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El-Sayed MM, Mohak S, Gala D, Fabian R, Peterfi Z, Fabian Z. The Role of the Intestinal Microbiome in Multiple Sclerosis-Lessons to Be Learned from Hippocrates. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1463. [PMID: 38132289 PMCID: PMC10740531 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Based on recent advances in research of chronic inflammatory conditions, there is a growing body of evidence that suggests a close correlation between the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract and the physiologic activity of the immune system. This raises the idea that disturbances of the GI ecosystem contribute to the unfolding of chronic diseases including neurodegenerative pathologies. Here, we overview our current understanding on the putative interaction between the gut microbiota and the immune system from the aspect of multiple sclerosis, one of the autoimmune conditions accompanied by severe chronic neuroinflammation that affects millions of people worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mahmoud El-Sayed
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Fylde Rd, Preston PR1 2HE, UK;
| | - Sidhesh Mohak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Saint James School of Medicine, Park Ridge, IL 60068, USA;
| | - Dhir Gala
- American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine, 1 University Drive, Jordan Road, Cupecoy, St Marteen, The Netherlands;
| | - Reka Fabian
- Salerno, Secondary School, Threadneedle Road, H91 D9H3 Galway, Ireland;
| | - Zoltan Peterfi
- Division of Infectology, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pecs, Clinical Centre, 7623 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Zsolt Fabian
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Fylde Rd, Preston PR1 2HE, UK;
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2
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Režić Mužinić N, Markotić A, Pavelin S, Polančec D, Buljubašić Šoda M, Bralić A, Šoda J, Mastelić A, Mikac U, Jerković A, Rogić Vidaković M. Expression of CD40 and CD192 in Classical Monocytes in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Assessed with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2870. [PMID: 37893243 PMCID: PMC10603866 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of CD40 and CD192 markers in different monocyte subpopulations has been reported to be altered in people with MS (pwMS). Also, functional connectivity of the corticospinal motor system pathway alterations has been proved by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The study objective was to investigate the expression of CD40 and CD192 in classical (CD14++CD16-), intermediate CD14++CD16+ and non-classical (CD14+CD16++) blood monocyte subpopulations in pwMS, undergoing neurophysiological TMS assessment of the corticospinal tract integrity by recording motor-evoked potentials (MEPs). Radiological examination on lesion detection with MRI was performed for 23 patients with relapsing-remitting MS treated with teriflunomide. Then, immunological analysis was conducted on peripheral blood samples collected from the patients and 10 healthy controls (HC). The blood samples were incubated with anti-human CD14, CD16, CD40 and CD192 antibodies. Next, pwMS underwent neurological testing of functional disability (EDSS) and TMS assessment with recording MEPs from upper and lower extremity muscles. The results show that in comparison to HC subjects, both pwMS with normal and altered MEP findings (prolonged MEP latency or absent MEP response) had significantly decreased surface receptor expression measured (MFIs) of CD192 and increased CD40 MFI in classical monocytes, and significantly increased percentages of classical and total monocytes positive for CD40. Knowing CD40's pro-inflammatory action, and CD192 as a molecule that enables the passing of monocytes into the brain, decreased CD192 in classical monocytes could represent a beneficial anti-inflammatory parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Režić Mužinić
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (A.M.)
| | - Anita Markotić
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (A.M.)
| | - Sanda Pavelin
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | | | | | - Antonia Bralić
- Department of Interventional and Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Joško Šoda
- Signal Processing, Analysis, Advanced Diagnostics Research and Education Laboratory (SPAADREL), Department for Marine Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Angela Mastelić
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (A.M.)
