypoxia in HDMECs. Finally, pharmacologic blockade of PAR-1 with vorapaxar improved kidney morphology, promoted vascular regenerative capacity, and reduced inflammation and fibrosis depending on the time of initiation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings elucidate a detrimental role of PAR-1 in vascular dysfunction and profibrotic responses upon tissue injury during AKI-to-CKD transition and provide an attractive therapeutic strategy for post-injury repair in AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah W Y Lok
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Wai Han Yiu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Yixin Zou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Rui Xue
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Hongyu Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Jingyuan Ma
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Jiaoyi Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Loretta Y Y Chan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Kar Neng Lai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Sydney C W Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
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Gomchok D, Ge RL, Wuren T. Platelets in Renal Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14724. [PMID: 37834171 PMCID: PMC10572297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney disease is a major global health concern, affecting millions of people. Nephrologists have shown interest in platelets because of coagulation disorders caused by renal diseases. With a better understanding of platelets, it has been found that these anucleate and abundant blood cells not only play a role in hemostasis, but also have important functions in inflammation and immunity. Platelets are not only affected by kidney disease, but may also contribute to kidney disease progression by mediating inflammation and immune effects. This review summarizes the current evidence regarding platelet abnormalities in renal disease, and the multiple effects of platelets on kidney disease progression. The relationship between platelets and kidney disease is still being explored, and further research can provide mechanistic insights into the relationship between thrombosis, bleeding, and inflammation related to kidney disease, and elucidate targeted therapies for patients with kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drolma Gomchok
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, School of Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810001, China; (D.G.); (R.-L.G.)
| | - Ri-Li Ge
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, School of Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810001, China; (D.G.); (R.-L.G.)
- Key Laboratory for Application for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810001, China
| | - Tana Wuren
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, School of Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810001, China; (D.G.); (R.-L.G.)
- Key Laboratory for Application for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810001, China
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5
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May CJ, Chesor M, Hunter SE, Hayes B, Barr R, Roberts T, Barrington FA, Farmer L, Ni L, Jackson M, Snethen H, Tavakolidakhrabadi N, Goldstone M, Gilbert R, Beesley M, Lennon R, Foster R, Coward R, Welsh GI, Saleem MA. Podocyte protease activated receptor 1 stimulation in mice produces focal segmental glomerulosclerosis mirroring human disease signaling events. Kidney Int 2023; 104:265-278. [PMID: 36940798 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
About 30% of patients who have a kidney transplant with underlying nephrotic syndrome (NS) experience rapid relapse of disease in their new graft. This is speculated to be due to a host-derived circulating factor acting on podocytes, the target cells in the kidney, leading to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Our previous work suggests that podocyte membrane protease receptor 1 (PAR-1) is activated by a circulating factor in relapsing FSGS. Here, the role of PAR-1 was studied in human podocytes in vitro, and using a mouse model with developmental or inducible expression of podocyte-specific constitutively active PAR-1, and using biopsies from patients with nephrotic syndrome. In vitro podocyte PAR-1 activation caused a pro-migratory phenotype with phosphorylation of the kinase JNK, VASP protein and docking protein Paxillin. This signaling was mirrored in podocytes exposed to patient relapse-derived NS plasma and in patient disease biopsies. Both developmental and inducible activation of transgenic PAR-1 (NPHS2 Cre PAR-1Active+/-) caused early severe nephrotic syndrome, FSGS, kidney failure and, in the developmental model, premature death. We found that the non-selective cation channel protein TRPC6 could be a key modulator of PAR-1 signaling and TRPC6 knockout in our mouse model significantly improved proteinuria and extended lifespan. Thus, our work implicates podocyte PAR-1 activation as a key initiator of human NS circulating factor and that the PAR-1 signaling effects were partly modulated through TRPC6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl J May
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | - Bryony Hayes
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rachel Barr
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Tim Roberts
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | - Lan Ni
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Rodney Gilbert
- Renal Medicine and Nephrology, Southampton General Hospital, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Matt Beesley
- Pathology Department, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK
| | - Rachel Lennon
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medical and Health Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Richard Coward
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Moin A Saleem
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK.
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6
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Ollero M, Sahali D. Stage lighting on PAR-1: a step further in the understanding of acquired focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int 2023; 104:234-236. [PMID: 37479383 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic mechanisms of acquired focal and segmental glomerular sclerosis are only partially known and represent a medical challenge in nephrology. The article by May et al. sheds additional light on previous data indicating the key role of the protease-activated receptor 1. The new evidence is based on in vivo studies in relevant animal models and on patient biopsies and represents a significant step forward in the understanding of this pathologic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ollero
- University Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Créteil, France
| | - Dil Sahali
- University Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Créteil, France; Service Néphrologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France.
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In Kim H, Lee GB, Song DE, Sanjel B, Lee WJ, Shim WS. FSLLRY-NH 2, a protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) antagonist, activates mas-related G protein-coupled receptor C11 (MrgprC11) to induce scratching behaviors in mice. Life Sci 2023; 325:121786. [PMID: 37201698 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), plays a significant role in pathophysiological conditions such as inflammation. A synthetic peptide SLIGRL-NH2 (SLIGRL) can activate PAR2, while FSLLRY-NH2 (FSLLRY) is an antagonist. A previous study showed that SLIGRL activates both PAR2 and mas-related G protein-coupled receptor C11 (MrgprC11), a different type of GPCR expressed in sensory neurons. However, the impact of FSLLRY on MrgprC11 and its human ortholog MRGPRX1 was not verified. Hence, the present study aims to verify the effect of FSLLRY on MrgprC11 and MRGPRX1. METHODS The calcium imaging technique was applied to determine the effect of FSLLRY in HEK293T cells expressing MrgprC11/MRGPRX1 or dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. Scratching behavior was also investigated in wild-type and PAR2 knockout mice after injecting FSLLRY. KEY FINDINGS It was surprisingly discovered that FSLLRY specifically activates MrgprC11 in a dose-dependent manner, but not other MRGPR subtypes. Furthermore, FSLLRY also moderately activated MRGPRX1. FSLLRY stimulates downstream pathways including Gαq/11, phospholipase C, IP3 receptor, and TRPC ion channels to evoke an increase in the intracellular calcium levels. The molecular docking analysis predicted that FSLLRY interacts with the orthosteric binding pocket of MrgprC11 and MRGPRX1. Finally, FSLLRY activated primary cultures of mouse sensory neurons, and induced scratching behaviors in mice. SIGNIFICANCE The present study has revealed that FSLLRY is capable of triggering itch sensation through activation of MrgprC11. This finding highlights the importance of considering the unexpected activation of MRGPRs in future therapeutic approaches aimed at the inhibition of PAR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye In Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambangmoe-ro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Baek Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambangmoe-ro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Eun Song
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambangmoe-ro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hambangmoe-ro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Babina Sanjel
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambangmoe-ro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hambangmoe-ro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Wook-Joo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambangmoe-ro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hambangmoe-ro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Shim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambangmoe-ro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hambangmoe-ro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Boudries D, Massot P, Parzy E, Seren S, Mellet P, Franconi JM, Miraux S, Bezançon E, Marque SRA, Audran G, Muetzel M, Wintzheimer S, Fidler F, Thiaudiere E. A system for in vivo on-demand ultra-low field Overhauser-enhanced 3D-Magnetic resonance imaging. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2023; 348:107383. [PMID: 36724576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Development of very-low field MRI is an active area of research. It aims at reducing operating costs and improve portability. However, the signal-to-noise issue becomes prominent at ultra-low field (<1 mT), especially for molecular imaging purposes that addresses specific biochemical events. In the context of preclinical molecular MRI of abnormal proteolysis the paper describes a MRI system able to produce Overhauser-enhanced MR images in living rats through in situ Dynamic Nuclear Polarization at 206 µT using stable and non-toxic nitroxides. In parallel conventional images are generated at 206 µT following pre-polarization at 20 mT. Results show that nitroxides are visualized in 3D within a few minutes in the lungs, kidneys and bladder post-administration. This system will be used for molecular imaging of inflammation using protease-specific nitroxide probes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philippe Massot
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CRMSB, UMR 5536, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Elodie Parzy
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CRMSB, UMR 5536, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Seda Seren
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CRMSB, UMR 5536, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe Mellet
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CRMSB, UMR 5536, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Sylvain Miraux
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CRMSB, UMR 5536, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Eric Bezançon
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CRMSB, UMR 5536, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sylvain R A Marque
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, F-13013 Marseille, France
| | - Gérard Audran
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, F-13013 Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Florian Fidler
- Würzburg University Fraunhofer IIS D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eric Thiaudiere
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CRMSB, UMR 5536, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
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9
