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Gao M, Skolnick J. Predicting protein interactions of the kinase Lck critical to T cell modulation. Structure 2024:S0969-2126(24)00379-4. [PMID: 39368461 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2024.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) play pivotal roles in directing T cell fate. One key player is the non-receptor tyrosine protein kinase Lck that helps to transduce T cell activation signals. Lck is mediated by other proteins via interactions that are inadequately understood. Here, we use the deep learning method AF2Complex to predict PPIs involving Lck, by screening it against ∼1,000 proteins implicated in immune responses, followed by extensive structural modeling for selected interactions. Remarkably, we describe how Lck may be specifically targeted by a palmitoyltransferase using a phosphotyrosine motif. We uncover "hotspot" interactions between Lck and the tyrosine phosphatase CD45, leading to a significant conformational shift of Lck for activation. Lastly, we present intriguing interactions between the phosphotyrosine-binding domain of Lck and the cytoplasmic tail of the immune checkpoint LAG3 and propose a molecular mechanism for its inhibitory role. Together, this multifaceted study provides valuable insights into T cell regulation and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Gao
- Center for the Study of Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; AgnistaBio Inc, Palo Alto, CA 94301, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Skolnick
- Center for the Study of Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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2
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Santos RF, de Sousa Linhares A, Steinberger P, Davis SJ, Oliveira L, Carmo AM. The CD6 interactome orchestrates ligand-independent T cell inhibitory signaling. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:286. [PMID: 38790044 PMCID: PMC11127300 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01658-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-cell membrane scaffold proteins are pivotal in T cell function, acting as versatile signaling hubs. While CD6 forms a large intracellular signalosome, it is distinguished from typical scaffolds like LAT or PAG by possessing a substantial ectodomain that binds CD166, a well-characterized ligand expressed on most antigen-presenting cells (APC), through the third domain (d3) of the extracellular region. Although the intact form of CD6 is the most abundant in T cells, an isoform lacking d3 (CD6∆d3) is transiently expressed on activated T cells. Still, the precise character of the signaling transduced by CD6, whether costimulatory or inhibitory, and the influence of its ectodomain on these activities are unclear. METHODS We expressed CD6 variants with extracellular deletions or cytosolic mutations in Jurkat cells containing eGFP reporters for NF-κB and NF-AT transcription factor activation. Cell activation was assessed by eGFP flow cytometry following Jurkat cell engagement with superantigen-presenting Raji cells. Using imaging flow cytometry, we evaluated the impact of the CD6-CD166 pair on cell adhesiveness during the antigen-dependent and -independent priming of T cells. We also examined the role of extracellular or cytosolic sequences on CD6 translocation to the immunological synapse, using immunofluorescence-based imaging. RESULTS Our investigation dissecting the functions of the extracellular and cytosolic regions of CD6 revealed that CD6 was trafficked to the immunological synapse and exerted tonic inhibition wholly dependent on its cytosolic tail. Surprisingly, however, translocation to the synapse occurred independently of the extracellular d3 and of engagement to CD166. On the other hand, CD6 binding to CD166 significantly increased T cell:APC adhesion. However, this activity was most evident in the absence of APC priming with superantigen, and thus, in the absence of TCR engagement. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies CD6 as a novel 'on/off' scaffold-receptor capable of modulating responsiveness in two ways. Firstly, and independently of ligand binding, it establishes signaling thresholds through tonic inhibition, functioning as a membrane-bound scaffold. Secondly, CD6 has the capacity for alternative splicing-dependent variable ligand engagement, modulating its checkpoint-like activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita F Santos
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Porto, Portugal
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ESS - IPP School of Health, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Annika de Sousa Linhares
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon J Davis
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council, Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Liliana Oliveira
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Porto, Portugal
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandre M Carmo
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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3
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Lui VG, Hoenig M, Cabrera-Martinez B, Baxter RM, Garcia-Perez JE, Bailey O, Acharya A, Lundquist K, Capera J, Matusewicz P, Hartl FA, D’Abramo M, Alba J, Jacobsen EM, Niewolik D, Lorenz M, Pannicke U, Schulz AS, Debatin KM, Schamel WW, Minguet S, Gumbart JC, Dustin ML, Cambier JC, Schwarz K, Hsieh EW. A partial human LCK defect causes a T cell immunodeficiency with intestinal inflammation. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20230927. [PMID: 37962568 PMCID: PMC10644909 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK) is essential for T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-mediated signal transduction. Here, we report two siblings homozygous for a novel LCK variant (c.1318C>T; P440S) characterized by T cell lymphopenia with skewed memory phenotype, infant-onset recurrent infections, failure to thrive, and protracted diarrhea. The patients' T cells show residual TCR signal transduction and proliferation following anti-CD3/CD28 and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation. We demonstrate in mouse models that complete (Lck-/-) versus partial (LckP440S/P440S) loss-of-function LCK causes disease with differing phenotypes. While both Lck-/- and LckP440S/P440S mice exhibit arrested thymic T cell development and profound T cell lymphopenia, only LckP440S/P440S mice show residual T cell proliferation, cytokine production, and intestinal inflammation. Furthermore, the intestinal disease in the LckP440S/P440S mice is prevented by CD4+ T cell depletion or regulatory T cell transfer. These findings demonstrate that P440S LCK spares sufficient T cell function to allow the maturation of some conventional T cells but not regulatory T cells-leading to intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor G. Lui
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Manfred Hoenig
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Berenice Cabrera-Martinez
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ryan M. Baxter
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Josselyn E. Garcia-Perez
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Olivia Bailey
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Atanu Acharya
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- BioInspired Syracuse and Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Karl Lundquist
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jesusa Capera
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Matusewicz
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies and CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frederike A. Hartl
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies and CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco D’Abramo
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Josephine Alba
- Department of Biology, Université de Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Doris Niewolik
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Myriam Lorenz
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pannicke
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ansgar S. Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang W. Schamel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies and CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susana Minguet
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies and CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - James C. Gumbart
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael L. Dustin
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John C. Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Klaus Schwarz
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Wuerttemberg-Hessen, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elena W.Y. Hsieh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Saija MC, Melcrová A, Pajerski W, Schachter I, Javanainen M, Cebecauer M, Cwiklik L. Palmitoylation modifies transmembrane adaptor protein PAG for ordered lipid environment: A molecular dynamics simulation study. Biophys Chem 2024; 304:107124. [PMID: 37951018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2023.107124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
We employed all-atom MD simulations to investigate the impact of palmitoylation on the PAG transmembrane peptide within various lipid environments, including the less explored boundary region separating lipid-ordered (Lo) and lipid-disordered (Ld) membrane phases. We found that palmitoylation of the peptide reduces its impact on membrane thickness, particularly within the Lo and boundary environments. Despite their hydrophobic nature, the palmitoyl chains on the peptide did not significantly affect the hydration of the surrounding membrane. Interestingly, the boundary membrane environment was found to be especially compatible with the palmitoylated peptide, suggesting its potential for accumulation in phase boundaries. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding how palmitoylation-modified peptides behave within membranes, with crucial implications for cell signaling and membrane organization. This knowledge may also inform the optimization of lipid membrane-based drug delivery systems, by improving our understanding of how drugs and excipients can be most effectively arranged within these carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Saija
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic; Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adéla Melcrová
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Wojciech Pajerski
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Itay Schachter
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Institute of Chemistry, The Fritz Haber Research Center, and the Harvey M. Kruger Center for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Matti Javanainen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Cebecauer
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Lukasz Cwiklik
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic; Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Fernández-Aguilar LM, Vico-Barranco I, Arbulo-Echevarria MM, Aguado E. A Story of Kinases and Adaptors: The Role of Lck, ZAP-70 and LAT in Switch Panel Governing T-Cell Development and Activation. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1163. [PMID: 37759563 PMCID: PMC10525366 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Specific antigen recognition is one of the immune system's features that allows it to mount intense yet controlled responses to an infinity of potential threats. T cells play a relevant role in the host defense and the clearance of pathogens by means of the specific recognition of peptide antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and, to do so, they are equipped with a clonally distributed antigen receptor called the T-cell receptor (TCR). Upon the specific engagement of the TCR, multiple intracellular signals are triggered, which lead to the activation, proliferation and differentiation of T lymphocytes into effector cells. In addition, this signaling cascade also operates during T-cell development, allowing for the generation of cells that can be helpful in the defense against threats, as well as preventing the generation of autoreactive cells. Early TCR signals include phosphorylation events in which the tyrosine kinases Lck and ZAP70 are involved. The sequential activation of these kinases leads to the phosphorylation of the transmembrane adaptor LAT, which constitutes a signaling hub for the generation of a signalosome, finally resulting in T-cell activation. These early signals play a relevant role in triggering the development, activation, proliferation and apoptosis of T cells, and the negative regulation of these signals is key to avoid aberrant processes that could generate inappropriate cellular responses and disease. In this review, we will examine and discuss the roles of the tyrosine kinases Lck and ZAP70 and the membrane adaptor LAT in these cellular processes.