| | - Una Mikac
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Jerković
- Laboratory for Human and Experimental Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Maja Rogić Vidaković
- Laboratory for Human and Experimental Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
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3
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Belousova O, Lopatina A, Kuzmina U, Melnikov M. The role of biogenic amines in the modulation of monocytes in autoimmune neuroinflammation. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 78:104920. [PMID: 37536214 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with autoimmune mechanism of development. The study of the neuroimmune interactions is one of the most developing directions in the research of the pathogenesis of MS. The influence of biogenic amines on the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and MS was shown by the modulation of subsets of T-helper cells and B-cells, which plays a crucial role in the autoimmunity of the CNS. However, along with T- and B-cells the critical involvement of mononuclear phagocytes such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and monocytes in the development of neuroinflammation also was shown. It was demonstrated that the activation of microglial cells (resident macrophages of the CNS) could initiate the neuroinflammation in the EAE, suggesting their role at an early stage of the disease. In contrast, monocytes, which migrate from the periphery into the CNS through the blood-brain barrier, mediate the effector phase of the disease and cause neurological disability in EAE. In addition, the clinical efficacy of the therapy with depletion of the monocytes in EAE was shown, suggesting their crucial role in the autoimmunity of the CNS. Biogenic amines, such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin are direct mediators of the neuroimmune interaction and may affect the pathogenesis of EAE and MS by modulating the immune cell activity and cytokine production. The anti-inflammatory effect of targeting the biogenic amines receptors on the pathogenesis of EAE and MS by suppression of Th17- and Th1-cells, which are critical for the CNS autoimmunity, was shown. However, the latest data showed the potential ability of biogenic amines to affect the functions of the mononuclear phagocytes and their involvement in the modulation of neuroinflammation. This article reviews the literature data on the role of monocytes in the pathogenesis of EAE and MS. The data on the effect of targeting of biogenic amine receptors on the function of monocytes are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Belousova
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Lopatina
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ulyana Kuzmina
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Immunology, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Science, Ufa, Russia
| | - Mikhail Melnikov
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia; Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
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4
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Mohammadi-Kordkhayli M, Sahraian MA, Ghorbani S, Mansouri F, Talebi F, Noorbakhsh F, Saboor-Yaraghi AA. Vitamins A and D Enhance the Expression of Ror-γ-Targeting miRNAs in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5853-5865. [PMID: 37353624 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03427-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Autoreactive T cells, particularly those characterized by a Th17 phenotype, exert significant influence on the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). The present study aimed to elucidate the impact of individual and combined administration of vitamin A and D on neuroinflammation, and microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in T helper (Th)17 development, utilizing a murine model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). EAE was induced in C57BL/6 mice, and 3 days prior to immunization, intraperitoneal injections of vitamins A and D or their combination were administered. Th17 cell percentages were determined in splenocytes utilizing intracellular staining and flow cytometry. Furthermore, the expression of Ror γ-t, miR-98-5p and Let-7a-5p, was measured in both splenocytes and spinal cord tissues using RT-PCR. Treatment with vitamin A and D resulted in a reduction in both disease severity in EAE mice. Treated mice showed a decreased frequency of Th17 cells and lower expression levels of IL17 and Ror γ-t in splenocytes and spinal cord. The spinal cord tissues and splenocytes of mice treated with vitamins A, D, and combined A+D showed a significant upregulation of miR-98-5p and Let-7a-5p compared to the EAE group. Statistical analysis indicated a strong negative correlation between miR-98-5p and Let-7a-5p levels in splenocytes and Ror-t expression. Our findings indicate that the administration of vitamins A and D exerts a suppressive effect on neuroinflammation in EAE that is associated with a reduction in the differentiation of T cells into the Th17 phenotype and is mediated by the upregulation of miR-98-5p and Let-7a-5p, which target the Ror γ-t.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziyeh Mohammadi-Kordkhayli
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mohammad Ali Sahraian
- Sina MS Research Center, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Ghorbani