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Huang Y, Zhao X, Zhang Q, Yang X, Hou G, Peng C, Jia M, Zhou L, Yamamoto T, Zheng J. Novel therapeutic perspectives for crescentic glomerulonephritis through targeting parietal epithelial cell activation and proliferation. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:55-69. [PMID: 36738160 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2177534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kidney injury is clinically classified as crescentic glomerulonephritis (CrGN) when ≥50% of the glomeruli in a biopsy sample contain crescentic lesions. However, current strategies, such as systemic immunosuppressive therapy and plasmapheresis for CrGN, are partially effective, and these drugs have considerable systemic side effects. Hence, targeted therapy to prevent glomerular crescent formation and expansion remains an unmet clinical need. AREAS COVERED Hyperproliferative parietal epithelial cells (PECs) are the main constituent cells of the glomerular crescent with cell-tracing evidence. Crescents obstruct the flow of primary urine, pressure the capillaries, and degenerate the affected nephrons. We reviewed the markers of PEC activation and proliferation, potential therapeutic effects of thrombin and thrombin receptor inhibitors, and how podocytes cross-talk with PECs. These experiments may help identify potential early specific targets for the prevention and treatment of glomerular crescentic injury. EXPERT OPINION Inhibiting PEC activation and proliferation in CrGN can alleviate glomerular crescent progression, which has been supported by preclinical studies with evidence of genetic deletion. Clarifying the outcome of PEC transformation to the podocyte phenotype and suppressing thrombin, thrombin receptors, and PEC hyperproliferation in early therapeutic strategies will be the research goals in the next ten years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Huang
- School of Pediatric Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xueru Zhao
- School of Pediatric Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qiushuang Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Gailing Hou
- School of Pediatric Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chaoqun Peng
- School of Pediatric Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Mengzhen Jia
- School of Pediatric Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Li Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tatsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Nephrology, Fujieda Municipal General Hospital, 4-1-11 Surugadai, Fujieda, Japan
| | - Jian Zheng
- Institute of Pediatrics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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10
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Peach CJ, Edgington-Mitchell LE, Bunnett NW, Schmidt BL. Protease-activated receptors in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:717-785. [PMID: 35901239 PMCID: PMC9662810 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases are signaling molecules that specifically control cellular functions by cleaving protease-activated receptors (PARs). The four known PARs are members of the large family of G protein-coupled receptors. These transmembrane receptors control most physiological and pathological processes and are the target of a large proportion of therapeutic drugs. Signaling proteases include enzymes from the circulation; from immune, inflammatory epithelial, and cancer cells; as well as from commensal and pathogenic bacteria. Advances in our understanding of the structure and function of PARs provide insights into how diverse proteases activate these receptors to regulate physiological and pathological processes in most tissues and organ systems. The realization that proteases and PARs are key mediators of disease, coupled with advances in understanding the atomic level structure of PARs and their mechanisms of signaling in subcellular microdomains, has spurred the development of antagonists, some of which have advanced to the clinic. Herein we review the discovery, structure, and function of this receptor system, highlight the contribution of PARs to homeostatic control, and discuss the potential of PAR antagonists for the treatment of major diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J Peach
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Laura E Edgington-Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Brian L Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
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11
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Lee-Rivera I, López E, López-Colomé AM. Diversification of PAR signaling through receptor crosstalk. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:77. [PMID: 36088291 PMCID: PMC9463773 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease activated receptors (PARs) are among the first receptors shown to transactivate other receptors: noticeably, these interactions are not limited to members of the same family, but involve receptors as diverse as receptor kinases, prostanoid receptors, purinergic receptors and ionic channels among others. In this review, we will focus on the evidence for PAR interactions with members of their own family, as well as with other types of receptors. We will discuss recent evidence as well as what we consider as emerging areas to explore; from the signalling pathways triggered, to the physiological and pathological relevance of these interactions, since this additional level of molecular cross-talk between receptors and signaling pathways is only beginning to be explored and represents a novel mechanism providing diversity to receptor function and play important roles in physiology and disease.
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Goyal S, Sood A, Gautam I, Pradhan S, Mondal P, Singh G, Jaura RS, Singh TG, Sibia RS. Serum protease-activated receptor (PAR-1) levels as a potential biomarker for diagnosis of inflammation in type 2 diabetic patients. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:1843-1851. [PMID: 35974263 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is a prominent clinical manifestation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, often associated with insulin resistance, metabolic dysregulation, and other complications. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study has been designed to check the serum levels of PAR-1 and correlate with various clinical manifestations and inflammatory cytokines levels in type 2 diabetic subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study population was divided into two groups, healthy volunteers (n = 15): normal glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (4.26 ± 0.55) and type 2 diabetic subjects (n = 30): HbA1c levels (7.80 ± 2.41). The serum levels of PAR-1 (ELISA method) were studied in both groups and correlated with demographic parameters age, weight, body mass index (BMI), and conventional inflammation biomarkers like C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). RESULTS The demographic variables including the body weight (77.38 ± 10.00 vs. controls 55.26 ± 6.99), BMI (29.39 ± 3.61 vs. controls 25.25 ± 4.01), glycemic index HbA1c (7.80 ± 2.41 vs. controls 4.26 ± 0.55) were found to be statistically increased in T2DM subjects than the healthy control group. The levels of various inflammatory biomarkers and PAR-1 were significantly elevated in T2DM groups in comparison to healthy volunteers. The univariate and multivariate regression analysis revealed that elevated PAR-1 levels positively correlated with increased body weight, BMI, HbA1c, and inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that the elevated serum PAR-1 levels serve as an independent predictor of inflammation in T2DM subjects and might have prognostic value for determining T2DM progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Goyal
- Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Ankita Sood
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh-Patiala National Highway (NH-64), Tehsil, Rajpura District, Patiala, 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Isha Gautam
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh-Patiala National Highway (NH-64), Tehsil, Rajpura District, Patiala, 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Soumyadip Pradhan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh-Patiala National Highway (NH-64), Tehsil, Rajpura District, Patiala, 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Puskar Mondal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh-Patiala National Highway (NH-64), Tehsil, Rajpura District, Patiala, 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Gaaminepreet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh-Patiala National Highway (NH-64), Tehsil, Rajpura District, Patiala, 140401, Punjab, India.
| | - Ravinder Singh Jaura
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh-Patiala National Highway (NH-64), Tehsil, Rajpura District, Patiala, 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh-Patiala National Highway (NH-64), Tehsil, Rajpura District, Patiala, 140401, Punjab, India
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13
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Chen H, Smith M, Herz J, Li T, Hasley R, Le Saout C, Zhu Z, Cheng J, Gronda A, Martina JA, Irusta PM, Karpova T, McGavern DB, Catalfamo M. The role of protease-activated receptor 1 signaling in CD8 T cell effector functions. iScience 2021; 24:103387. [PMID: 34841225 PMCID: PMC8605340 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells are essential for adaptive immunity against viral infections. Protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is expressed by CD8 T cells; however, its role in T cell effector function is not well defined. Here we show that in human CD8 T cells, PAR1 stimulation accelerates calcium mobilization. Furthermore, PAR1 is involved in cytotoxic T cell function by facilitating granule trafficking via actin polymerization and repositioning of the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) toward the immunological synapse. In vivo, PAR1−/− mice have reduced cytokine-producing T cells in response to a lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection and fail to efficiently control the virus. Specific deletion of PAR1 in LCMV GP33-specific CD8 T cells results in reduced expansion and diminished effector function. These data demonstrate that PAR1 plays a role in T cell activation and function, and this pathway could represent a new therapeutic strategy to modulate CD8 T cell effector function. PAR1 signaling in human CD8 T cells accelerates TCR-induced calcium mobilization PAR1 participates in the repositioning of the MTOC at the immunological synapse PAR1 facilitates polarized secretion of cytotoxic granules at the immunological synapse PAR1−/− Gp33-specific CD8 T cells show reduced expansion and effector function
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.,Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mindy Smith
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jasmin Herz
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rebecca Hasley
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cecile Le Saout
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ziang Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andres Gronda
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - José A Martina
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pablo M Irusta
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tatiana Karpova
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marta Catalfamo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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14
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Lack of miRNA-17 family mediates high glucose-induced PAR-1 upregulation in glomerular mesangial cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2021; 395:77-85. [PMID: 34792626 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02184-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Upregulation of thrombin receptor protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) is verified to contribute to chronic kidney diseases, including diabetic nephropathy; however, the mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of PAR-1 on high glucose-induced proliferation of human glomerular mesangial cells (HMCs), and explored the mechanism of PAR-1 upregulation from alteration of microRNAs. We found that high glucose stimulated proliferation of the mesangial cells whereas PAR-1 inhibition with vorapaxar attenuated the cell proliferation. Moreover, high glucose upregulated PAR-1 in mRNA level and protein expression while did not affect the enzymatic activity of thrombin in HMCs after 48 h culture. Then high glucose induced PAR-1 elevation was likely due to the alteration of the transcription or post-transcriptional processing. It was found that miR-17 family members including miR-17-5p, -20a-5p, and -93-5p were significantly decreased among the eight detected microRNAs only in high glucose-cultured HMCs, but miR-129-5p, miR-181a-5p, and miR-181b-5p were markedly downregulated in both high glucose-cultured HMCs and equivalent osmotic press control compared with normal glucose culture. So miR-20a was selected to confirm the role of miR-17 family on PAR-1 upregulation, finding that miR-20a-5p overexpression reversed the upregulation of PAR-1 in mRNA and protein levels induced by high glucose in HMCs. In summary, our finding indicated that PAR-1 upregulation mediated proliferation of glomerular mesangial cells induced by high glucose, and deficiency of miR-17 family resulted in PAR-1 upregulation.