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Grants
- PY20_01297 Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades, Junta de Andalucía, Spain
- PID2020-113943RB-I00 Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain
- PR2022-037 University of Cádiz
- PAIDI2020/DOC_01433 Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades, Junta de Andalucía, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M. Fernández-Aguilar
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain; (L.M.F.-A.); (I.V.-B.); (M.M.A.-E.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Immunology), University of Cadiz, 11002 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Vico-Barranco
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain; (L.M.F.-A.); (I.V.-B.); (M.M.A.-E.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Immunology), University of Cadiz, 11002 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Mikel M. Arbulo-Echevarria
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain; (L.M.F.-A.); (I.V.-B.); (M.M.A.-E.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Immunology), University of Cadiz, 11002 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Enrique Aguado
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain; (L.M.F.-A.); (I.V.-B.); (M.M.A.-E.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Immunology), University of Cadiz, 11002 Cadiz, Spain
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Chen E, Mo Y, Yi J, Liu J, Luo T, Li Z, Lin Z, Hu Y, Zou Z, Liu J. A novel hepatocellular carcinoma-specific mTORC1-related signature for anticipating prognosis and immunotherapy. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:7933-7955. [PMID: 37589508 PMCID: PMC10497017 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Tumor oncogenesis, cancer metastasis, and immune evasion were substantially impacted by the mammalian target of the rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway. However, in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), no mTORC1 signaling-based gene signature has ever been published. mTORC1 scores were computed employing a single sample gene set enrichment analysis based on databases including the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The PAG1, LHFPL2, and FABP5 expression levels were obtained to construct a mTORC1 pathway-related model. In two databases, the overall survival (OS) rate was shorter for high-mTORC1 score patients compared to those with low scores. The activation of TFs in the group with high risk was enhanced, such as the HIF-1 pathway. Additionally, it was discovered that a high mTORC1 score was linked to an immune exclusion phenotype and enhanced immunosuppressive cell infiltration. Notably, it was discovered that high-mTORC1 scores patients had poorer immunotherapeutic results and might not gain benefit from immunotherapy. When compared to the low HCC metastatic cell lines, the high HCC metastatic cell lines have overexpressed levels of PAG1, LHFPL2, and FABP5 expression. The expression of PAG1, LHFPL2, and FABP5 was inhibited by the MAPK and mTORC1 pathway inhibitors. Our study identified mTORC1 score signature can aid in the development of individualized immunotherapy protocols and predict the HCC patients' prognoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erbao Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuqian Mo
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Yi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Luo
- Operating Room, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zewei Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yibing Hu
- Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhilin Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jikui Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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7
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Maldonado H, Leyton L. CSK-mediated signalling by integrins in cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1214787. [PMID: 37519303 PMCID: PMC10382208 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1214787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer progression and metastasis are processes heavily controlled by the integrin receptor family. Integrins are cell adhesion molecules that constitute the central components of mechanosensing complexes called focal adhesions, which connect the extracellular environment with the cell interior. Focal adhesions act as key players in cancer progression by regulating biological processes, such as cell migration, invasion, proliferation, and survival. Src family kinases (SFKs) can interplay with integrins and their downstream effectors. SFKs also integrate extracellular cues sensed by integrins and growth factor receptors (GFR), transducing them to coordinate metastasis and cell survival in cancer. The non-receptor tyrosine kinase CSK is a well-known SFK member that suppresses SFK activity by phosphorylating its specific negative regulatory loop (C-terminal Y527 residue). Consequently, CSK may play a pivotal role in tumour progression and suppression by inhibiting SFK oncogenic effects in several cancer types. Remarkably, CSK can localise near focal adhesions when SFKs are activated and even interact with focal adhesion components, such as phosphorylated FAK and Paxillin, among others, suggesting that CSK may regulate focal adhesion dynamics and structure. Even though SFK oncogenic signalling has been extensively described before, the specific role of CSK and its crosstalk with integrins in cancer progression, for example, in mechanosensing, remain veiled. Here, we review how CSK, by regulating SFKs, can regulate integrin signalling, and focus on recent discoveries of mechanotransduction. We additionally examine the cross talk of integrins and GFR as well as the membrane availability of these receptors in cancer. We also explore new pharmaceutical approaches to these signalling pathways and analyse them as future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio Maldonado
- Receptor Dynamics in Cancer Laboratory, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lisette Leyton
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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8
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Harant K, Čajka T, Angelisová P, Pokorná J, Hořejší V. Composition of raft-like cell membrane microdomains resistant to styrene-maleic acid copolymer (SMA) solubilization. Biophys Chem 2023; 296:106989. [PMID: 36898346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2023.106989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
An advantageous alternative to the use of detergents in biochemical studies on membrane proteins are the recently developed styrene-maleic acid (SMA) amphipathic copolymers. In our recent study [1] we demonstrated that using this approach, most T cell membrane proteins were fully solubilized (presumably in small nanodiscs), while two types of raft proteins, GPI-anchored proteins and Src family kinases, were mostly present in much larger (>250 nm) membrane fragments markedly enriched in typical raft lipids, cholesterol and lipids containing saturated fatty acid residues. In the present study we demonstrate that disintegration of membranes of several other cell types by means of SMA copolymer follows a similar pattern and we provide a detailed proteomic and lipidomic characterization of these SMA-resistant membrane fragments (SRMs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Harant
- Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec CZ-25242, Czechia; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benatska 2, Prague 2 CZ-128 01, Czechia.
| | - Tomáš Čajka
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, 1083 142 20 Praha 4, Czechia.
| | - Pavla Angelisová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, 1083 142 20 Praha 4, Czechia
| | - Jana Pokorná
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, 1083 142 20 Praha 4, Czechia
| | - Václav Hořejší
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, 1083 142 20 Praha 4, Czechia.
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Refinement of Singer-Nicolson fluid-mosaic model by microscopy imaging: Lipid rafts and actin-induced membrane compartmentalization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184093. [PMID: 36423676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This year celebrates the 50th anniversary of the Singer-Nicolson fluid mosaic model for biological membranes. The next level of sophistication we have achieved for understanding plasma membrane (PM) structures, dynamics, and functions during these 50 years includes the PM interactions with cortical actin filaments and the partial demixing of membrane constituent molecules in the PM, particularly raft domains. Here, first, we summarize our current knowledge of these two structures and emphasize that they are interrelated. Second, we review the structure, molecular dynamics, and function of raft domains, with main focuses on raftophilic glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) and their signal transduction mechanisms. We pay special attention to the results obtained by single-molecule imaging techniques and other advanced microscopy methods. We also clarify the limitations of present optical microscopy methods for visualizing raft domains, but emphasize that single-molecule imaging techniques can "detect" raft domains associated with molecules of interest in the PM.
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10
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Dias RVR, Ferreira CTA, Jennings PA, Whitford PC, Oliveira LCD. Csk αC Helix: A Computational Analysis of an Essential Region for Conformational Transitions. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:10587-10596. [PMID: 36512419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c05408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Conformational changes are an essential feature for the function of some dynamic proteins. Understanding the mechanism of such motions may allow us to identify important properties, which may be directly related to the regulatory function of a protein. Also, this knowledge may be employed for a rational design of drugs that can shift the balance between active and inactive conformations, as well as affect the kinetics of the activation process. Here, the conformational changes in carboxyl-terminal Src kinase, the major catalytic repressor to the Src family of kinases, was investigated, and it was proposed as a functionally related hypothesis. A Cα Structure-Based Model (Cα-SBM) was applied to provide a description of the overall conformational landscape and further analysis complemented by detailed molecular dynamics simulations. As a first approach to Cα-SBM simulations, reversible transitions between active (closed) and inactive (open) forms were modeled as fluctuations between these two energetic basins. It was found that, in addition to the interdomain Carboxyl-terminal SRC Kinase (Csk) correlated motions, a conformational change in the αC helix is required for a complete conformational transition. The result reveals this as an important region of transition control and domain coordination. Restrictions in the αC helix region of the Csk protein were performed, and the analyses showed a direct correlation with the global conformational changes, with this location being propitious for future studies of ligands. Also, the Src Homology 3 (SH3) and SH3 plus Src Homology 2 (SH2) domains were excluded for a direct comparison with experimental results previously published. Simulations where the SH3 was deleted presented a reduction of the transitions during the simulations, while the SH3-SH2 deletion vanishes the Csk transitions, corroborating the experimental results mentioned and linking the conformational changes with the catalytic functionality of Csk. The study was complemented by the introduction of a known kinase inhibitor close to the Csk αC helix region where its consequences for the kinetic behavior and domain displacement of Csk were verified through detailed molecular dynamics. The findings describe the mechanisms involving the Csk αC helix for the transitions and also support the dynamic correlation between SH3 and SH2 domains against the Csk lobes and how local energetic restrictions or interactions in the Csk αC helix can play an important role for long-range motions. The results also allow speculation if the Csk activity is restricted to one specific conformation or a consequence of a state transition, this point being a target for future studies. However, the αC helix is revealed as a potential region for rational drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Vinicius Rodrigues Dias
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo15054-000, Brazil
| | - Carolina Tatiani Alves Ferreira
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo15054-000, Brazil
| | - Patricia Ann Jennings
- University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Natural Science Building #3110, La Jolla, California92093, United States
| | - Paul Charles Whitford
- Northeastern University, Department of Physics and Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Leandro Cristante de Oliveira
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo15054-000, Brazil
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11
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West SJ, Boehning D, Akimzhanov AM. Regulation of T cell function by protein S-acylation. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1040968. [PMID: 36467682 PMCID: PMC9709458 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1040968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
S-acylation, the reversible lipidation of free cysteine residues with long-chain fatty acids, is a highly dynamic post-translational protein modification that has recently emerged as an important regulator of the T cell function. The reversible nature of S-acylation sets this modification apart from other forms of protein lipidation and allows it to play a unique role in intracellular signal transduction. In recent years, a significant number of T cell proteins, including receptors, enzymes, ion channels, and adaptor proteins, were identified as S-acylated. It has been shown that S-acylation critically contributes to their function by regulating protein localization, stability and protein-protein interactions. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that zDHHC protein acyltransferases, the family of enzymes mediating this modification, also play a prominent role in T cell activation and differentiation. In this review, we aim to highlight the diversity of proteins undergoing S-acylation in T cells, elucidate the mechanisms by which reversible lipidation can impact protein function, and introduce protein acyltransferases as a novel class of regulatory T cell proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah J. West
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- MD Anderson Cancer Center and University of Texas Health Science at Houston Graduate School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Darren Boehning
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Askar M. Akimzhanov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- MD Anderson Cancer Center and University of Texas Health Science at Houston Graduate School, Houston, TX, United States
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12