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Mansouri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Talebi
- Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Noorbakhsh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Akbar Saboor-Yaraghi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Wang J, Brown K, Danehy C, Mérigeon E, Goralski S, Rice S, Torgbe K, Thomas F, Block D, Olsen H, Strome SE, Fitzpatrick EA. Fc multimers effectively treat murine models of multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1199747. [PMID: 37638040 PMCID: PMC10451071 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1199747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease with limited therapeutic options. Recombinant Fc multimers (rFc), designed to mirror many of the anti-inflammatory activities of Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG), have been shown to effectively treat numerous immune-mediated diseases in rodents. In this study we used the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) murine model of MS to test the efficacy of a rFc, M019, that consists of multimers of the Fc portion of IgG2, in inhibiting disease severity. We show that M019 effectively reduced clinical symptoms when given either pre- or post-symptom onset compared to vehicle treated EAE induced mice. M019 was effective in reducing symptoms in both SJL model of relapsing remitting MS as well as the B6 model of chronic disease. M019 binds to FcγR bearing-monocytes both in vivo and in vitro and prevented immune cell infiltration into the CNS of treated mice. The lack of T cell infiltration into the spinal cord was not due to a decrease in T cell priming; there was an equivalent frequency of Th17 cells in the spleens of M019 and vehicle treated EAE induced mice. Surprisingly, there was an increase in chemokines in the sera but not in the CNS of M019 treated mice compared to vehicle treated animals. We postulate that M019 interacts with a FcγR rich monocyte intermediary to prevent T cell migration into the CNS and demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Dept. of Microbiology Immunology and Biochemistry, UTHSC, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Kellie Brown
- Dept. of Microbiology Immunology and Biochemistry, UTHSC, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Caroline Danehy
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, UTHSC, Memphis, TN, United States
| | | | | | - Samuel Rice
- College of Medicine, UTHSC, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Kwame Torgbe
- Dept. of Pathology, UTHSC, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Fridtjof Thomas
- Div. of Biostatistics, Dept. of Preventive Medicine, UTHSC, Memphis, TN, United States
| | | | | | - Scott E. Strome
- Dept. of Microbiology Immunology and Biochemistry, UTHSC, Memphis, TN, United States
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Sun W, Wang Q, Zhang R, Zhang N. Ketogenic diet attenuates neuroinflammation and induces conversion of M1 microglia to M2 in an EAE model of multiple sclerosis by regulating the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway and inhibiting HDAC3 and P2X7R activation. Food Funct 2023; 14:7247-7269. [PMID: 37466915 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo00122a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by demyelination and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system (CNS); severe symptoms lead MS patients to use complementary treatments. Ketogenic diet (KD) shows wide neuroprotective effects, but the precise mechanisms underlying the therapeutic activity of KD in MS are unclear. The present study established a continuous 24 days experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model with or without KD. The changes in motor function, pathological hallmarks of EAE, the status of microglia, neuroinflammatory response and intracellular signaling pathways in mice were detected by the rotarod test, histological analysis, real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and western blotting. Our results showed that KD could prevent motor deficiency, reduce clinical scores, inhibit demyelination, improve pathological lesions and suppress microglial activation in the spinal cord of EAE mice. Meanwhile, KD shifted microglial polarization toward the protective M2 phenotype and modified the inflammatory milieu by downregulating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, as well as upregulating the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TGF-β. Furthermore, KD decreased the expression levels of CCL2, CCR2, CCL3, CCR1, CCR5, CXCL10 and CXCR3 in the spinal cord and spleen with reduced monocyte/macrophage infiltration in the CNS. In addition, KD inhibits NLRP3 activation in the microglia, as revealed by the significantly decreased co-expression of NLRP3+ and Iba-1+ in the KD + EAE group. Further studies demonstrated that KD suppresses inflammatory response and M1 microglial polarization by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway, the JAK1/STAT1 pathway, HDAC3 and P2X7R activation, as well as up-regulation of JAK3/STAT6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China.
| | - Qingpeng Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China.
| | - Ruiyan Zhang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China.
| | - Ning Zhang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China.