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15
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Oe Y, Miyazaki M, Takahashi N. Coagulation, Protease-Activated Receptors, and Diabetic Kidney Disease: Lessons from eNOS-Deficient Mice. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2021; 255:1-8. [PMID: 34511578 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.255.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) dysfunction is known to exacerbate the progression and prognosis of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). One of the mechanisms through which this is achieved is that low eNOS levels are associated with hypercoagulability, which promotes kidney injury. In the extrinsic coagulation cascade, the tissue factor (factor III) and downstream coagulation factors, such as active factor X (FXa), exacerbate inflammation through activation of the protease-activated receptors (PARs). Recently, it has been shown that the lack of or reduced eNOS expression in diabetic mice, as a model of advanced DKD, increases renal tissue factor levels and PAR1 and 2 expression in their kidneys. Furthermore, pharmaceutical inhibition or genetic deletion of coagulation factors or PARs ameliorated inflammation in DKD in mice lacking eNOS. In this review, we summarize the relationship between eNOS, coagulation, and PARs and propose a novel therapeutic option for the management of patients with DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Oe
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Mariko Miyazaki
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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16
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Parietal epithelial cell dysfunction in crescentic glomerulonephritis. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 385:345-354. [PMID: 34453566 PMCID: PMC8523405 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Crescentic glomerulonephritis represents a group of kidney diseases characterized by rapid loss of kidney function and the formation of glomerular crescents. While the role of the immune system has been extensively studied in relation to the development of crescents, recent findings show that parietal epithelial cells play a key role in the pathophysiology of crescent formation, even in the absence of immune modulation. This review highlights our current understanding of parietal epithelial cell biology and the reported physiological and pathological roles that these cells play in glomerular lesion formation, especially in the context of crescentic glomerulonephritis.
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17
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Rabinovitch E, Mihara K, Sananes A, Zaretsky M, Heyne M, Shifman J, Aharoni A, Hollenberg MD, Papo N. A KLK4 proteinase substrate capture approach to antagonize PAR1. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16170. [PMID: 34373558 PMCID: PMC8352894 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95666-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor-1 (PAR1), triggered by thrombin and other serine proteinases such as tissue kallikrein-4 (KLK4), is a key driver of inflammation, tumor invasiveness and tumor metastasis. The PAR1 transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor therefore represents an attractive target for therapeutic inhibitors. We thus used a computational design to develop a new PAR1 antagonist, namely, a catalytically inactive human KLK4 that acts as a proteinase substrate-capture reagent, preventing receptor cleavage (and hence activation) by binding to and occluding the extracellular R41-S42 canonical PAR1 proteolytic activation site. On the basis of in silico site-saturation mutagenesis, we then generated KLK4S207A,L185D, a first-of-a-kind 'decoy' PAR1 inhibitor, by mutating the S207A and L185D residues in wild-type KLK4, which strongly binds to PAR1. KLK4S207A,L185D markedly inhibited PAR1 cleavage, and PAR1-mediated MAPK/ERK activation as well as the migration and invasiveness of melanoma cells. This 'substrate-capturing' KLK4 variant, engineered to bind to PAR1, illustrates proof of principle for the utility of a KLK4 'proteinase substrate capture' approach to regulate proteinase-mediated PAR1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eitan Rabinovitch
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Koishiro Mihara
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Amiram Sananes
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Marianna Zaretsky
- Department of Life Sciences, National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Michael Heyne
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram Campus, 91906, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Julia Shifman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram Campus, 91906, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amir Aharoni
- Department of Life Sciences, National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Niv Papo
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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18
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Meier Bürgisser G, Heuberger DM, Giovanoli P, Calcagni M, Buschmann J. Delineation of the healthy rabbit kidney by immunohistochemistry - A technical note. Acta Histochem 2021; 123:151701. [PMID: 33691202 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Pre-clinical animal models are needed to investigate and study kidney injuries and diseases. The rabbit kidney model is frequently used because various important parameters can be assessed with it. For example, histology and immunohistochemistry are indispensable as tissue morphology and composition can be investigated qualitatively as well as quantitatively. Here, different histological and immunohistochemical stainings were performed in the rabbit healthy naïve kidney tissue. First, overnight formalin fixation followed by paraffin embedding and cryopreservation with a subsequent 10-minute formalin fixation prior to staining were compared. Cryosections showed a more pronounced staining pattern, with clear borders at low magnifications, but blurred borders at higher magnifications. Then, antigen retrieval (AR) for paraffin embedded sections resulted in more prominent corresponding signals compared to stainings without AR. Moreover, several advantages and disadvantages of chromogenic versus immunofluorescence stainings were considered. Chromogenic staining was advantageous compared to immunofluorescence for collagen I and III, and to a minor degree for fibronectin. Finally, distinct structures, such as the pelvis, the calices, the glomeruli and tubuli, were stained in serial sections with diverse immunohistochemical stainings in order to delineate their composition. The following stainings were performed: standard Haematoxylin&Eosin and Elastica van Gieson staining, collagen I, collagen III, fibronectin, α-SMA, ki-67 and protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2). While chromogenic stainings of collagen I and collagen III were particularly useful to depict kidney structures in paraffin sections compared with cryosections, cryosections immunofluorescently stained for α-SMA were superior to paraffin sections, particularly at higher magnifications. With regard to specific structures, we found renal vessel walls positive for fibronectin and α-SMA, while the Bowman's capsule was only positive for fibronectin and α-SMA showed only tiny spots. The mesangial cells of the glomeruli and the distal tubuli were PAR-2 positive, while the proximal tubuli were PAR-2 negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Meier Bürgisser
- Division of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Dorothea M Heuberger
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Pietro Giovanoli
- Division of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Calcagni
- Division of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Buschmann
- Division of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland.
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The PAR-1 antagonist vorapaxar ameliorates kidney injury and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 134:2873-2891. [PMID: 33078834 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 has emerged as a key profibrotic player in various organs including kidney. PAR-1 activation leads to deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the tubulointerstitium and induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during renal fibrosis. We tested the anti-fibrotic potential of vorapaxar, a clinically approved PAR-1 antagonist for cardiovascular protection, in an experimental kidney fibrosis model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and an AKI-to-chronic kidney disease (CKD) transition model of unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury (UIRI), and dissected the underlying renoprotective mechanisms using rat tubular epithelial cells. PAR-1 is activated mostly in the renal tubules in both the UUO and UIRI models of renal fibrosis. Vorapaxar significantly reduced kidney injury and ameliorated morphologic changes in both models. Amelioration of kidney fibrosis was evident from down-regulation of fibronectin (Fn), collagen and α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) in the injured kidney. Mechanistically, inhibition of PAR-1 inhibited MAPK ERK1/2 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-mediated Smad signaling, and suppressed oxidative stress, overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and macrophage infiltration into the kidney. These beneficial effects were recapitulated in cultured tubular epithelial cells in which vorapaxar ameliorated thrombin- and hypoxia-induced TGF-β expression and ECM accumulation. In addition, vorapaxar mitigated capillary loss and the expression of adhesion molecules on the vascular endothelium during AKI-to-CKD transition. The PAR-1 antagonist vorapaxar protects against kidney fibrosis during UUO and UIRI. Its efficacy in human CKD in addition to CV protection warrants further investigation.
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Gomez-Fernández P, Martín Santana A, Arjona Barrionuevo JDD. Oral anticoagulation in chronic kidney disease with atrial fibrillation. Nefrologia 2021; 41:137-153. [PMID: 36165375 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefroe.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and atrial fibrillation (AF) frequently coexist, amplifying the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality. In patients with CKD stage 3 and non-valvular AF, direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have shown, compared to vitamin K antagonists (VKA), equal or greater efficacy in the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism, and greater safety. There are no randomizedtrials of the efficacy and safety of DOACs and VKA in advanced CKD. On the other hand, observational studies suggest that DOACs, compared to warfarin, are associated with a lower risk of acute kidney damage and generation/progression of CKD. This paper reviews the epidemiological and pathophysiological aspects of the CKD and AF association, the evidence of the efficacy and safety of warfarin and ACODs in various stages of CKD with AF as well as the comparison between warfarin and ACODs in efficacy and anticoagulant safety, and in its renal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Gomez-Fernández
- Unidad de Factores de Riesgo Vascular, Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario de Jerez, Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz, Spain.
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21
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Wilkinson H, Leonard H, Chen D, Lawrence T, Robson M, Goossens P, McVey JH, Dorling A. PAR-1 signaling on macrophages is required for effective in vivo delayed-type hypersensitivity responses. iScience 2021; 24:101981. [PMID: 33458623 PMCID: PMC7797913 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses underpin chronic inflammation. Using a model of oxazolone-induced dermatitis and a combination of transgenic mice, adoptive cell transfer, and selective agonists/antagonists against protease activated receptors, we show that that PAR-1 signaling on macrophages by thrombin is required for effective granuloma formation. Using BM-derived macrophages (BMMs) in vitro, we show that thrombin signaling induced (a) downregulation of cell membrane reverse cholesterol transporter ABCA1 and (b) increased expression of IFNγ receptor and enhanced co-localization within increased areas of cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains. These two key phenotypic changes combined to make thrombin-primed BMMs sensitive to M1 polarization by 1000-fold less IFNγ, compared to resting BMMs. We confirm that changes in ABCA1 expression were directly responsible for the exquisite sensitivity to IFNγ in vitro and for the impact on granuloma formation in vivo. These data indicate that PAR-1 signaling plays a hitherto unrecognized and critical role in DTH responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Wilkinson
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Hugh Leonard
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Daxin Chen
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Toby Lawrence
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Michael Robson
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Pieter Goossens
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229HX Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - John H McVey
- School of Bioscience & Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Anthony Dorling
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
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22
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A direct thrombin inhibitor, dabigatran etexilate protects from renal fibrosis by inhibiting protease activated receptor-1. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 893:173838. [PMID: 33359646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) involves interstitial fibrosis as an influential underlying pathological process associated with compromised renal function regardless of etiological cause of the injury. The tubulointerstitial fibrosis is found to be well correlated with declining renal function and its subsequent culmination into renal failure. Given the prominent role of thrombin in multiple diseases, it was tempting for us to investigate the outcome of a direct thrombin inhibitor in renal injury. We investigated the involvement of thrombin in renal injury and fibrosis by using an FDA approved orally active, direct thrombin inhibitor, dabigatran etexilate (DB). We used a robust experimental model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced renal injury which shows progressive tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF) along with tubular injury and inflammation. The obstructed kidney showed severe TIF as compared to control kidneys. The administration of DB significantly inhibited UUO-induced collagen-1 and TIF by inhibition of thrombin activated protease activated receptor (PAR)-1 expression in fibrotic kidney. In addition, DB administration improved histoarchitecture of obstructed kidney, inhibited TGF-β and SNAI2-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program. Our study highlights the importance of thrombin signalling in TIF and provides strong evidences to support the notion that a direct thrombin inhibitor ameliorates TIF by PAR-1 mediated mechanism.