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Sridaran D, Chouhan S, Mahajan K, Renganathan A, Weimholt C, Bhagwat S, Reimers M, Kim EH, Thakur MK, Saeed MA, Pachynski RK, Seeliger MA, Miller WT, Feng FY, Mahajan NP. Inhibiting ACK1-mediated phosphorylation of C-terminal Src kinase counteracts prostate cancer immune checkpoint blockade resistance. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6929. [PMID: 36376335 PMCID: PMC9663509 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34724-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid tumours are highly refractory to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies due to the functional impairment of effector T cells and their inefficient trafficking to tumours. T-cell activation is negatively regulated by C-terminal Src kinase (CSK); however, the exact mechanism remains unknown. Here we show that the conserved oncogenic tyrosine kinase Activated CDC42 kinase 1 (ACK1) is able to phosphorylate CSK at Tyrosine 18 (pY18), which enhances CSK function, constraining T-cell activation. Mice deficient in the Tnk2 gene encoding Ack1, are characterized by diminished CSK Y18-phosphorylation and spontaneous activation of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, resulting in inhibited growth of transplanted ICB-resistant tumours. Furthermore, ICB treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients results in re-activation of ACK1/pY18-CSK signalling, confirming the involvement of this pathway in ICB insensitivity. An ACK1 small-molecule inhibitor, (R)-9b, recapitulates inhibition of ICB-resistant tumours, which provides evidence for ACK1 enzymatic activity playing a pivotal role in generating ICB resistance. Overall, our study identifies an important mechanism of ICB resistance and holds potential for expanding the scope of ICB therapy to tumours that are currently unresponsive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhivya Sridaran
- Department of Surgery, Washington University at St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University at St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Surbhi Chouhan
- Department of Surgery, Washington University at St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University at St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kiran Mahajan
- Department of Surgery, Washington University at St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University at St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University at St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Arun Renganathan
- Department of Surgery, Washington University at St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University at St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Cody Weimholt
- Department of Surgery, Washington University at St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University at St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Anatomic and Clinical Pathology, Washington University at St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Shambhavi Bhagwat
- Department of Surgery, Washington University at St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University at St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Melissa Reimers
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University at St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University at St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Eric H Kim
- Department of Surgery, Washington University at St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University at St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Manish K Thakur
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Muhammad A Saeed
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University at St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Russell K Pachynski
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University at St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University at St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Markus A Seeliger
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - W Todd Miller
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, NY, 11768, USA
| | - Felix Y Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nupam P Mahajan
- Department of Surgery, Washington University at St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University at St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University at St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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13
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Moore EK, Strazza M, Mor A. Combination Approaches to Target PD-1 Signaling in Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:927265. [PMID: 35911672 PMCID: PMC9330480 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.927265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains the second leading cause of death in the US, accounting for 25% of all deaths nationwide. Immunotherapy techniques bolster the immune cells' ability to target malignant cancer cells and have brought immense improvements in the field of cancer treatments. One important inhibitory protein in T cells, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), has become an invaluable target for cancer immunotherapy. While anti-PD-1 antibody therapy is extremely successful in some patients, in others it fails or even causes further complications, including cancer hyper-progression and immune-related adverse events. Along with countless translational studies of the PD-1 signaling pathway, there are currently close to 5,000 clinical trials for antibodies against PD-1 and its ligand, PD-L1, around 80% of which investigate combinations with other therapies. Nevertheless, more work is needed to better understand the PD-1 signaling pathway and to facilitate new and improved evidence-based combination strategies. In this work, we consolidate recent discoveries of PD-1 signaling mediators and their therapeutic potential in combination with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents. We focus on the phosphatases SHP2 and PTPN2; the kinases ITK, VRK2, GSK-3, and CDK4/6; and the signaling adaptor protein PAG. We discuss their biology both in cancer cells and T cells, with a focus on their role in relation to PD-1 to determine their potential in therapeutic combinations. The literature discussed here was obtained from a search of the published literature and ClinicalTrials.gov with the following key terms: checkpoint inhibition, cancer immunotherapy, PD-1, PD-L1, SHP2, PTPN2, ITK, VRK2, CDK4/6, GSK-3, and PAG. Together, we find that all of these proteins are logical and promising targets for combination therapy, and that with a deeper mechanistic understanding they have potential to improve the response rate and decrease adverse events when thoughtfully used in combination with checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Moore
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marianne Strazza
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Adam Mor
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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14
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Yip J, Thompson KS. T-cell Lymphoblastic Lymphoma in a Patient With Chromosome 8q21.11 Microdeletion. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2022; 44:e756-e759. [PMID: 34486555 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The chromosome 8q21.11 deletion syndrome is an extremely rare genetic condition characterized by facial dysmorphic features, Peters anomaly and impaired intellectual development. We report a case of a 2-year-old female with chromosome 8q21.11-q21.2 microdeletion complicated by T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. Whole genome single-nucleotide polymorphism microarray detected an interstitial deletion of 8q21.11 to q.21.2, including 16 genes. Autopsy findings revealed a T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma presenting as an anterior mediastinal mass, encroaching upon the aortic arch, left subclavian artery, left carotid bifurcation and trachea. The genes that may contribute to a neoplastic process are identified (PKIA, IL7, TPD52, PAG1, and FABP5) and discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Yip
- Department of Pathology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i
| | - Karen S Thompson
- Department of Pathology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i
- Clinical Laboratories of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI
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15
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Gangopadhyay K, Roy S, Sen Gupta S, Chandradasan A, Chowdhury S, Das R. Regulating the discriminatory response to antigen by T-cell receptor. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:BSR20212012. [PMID: 35260878 PMCID: PMC8965820 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-mediated immune response constitutes a robust host defense mechanism to eliminate pathogens and oncogenic cells. T cells play a central role in such a defense mechanism and creating memories to prevent any potential infection. T cell recognizes foreign antigen by its surface receptors when presented through antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and calibrates its cellular response by a network of intracellular signaling events. Activation of T-cell receptor (TCR) leads to changes in gene expression and metabolic networks regulating cell development, proliferation, and migration. TCR does not possess any catalytic activity, and the signaling initiates with the colocalization of several enzymes and scaffold proteins. Deregulation of T cell signaling is often linked to autoimmune disorders like severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. The TCR remarkably distinguishes the minor difference between self and non-self antigen through a kinetic proofreading mechanism. The output of TCR signaling is determined by the half-life of the receptor antigen complex and the time taken to recruit and activate the downstream enzymes. A longer half-life of a non-self antigen receptor complex could initiate downstream signaling by activating associated enzymes. Whereas, the short-lived, self-peptide receptor complex disassembles before the downstream enzymes are activated. Activation of TCR rewires the cellular metabolic response to aerobic glycolysis from oxidative phosphorylation. How does the early event in the TCR signaling cross-talk with the cellular metabolism is an open question. In this review, we have discussed the recent developments in understanding the regulation of TCR signaling, and then we reviewed the emerging role of metabolism in regulating T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustav Gangopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Swarnendu Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Soumee Sen Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Athira C. Chandradasan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Subhankar Chowdhury
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Rahul Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
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16
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Shah K, Al-Haidari A, Sun J, Kazi JU. T cell receptor (TCR) signaling in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:412. [PMID: 34897277 PMCID: PMC8666445 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00823-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction of the T cell receptor (TCR) with an MHC-antigenic peptide complex results in changes at the molecular and cellular levels in T cells. The outside environmental cues are translated into various signal transduction pathways within the cell, which mediate the activation of various genes with the help of specific transcription factors. These signaling networks propagate with the help of various effector enzymes, such as kinases, phosphatases, and phospholipases. Integration of these disparate signal transduction pathways is done with the help of adaptor proteins that are non-enzymatic in function and that serve as a scaffold for various protein-protein interactions. This process aids in connecting the proximal to distal signaling pathways, thereby contributing to the full activation of T cells. This review provides a comprehensive snapshot of the various molecules involved in regulating T cell receptor signaling, covering both enzymes and adaptors, and will discuss their role in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinjal Shah
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Amr Al-Haidari
- Clinical Genetics and Pathology, Skåne University Hospital, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
- Clinical Sciences Department, Surgery Research Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jianmin Sun
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Julhash U Kazi
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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17
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Acute Csk inhibition hinders B cell activation by constraining the PI3 kinase pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2108957118. [PMID: 34675079 PMCID: PMC8639343 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108957118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes recognize pathogenic antigens and become activated via their B cell receptors (BCR). This BCR-dependent activation is controlled by Src-family kinases (SFKs). It is unclear how B cells tolerate the fluctuations of SFK activities and maintain unresponsiveness in the absence of foreign antigens. Using a chemical-genetic system, we acutely inhibited C-terminal Src kinase to enhance the SFK activity in mouse B cells. Surprisingly, we observed marked inhibition of BCR-downstream signaling due to associated impairment of the phosphatidylinositol-trisphosphate pathway. These results reveal the critical importance of maintaining a proper amount of SFK activity in quiescent B cells for appropriate BCR-dependent responses, which may be critical for naïve B cell unresponsiveness to self-antigens to maintain peripheral tolerance. T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling are initiated and tightly regulated by Src-family kinases (SFKs). SFKs positively regulate TCR signaling in naïve T cells but have both positive and negative regulatory roles in BCR signaling in naïve B cells. The proper regulation of their activities depends on the opposing actions of receptor tyrosine phosphatases CD45 and CD148 and the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase C-terminal Src kinase Csk. Csk is a major negative regulator of SFKs. Using a PP1-analog-sensitive Csk (CskAS) system, we have previously shown that inhibition of CskAS increases SFK activity, leading to augmentation of responses to weak TCR stimuli in T cells. However, the effects of Csk inhibition in B cells were not known. In this study, we surprisingly found that inhibition of CskAS led to marked inhibition of BCR-stimulated cytoplasmic free calcium increase and Erk activation despite increased SFK activation in B cells, contrasting the effects observed in T cells. Further investigation revealed that acute CskAS inhibition suppressed BCR-mediated phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) production in B cells. Restoring PIP3 levels in B cells by CD19 cross-linking or SHIP1 deficiency eliminated the negative regulatory effect of CskAS inhibition. This reveals the critical role of Csk in maintaining an appropriate level of SFK activity and regulating PIP3 amounts as a means of compensating for SFK fluctuations to prevent inappropriate B cell activation. This regulatory mechanism controlling PIP3 amounts may also contribute to B cell anergy and self-tolerance.