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7
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Alakhras NS, Kaplan MH. Dendritic Cells as a Nexus for the Development of Multiple Sclerosis and Models of Disease. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023:e2300073. [PMID: 37133870 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) results from an autoimmune attack on the central nervous system (CNS). Dysregulated immune cells invade the CNS, causing demyelination, neuronal and axonal damage, and subsequent neurological disorders. Although antigen-specific T cells mediate the immunopathology of MS, innate myeloid cells have essential contributions to CNS tissue damage. Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that promote inflammation and modulate adaptive immune responses. This review focuses on DCs as critical components of CNS inflammation. Here, evidence from studies is summarized with animal models of MS and MS patients that support the critical role of DCs in orchestrating CNS inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada S Alakhras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr, MS420, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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Parween F, Singh SP, Zhang HH, Kathuria N, Otaizo-Carrasquero FA, Shamsaddini A, Gardina PJ, Ganesan S, Kabat J, Lorenzi HA, Myers TG, Farber JM. Chemokine positioning determines mutually exclusive roles for their receptors in extravasation of pathogenic human T cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.25.525561. [PMID: 36789428 PMCID: PMC9928044 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.25.525561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory T cells co-express multiple chemokine receptors, but the distinct functions of individual receptors on these cells are largely unknown. Human Th17 cells uniformly express the chemokine receptor CCR6, and we discovered that the subgroup of CD4+CCR6+ cells that co-express CCR2 possess a pathogenic Th17 signature, can produce inflammatory cytokines independent of TCR activation, and are unusually efficient at transendothelial migration (TEM). The ligand for CCR6, CCL20, was capable of binding to activated endothelial cells (ECs) and inducing firm arrest of CCR6+CCR2+ cells under conditions of flow - but CCR6 could not mediate TEM. By contrast, CCL2 and other ligands for CCR2, despite being secreted from both luminal and basal sides of ECs, failed to bind to the EC surfaces - and CCR2 could not mediate arrest. Nonetheless, CCR2 was required for TEM. To understand if CCR2's inability to mediate arrest was due solely to an absence of EC-bound ligands, we generated a CCL2-CXCL9 chimeric chemokine that could bind to the EC surface. Although display of CCL2 on the ECs did indeed lead to CCR2-mediated arrest of CCR6+CCR2+ cells, activating CCR2 with surface-bound CCL2 blocked TEM. We conclude that mediating arrest and TEM are mutually exclusive activities of chemokine receptors and/or their ligands that depend, respectively, on chemokines that bind to the EC luminal surfaces versus non-binding chemokines that form transendothelial gradients under conditions of flow. Our findings provide fundamental insights into mechanisms of lymphocyte extravasation and may lead to novel strategies to block or enhance their migration into tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhat Parween
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Satya P. Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Hongwei H Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Nausheen Kathuria
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Francisco A. Otaizo-Carrasquero
- Research Technologies Branch, Genomic Technologies, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Amirhossein Shamsaddini
- Research Technologies Branch, Genomic Technologies, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Paul J. Gardina
- Research Technologies Branch, Genomic Technologies, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Sundar Ganesan
- Research Technologies Branch, Biological Imaging, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Juraj Kabat
- Research Technologies Branch, Biological Imaging, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Hernan A. Lorenzi
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Timothy G. Myers
- Research Technologies Branch, Genomic Technologies, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Joshua M. Farber
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