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Aliter KF, Al-Horani RA. Thrombin Inhibition by Argatroban: Potential Therapeutic Benefits in COVID-19. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2020; 35:195-203. [PMID: 32870433 PMCID: PMC7459262 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-020-07066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin is a trypsin-like serine protease with multiple physiological functions. Its role in coagulation and thrombosis is well-established. Nevertheless, thrombin also plays a major role in inflammation by activating protease-activated receptors. In addition, thrombin is also involved in angiogenesis, fibrosis, and viral infections. Considering the pathogenesis of COVID-19 pandemic, thrombin inhibitors may exert multiple potential therapeutic benefits including antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral activities. In this review, we describe the clinical features of COVID-19, the thrombin’s roles in various pathologies, and the potential of argatroban in COVID-19 patients. Argatroban is a synthetic, small molecule, direct, competitive, and selective inhibitor of thrombin. It is approved to parenterally prevent and/or treat heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in addition to other thrombotic conditions. Argatroban also possesses anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities and has a well-established pharmacokinetics profile. It also appears to lack a significant risk of drug–drug interactions with therapeutics currently being evaluated for COVID-19. Thus, argatroban presents a substantial promise in treating severe cases of COVID-19; however, this promise is yet to be established in randomized, controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kholoud F Aliter
- Department of Chemistry, School of STEM, Dillard University, New Orleans, LA, 70122, USA
| | - Rami A Al-Horani
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA, 70125-1089, USA.
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24
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Role of the coagulation system in the pathogenesis of sickle cell disease. Blood Adv 2020; 3:3170-3180. [PMID: 31648337 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited monogenic red blood cell disorder affecting millions worldwide. SCD causes vascular occlusions, chronic hemolytic anemia, and cumulative organ damage such as nephropathy, pulmonary hypertension, pathologic heart remodeling, and liver necrosis. Coagulation system activation, a conspicuous feature of SCD that causes chronic inflammation, is an important component of SCD pathophysiology. The key coagulation factor, thrombin (factor IIa [FIIa]), is both a central protease in hemostasis and thrombosis and a key modifier of inflammation. Pharmacologic or genetic reduction of circulating prothrombin in Berkeley sickle mice significantly improves survival, ameliorates vascular inflammation, and results in markedly reduced end-organ damage. Accordingly, factors both upstream and downstream of thrombin, such as the tissue factor-FX complex, fibrinogen, platelets, von Willebrand factor, FXII, high-molecular-weight kininogen, etc, also play important roles in SCD pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the various aspects of coagulation system activation and their roles in the pathophysiology of SCD.
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Hirudin Ameliorates Renal Interstitial Fibrosis via Regulating TGF- β1/Smad and NF- κB Signaling in UUO Rat Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:7291075. [PMID: 32714415 PMCID: PMC7336220 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7291075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Hirudin, a polypeptide structure containing 65 amino acids, is a potent natural thrombin inhibitor with anticoagulant property extracted from Hirudo medicinalis. It has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic property. Here we explored the renoprotective effect of hirudin on unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) induced renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF). Methods Rats were randomly divided into five groups: sham group, UUO alone group, and three UUO + hirudin-treatment groups (10, 20, or 40 IU/kg/d, for 14 continuous days). At the end of the experiment period, animals were sacrificed. Pathologic changes in renal specimens were observed using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and Masson staining. The expressions of collagen III (Col III), fibronectin (FN), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1), and proteins in the TGF-β1/Smad and NF-κB pathways in renal tissues were examined by immunohistochemistry and/or Western blotting. Results HE and Masson staining showed that hirudin-treated UUO rats had lower extent of renal injury and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) in renal interstitium than those in the UUO group. The results of immunohistochemistry and WB indicated decreased protein expressions of Col III, FN, α-SMA, PAR-1, and inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 after hirudin treatment. Furthermore, hirudin reduced the expressions of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), phosphorylated-Smad2, and phosphorylated-Smad3 in the UUO model. In parallel, we found inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling after hirudin treatment, with downregulated protein expressions of P65, phosphorylated-P65, and phosphorylated-iκBα and increased iκBα. Conclusion Hirudin improves kidney injury and suppresses inflammatory response and ECM accumulation in UUO rats; its underlying mechanism may be associated with the inhibition of TGF-β1/Smad and NF-κB signaling.
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Kanazawa N, Iyoda M, Tachibana S, Matsumoto K, Wada Y, Suzuki T, Iseri K, Shibata T. Therapeutic Potential of Thrombomodulin in Renal Fibrosis of Nephrotoxic Serum Nephritis in Wistar-Kyoto Rats. Kidney Blood Press Res 2020; 45:391-406. [PMID: 32146474 DOI: 10.1159/000506286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin (rhTM) was approved in 2008 and has been used for treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation in Japan. The antifibrotic effects of rhTM in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis are well established, but the therapeutic potential of rhTM in renal fibrosis remains poorly understood. METHODS Nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NTS-N) was induced in 22 female Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats on day 0. Rats were administered either rhTM or vehicle intraperitoneally, every day from day 4 to day 55. Rats were sacrificed on day 56 when renal fibrosis was established and renal morphological investigations were performed. In vitro, rat renal fibroblasts (NRK-49F) were pretreated with rhTM or saline, and expression levels of profibrogenic gene induced by thrombin were analyzed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Compared to WKY-GN-vehicle rats, the body weights of WKY-GN-rhTM rats were significantly greater on day 55. By day 56, rhTM had significantly reduced serum creatinine levels in NTS-N. On the other hand, urinary protein excretion was comparable between the two treatment groups throughout the study. The percentage of Masson trichrome-positive areas in WKY-GN-rhTM rats was significantly lower compared to that in WKY-GN-vehicle rats. Glomerular fibrin deposition was significantly reduced in WKY-GN-rhTM rats. In addition, rhTM significantly reduced the renal cortical mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, Toll-like receptor 4, MYD88, TGF-β, αSMA, collagen I, collagen III, fibronectin, and protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1), a thrombin receptor. In vitro, thrombin stimulation of NRK-49F cells significantly enhanced the mRNA expression levels of αSMA and PAR1, and these upregulations were significantly reduced by pretreatment with rhTM. CONCLUSIONS Administration of rhTM after establishment of crescentic glomerulonephritis (GN) attenuated the subsequent development of renal fibrosis in NTS-N, possibly in part by inhibiting thrombin-mediated fibrogenesis. Our results suggest that rhTM may offer a therapeutic option for limiting the progression of chronic kidney disease in crescentic GN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Kanazawa
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Iyoda
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan,
| | - Shohei Tachibana
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Matsumoto
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Wada
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taihei Suzuki
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Iseri
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Shibata
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that renal inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and that anti-inflammatory therapies might have renoprotective effects in DKD. Immune cells and resident renal cells that activate innate immunity have critical roles in triggering and sustaining inflammation in this setting. Evidence from clinical and experimental studies suggests that several innate immune pathways have potential roles in the pathogenesis and progression of DKD. Toll-like receptors detect endogenous danger-associated molecular patterns generated during diabetes and induce a sterile tubulointerstitial inflammatory response via the NF-κB signalling pathway. The NLRP3 inflammasome links sensing of metabolic stress in the diabetic kidney to activation of pro-inflammatory cascades via the induction of IL-1β and IL-18. The kallikrein-kinin system promotes inflammatory processes via the generation of bradykinins and the activation of bradykinin receptors, and activation of protease-activated receptors on kidney cells by coagulation enzymes contributes to renal inflammation and fibrosis in DKD. In addition, hyperglycaemia leads to protein glycation and activation of the complement cascade via recognition of glycated proteins by mannan-binding lectin and/or dysfunction of glycated complement regulatory proteins. Data from preclinical studies suggest that targeting these innate immune pathways could lead to novel therapies for DKD.