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18
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Zhang Y, Qin Z, Sun W, Chu F, Zhou F. Function of Protein S-Palmitoylation in Immunity and Immune-Related Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661202. [PMID: 34557182 PMCID: PMC8453015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein S-palmitoylation is a covalent and reversible lipid modification that specifically targets cysteine residues within many eukaryotic proteins. In mammalian cells, the ubiquitous palmitoyltransferases (PATs) and serine hydrolases, including acyl protein thioesterases (APTs), catalyze the addition and removal of palmitate, respectively. The attachment of palmitoyl groups alters the membrane affinity of the substrate protein changing its subcellular localization, stability, and protein-protein interactions. Forty years of research has led to the understanding of the role of protein palmitoylation in significantly regulating protein function in a variety of biological processes. Recent global profiling of immune cells has identified a large body of S-palmitoylated immunity-associated proteins. Localization of many immune molecules to the cellular membrane is required for the proper activation of innate and adaptive immune signaling. Emerging evidence has unveiled the crucial roles that palmitoylation plays to immune function, especially in partitioning immune signaling proteins to the membrane as well as to lipid rafts. More importantly, aberrant PAT activity and fluctuations in palmitoylation levels are strongly correlated with human immunologic diseases, such as sensory incompetence or over-response to pathogens. Therefore, targeting palmitoylation is a novel therapeutic approach for treating human immunologic diseases. In this review, we discuss the role that palmitoylation plays in both immunity and immunologic diseases as well as the significant potential of targeting palmitoylation in disease treatment.
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19
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Strazza M, Azoulay-Alfaguter I, Peled M, Adam K, Mor A. Transmembrane adaptor protein PAG is a mediator of PD-1 inhibitory signaling in human T cells. Commun Biol 2021; 4:672. [PMID: 34083754 PMCID: PMC8175585 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02225-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory receptor PD-1 is expressed on T cells to inhibit select functions when ligated. The complete signaling mechanism downstream of PD-1 has yet to be uncovered. Here, we discovered phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains 1 (PAG) is phosphorylated following PD-1 ligation and associate this with inhibitory T cell function. Clinical cohort analysis correlates low PAG expression with increased survival from numerous tumor types. PAG knockdown in T cells prevents PD-1-mediated inhibition of cytokine secretion, cell adhesion, CD69 expression, and ERK204/187 phosphorylation, and enhances phosphorylation of SRC527 following PD-1 ligation. PAG overexpression rescues these effects. In vivo, PAG contributes greatly to the growth of two murine tumors, MC38 and B16, and limits T cell presence within the tumor. Moreover, PAG deletion sensitizes tumors to PD-1 blockade. Here PAG is established as a critical mediator of PD-1 signaling and as a potential target to enhance T cell activation in tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Phosphorylation
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/genetics
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Strazza
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Michael Peled
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kieran Adam
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam Mor
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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20
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Zhou F, Elzi DJ, Jayabal P, Ma X, Chiu YC, Chen Y, Blackman B, Weintraub ST, Houghton PJ, Shiio Y. GDF6-CD99 Signaling Regulates Src and Ewing Sarcoma Growth. Cell Rep 2021; 33:108332. [PMID: 33147457 PMCID: PMC7688343 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here that the autocrine signaling mediated by growth and differentiation factor 6 (GDF6), a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family of cytokines, maintains Ewing sarcoma growth by preventing Src hyperactivation. Surprisingly, Ewing sarcoma depends on the prodomain, not the BMP domain, of GDF6. We demonstrate that the GDF6 prodomain is a ligand for CD99, a transmembrane protein that has been widely used as a marker of Ewing sarcoma. The binding of the GDF6 prodomain to the CD99 extracellular domain results in recruitment of CSK (C-terminal Src kinase) to the YQKKK motif in the intracellular domain of CD99, inhibiting Src activity. GDF6 silencing causes hyperactivation of Src and p21-dependent growth arrest. We demonstrate that two GDF6 prodomain mutants linked to Klippel-Feil syndrome are hyperactive in CD99-Src signaling. These results reveal a cytokine signaling pathway that regulates the CSK-Src axis and cancer cell proliferation and suggest the gain-of-function activity for disease-causing GDF6 mutants. Ewing sarcoma is driven by the EWS-ETS fusion oncoprotein, but little is known about the extracellular signaling regulating this cancer. Zhou et al. report that the prodomain of GDF6 is a ligand for CD99, inhibiting Src through CSK and maintaining Ewing sarcoma growth in an autocrine fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchun Zhou
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - David J Elzi
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; BioAffinity Technologies, Inc., 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Panneerselvam Jayabal
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Xiuye Ma
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yu-Chiao Chiu
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yidong Chen
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Population Health Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Barron Blackman
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Susan T Weintraub
- Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Peter J Houghton
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yuzuru Shiio
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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21
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Sripada A, Sirohi K, Michalec L, Guo L, McKay JT, Yadav S, Verma M, Good J, Rollins D, Gorska MM, Alam R. Sprouty2 positively regulates T cell function and airway inflammation through regulation of CSK and LCK kinases. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001063. [PMID: 33684096 PMCID: PMC7971865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of Sprouty2 (Spry2) in T cells is unknown. Using 2 different (inducible and T cell-targeted) knockout mouse strains, we found that Spry2 positively regulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling by modulating the activity of LCK. Spry2-/- CD4+ T cells were unable to activate LCK, proliferate, differentiate into T helper cells, or produce cytokines. Spry2 deficiency abrogated type 2 inflammation and airway hyperreactivity in a murine model of asthma. Spry2 expression was higher in blood and airway CD4+ T cells from patients with asthma, and Spry2 knockdown impaired human T cell proliferation and cytokine production. Spry2 deficiency up-regulated the lipid raft protein caveolin-1, enhanced its interaction with CSK, and increased CSK interaction with LCK, culminating in augmented inhibitory phosphorylation of LCK. Knockdown of CSK or dislodgment of caveolin-1-bound CSK restored ERK1/2 activation in Spry2-/- T cells, suggesting an essential role for Spry2 in LCK activation and T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Sripada
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kapil Sirohi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lidia Michalec
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lei Guo
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jerome T McKay
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sangya Yadav
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mukesh Verma
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - James Good
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Donald Rollins
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Magdalena M Gorska
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rafeul Alam
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
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22
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Influence of pentoxifylline on gene expression of PAG1/ miR-1206/ SNHG14 in ischemic heart disease. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 25:100911. [PMID: 33553684 PMCID: PMC7846894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation by immune checkpoint is able to prevent excessive tissue damage caused by ischemia reperfusion (I/R); therefore, the study aims to investigate the behavior of phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains 1 (PAG1) mRNA, miR-1206 and small nucleolar RNA host gene 14 (SNHG14) during I/R and intake of pentoxifylline (PTX) as a protective drug. The relative expression level of PAG1/miR-1206/SNHG14 was determined by qRT-PCR. Cardiac tissue levels of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) and PAG1 protein expression were determined by ELISA technique. The regulatory T cells achieved by the flow cytometry. The results found that the relative expression of SNHG14 was significantly upregulated in I/R, but suppressed in PTX treated groups with enhancement of the relative expression level of miR-1206. The gene and protein expression of PAG1 were downregulated with effective doses of PTX. The results showed that (30 and 40 mg/kg bwt) PTX dose suppressed the CTLA4 development significantly. The mean of the regulatory T cell in PTX protective groups is significantly reduced at (p < 0.001) in a comparison with I/R group. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between SNHG14 and miR-1206, but a significant positive correlation between SNHG14 and PAG1 in I/R heart tissue. The results indicated that miR-1206 and SNHG14 can be used as biomarkers with perfect sensitivity and specificity. Using PTX reduced cardiac tissue damage. SNHG14 and miR-1206 can be used as a diagnostic tool in I/R. Positive correlation between SNHG14 and PAG1 relative expression in I/R heart tissues. SNHG14 and miR-1206 can be used as a diagnostic tool in ischemia reperfusion. Negative correlation between SNHG14 and miR-1206. Using pentoxifylline as a protective drug renders cardiac tissues more resistance to ischemia.
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23
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Multi-color Molecular Visualization of Signaling Proteins Reveals How C-Terminal Src Kinase Nanoclusters Regulate T Cell Receptor Activation. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108523. [PMID: 33357425 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the mechanisms that controlled T cell activation requires visualization of the spatial organization of multiple proteins on the submicron scale. Here, we use stoichiometrically accurate, multiplexed, single-molecule super-resolution microscopy (DNA-PAINT) to image the nanoscale spatial architecture of the primary inhibitor of the T cell signaling pathway, Csk, and two binding partners implicated in its membrane association, PAG and TRAF3. Combined with a newly developed co-clustering analysis framework, we find that Csk forms nanoscale clusters proximal to the plasma membrane that are lost post-stimulation and are re-recruited at later time points. Unexpectedly, these clusters do not co-localize with PAG at the membrane but instead provide a ready pool of monomers to downregulate signaling. By generating CRISPR-Cas9 knockout T cells, our data also identify that a major risk factor for autoimmune diseases, the protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) locus, is essential for Csk nanocluster re-recruitment and for maintenance of the synaptic PAG population.