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Migliari S, Scarlattei M, Baldari G, Ruffini L. Scale down and optimized automated production of [68Ga]68Ga-DOTA-ECL1i PET tracer targeting CCR2 expression. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2023; 8:3. [PMID: 36729317 PMCID: PMC9895323 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-023-00188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently it has been identified a short peptide that showed allosteric antagonism against C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) expressed on inflammatory monocyte and macrophages. A 7-D-amino acid peptidic CCR2 inhibitor called extracellular loop 1 inverso (ECL1i), d(LGTFLKC) has been identified and labeled to obtain a new probe for positron emission tomography in pulmonary fibrosis, heart injury, abdominal aortic aneurysm inflammation, atherosclerosis, head and neck cancer. Our goal was to develop, optimize and validate an automated synthesis method for [68Ga]68Ga-DOTA-ECL1i to make it available for a broader community. The synthesis of [68Ga]68Ga-DOTA-ECL1i was done using the Scintomics GRP® module with the already estabilished synthesis template for [68Ga]68Ga-DOTATOC/[68Ga]68Ga-PSMA. The radiopharmaceutical production was optimized scaling down the amount of DOTA-ECL1i (from 50 to 10 μg), evaluating synthesis efficiency and relevant quality control parameters in accordance with the European Pharmacopeia. RESULTS Best results were yielded with 20 μg DOTA-ECL1i and then the process validation was carried out by producing three different batches on three different days obtaining an optimal radiochemical yield (66.69%) as well as radiochemical purity (100%) and molar activity (45.41 GBq/µmol). CONCLUSIONS [68Ga]68Ga-DOTA-ECL1i was successfully synthesized and it is, thus, available for multi-dose application in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Migliari
- grid.411482.aNuclear Medicine Division, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Maura Scarlattei
- grid.411482.aNuclear Medicine Division, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Giorgio Baldari
- grid.411482.aNuclear Medicine Division, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Livia Ruffini
- grid.411482.aNuclear Medicine Division, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
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10
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Vakrakou AG, Paschalidis N, Pavlos E, Giannouli C, Karathanasis D, Tsipota X, Velonakis G, Stadelmann-Nessler C, Evangelopoulos ME, Stefanis L, Kilidireas C. Specific myeloid signatures in peripheral blood differentiate active and rare clinical phenotypes of multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1071623. [PMID: 36761741 PMCID: PMC9905713 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1071623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Current understanding of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) pathophysiology implicates perturbations in adaptive cellular immune responses, predominantly T cells, in Relapsing-Remitting forms (RRMS). Nevertheless, from a clinical perspective MS is a heterogeneous disease reflecting the heterogeneity of involved biological systems. This complexity requires advanced analysis tools at the single-cell level to discover biomarkers for better patient-group stratification. We designed a novel 44-parameter mass cytometry panel to interrogate predominantly the role of effector and regulatory subpopulations of peripheral blood myeloid subsets along with B and T-cells (excluding granulocytes) in MS, assessing three different patient cohorts: RRMS, PPMS (Primary Progressive) and Tumefactive MS patients (TMS) (n=10, 8, 14 respectively). We further subgrouped our cohort into inactive or active disease stages to capture the early underlying events in disease pathophysiology. Peripheral blood analysis showed that TMS cases belonged to the spectrum of RRMS, whereas PPMS cases displayed different features. In particular, TMS patients during a relapse stage were characterized by a specific subset of CD11c+CD14+ CD33+, CD192+, CD172+-myeloid cells with an alternative phenotype of monocyte-derived macrophages (high arginase-1, CD38, HLA-DR-low and endogenous TNF-a production). Moreover, TMS patients in relapse displayed a selective CD4 T-cell lymphopenia of cells with a Th2-like polarised phenotype. PPMS patients did not display substantial differences from healthy controls, apart from a trend toward higher expansion of NK cell subsets. Importantly, we found that myeloid cell populations are reshaped under effective disease-modifying therapy predominantly with glatiramer acetate and to a lesser extent with anti-CD20, suggesting that the identified cell signature represents a specific therapeutic target in TMS. The expanded myeloid signature in TMS patients was also confirmed by flow cytometry. Serum neurofilament light-chain levels confirmed the correlation of this myeloid cell signature with indices of axonal injury. More in-depth analysis of myeloid subsets revealed an increase of a subset of highly cytolytic and terminally differentiated NK cells in PPMS patients with leptomeningeal enhancement (active-PPMS), compared to those without (inactive-PPMS). We have identified previously uncharacterized subsets of circulating myeloid cells and shown them to correlate with distinct disease forms of MS as well as with specific disease states (relapse/remission).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aigli G Vakrakou