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Zalfa C, Azmoon P, Mantuano E, Gonias SL. Tissue-type plasminogen activator neutralizes LPS but not protease-activated receptor-mediated inflammatory responses to plasmin. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:729-740. [PMID: 30690783 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0818-329rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) activates fibrinolysis and also suppresses innate immune system responses to LPS in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and in vivo in mice. The objective of this study was to assess the activity of tPA as a regulator of macrophage physiology in the presence of plasmin. Enzymatically active and enzymatically inactive (EI) tPA appeared to comprehensively block the response to LPS in BMDMs, including expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and IL-1 receptor antagonist. The activity of EI-tPA as an LPS response modifier was conserved in the presence of plasminogen. By contrast, in BMDMs treated with tPA and plasminogen or preactivated plasmin, in the presence or absence of LPS, increased proinflammatory cytokine expression was observed and tPA failed to reverse the response. Plasmin independently activated NF-κB, ERK1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in BMDMs, which is characteristic of proinflammatory stimuli. Plasmin-induced cytokine expression was blocked by ε-aminocaproic acid, aprotinin, and inhibitors of the known plasmin substrate, Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), but not by N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor inhibitor, which blocks the effects of tPA on macrophages. Cytokine expression by BMDMs treated with the PAR-1 agonist, TFLLR, was not inhibited by EI-tPA, possibly explaining why EI-tPA does not inhibit macrophage responses to plasmin and providing evidence for specificity in the ability of tPA to oppose proinflammatory stimuli. Regulation of innate immunity by the fibrinolysis system may reflect the nature of the stimulus and a balance between the potentially opposing activities of tPA and plasmin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Zalfa
- The Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Pardis Azmoon
- The Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Elisabetta Mantuano
- The Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,The Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Steven L Gonias
- The Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Verdecchia P, Reboldi G, Angeli F, Mazzotta G, Lip GYH, Brueckmann M, Kleine E, Wallentin L, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, Connolly SJ, Di Pasquale G. Dabigatran vs. warfarin in relation to the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with atrial fibrillation- the Randomized Evaluation of Long-term anticoagulation therapY (RE-LY) study. Europace 2018; 20:253-262. [PMID: 28520924 PMCID: PMC5834147 DOI: 10.1093/europace/eux022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim We tested the hypothesis that left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) interferes with the antithrombotic effects of dabigatran and warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods and results This is a post-hoc analysis of the Randomized Evaluation of Long-term anticoagulation therapY (RE-LY) Study. We defined LVH by electrocardiography (ECG) and included patients with AF on the ECG tracing at entry. Hazard ratios (HR) for each dabigatran dose vs. warfarin were calculated in relation to LVH. LVH was present in 2353 (22.7%) out of 10 372 patients. In patients without LVH, the rates of primary outcome were 1.59%/year with warfarin, 1.60% with dabigatran 110 mg (HR vs. warfarin 1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.75-1.36) and 1.08% with dabigatran 150 mg (HR vs. warfarin 0.68, 95% CI 0.49-0.95). In patients with LVH, the rates of primary outcome were 3.21%/year with warfarin, 1.69% with dabigatran 110 mg (HR vs. warfarin 0.52, 95% CI 0.32-0.84) and 1.55% with 150 mg (HR vs. warfarin 0.48, 95% CI 0.29-0.78). The interaction between LVH status and dabigatran 110 mg vs. warfarin was significant for the primary outcome (P = 0.021) and stroke (P = 0.016). LVH was associated with a higher event rate with warfarin, not with dabigatran. In the warfarin group, the time in therapeutic range was significantly lower in the presence than in the absence of LVH. Conclusions LVH was associated with a lower antithrombotic efficacy of warfarin, but not of dabigatran, in patients with AF. Consequently, the relative benefit of the lower dose of dabigatran compared to warfarin was enhanced in patients with LVH. The higher dose of dabigatran was superior to warfarin regardless of LVH status. Clinical trial registration http:www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00262600.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabio Angeli
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Hospital S.M. della Misericordia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Gregory Y H Lip
- University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Martina Brueckmann
- Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Eva Kleine
- Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Lars Wallentin
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael D Ezekowitz
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Medical College and Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, PA, USA
| | - Salim Yusuf
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Del Carmen S, Hapak SM, Ghosh S, Rothlin CV. Coagulopathies and inflammatory diseases: '…glimpse of a Snark'. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 55:44-53. [PMID: 30268838 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Coagulopathies and inflammatory diseases, ostensibly, have distinct underlying molecular bases. Notwithstanding, both are host defense mechanisms to physical injury. In invertebrates, clotting can function directly in anti-pathogen defense. Molecules of the vertebrate clotting cascade have also been directly linked to the regulation of inflammation. We posit that thrombophilia may provide resistance against pathogens in vertebrates. The selective pressure of improved anti-pathogen defense may have retained mutations associated with a thrombophilic state in the human population and directly contributed to enhanced inflammation. Indeed, in some inflammatory diseases, at least a subset of patients can be identified as hypercoagulable. Therefore, anticoagulants such as warfarin or apixaban may have a therapeutic role in some inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Del Carmen
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Sophie M Hapak
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 401 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 15 York Street, New Haven, CT 06510, United States; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.
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31
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Jaberi N, Soleimani A, Pashirzad M, Abdeahad H, Mohammadi F, Khoshakhlagh M, Khazaei M, Ferns GA, Avan A, Hassanian SM. Role of thrombin in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:4757-4765. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Jaberi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Atena Soleimani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Mehran Pashirzad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Hosein Abdeahad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Fariba Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Mahdieh Khoshakhlagh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Medical Physiology Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Division of Medical Education Brighton and Sussex Medical School Sussex UK
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
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Dong A, Mueller P, Yang F, Yang L, Morris A, Smyth SS. Direct thrombin inhibition with dabigatran attenuates pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction in mice. Thromb Res 2017; 159:58-64. [PMID: 28982031 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The multifunctional serine protease thrombin exerts proinflammatory and profibrotic cellular effects that may contribute to cardiac remodeling. This study was designed to investigate whether direct thrombin inhibition with dabigatran attenuates myocardial injury in the setting of pressure overload-induced heart failure. MATERIAL AND METHODS Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) surgery was performed on C57Bl/6J male mice to elicit cardiac hypertrophy. TAC, or sham, mice were randomly assigned to receive chow supplemented with the oral anticoagulant, dabigatran etexilate, or placebo. RESULTS Dabigatran did not affect cardiac hypertrophy, as measured by heart weight-to-body weight or the heart weight-to-tibia length, although a non-significant reduction in myocardial hypertrophic markers (ANP, BNP and MHC) occurred. Dabigatran reduced perivascular fibrosis by 25%, interstitial fibrosis by 54%, and the expression of myocardial fibrosis markers collagen I & III, MMP9, SMA, and PAR-1. These changes were associated with significant improvement in both coronary flow reserve and global left ventricular function. In cultured cardiac fibroblasts, dabigatran decreased thrombin and PAR-1-mediated collagen deposition by 30% and 37%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Dabigatran attenuates cardiac fibrosis in the setting of pressure overload and improves coronary flow reserve and global cardiac function possibly by inhibiting thrombin activity and down-regulating PAR-1 expression in the absence of an effect on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anping Dong
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart Institute, 741 S. Limestone Street, 252 BBSRB, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States; Lexington VA Medical Center, 1101 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY 40502, United States
| | - Paul Mueller
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart Institute, 741 S. Limestone Street, 252 BBSRB, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States.
| | - Fanmuyi Yang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart Institute, 741 S. Limestone Street, 252 BBSRB, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States.
| | - Liping Yang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart Institute, 741 S. Limestone Street, 252 BBSRB, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States.
| | - Andrew Morris
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart Institute, 741 S. Limestone Street, 252 BBSRB, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States; Lexington VA Medical Center, 1101 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY 40502, United States.
| | - Susan S Smyth
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart Institute, 741 S. Limestone Street, 252 BBSRB, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States; Lexington VA Medical Center, 1101 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY 40502, United States.
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Palygin O, Ilatovskaya DV, Staruschenko A. Protease-activated receptors in kidney disease progression. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F1140-F1144. [PMID: 27733370 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00460.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are members of a well-known family of transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Four PARs have been identified to date, of which PAR1 and PAR2 are the most abundant receptors, and have been shown to be expressed in the kidney vascular and tubular cells. PAR signaling is mediated by an N-terminus tethered ligand that can be unmasked by serine protease cleavage. The receptors are activated by endogenous serine proteases, such as thrombin (acts on PARs 1, 3, and 4) and trypsin (PAR2). PARs can be involved in glomerular, microvascular, and inflammatory regulation of renal function in both normal and pathological conditions. As an example, it was shown that human glomerular epithelial and mesangial cells express PARs, and these receptors are involved in the pathogenesis of crescentic glomerulonephritis, glomerular fibrin deposition, and macrophage infiltration. Activation of these receptors in the kidney also modulates renal hemodynamics and glomerular filtration rate. Clinical studies further demonstrated that the concentration of urinary thrombin is associated with glomerulonephritis and type 2 diabetic nephropathy; thus, molecular and functional mechanisms of PARs activation can be directly involved in renal disease progression. We briefly discuss here the recent literature related to activation of PAR signaling in glomeruli and the kidney in general and provide some examples of PAR1 signaling in glomeruli podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Palygin
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Daria V Ilatovskaya
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Protease-activated receptor-1 deficiency protects against streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33030. [PMID: 27618774 PMCID: PMC5020504 DOI: 10.1038/srep33030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenously administered activated protein C ameliorates diabetic nephropathy (DN) in a protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1)-dependent manner, suggesting that PAR-1 activation limits the progression of DN. Activation of PAR-1 in fibroblast-like cells, however, induces proliferation and extracellular matrix production, thereby driving fibrotic disease. Considering the key role of mesangial proliferation and extracellular matrix production during DN, PAR-1 may in fact potentiate diabetes-induced kidney injury. To determine the net effect of PAR-1 in DN, streptozotocin-induced DN was studied in wild type and PAR-1 deficient mice. Subsequent mechanistic insight was obtained by assessing profibrotic responses of mesangial and tubular epithelial cells in vitro, following PAR-1 stimulation and inhibition. Despite having similar glucose levels, PAR-1 deficient mice developed less kidney damage after induction of diabetes, as evidenced by diminished proteinuria, plasma cystatin C levels, expansion of the mesangial area, and tubular atrophy. In vitro, PAR-1 signaling in mesangial cells led to increased proliferation and expression of matrix proteins fibronectin and collagen IV. Conversely, a reduction in both proliferation and fibronectin deposition was observed in diabetic PAR-1 deficient mice. Overall, we show that PAR-1 plays an important role in the development of DN and PAR-1 might therefore be an attractive therapeutic target to pursue in DN.