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24
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Tewari R, West SJ, Shayahati B, Akimzhanov AM. Detection of Protein S-Acylation using Acyl-Resin Assisted Capture. J Vis Exp 2020. [PMID: 32338654 DOI: 10.3791/61016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein S-acylation, also referred to as S-palmitoylation, is a reversible post-translational modification of cysteine residues with long-chain fatty acids via a labile thioester bond. S-acylation, which is emerging as a widespread regulatory mechanism, can modulate almost all aspects of the biological activity of proteins, from complex formation to protein trafficking and protein stability. The recent progress in understanding of the biological function of protein S-acylation was achieved largely due to the development of novel biochemical tools allowing robust and sensitive detection of protein S-acylation in a variety of biological samples. Here, we describe acyl resin-assisted capture (Acyl-RAC), a recently developed method based on selective capture of endogenously S-acylated proteins by thiol-reactive Sepharose beads. Compared to existing approaches, Acyl-RAC requires fewer steps and can yield more reliable results when coupled with mass spectrometry for identification of novel S-acylation targets. A major limitation in this technique is the lack of ability to discriminate between fatty acid species attached to cysteines via the same thioester bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Tewari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at UT Health
| | - Savannah J West
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at UT Health; MD Anderson UT Health Graduate School
| | - Bieerkehazi Shayahati
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at UT Health
| | - Askar M Akimzhanov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at UT Health;
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25
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Machine learning for cluster analysis of localization microscopy data. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1493. [PMID: 32198352 PMCID: PMC7083906 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantifying the extent to which points are clustered in single-molecule localization microscopy data is vital to understanding the spatial relationships between molecules in the underlying sample. Many existing computational approaches are limited in their ability to process large-scale data sets, to deal effectively with sample heterogeneity, or require subjective user-defined analysis parameters. Here, we develop a supervised machine-learning approach to cluster analysis which is fast and accurate. Trained on a variety of simulated clustered data, the neural network can classify millions of points from a typical single-molecule localization microscopy data set, with the potential to include additional classifiers to describe different subtypes of clusters. The output can be further refined for the measurement of cluster area, shape, and point-density. We demonstrate this approach on simulated data and experimental data of the kinase Csk and the adaptor PAG in primary human T cell immunological synapses. The characterization of clusters in single-molecule microscopy data is vital to reconstruct emerging spatial patterns. Here, the authors present a fast and accurate machine-learning approach to clustering, to address the issues related to the size of the data and to sample heterogeneity.
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26
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Pournia F, Dang-Lawson M, Choi K, Mo V, Lampe PD, Matsuuchi L. Identification of serine residues in the connexin43 carboxyl tail important for BCR-mediated spreading of B-lymphocytes. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs237925. [PMID: 31964709 PMCID: PMC10682646 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.237925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
B-lymphocytes recognize antigen via B-cell antigen receptors (BCRs). This binding induces signaling, leading to B-cell activation, proliferation and differentiation. Early events of BCR signaling include reorganization of actin and membrane spreading, which facilitates increased antigen gathering. We have previously shown that the gap junction protein connexin43 (Cx43; also known as GJA1) is phosphorylated upon BCR signaling, and its carboxyl tail (CT) is important for BCR-mediated spreading. Here, specific serine residues in the Cx43 CT that are phosphorylated following BCR stimulation were identified. A chimeric protein containing the extracellular and transmembrane domains of CD8 fused to the Cx43 CT was sufficient to support cell spreading. Cx43 CT truncations showed that the region between amino acids 246-307 is necessary for B-cell spreading. Site-specific serine-to-alanine mutations (S255A, S262A, S279A and S282A) resulted in differential effects on both BCR signaling and BCR-mediated spreading. These serine residues can serve as potential binding sites for actin remodeling mediators and/or BCR signaling effectors; therefore, our results may reflect unique roles for each of these serines in terms of linking the Cx43 CT to actin remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Pournia
- Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia (UBC), 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Zoology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia (UBC), 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - May Dang-Lawson
- Department of Zoology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia (UBC), 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia (UBC), 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kate Choi
- Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia (UBC), 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Zoology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia (UBC), 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia (UBC), 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Victor Mo
- Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia (UBC), 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Zoology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia (UBC), 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Paul D Lampe
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Linda Matsuuchi
- Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia (UBC), 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Zoology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia (UBC), 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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27
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Ullah MA, Vicente CT, Collinson N, Curren B, Sikder MAA, Sebina I, Simpson J, Varelias A, Lindquist JA, Ferreira MAR, Phipps S. PAG1 limits allergen-induced type 2 inflammation in the murine lung. Allergy 2020; 75:336-345. [PMID: 31321783 DOI: 10.1111/all.13991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains 1 (PAG1) is a transmembrane adaptor protein that affects immune receptor signaling in T and B cells. Evidence from genome-wide association studies of asthma suggests that genetic variants that regulate the expression of PAG1 are associated with asthma risk. However, it is not known whether PAG1 expression is causally related to asthma pathophysiology. Here, we investigated the role of PAG1 in a preclinical mouse model of house dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic sensitization and allergic airway inflammation. METHODS Pag1-deficient (Pag1-/- ) and wild-type (WT) mice were sensitized or sensitized/challenged to HDM, and hallmark features of allergic inflammation were assessed. The contribution of T cells was assessed through depletion (anti-CD4 antibody) and adoptive transfer studies. RESULTS Type 2 inflammation (eosinophilia, eotaxin-2 expression, IL-4/IL-5/IL-13 production, mucus production) in the airways and lungs was significantly increased in HDM sensitized/challenged Pag1-/- mice compared to WT mice. The predisposition to allergic sensitization was associated with increased airway epithelial high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) translocation and release, increased type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and monocyte-derived dendritic cell numbers in the mediastinal lymph nodes, and increased T-helper type 2 (TH 2)-cell differentiation. CD4+ T-cell depletion studies or the adoptive transfer of WT OVA-specific CD4+ T cells to WT or Pag1-/- recipients demonstrated that the heightened propensity for TH 2-cell differentiation was both T cell intrinsic and extrinsic. CONCLUSION PAG1 deficiency increased airway epithelial activation, ILC2 expansion, and TH 2 differentiation. As a consequence, PAG1 deficiency predisposed toward allergic sensitization and increased the severity of experimental asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ashik Ullah
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane Qld Australia
- Faculty of Medicine University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Cristina T. Vicente
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane Qld Australia
- Faculty of Medicine University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
| | | | - Bodie Curren
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane Qld Australia
- Faculty of Medicine University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Md Al Amin Sikder
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane Qld Australia
- Faculty of Medicine University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Ismail Sebina
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Jennifer Simpson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane Qld Australia
- Faculty of Medicine University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Antiopi Varelias
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane Qld Australia
- Faculty of Medicine University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Jonathan A. Lindquist
- Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetology and Endocrinology Otto‐von‐Guericke University Magdeburg Germany
| | | | - Simon Phipps
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane Qld Australia
- Faculty of Medicine University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
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Beyond the Cell Surface: Targeting Intracellular Negative Regulators to Enhance T cell Anti-Tumor Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235821. [PMID: 31756921 PMCID: PMC6929154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that extracellular proteins that negatively regulate T cell function, such as Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and Programmed Cell Death protein 1 (PD-1), can be effectively targeted to enhance cancer immunotherapies and Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cells (CAR-T cells). Intracellular proteins that inhibit T cell receptor (TCR) signal transduction, though less well studied, are also potentially useful therapeutic targets to enhance T cell activity against tumor. Four major classes of enzymes that attenuate TCR signaling include E3 ubiquitin kinases such as the Casitas B-lineage lymphoma proteins (Cbl-b and c-Cbl), and Itchy (Itch), inhibitory tyrosine phosphatases, such as Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatases (SHP-1 and SHP-2), inhibitory protein kinases, such as C-terminal Src kinase (Csk), and inhibitory lipid kinases such as Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (SHIP) and Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs). This review describes the mechanism of action of eighteen intracellular inhibitory regulatory proteins in T cells within these four classes, and assesses their potential value as clinical targets to enhance the anti-tumor activity of endogenous T cells and CAR-T cells.
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29
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Skånland SS, Taskén K. Carboxyl-Terminal Src Kinase Binds CD28 upon Activation and Mutes Downstream Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:1055-1063. [PMID: 31292214 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Full T cell activation depends on stimulation of the TCR in conjunction with a costimulatory receptor. The involvement of costimulatory molecules is potent, and a mechanistic understanding of how downstream signaling is regulated is required to fully understand T cell responsiveness. In this study, a proteomic approach was taken to identify the interactomes of the coreceptors CD2 and CD28. These coreceptors are both positive regulators of T cell activation, but CD28 less potently induces TCR-proximal signaling. C-terminal Src kinase (CSK), a negative regulator of TCR signaling, was identified as a specific and direct interactor only of activated CD28. CSK is recruited to CD28 upon T cell activation, and the in vitro kinase activity of CSK is enhanced in the presence of phosphorylated CD28. Interruption of the CSK/CD28 interaction prior to TCR/CD28 costimulation induces a signaling response which mimics the more potent CD2-induced TCR-proximal pathway activation. Thus, CD28 functions as a novel adaptor protein for CSK, and CSK regulates signaling downstream of CD28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid S Skånland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway; .,K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0318 Oslo, Norway; and .,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0318 Oslo, Norway; and.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
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SUMOylation of Csk Negatively Modulates its Tumor Suppressor Function. Neoplasia 2019; 21:676-688. [PMID: 31125786 PMCID: PMC6531875 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Csk, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, serves as an indispensable negative regulator of the Src family kinases (SFKs). However, little is known about regulation of Csk expression so far. SUMOylation, a reversible post-translational modification, has been shown to regulate many biological processes especially in tumor progression. Here we report that Csk is covalently modified by SUMO1 at lysine 53 (K53) both in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with hydrogen peroxide inhibited this modification to a certain extent, but PIAS3, identified as the main specific SUMO E3 ligase for Csk, could significantly enhance SUMO1-Csk level. In addition, phosphorylation at Ser364, the active site in Csk, had no effect on this modification. Ectopic expression of SUMO-defective mutant, Csk K53R, inhibited tumor cell growth more potentially than Csk wild-type. Consistent with the biological phenotype, the SUMO modification of Csk impaired its activity to interact with Cbp (Csk binding protein) leading to decreased c-Src phosphorylation at Y527. Our results suggest that SUMOylation of Csk mainly at lysine 53 negatively modulates its tumor suppressor function by reducing its binding with Cbp and consequently, inducing c-Src activation.