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Paschalidis
- Mass Cytometry-CyTOF Laboratory, Center for Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Pavlos
- Center for Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Division of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Christina Giannouli
- Center for Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Karathanasis
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Xristina Tsipota
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Velonakis
- Research Unit of Radiology, 2nd Department of Radiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Maria-Eleftheria Evangelopoulos
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos Kilidireas
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Neurology, Henry Dunant Hospital Center, Athens, Greece
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11
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Liu XG. Normalization of Neuroinflammation: A New Strategy for Treatment of Persistent Pain and Memory/Emotional Deficits in Chronic Pain. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:5201-5233. [PMID: 36110505 PMCID: PMC9469940 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s379093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain, which affects around 1/3 of the world population and is often comorbid with memory deficit and mood depression, is a leading source of suffering and disability. Studies in past decades have shown that hyperexcitability of primary sensory neurons resulting from abnormal expression of ion channels and central sensitization mediated pathological synaptic plasticity, such as long-term potentiation in spinal dorsal horn, underlie the persistent pain. The memory/emotional deficits are associated with impaired synaptic connectivity in hippocampus. Dysregulation of numerous endogenous proteins including receptors and intracellular signaling molecules is involved in the pathological processes. However, increasing knowledge contributes little to clinical treatment. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that the neuroinflammation, characterized by overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and glial activation, is reliably detected in humans and animals with chronic pain, and is sufficient to induce persistent pain and memory/emotional deficits. The abnormal expression of ion channels and pathological synaptic plasticity in spinal dorsal horn and in hippocampus are resulting from neuroinflammation. The neuroinflammation is initiated and maintained by the interactions of circulating monocytes, glial cells and neurons. Obviously, unlike infectious diseases and cancer, which are caused by pathogens or malignant cells, chronic pain is resulting from alterations of cells and molecules which have numerous physiological functions. Therefore, normalization (counterbalance) but not simple inhibition of the neuroinflammation is the right strategy for treating neuronal disorders. Currently, no such agent is available in clinic. While experimental studies have demonstrated that intracellular Mg2+ deficiency is a common feature of chronic pain in animal models and supplement Mg2+ are capable of normalizing the neuroinflammation, activation of upregulated proteins that promote recovery, such as translocator protein (18k Da) or liver X receptors, has a similar effect. In this article, relevant experimental and clinical evidence is reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Guo Liu
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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12
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Zhou K, Han J, Wang Y, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Zhu C. The therapeutic potential of bone marrow-derived macrophages in neurological diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1942-1952. [PMID: 36066198 PMCID: PMC9627381 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating monocytes are precursors of both tissue macrophages and dendritic cells, and they can infiltrate the central nervous system (CNS) where they transform into bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). BMDMs play essential roles in various CNS diseases, thus modulating BMDMs might be a way to treat these disorders because there are currently no efficient therapeutic methods available for most of these neurological diseases. Moreover, BMDMs can serve as promising gene delivery vehicles following bone marrow transplantation for otherwise incurable genetic CNS diseases. Understanding the distinct roles that BMDMs play in CNS diseases and their potential as gene delivery vehicles may provide new insights and opportunities for using BMDMs as therapeutic targets or delivery vehicles. This review attempts to comprehensively summarize the neurological diseases that might be treated by modulating BMDMs or by delivering gene therapies via BMDMs after bone marrow transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhou
- Henan Neurodevelopment Engineering Research Center for ChildrenChildren's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Jinming Han