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35
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Ebrahimi S, Jaberi N, Avan A, Ryzhikov M, Keramati MR, Parizadeh MR, Hassanian SM. Role of thrombin in the pathogenesis of central nervous system inflammatory diseases. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:482-485. [PMID: 27458694 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin initiates proinflammatory signaling responses through activation of protease-activated receptors (PARs) in in vitro and in vivo systems. Proinflammatory signaling function of thrombin increases secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, triggers vascular permeability, promotes leukocyte migration, and induces adhesion molecule expression. Thrombin as a potent signaling molecule is strongly implicated in a number of proinflammatory disorders including severe sepsis, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and of special interest in this review neurodegenerative disorders. This review summarizes the role of thrombin in the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), promoting greater understanding and clinical management of these diseases. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 482-485, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Najme Jaberi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Molecular Medicine Group, Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mikhail Ryzhikov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Mohammad Reza Keramati
- Cancer Molecular Pathology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Parizadeh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri.,Microanatomy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Oe Y, Hayashi S, Fushima T, Sato E, Kisu K, Sato H, Ito S, Takahashi N. Coagulation Factor Xa and Protease-Activated Receptor 2 as Novel Therapeutic Targets for Diabetic Nephropathy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1525-33. [PMID: 27283743 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of hypercoagulability in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains elusive. We recently reported the increased infiltration of macrophages expressing tissue factor in diabetic kidney glomeruli; tissue factor activates coagulation factor X (FX) to FXa, which in turn stimulates protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) and causes inflammation. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we demonstrated that diabetes mellitus increased renal FX mRNA, urinary FXa activity, and FX expression in glomerular macrophages. Administration of an oral FXa inhibitor, edoxaban, ameliorated DN with concomitant reductions in the expression of PARs (Par1 and Par2) and of proinflammatory and profibrotic genes. Diabetes mellitus induced PAR2, and lack of Par2 ameliorated DN. FXa or PAR2 agonist increased inflammatory cytokines in endothelial cells and podocytes in vitro. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that enhanced FXa and PAR2 exacerbate DN and that both are promising targets for preventing DN. Alleviating inflammation is probably more important than inhibiting coagulation per se when treating kidney diseases using anticoagulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Oe
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (Y.O., E.S., K.K., H.S., S.I., N.T.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (S.H., T.F., E.S., H.S., N.T.)
| | - Sakiko Hayashi
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (Y.O., E.S., K.K., H.S., S.I., N.T.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (S.H., T.F., E.S., H.S., N.T.)
| | - Tomofumi Fushima
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (Y.O., E.S., K.K., H.S., S.I., N.T.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (S.H., T.F., E.S., H.S., N.T.)
| | - Emiko Sato
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (Y.O., E.S., K.K., H.S., S.I., N.T.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (S.H., T.F., E.S., H.S., N.T.)
| | - Kiyomi Kisu
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (Y.O., E.S., K.K., H.S., S.I., N.T.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (S.H., T.F., E.S., H.S., N.T.)
| | - Hiroshi Sato
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (Y.O., E.S., K.K., H.S., S.I., N.T.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (S.H., T.F., E.S., H.S., N.T.)
| | - Sadayoshi Ito
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (Y.O., E.S., K.K., H.S., S.I., N.T.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (S.H., T.F., E.S., H.S., N.T.)
| | - Nobuyuki Takahashi
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (Y.O., E.S., K.K., H.S., S.I., N.T.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (S.H., T.F., E.S., H.S., N.T.).
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Huang L, Zhang L, Ju H, Li Q, Pan JSC, Al-Lawati Z, Sheikh-Hamad D. Stanniocalcin-1 inhibits thrombin-induced signaling and protects from bleomycin-induced lung injury. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18117. [PMID: 26640170 PMCID: PMC4671147 DOI: 10.1038/srep18117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin-induced and proteinase-activated receptor 1 (PAR1)-mediated signaling increases ROS production, activates ERK, and promotes inflammation and fibroblast proliferation in bleomycin-induced lung injury. Stanniocalcin-1 (STC1) activates anti-oxidant pathways, inhibits inflammation and provides cytoprotection; hence, we hypothesized that STC1 will inhibit thrombin/PAR1 signaling and protect from bleomycin-induced pneumonitis. We determined thrombin level and activity, thrombin-induced PAR-1-mediated signaling, superoxide generation and lung pathology after intra-tracheal administration of bleomycin to WT and STC1 Tg mice. Lungs of bleomycin-treated WT mice display: severe pneumonitis; increased generation of superoxide; vascular leak; increased thrombin protein abundance and activity; activation of ERK; greater cytokine/chemokine release and infiltration with T-cells and macrophages. Lungs of STC1 Tg mice displayed none of the above changes. Mechanistic analysis in cultured pulmonary epithelial cells (A549) suggests that STC1 inhibits thrombin-induced and PAR1-mediated ERK activation through suppression of superoxide. In conclusion, STC1 blunts bleomycin-induced rise in thrombin protein and activity, diminishes thrombin-induced signaling through PAR1 to ERK, and inhibits bleomycin-induced pneumonitis. Moreover, our study identifies a new set of cytokines/chemokines, which play a role in the pathogenesis of bleomycin-induced lung injury. These findings broaden the array of potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of lung diseases characterized by thrombin activation, oxidant stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Huang
- Division of Nephrology and Selzman Institute for Kidney Health/Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lin Zhang
- Center of General Surgery, Chengdu General Hospital of Chengdu Military Area Command, Chengdu, P.R. China.,Division of Nephrology and Selzman Institute for Kidney Health/Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Huiming Ju
- Division of Nephrology and Selzman Institute for Kidney Health/Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 25009, Jiangsu, P.R.China
| | - Qingtian Li
- Division of Nephrology and Selzman Institute for Kidney Health/Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jenny Szu-Chin Pan
- Division of Nephrology and Selzman Institute for Kidney Health/Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Zahraa Al-Lawati
- Division of Nephrology and Selzman Institute for Kidney Health/Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - David Sheikh-Hamad
- Division of Nephrology and Selzman Institute for Kidney Health/Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Fu Q, Cheng J, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Chen X, Xie J. Protease-activated receptor 4: a critical participator in inflammatory response. Inflammation 2015; 38:886-95. [PMID: 25120239 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9999-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are G protein-coupled receptors of which four members PAR1, PAR2, PAR3, and PAR4 have been identified, characterized by a typical mechanism of activation involving various related proteases. The amino-terminal sequence of PARs is cleaved by a broad array of proteases, leading to specific proteolytic cleavage which forms endogenous tethered ligands to induce agonist-biased PAR activation. The biological effect of PARs activated by coagulation proteases to regulate hemostasis and thrombosis plays an enormous role in the cardiovascular system, while PAR4 can also be activated by trypsin, cathepsin G, the activated factor X of the coagulation cascade, and trypsin IV. Irrespective of its role in thrombin-induced platelet aggregation, PAR4 activation is believed to be involved in inflammatory lesions, as show by investigations that have unmasked the effects of PAR4 on neutrophil recruitment, the regulation of edema, and plasma extravasation. This review summarizes the roles of PAR4 in coagulation and other extracellular protease pathways, which activate PAR4 to participate in normal regulation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
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Madhusudhan T, Kerlin BA, Isermann B. The emerging role of coagulation proteases in kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2015; 12:94-109. [PMID: 26592189 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2015.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A role of coagulation proteases in kidney disease beyond their function in normal haemostasis and thrombosis has long been suspected, and studies performed in the past 15 years have provided novel insights into the mechanisms involved. The expression of protease-activated receptors (PARs) in renal cells provides a molecular link between coagulation proteases and renal cell function and revitalizes research evaluating the role of haemostasis regulators in renal disease. Renal cell-specific expression and activity of coagulation proteases, their regulators and their receptors are dynamically altered during disease processes. Furthermore, renal inflammation and tissue remodelling are not only associated, but are causally linked with altered coagulation activation and protease-dependent signalling. Intriguingly, coagulation proteases signal through more than one receptor or induce formation of receptor complexes in a cell-specific manner, emphasizing context specificity. Understanding these cell-specific signalosomes and their regulation in kidney disease is crucial to unravelling the pathophysiological relevance of coagulation regulators in renal disease. In addition, the clinical availability of small molecule targeted anticoagulants as well as the development of PAR antagonists increases the need for in-depth knowledge of the mechanisms through which coagulation proteases might regulate renal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thati Madhusudhan
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg D-39120, Germany
| | - Bryce A Kerlin
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, W325 Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg D-39120, Germany
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CovRS-Regulated Transcriptome Analysis of a Hypervirulent M23 Strain of Group A Streptococcus pyogenes Provides New Insights into Virulence Determinants. J Bacteriol 2015. [PMID: 26216843 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00511-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The two-component control of virulence (Cov) regulator (R)-sensor (S) (CovRS) regulates the virulence of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus [GAS]). Inactivation of CovS during infection switches the pathogenicity of GAS to a more invasive form by regulating transcription of diverse virulence genes via CovR. However, the manner in which CovRS controls virulence through expression of extended gene families has not been fully determined. In the current study, the CovS-regulated gene expression profiles of a hypervirulent emm23 GAS strain (M23ND/CovS negative [M23ND/CovS(-)]) and a noninvasive isogenic strain (M23ND/CovS(+)), under different growth conditions, were investigated. RNA sequencing identified altered expression of ∼ 349 genes (18% of the chromosome). The data demonstrated that M23ND/CovS(-) achieved hypervirulence by allowing enhanced expression of genes responsible for antiphagocytosis (e.g., hasABC), by abrogating expression of toxin genes (e.g., speB), and by compromising gene products with dispensable functions (e.g., sfb1). Among these genes, several (e.g., parE and parC) were not previously reported to be regulated by CovRS. Furthermore, the study revealed that CovS also modulated the expression of a broad spectrum of metabolic genes that maximized nutrient utilization and energy metabolism during growth and dissemination, where the bacteria encounter large variations in available nutrients, thus restructuring metabolism of GAS for adaption to diverse growth environments. From constructing a genome-scale metabolic model, we identified 16 nonredundant metabolic gene modules that constitute unique nutrient sources. These genes were proposed to be essential for pathogen growth and are likely associated with GAS virulence. The genome-wide prediction of genes associated with virulence identifies new candidate genes that potentially contribute to GAS virulence. IMPORTANCE The CovRS system modulates transcription of ∼ 18% of the genes in the Streptococcus pyogenes genome. Mutations that inactivate CovR or CovS enhance the virulence of this bacterium. We determined complete transcriptomes of a naturally CovS-inactivated invasive deep tissue isolate of an emm23 strain of S. pyogenes (M23ND) and its complemented avirulent variant (CovS(+)). We identified diverse virulence genes whose altered expression revealed a genetic switching of a nonvirulent form of M23ND to a highly virulent strain. Furthermore, we also systematically uncovered for the first time the comparative levels of expression of a broad spectrum of metabolic genes, which reflected different metabolic needs of the bacterium as it invaded deeper tissue of the human host.