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31
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Gold MR, Reth MG. Antigen Receptor Function in the Context of the Nanoscale Organization of the B Cell Membrane. Annu Rev Immunol 2019; 37:97-123. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The B cell antigen receptor (BCR) plays a central role in the self/nonself selection of B lymphocytes and in their activation by cognate antigen during the clonal selection process. It was long thought that most cell surface receptors, including the BCR, were freely diffusing and randomly distributed. Since the advent of superresolution techniques, it has become clear that the plasma membrane is compartmentalized and highly organized at the nanometer scale. Hence, a complete understanding of the precise conformation and activation mechanism of the BCR must take into account the organization of the B cell plasma membrane. We review here the recent literature on the nanoscale organization of the lymphocyte membrane and discuss how this new information influences our view of the conformational changes that the BCR undergoes during activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Gold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Michael G. Reth
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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32
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Zhang T, de Waard AA, Wuhrer M, Spaapen RM. The Role of Glycosphingolipids in Immune Cell Functions. Front Immunol 2019; 10:90. [PMID: 30761148 PMCID: PMC6361815 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) exhibit a variety of functions in cellular differentiation and interaction. Also, they are known to play a role as receptors in pathogen invasion. A less well-explored feature is the role of GSLs in immune cell function which is the subject of this review article. Here we summarize knowledge on GSL expression patterns in different immune cells. We review the changes in GSL expression during immune cell development and differentiation, maturation, and activation. Furthermore, we review how immune cell GSLs impact membrane organization, molecular signaling, and trans-interactions in cellular cross-talk. Another aspect covered is the role of GSLs as targets of antibody-based immunity in cancer. We expect that recent advances in analytical and genome editing technologies will help in the coming years to further our knowledge on the role of GSLs as modulators of immune cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Antonius A de Waard
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Robbert M Spaapen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Ouyang M, Wan R, Qin Q, Peng Q, Wang P, Wu J, Allen M, Shi Y, Laub S, Deng L, Lu S, Wang Y. Sensitive FRET Biosensor Reveals Fyn Kinase Regulation by Submembrane Localization. ACS Sens 2019; 4:76-86. [PMID: 30588803 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fyn kinase plays crucial roles in hematology and T cell signaling; however, there are currently limited tools to visualize the dynamic Fyn activity in live cells. Here we developed and characterized a highly sensitive Fyn biosensor based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to monitor Fyn kinase activity in live cells. Our results show that Fyn kinase activity can be induced in both mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and T cells by ligand engagement. Two different motifs were further introduced to target the biosensor at the cellular membrane microdomains in MEFs, revealing that the Fyn-tagged biosensor had 70% greater response to growth factor stimulation than the Lyn-tagged version. This suggests that the plasma membrane microdomains can be categorized into different functional subdomains. Further experiments show that while the membrane accessibility is necessary for Fyn activation, the localization of Fyn outside of its microdomains causes its hyperactivity, indicating that membrane microdomains provide a suppressive microenvironment for Fyn regulation in MEFs. Interestingly, a relatively high Fyn activity can be observed at perinuclear regions, further supporting the notion that the membrane microenvironment has a significant impact on the local molecular functions. Our work hence highlights a novel Fyn FRET biosensor for live cell imaging and its application in revealing an intricate submembrane regulation of Fyn in live MEFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Ouyang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province 213164, China
| | - Rongxue Wan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qin Qin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Qin Peng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Pengzhi Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jenny Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Molly Allen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yiwen Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Shannon Laub
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Linhong Deng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province 213164, China
| | - Shaoying Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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Gonçalves CM, Henriques SN, Santos RF, Carmo AM. CD6, a Rheostat-Type Signalosome That Tunes T Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2994. [PMID: 30619347 PMCID: PMC6305463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Following T cell receptor triggering, T cell activation is initiated and amplified by the assembly at the TCR/CD3 macrocomplex of a multitude of stimulatory enzymes that activate several signaling cascades. The potency of signaling is, however, modulated by various inhibitory components already at the onset of activation, long before co-inhibitory immune checkpoints are expressed to help terminating the response. CD5 and CD6 are surface glycoproteins of T cells that have determinant roles in thymocyte development, T cell activation and immune responses. They belong to the superfamily of scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) glycoproteins but whereas the inhibitory role of CD5 has been established for long, there is still controversy on whether CD6 may have similar or antagonistic functions on T cell signaling. Analysis of the structure and molecular associations of CD5 and CD6 indicates that these molecules assemble at the cytoplasmic tail a considerable number of signaling effectors that can putatively transduce diverse types of intracellular signals. Biochemical studies have concluded that both receptors can antagonize the flow of TCR-mediated signaling; however, the impact that CD5 and CD6 have on T cell development and T cell-mediated immune responses may be different. Here we analyze the signaling function of CD6, the common and also the different properties it exhibits comparing with CD5, and interpret the functional effects displayed by CD6 in recent animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine M Gonçalves
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia N Henriques
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita F Santos
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandre M Carmo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
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Voisinne G, Gonzalez de Peredo A, Roncagalli R. CD5, an Undercover Regulator of TCR Signaling. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2900. [PMID: 30581443 PMCID: PMC6292949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are critical components of adaptive immunity. As such, their activation is regulated by the T cell receptor (TCR) that constantly scan peptides associated with major histocompatibility complexes (MHC). TCR engagement initiates a series of molecular events leading to cytokine secretion, proliferation, and differentiation of T cells. As a second coincident event, activation of co-stimulatory molecules, such as CD28, synergize with the TCR in order to prolong and/or amplify intracellular signals. With the recent advances in immunotherapies targeting T cells, co-inhibitory receptors are of growing interest for immunologists due to their potential modulatory properties on T cell functions. However, special attention should be dedicated to avoid unwanted clinical outcomes (1). In particular, Manichean categorization of receptors based on incomplete functional knowledge can lead to an over-simplistic view of complex cellular regulations. Thus, analysis of the functions that characterize these receptors in diverse physiological contexts remains essential for their rational use in therapeutic protocols. Here we focus on CD5, a transmembrane receptor that regulates T cell functions and development but remains poorly characterized at the molecular level. We will review its roles in physiological conditions and suggest potential molecular effectors that could account for CD5-dependent regulation of TCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Voisinne
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Gonzalez de Peredo
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Département Biologie Structural Biophysique, Protéomique Génopole Toulouse Midi Pyrénées CNRS UMR 5089, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Roncagalli
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
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Khanduri A, Sahu AR, Wani SA, Khan RIN, Pandey A, Saxena S, Malla WA, Mondal P, Rajak KK, Muthuchelvan D, Mishra B, Sahoo AP, Singh YP, Singh RK, Gandham RK, Mishra BP. Dysregulated miRNAome and Proteome of PPRV Infected Goat PBMCs Reveal a Coordinated Immune Response. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2631. [PMID: 30524425 PMCID: PMC6262310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the miRNAome and proteome of virulent Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) infected goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were analyzed. The identified differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) were found to govern genes that modulate immune response based on the proteome data. The top 10 significantly enriched immune response processes were found to be governed by 98 genes. The top 10 DEmiRNAs governing these 98 genes were identified based on the number of genes governed by them. Out of these 10 DEmiRNAs, 7 were upregulated, and 3 were downregulated. These include miR-664, miR-2311, miR-2897, miR-484, miR-2440, miR-3533, miR-574, miR-210, miR-21-5p, and miR-30. miR-664 and miR-484 with proviral and antiviral activities, respectively, were upregulated in PPRV infected PBMCs. miR-210 that inhibits apoptosis was downregulated. miR-21-5p that decreases the sensitivity of cells to the antiviral activity of IFNs and miR-30b that inhibits antigen processing and presentation by primary macrophages were downregulated, indicative of a strong host response to PPRV infection. miR-21-5p was found to be inhibited on IPA upstream regulatory analysis of RNA-sequencing data. This miRNA that was also highly downregulated and was found to govern 16 immune response genes in the proteome data was selected for functional validation vis-a-vis TGFBR2 (TGF-beta receptor type-2). TGFBR2 that regulates cell differentiation and is involved in several immune response pathways was found to be governed by most of the identified immune modulating DEmiRNAs. The decreased luciferase activity in Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay indicated specific binding of miR-21-5p and miR-484 to their target thus establishing specific binding of the miRNAs to their targets.This is the first report on the miRNAome and proteome of virulent PPRV infected goat PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Khanduri
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bareilly, India
| | - Amit Ranjan Sahu
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bareilly, India.,DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sajad Ahmad Wani
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bareilly, India.,The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, OH, United States
| | - Raja Ishaq Nabi Khan
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bareilly, India
| | - Aruna Pandey
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bareilly, India
| | - Shikha Saxena
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bareilly, India
| | - Waseem Akram Malla
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bareilly, India
| | - Piyali Mondal
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bareilly, India
| | - Kaushal Kishor Rajak
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bareilly, India
| | - D Muthuchelvan
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Mukteswar, India
| | - Bina Mishra
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bareilly, India
| | - Aditya P Sahoo
- ICAR- Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, India
| | - Yash Pal Singh
- ARIS Cell, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bareilly, India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bareilly, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Gandham
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bareilly, India.,DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Bishnu Prasad Mishra
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bareilly, India
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The use of styrene-maleic acid copolymer (SMA) for studies on T cell membrane rafts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1861:130-141. [PMID: 30463696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An emerging alternative to the use of detergents in biochemical studies on membrane proteins is apparently the use styrene-maleic acid (SMA) amphipathic copolymers. These cut the membrane into nanodiscs (SMA-lipid particles, SMALPs), which contain membrane proteins possibly surrounded by their native lipid environment. We examined this approach for studies on several types of T cell membrane proteins, previously defined as raft or non-raft associated, to see whether the properties of the raft derived SMALPs differ from non-raft SMALPs. Our results indicate that two types of raft proteins, GPI-anchored proteins and two Src family kinases, are markedly present in membrane fragments much larger (>250 nm) than those containing non-raft proteins (<20 nm). Lipid probes sensitive to membrane fluidity (membrane order) indicate that the lipid environment in the large SMALPs is less fluid (more ordered) than in the small ones which may indicate the presence of a more ordered lipid Lo phase which is characteristic of membrane rafts. Also the lipid composition of the small vs. large SMALPs is markedly different - the large ones are enriched in cholesterol and lipids containing saturated fatty acids. In addition, we confirm that T cell membrane proteins present in SMALPs can be readily immunoisolated. Our results support the use of SMA as a potentially better (less artifact prone) alternative to detergents for studies on membrane proteins and their complexes, including membrane rafts.