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yafeng Wang
- Henan Neurodevelopment Engineering Research Center for ChildrenChildren's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina,Department of Hematology and OncologyChildren's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan, Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's HospitalZhengzhouChina
| | - Yiran Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research CenterThe Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yaodong Zhang
- Henan Neurodevelopment Engineering Research Center for ChildrenChildren's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research CenterThe Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina,Centre for Brain Repair and RehabilitationInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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13
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Holm Hansen R, Talbot J, Højsgaard Chow H, Bredahl Hansen M, Buhelt S, Herich S, Schwab N, Hellem MNN, Nielsen JE, Sellebjerg F, von Essen MR. Increased Intrathecal Activity of Follicular Helper T Cells in Patients With Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2022; 9:9/5/e200009. [PMID: 35835563 PMCID: PMC9621607 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells play a critical role in protective immunity helping B cells produce antibodies against foreign pathogens and are likely implicated in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of Tfh cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS Using flow cytometry, we investigated phenotype, prevalence, and function of Tfh cells in blood and CSF from controls and patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and primary progressive MS (PPMS). In addition, an in vitro blood-brain barrier coculture assay of primary human astrocytes and brain microvascular endothelial cells grown in a Boyden chamber was used to assess the migratory capacity of peripheral Tfh cells. RESULTS This study identified 2 phenotypically and functionally distinct Tfh cell populations: CD25- Tfh cells (Tfh1-like) and CD25int Tfh cells (Tfh17-like). Whereas minor differences in Tfh cell populations were found in blood between patients with MS and controls, we observed an increased frequency of CD25- Tfh cells in CSF of patients with RRMS and PPMS and CD25int Tfh cells in patients with RRMS, compared with controls. Increasing frequencies of CSF CD25- Tfh cells and the CD25- Tfh/Tfr ratio scaled with increasing IgG index in patients with RRMS. Despite an increased prevalence of intrathecal Tfh cells in patients with MS, no difference in the migratory capacity of circulating Tfh cells was observed between controls and patients with MS. Instead, CSF concentrations of CXCL13 scaled with total counts of Tfh and Tfr cell subsets in the CSF. DISCUSSION Our study indicates substantial changes in intrathecal Tfh dynamics, particularly in patients with RRMS, and suggests that the intrathecal inflammatory environment in patients with RRMS promotes recruitment of peripheral Tfh cells rather than the Tfh cells having an increased capacity to migrate to CNS.
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14
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Basic principles of neuroimmunology. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:685-695. [PMID: 35732977 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00951-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The brain is an immune-privileged organ such that immune cell infiltration is highly regulated and better tolerating the introduction of antigen to reduce risk of harmful inflammation. Thus, the composition and the nature of the immune response is fundamentally different in the brain where avoiding immunopathology is prioritized compared to other peripheral organs. While the principle of immune privilege in the central nervous system (CNS) still holds true, the role of the immune system in the CNS has been revisited over the recent years. This redefining of immune privilege in the brain is a result of the recent re-discovery of the extensive CNS meningeal lymphatic system and the identification of resident T cells in the brain, meningeal layers, and its surrounding cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in both humans and rodents. While neuro-immune interactions have been classically studied in the context of neuroinflammatory disease, recent works have also elucidated unconventional roles of immune-derived cytokines in neurological function, highlighting the many implications and potential of neuro-immune interactions. As a result, the study of neuro-immune interactions is becoming increasingly important in understanding both CNS homeostasis and disease. Here, we review the anatomically distinct immune compartments within the brain, the known mechanisms of leukocyte trafficking and infiltration into the CNS and unique transcriptional and functional characteristics of CNS-resident immune cells.