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41
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Kitamoto Y, Arizono K, Fukui H, Tomita K, Kitamura H, Taguma Y, Imamura T. Urinary thrombin: a novel marker of glomerular inflammation for the diagnosis of crescentic glomerulonephritis (prospective observational study). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118704. [PMID: 25742509 PMCID: PMC4350840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Crescentic glomerulonephritis (CresGN), an uncommon rapidly progressive disease, is characterized by severe glomerular inflammation with fibrin deposition. The lack of specific CresGN biomarkers delays diagnosis and threatens life. Because fibrin deposits in CresGN glomeruli indicate thrombin generation, we hypothesized that thrombin is excreted in urine and is a specific CresGN biomarker. Methods We measured urinary thrombin activity in 200 untreated patients (17 with CresGN, 183 with primary glomerulonephritis) and controls (8 patients with healed CresGN, 11 with nephrosclerosis, and 10 with tubulointerstitial nephritis, and 66 healthy volunteers). CresGN types included 15 pauci-immune and 2 immune complex. We assessed the diagnostic accuracy of thrombinuria in 169 patients with hematuria and proteinuria. Renal biopsy tissues were immunostained for tissue factor and fibrin. We analyzed the relationship of thrombinuria to plasma thrombin-antithrombin complex, hematuria, proteinuria, glomerular filtration rate, glomerular fibrin deposition, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs), and C-reactive protein (CRP). We studied changes in thrombin activities after glucocorticoid treatment in 12 patients with thrombinuria. Results The highest thrombinuria occurrence was in CresGN (70.6%), followed by membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (41.7%), IgA nephropathy (9.2%), and acute glomerulonephritis (0%). More than 75% of patients with nonproliferative glomerulonephritis manifested no thrombinuria. No controls had thrombinuria. Thrombinuria showed high CresGN specificity (90.1%) and moderate sensitivity (70.6%) and was detected in 4 of 7 patients with ANCA-negative CresGN. In CresGN, thrombinuria was associated with fibrin deposition in glomerular extracapillary tissue, where monocytes/macrophages expressed tissue factor. Thrombinuria in CresGN was unrelated to plasma thrombin-antithrombin complex, hematuria, proteinuria, glomerular filtration rate, and CRP. After glucocorticoid treatment, thrombinuria in patients with CresGN rapidly disappeared but proteinuria and hematuria persisted. Conclusions Thrombinuria was specific for glomerular inflammation, was unaffected by systemic inflammation or coagulation, and demonstrated good diagnostic accuracy for CresGN including ANCA-negative cases. Thrombinuria measurement may provide risk-free diagnosis and screening for CresGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Kitamoto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, JCHO Sendai Hospital, Sendai, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kenji Arizono
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto Chuo Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Fukui
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto Chuo Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kimio Tomita
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Yoshio Taguma
- Department of Nephrology, JCHO Sendai Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takahisa Imamura
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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The characteristics of thrombin in osteoarthritic pathogenesis and treatment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:407518. [PMID: 25313362 PMCID: PMC4182002 DOI: 10.1155/2014/407518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a mechanical abnormality associated with degradation of joints. It is characterized by chronic, progressive degeneration of articular cartilage, abnormalities of bone, and synovial change. The most common symptom of OA is local inflammation resulting from exogenous stress or endogenous abnormal cytokines. Additionally, OA is associated with local and/or systemic activation of coagulation and anticoagulation pathways. Thrombin plays an important role in the stimulation of fibrin deposition and the proinflammatory processes in OA. Thrombin mediates hemostatic and inflammatory responses and guides the immune response to tissue damage. Thrombin activates intracellular signaling pathways by interacting with transmembrane domain G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), known as protease-activated receptors (PARs). In pathogenic mechanisms, PARs have been implicated in the development of acute and chronic inflammatory responses in OA. Therefore, discovery of thrombin signaling pathways would help us to understand the mechanism of OA pathogenesis and lead us to develop therapeutic drugs in the future.
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Update on crescentic glomerulonephritis. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:479-90. [PMID: 24948005 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0435-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The recent years have seen a number of major progresses in the field of extracapillary glomerulonephritis. This entity is the final damage caused by unrelated immunological disorders such as immune complexes glomerular deposits or microvascular injury caused by proinflammatory cytokines, neutrophil extracellular traps (NET), and cell adhesion molecules in the context of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). This review provides a summary of recent advances in the understanding of crescentic glomerulonephritis, focusing on interplays of local immune cells and on local mediators participating to crescent formation especially in anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibody disease. The recent advances about AAV and lupus nephritis are covered by other chapters of this issue. Nevertheless, these considerations may apply to the general case of crescentic glomerulonephritis of all causes.