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Potuckova L, Draberova L, Halova I, Paulenda T, Draber P. Positive and Negative Regulatory Roles of C-Terminal Src Kinase (CSK) in FcεRI-Mediated Mast Cell Activation, Independent of the Transmembrane Adaptor PAG/CSK-Binding Protein. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1771. [PMID: 30116247 PMCID: PMC6082945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
C-terminal Src kinase (CSK) is a major negative regulator of Src family tyrosine kinases (SFKs) that play critical roles in immunoreceptor signaling. CSK is brought in contiguity to the plasma membrane-bound SFKs via binding to transmembrane adaptor PAG, also known as CSK-binding protein. The recent finding that PAG can function as a positive regulator of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI)-mediated mast cell signaling suggested that PAG and CSK have some non-overlapping regulatory functions in mast cell activation. To determine the regulatory roles of CSK in FcεRI signaling, we derived bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) with reduced or enhanced expression of CSK from wild-type (WT) or PAG knockout (KO) mice and analyzed their FcεRI-mediated activation events. We found that in contrast to PAG-KO cells, antigen-activated BMMCs with CSK knockdown (KD) exhibited significantly higher degranulation, calcium response, and tyrosine phosphorylation of FcεRI, SYK, and phospholipase C. Interestingly, FcεRI-mediated events in BMMCs with PAG-KO were restored upon CSK silencing. BMMCs with CSK-KD/PAG-KO resembled BMMCs with CSK-KD alone. Unexpectedly, cells with CSK-KD showed reduced kinase activity of LYN and decreased phosphorylation of transcription factor STAT5. This was accompanied by impaired production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in antigen-activated cells. In line with this, BMMCs with CSK-KD exhibited enhanced phosphorylation of protein phosphatase SHP-1, which provides a negative feedback loop for regulating phosphorylation of STAT5 and LYN kinase activity. Furthermore, we found that in WT BMMCs SHP-1 forms complexes containing LYN, CSK, and STAT5. Altogether, our data demonstrate that in FcεRI-activated mast cells CSK is a negative regulator of degranulation and chemotaxis, but a positive regulator of adhesion to fibronectin and production of proinflammatory cytokines. Some of these pathways are not dependent on the presence of PAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Potuckova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lubica Draberova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ivana Halova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomas Paulenda
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petr Draber
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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39
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Qiu L, Chang G, Li Z, Bi Y, Liu X, Chen G. Comprehensive Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Competing Endogenous RNA Networks During Avian Leukosis Virus, Subgroup J-Induced Tumorigenesis in Chickens. Front Physiol 2018; 9:996. [PMID: 30093865 PMCID: PMC6070742 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) is an avian oncogenic retrovirus that induces myeloid tumors and hemangiomas in chickens and causes severe economic losses with commercial layer chickens and meat-type chickens. High-throughput sequencing followed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and bioinformatics analyses were performed to advance the understanding of regulatory networks associated with differentially expressed non-coding RNAs and mRNAs that facilitate ALV-J infection. We examined the expression of mRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and miRNAs in the spleens of 20-week-old chickens infected with ALV-J and uninfected chickens. We found that 1723 mRNAs, 7,883 lncRNAs and 13 miRNAs in the spleen were differentially expressed between the uninfected and infected groups (P < 0.05). Transcriptome analysis showed that, compared to mRNA, chicken lncRNAs shared relatively fewer exon numbers and shorter transcripts. Through competing endogenous RNA and co-expression network analyses, we identified several tumor-associated or immune-related genes and lncRNAs. Along transcripts whose expression levels significantly decreased in both ALV-J infected spleen and tumor tissues, BCL11B showed the greatest change. These results suggest that BCL11B may be mechanistically involved in tumorigenesis in chicken and neoplastic diseases, may be related to immune response, and potentially be novel biomarker for ALV-J infection. Our results provide new insight into the pathology of ALV-J infection and high-quality transcriptome resource for in-depth study of epigenetic influences on disease resistance and immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guobin Chang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhiteng Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yulin Bi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiangping Liu
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guohong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Cong BB, Gao MH, Li B, Wang B, Zhang B, Wang LN, Zhang SC, Li HQ, Wang Z, Han SY. Overexpression of Csk-binding protein/phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains induces cluster of differentiation 59-mediated apoptosis in Jurkat cells. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:4139-4148. [PMID: 29725363 PMCID: PMC5920370 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Csk-binding protein/phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains (CBP/PAG) is a membrane-bound adaptor protein that downregulates the activation of Src family kinases present in lipid rafts. To elucidate the role of CBP/PAG in human T cell activation, a cell line overexpressing CBP/PAG was constructed and the function of CBP/PAG in Jurkat cells was examined. The present study revealed that increased CBP/PAG expression in T cells significantly enhanced their apoptosis and reduced cellular activation and proliferation. Overexpression of CBP/PAG suppressed the growth of Jurkat cells by recruiting c-Src and its negative regulator, C-terminal Src kinase (CSK), to lipid rafts. The negative regulation of CBP/PAG was enhanced in the presence of anti-cluster of differentiation (CD)59 monoclonal antibodies. In addition, a significant association was revealed between the location of CBP/PAG and CD59, which were co-expressed in the same region of the cell membrane, implicating a potential overlap of the elicited signaling pathways. These results indicate that CBP/PAG functions as a negative regulator of cell signal transduction and suggest that CD59 may strengthen the role of negative feedback regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei-Bei Cong
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Hua Gao
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Genetics, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Li-Na Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shandong Qilu Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Chao Zhang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Qiao Li
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Yi Han
- Medical Research and Laboratory Diagnostic Center, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, P.R. China
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Curson JEB, Luo L, Sweet MJ, Stow JL. pTRAPs: Transmembrane adaptors in innate immune signaling. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:1011-1019. [PMID: 29601097 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2ri1117-474r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane adaptor proteins (TRAPs) are protein scaffolds and signaling regulators with established roles in signal-induced activation of lymphocytes. A subset of the TRAP family, the palmitoylated TRAPs (pTRAPs), are increasingly emerging with additional roles in innate immune cells. Targeted to lipid rafts, tetraspannin-enriched microdomains, and protein microclusters in membranes, pTRAP scaffolds exert spatiotemporal regulation by recruiting signaling kinases, particularly Src and Syk family members, as well as Csk, and other effectors. In this way, pTRAPs modulate signaling and influence resulting cell responses, including the selective output of inflammatory cytokines and other mediators. Here, we review studies revealing that different pTRAPs work together, often with overlapping or redundant roles, for positive and negative regulation of key innate immune pathways, including Fc receptor and pattern recognition receptor signaling. Recent findings show that pTRAPs can bind directly to innate immune receptors, in addition to other transmembrane binding partners. Thus, pTRAPs are important, multifunctional scaffolds in pathways that are fundamental to diverse innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E B Curson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lin Luo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Stow
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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42
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CD45 in human physiology and clinical medicine. Immunol Lett 2018; 196:22-32. [PMID: 29366662 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
CD45 is an evolutionary highly conserved receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase exclusively expressed on all nucleated cells of the hematopoietic system. It is characterized by the expression of several isoforms, specific to a certain cell type and the developmental or activation status of the cell. CD45 is one of the key players in the initiation of T cell receptor signaling by controlling the activation of the Src family protein-tyrosine kinases Lck and Fyn. CD45 deficiency results in T- and B-lymphocyte dysfunction in the form of severe combined immune deficiency. It also plays a significant role in autoimmune diseases and cancer as well as in infectious diseases including fungal infections. The knowledge collected on CD45 biology is rather vast, but it remains unclear whether all findings in rodent immune cells also apply to human CD45. This review focuses on human CD45 expression and function and provides an overview on its ligands and role in human pathology.
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Davidson D, Zhong MC, Pandolfi PP, Bolland S, Xavier RJ, Seed B, Li X, Gu H, Veillette A. The Csk-Associated Adaptor PAG Inhibits Effector T Cell Activation in Cooperation with Phosphatase PTPN22 and Dok Adaptors. Cell Rep 2017; 17:2776-2788. [PMID: 27926878 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane adaptor PAG (Cbp) has been proposed to mediate membrane recruitment of Csk, a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase playing a critical inhibitory role during T cell activation, by inactivating membrane-associated Src kinases. However, this model has not been validated by genetic evidence. Here, we demonstrate that PAG-deficient mice display enhanced T cell activation responses in effector, but not in naive, T cells. PAG-deficient mice also have augmented T cell-dependent autoimmunity and greater resistance to T cell anergy. Interestingly, in the absence of PAG, Csk becomes more associated with alternative partners; i.e., phosphatase PTPN22 and Dok adaptors. Combining PAG deficiency with PTPN22 or Dok adaptor deficiency further enhances effector T cell responses. Unlike PAG, Cbl ubiquitin ligases inhibit the activation of naive, but not of effector, T cells. Thus, Csk-associating PAG is a critical component of the inhibitory machinery controlling effector T cell activation in cooperation with PTPN22 and Dok adaptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Davidson
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada.
| | - Ming-Chao Zhong
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Pier Paolo Pandolfi
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Silvia Bolland
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Brian Seed
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Hua Gu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - André Veillette
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
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The Actin Cytoskeleton Is Involved in Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF)-Induced Ret Translocation into Lipid Rafts in Dopaminergic Neuronal Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091922. [PMID: 28880247 PMCID: PMC5618571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a potential therapeutic factor for Parkinson’s disease (PD), exerts its biological effects through the Ret receptor tyrosine kinase. The redistribution of Ret into lipid rafts substantially influences Ret signaling, but the mechanisms underlying Ret translocation remain unclear. The purpose of our study was to further explore the signaling mechanisms of GDNF and to determine whether the actin cytoskeleton is involved in the GDNF-induced Ret translocation into lipid rafts. In MN9D dopaminergic neuronal cells, we used density gradient centrifugation and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy to separate and visualize lipid rafts, co-immunoprecipitation to analyze protein-protein interactions, and latrunculin B (Lat B) and jasplakinolide (Jas) to disrupt and enhance the polymerization of the actin cytoskeleton, respectively. The results showed that Ret translocated into lipid rafts and coimmunoprecipitated with actin in response to GDNF treatment. After Lat B or Jas treatment, the Ret–F-actin association induced by GDNF was impaired or enhanced respectively and then the levels of Ret translocated into lipid rafts were correspondingly inhibited or promoted. These data indicate that actin polymerization and cytoskeletal remodeling are integral to GDNF-induced cell signaling in dopaminergic cells and define a new role of the actin cytoskeleton in promoting Ret redistribution into lipid rafts.