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Kitasato L, Yamaoka-Tojo M, Hashikata T, Ishii S, Kameda R, Shimohama T, Tojo T, Ako J. Factor Xa in mouse fibroblasts may induce fibrosis more than thrombin. Int Heart J 2014; 55:357-61. [PMID: 24942638 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.13-351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Coagulation factors are known to play a role in wound healing by stimulating fibroblasts and might be associated with tissue fibrosis, however, only limited data exist. Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1), activated by thrombin or factor (F) Xa, and PAR2, activated by FXa, have recently been reported to play roles not only in the coagulation system, but also in cardiac fibrosis. Furthermore, a previous report found that FX deficiency in mice led to the development of cardiac fibrosis. Therefore, in the present study, we evaluated cellular biological function under conditions of overexpressed thrombin and FXa in fibroblasts.Cell migration and proliferation with FXa (1U/mL) and thrombin (1U/mL) stimulation were evaluated. Cells incubated without FXa or thrombin were used as control. H2O2 and TGF-β1 production were measured using ELISA. Signal pathways were evaluated using a signal pathway reporter assay.Cell migration and proliferation were increased in FXa-stimulated cells (4.1-fold increase for migration, 1.3-fold for proliferation compared with control, respectively) and thrombin (4.1-fold increase for migration, 1.3-fold for proliferation as compared to control, respectively). H2O2 production was higher in FXa-stimulated cells compared to thrombin (1.3-fold increase) and control cells (1.4-fold increased). TGF-β1 production was up-regulated after FXa addition (12.6-fold increase compared with thrombin, 1.8-fold increase compared with control, respectively). In FXa-stimulated cells, AP-1 and NF-kB were increased compared to control (P < 0.05).These data suggest that FXa and thrombin play important roles in the fibrotic process that could also lead to cardiac fibrosis, and that at least some of these signalings are more accelerated with FXa compared to thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kitasato
- Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
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Alberelli MA, De Candia E. Functional role of protease activated receptors in vascular biology. Vascul Pharmacol 2014; 62:72-81. [PMID: 24924409 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Protease activated receptors (PARs) are a small family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) mediating the cellular effects of some proteases of the coagulation system, such as thrombin, or other proteases, such as trypsin or metalloproteinase 1. As the prototype of PARs, PAR1 is a seven transmembrane GPCR that, upon cleavage by thrombin, unmasks a new amino-terminus able to bind intramolecularly to PAR1 itself thus inducing signaling. In the vascular system, thrombin and other proteases of the coagulation-fibrinolysis system, such as plasmin, factor VIIa and factor Xa, activated protein C, are considered physiologically relevant agonists, and PARs appear to largely account for the cellular effects of these enzymes. In the vasculature, PARs are expressed on platelets, endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In the vessel wall, under physiological conditions, PARs are mainly expressed in ECs and participate in the regulation of vascular tone, by inducing endothelium-dependent relaxation. PAR activation on ECs promotes conversion of these cells into a proinflammatory phenotype, causes increase of vascular permeability, and the exposure/secretion of proteins and cytokines mediating the local accumulation of platelets and leukocytes. These effects contribute to the vascular consequences of sepsis and of diseases such as acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. In normal arteries PARs are to a much lesser amount expressed on VSMCs. However, in conditions associated with endothelial dysfunction, PARs mediate contraction, proliferation, migration, hypertrophy of VSMCs and their production of extracellular matrix, thereby contributing to the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and hypertension. Inhibition of protease-PAR interaction might thus become a potential therapeutic target in various vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Adele Alberelli
- Hemostasis and Thrombosis Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Agostino Gemelli Hospital School of Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Erica De Candia
- Hemostasis and Thrombosis Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Agostino Gemelli Hospital School of Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
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Zhu W, Bi M, Liu Y, Wang Y, Pan F, Qiu L, Guo A, Lv H, Yao P, Zhang N, Wang P. Thrombin promotes airway remodeling via protease-activated receptor-1 and transforming growth factor-β1 in ovalbumin-allergic rats. Inhal Toxicol 2014; 25:577-86. [PMID: 23937416 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.813995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) is widely distributed in platelets and involved in coagulation cascade activated by thrombin. In this study, we intend to explore the role of PAR-1 in the process of thrombin-inducing transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) to promote airway remodeling in ovalbumin (OVA)-allergic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS A rat model of chronic asthma was set up by systemic sensitization and repeated challenge to OVA. The doses of thrombin, recombinant hirudin, PAR-1 inhibitor ER-112780-06 varied for different groups. We evaluated the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) concentration of thrombin in these groups. The protein and gene expression of PAR-1 was assessed and the expression of TGF-β1 was also detected. RESULTS The PAR-1 mRNA level and the protein level were higher in the airway of asthmatic rats than those of normal rats, and were significantly increased by thrombin treatment but decreased by thrombin-inhibitor treatment. Airway remodeling was strengthened by thrombin but weakened by thrombin inhibitor and PAR-1 antagonist. Expression of TGF-β1 protein in asthmatic rats was significantly increased by thrombin treatment and decreased by thrombin-inhibitor treatment and PAR-1 antagonist treatment. CONCLUSION The expression of PAR-1 is regulated by thrombin that induces the expression of TGF-β1 to promote airway remodeling via PAR-1 in OVA-allergic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong Univeristy, Jinan, China.
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Kallis YN, Scotton CJ, MacKinnon AC, Goldin RD, Wright NA, Iredale JP, Chambers RC, Forbes SJ. Proteinase activated receptor 1 mediated fibrosis in a mouse model of liver injury: a role for bone marrow derived macrophages. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86241. [PMID: 24475094 PMCID: PMC3903514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis results from the co-ordinated actions of myofibroblasts and macrophages, a proportion of which are of bone marrow origin. The functional effect of such bone marrow-derived cells on liver fibrosis is unclear. We examine whether changing bone marrow genotype can down-regulate the liver's fibrotic response to injury and investigate mechanisms involved. Proteinase activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is up-regulated in fibrotic liver disease in humans, and deficiency of PAR1 is associated with reduced liver fibrosis in rodent models. In this study, recipient mice received bone marrow transplantation from PAR1-deficient or wild-type donors prior to carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. Bone marrow transplantation alone from PAR1-deficient mice was able to confer significant reductions in hepatic collagen content and activated myofibroblast expansion on wild-type recipients. This effect was associated with a decrease in hepatic scar-associated macrophages and a reduction in macrophage recruitment from the bone marrow. In vitro, PAR1 signalling on bone marrow-derived macrophages directly induced their chemotaxis but did not stimulate proliferation. These data suggest that the bone marrow can modulate the fibrotic response of the liver to recurrent injury. PAR1 signalling can contribute to this response by mechanisms that include the regulation of macrophage recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiannis N. Kallis
- Department of Hepatology, St. Mary's Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Scotton
- Centre for Inflammation & Tissue Repair, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison C. MacKinnon
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert D. Goldin
- Department of Histopathology, St. Mary's Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas A. Wright
- Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Iredale
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel C. Chambers
- Centre for Inflammation & Tissue Repair, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J. Forbes
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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48
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Lutheran/basal cell adhesion molecule accelerates progression of crescentic glomerulonephritis in mice. Kidney Int 2014; 85:1123-36. [PMID: 24429403 PMCID: PMC4008878 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Migration of circulating leukocytes from the vasculature into the surrounding tissue is an important component of the inflammatory response. Among the cell surface molecules identified as contributing to leukocyte extravasation is VCAM-1, expressed on activated vascular endothelium, which participates in all stages of leukocyte–endothelial interaction by binding to leukocyte surface expressed integrin VLA-4. However, not all VLA-4-mediated events can be linked to VCAM-1. A novel interaction between VLA-4 and endothelial Lutheran (Lu) blood group antigens and basal cell adhesion molecule (BCAM) proteins has been recently shown, suggesting that Lu/BCAM may have a role in leukocyte recruitments in inflamed tissues. Here, we assessed the participation of Lu/BCAM in the immunopathogenesis of crescentic glomerulonephritis. High expression of Lu/BCAM in glomeruli of mice with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis suggests a potential role for the local expression of Lu/BCAM in nephritogenic recruitment of leukocytes. Genetic deficiency of Lu/BCAM attenuated glomerular accumulation of T cells and macrophages, crescent formation, and proteinuria, correlating with reduced fibrin and platelet deposition in glomeruli. Furthermore, we found a pro-adhesive interaction between human monocyte α4β1 integrin and Lu/BCAM proteins. Thus, Lu/BCAM may have a critical role in facilitating the accumulation of monocytes and macrophages, thereby exacerbating renal injury.
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Kambas K, Chrysanthopoulou A, Vassilopoulos D, Apostolidou E, Skendros P, Girod A, Arelaki S, Froudarakis M, Nakopoulou L, Giatromanolaki A, Sidiropoulos P, Koffa M, Boumpas DT, Ritis K, Mitroulis I. Tissue factor expression in neutrophil extracellular traps and neutrophil derived microparticles in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated vasculitis may promote thromboinflammation and the thrombophilic state associated with the disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 73:1854-63. [PMID: 23873874 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) associated vasculitis (AAV) is characterised by neutrophil activation. An elevated prevalence of venous thromboembolic events has been reported in AAV. Because of the critical role of neutrophils in inflammation associated thrombosis, we asked whether neutrophil tissue factor (TF) may be implicated in the thrombotic diathesis in AAV. METHODS Neutrophils from four patients and sera from 17 patients with ANCA associated vasculitis with active disease and remission were studied. TF expression was assessed by immunoblotting and confocal microscopy. Circulating DNA levels were evaluated. TF expressing microparticles (MPs) were measured by flow cytometry and thrombin-antithrombin complex levels by ELISA. RESULTS Peripheral blood neutrophils from four patients with active disease expressed elevated TF levels and released TF expressing neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and MPs. TF positive NETs were released by neutrophils isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage and were detected in nasal and renal biopsy specimens. Elevated levels of circulating DNA and TF expressing neutrophil derived MPs were further observed in sera from patients with active disease. Induction of remission attenuated the aforementioned effects. Control neutrophils treated with sera from patients with active disease released TF bearing NETs and MPs which were abolished after IgG depletion. Treatment of control neutrophils with isolated IgG from sera from patients with active disease also resulted in the release of TF bearing NETs. TF implication in MP dependent thrombin generation was demonstrated by antibody neutralisation studies. CONCLUSIONS Expression of TF in NETs and neutrophil derived MPs proposes a novel mechanism for the induction of thrombosis and inflammation in active AAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kambas
- Laboratory of Molecular Haematology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Akrivi Chrysanthopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Haematology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Vassilopoulos
- Second Department of Medicine, Athens University School of Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini Apostolidou
- Laboratory of Molecular Haematology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Skendros
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Andreas Girod
- Life Sciences Research Unit-FSTC, University of Luxembourg, Walferdange, Luxembourg
| | - Stella Arelaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Haematology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Marios Froudarakis
- Department of Pneumonology, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Lydia Nakopoulou
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Giatromanolaki
- Department of Pathology, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Prodromos Sidiropoulos
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Koffa
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Dimitrios T Boumpas
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, National University of Athens Medical School, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece Biomedical Research Foundation of Academy of Athens, Centre for Immunology and Transplantations, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Ritis
- Laboratory of Molecular Haematology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece First Department of Internal Medicine, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ioannis Mitroulis
- Laboratory of Molecular Haematology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece First Department of Internal Medicine, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Vascular Inflammation, Diabetes and Kidney, University Clinic Carl-Gustav-Carus, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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50
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Hénique C, Fligny C, Tharaux PL. L22. Crescent formation: unraveling local mediators that break glomerular epithelial cell tolerance to immune injury. Presse Med 2013; 42:565-8. [PMID: 23474044 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carole Hénique
- Inserm, université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris cardiovascular centre (PARCC), 56, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
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