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45
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Kruglova NA, Meshkova TD, Kopylov AT, Mazurov DV, Filatov AV. Constitutive and activation-dependent phosphorylation of lymphocyte phosphatase-associated phosphoprotein (LPAP). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182468. [PMID: 28827793 PMCID: PMC5565103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte phosphatase-associated phosphoprotein (LPAP) is a small transmembrane protein expressed exclusively in lymphocytes. LPAP is a component of a supramolecular complex composed of the phosphatase CD45, the co-receptor CD4, and the kinase Lck. In contrast to its immunologically important partners, the function of LPAP is unknown. We hypothesized that the biological role of LPAP may be determined by analyzing LPAP phosphorylation. In the present study, we identified LPAP phosphorylation sites by site-directed mutagenesis, phospho-specific antibodies, and protein immunoprecipitation coupled to mass spectrometry analysis. Our results confirmed previous reports that Ser-99, Ser-153, and Ser-163 are phosphorylated, as well as provided evidence for the phosphorylation of Ser-172. Using various SDS-PAGE techniques, we detected and quantified a set of LPAP phosphoforms that were assigned to a combination of particular phosphorylation events. The phosphorylation of LPAP appears to be a tightly regulated process. Our results support the model: following phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or TCR/CD3 activation of T cells, LPAP is rapidly dephosphorylated at Ser-99 and Ser-172 and slowly phosphorylated at Ser-163. Ser-153 exhibited a high basal level of phosphorylation in both resting and activated cells. Therefore, we suggest that LPAP may function as a co-regulator of T-cell signaling.
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46
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Lin LF, Wu MH, Pidugu VK, Ho IC, Su TL, Lee TC. P-glycoprotein attenuates DNA repair activity in multidrug-resistant cells by acting through the Cbp-Csk-Src cascade. Oncotarget 2017; 8:45072-45087. [PMID: 28178691 PMCID: PMC5542168 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression impairs DNA interstrand cross-linking agent-induced DNA repair efficiency in multidrug-resistant (MDR) cells. To date, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying how P-gp interferes with Src activation and subsequent DNA repair activity remain unclear. In this study, we determined that the C-terminal Src kinase-binding protein (Cbp) signaling pathway involved in the negative control of Src activation is enhanced in MDR cells. We also demonstrated that cells that ectopically express P-gp exhibit reduced activation of DNA damage response regulators, such as ATM, Chk2, Braca1 and Nbs1 and hence attenuated DNA double-strand break repair capacity and become more susceptible than vector control cells to DNA interstrand cross-linking (ICL) agents. Moreover, we demonstrated that P-gp can not only interact with Cbp and Src but also enhance the formation of inhibitory C-terminal Src kinase (Csk)-Cbp complexes that reduce phosphorylation of the Src activation residue Y416 and increase phosphorylation of the Src negative regulatory residue Y527. Notably, suppression of Cbp expression in MDR cells restores cisplatin-induced Src activation, improves DNA repair capacity, and increases resistance to ICL agents. Ectopic expression of Cbp attenuates cisplatin-induced Src activation and increases the susceptibility of cells to ICL agents. Together, the current results indicate that P-gp inhibits DNA repair activity by modulating Src activation via Cbp-Csk-Src cascade. These results suggest that DNA ICL agents are likely to have therapeutic potential against MDR cells with P-gp-overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fang Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsi Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Vijaya Kumar Pidugu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - I-Ching Ho
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tsann-Long Su
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Te-Chang Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
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47
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Nakayama Y, Soeda S, Ikeuchi M, Kakae K, Yamaguchi N. Cytokinesis Failure Leading to Chromosome Instability in v-Src-Induced Oncogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040811. [PMID: 28417908 PMCID: PMC5412395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
v-Src, an oncogene found in Rous sarcoma virus, is a constitutively active variant of c-Src. Activation of Src is observed frequently in colorectal and breast cancers, and is critical in tumor progression through multiple processes. However, in some experimental conditions, v-Src causes growth suppression and apoptosis. In this review, we highlight recent progress in our understanding of cytokinesis failure and the attenuation of the tetraploidy checkpoint in v-Src-expressing cells. v-Src induces cell cycle changes—such as the accumulation of the 4N cell population—and increases the number of binucleated cells, which is accompanied by an excess number of centrosomes. Time-lapse analysis of v-Src-expressing cells showed that cytokinesis failure is caused by cleavage furrow regression. Microscopic analysis revealed that v-Src induces delocalization of cytokinesis regulators including Aurora B and Mklp1. Tetraploid cell formation is one of the causes of chromosome instability; however, tetraploid cells can be eliminated at the tetraploidy checkpoint. Interestingly, v-Src weakens the tetraploidy checkpoint by inhibiting the nuclear exclusion of the transcription coactivator YAP, which is downstream of the Hippo pathway and its nuclear exclusion is critical in the tetraploidy checkpoint. We also discuss the relationship between v-Src-induced chromosome instability and growth suppression in v-Src-induced oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nakayama
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Shuhei Soeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
| | - Masayoshi Ikeuchi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Keiko Kakae
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Naoto Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
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48
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Astrocyte-to-neuron communication through integrin-engaged Thy-1/CBP/Csk/Src complex triggers neurite retraction via the RhoA/ROCK pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:243-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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49
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Blas-Rus N, Bustos-Morán E, Martín-Cófreces NB, Sánchez-Madrid F. Aurora-A shines on T cell activation through the regulation of Lck. Bioessays 2016; 39. [PMID: 27910998 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Different protein kinases control signaling emanating from the T cell receptor (TCR) during antigen-specific T cell activation. Mitotic kinases, e.g. Aurora-A, have been widely studied in the context of mitosis due to their role during microtubule (MT) nucleation, becoming critical regulators of cell cycle progression. We have recently described a specific role for Aurora-A kinase in antigenic T cell activation. Blockade of Aurora-A in T cells severely disrupts the dynamics of MTs and CD3ζ-bearing signaling vesicles during T cell activation. Furthermore, Aurora-A deletion impairs the activation of signaling molecules downstream of the TCR. Targeting Aurora-A disturbs the activation of Lck, which is one of the first signals that drive T cell activation in an antigen-dependent manner. This work describes possible models of regulation of Lck by Aurora-A during T cell activation. We also discuss possible roles for Aurora-A in other systems similar to the IS, and its putative functions in cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Blas-Rus
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eugenio Bustos-Morán
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noa B Martín-Cófreces
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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50
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Plani-Lam JHC, Slavova-Azmanova NS, Kucera N, Louw A, Satiaputra J, Singer P, Lam KP, Hibbs ML, Ingley E. Csk-binding protein controls red blood cell development via regulation of Lyn tyrosine kinase activity. Exp Hematol 2016; 46:70-82.e10. [PMID: 27751872 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoiesis is controlled principally through erythropoietin (Epo) receptor signaling, which involves Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and Lyn tyrosine kinase, both of which are important for regulating red blood cell (RBC) development. Negative regulation of Lyn involves C-Src kinase (Csk)-mediated phosphorylation of its C-terminal tyrosine, which is facilitated by the transmembrane adaptor Csk-binding protein (Cbp). Although Cbp has significant functions in controlling Lyn levels and activity in erythroid cells in vitro, its importance to primary erythroid cell development and signaling has remained unclear. To address this, we assessed the consequence of loss of Cbp on the erythroid compartment in vivo and whether Epo-responsive cells isolated from Cbp-knockout mice exhibited altered signaling. Our data show that male Cbp-/- mice display a modest but significant alteration to late erythroid development in bone marrow with evidence of increased erythrocytes in the spleen, whereas female Cbp-/- mice exhibit a moderate elevation in early erythroid progenitors (not seen in male mice) that does not influence the later steps in RBC development. In isolated primary erythroid cells and cell lines generated from Cbp-/- mice, survival signaling through Lyn/Akt/FoxO3 was elevated, resulting in sustained viability during differentiation. The high Akt activity disrupted GAB2/SHP-2 feedback inhibition of Lyn; however, the elevated Lyn activity also increased inhibitory signaling via SHP-1 to restrict the Erk1/2 pathway. Interestingly, whereas loss of Cbp led to mild changes to late RBC development in male mice, this was not apparent in female Cbp-/- mice, possibly due to their elevated estrogen, which is known to facilitate early progenitor self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice H C Plani-Lam
- Cell Signalling Group, Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Neli S Slavova-Azmanova
- Cell Signalling Group, Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nicole Kucera
- Cell Signalling Group, Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alison Louw
- Cell Signalling Group, Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jiulia Satiaputra
- Cell Signalling Group, Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peter Singer
- Laboratory of Immunology, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kong-Peng Lam
- Laboratory of Immunology, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Margaret L Hibbs
- Leukocyte Signalling Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Evan Ingley
- Cell Signalling Group, Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
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