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15
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Medeiros-Furquim T, Ayoub S, Johnson LJ, Aprico A, Nwoke E, Binder MD, Kilpatrick TJ. Cladribine Treatment for MS Preserves the Differentiative Capacity of Subsequently Generated Monocytes, Whereas Its Administration In Vitro Acutely Influences Monocyte Differentiation but Not Microglial Activation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:678817. [PMID: 35734180 PMCID: PMC9207174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.678817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cladribine (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine, 2CdA) is one of the most effective disease-modifying drugs for multiple sclerosis (MS). Cladribine is a synthetic purine nucleoside analog that induces cell death of lymphocytes and oral cladribine treatment leads to a long-lasting disease stabilization, potentially attributable to immune reconstitution. In addition to its effects on lymphocytes, cladribine has been shown to have immunomodulatory effects on innate immune cells, including dendritic cells and monocytes, which could also contribute to its therapeutic efficacy. However, whether cladribine can modulate human macrophage/microglial activation or monocyte differentiation is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the immunomodulatory effects of cladribine upon monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and microglia. We analyzed the phenotype and differentiation of monocytes from MS patients receiving their first course of oral cladribine both before and three weeks after the start of treatment. Flow cytometric analysis of monocytes from MS patients undergoing cladribine treatment revealed that the number and composition of CD14/CD16 monocyte subsets remained unchanged after treatment. Furthermore, after differentiation with M-CSF, such MDMs from treated MS patients showed no difference in gene expression of the inflammatory markers compared to baseline. We further investigated the direct effects of cladribine in vitro using human adult primary MDMs and microglia. GM-CSF-derived MDMs were more sensitive to cell death than M-CSF-derived MDMs. In addition, MDMs treated with cladribine showed increased expression of costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD40, as well as expression of anti-inflammatory, pro-trophic genes IL10 and MERTK, depending on the differentiation condition. Cladribine treatment in vitro did not modulate the expression of activation markers in human microglia. Our study shows that cladribine treatment in vitro affects the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages by modulating the expression of activation markers, which might occur similarly in tissue after their infiltration in the CNS during MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Medeiros-Furquim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sinan Ayoub
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura J. Johnson
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrea Aprico
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Eze Nwoke
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michele D. Binder
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Trevor J. Kilpatrick
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Trevor J. Kilpatrick,
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16
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Heng AHS, Han CW, Abbott C, McColl SR, Comerford I. Chemokine-Driven Migration of Pro-Inflammatory CD4 + T Cells in CNS Autoimmune Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:817473. [PMID: 35250997 PMCID: PMC8889115 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.817473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory CD4+ T helper (Th) cells drive the pathogenesis of many autoimmune conditions. Recent advances have modified views of the phenotype of pro-inflammatory Th cells in autoimmunity, extending the breadth of known Th cell subsets that operate as drivers of these responses. Heterogeneity and plasticity within Th1 and Th17 cells, and the discovery of subsets of Th cells dedicated to production of other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as GM-CSF have led to these advances. Here, we review recent progress in this area and focus specifically upon evidence for chemokine receptors that drive recruitment of these various pro-inflammatory Th cell subsets to sites of autoimmune inflammation in the CNS. We discuss expression of specific chemokine receptors by subsets of pro-inflammatory Th cells and highlight which receptors may be tractable targets of therapeutic interventions to limit pathogenic Th cell recruitment in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron H S Heng
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Caleb W Han
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Caitlin Abbott
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Shaun R McColl
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Iain Comerford
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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17
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Holm Hansen R, Højsgaard Chow H, Talbot J, Buhelt S, Nickelsen Hellem MN, Nielsen JE, Sellebjerg FT, von Essen MR. Peripheral helper T cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2022; 28:1340-1350. [PMID: 35112578 DOI: 10.1177/13524585211067696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral helper T cells (Tph) are likely implicated in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases. Tph cells share functions with follicular helper T cells, including plasma cell differentiation and antibody production. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS To investigate a possible role of Tph cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), we used flow cytometry to analyze the function, phenotype, and central nervous system (CNS)-recruitment of Tph cells in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from controls and patients with relapsing-remitting (RR) and primary progressive (PP) MS. RESULT This study identified two functionally distinct Tph cell populations and a regulatory counterpart, Tpr cells. No differences in blood frequencies, cytokine production, or potential to interact with B cells were found between controls and patients with MS. Along with an equal CNS-migration potential, we found both Tph cell populations enriched in the CSF; and surprisingly, an increased frequency of intrathecal Tph cells in the control group compared to patients with MS. CONCLUSION Altogether, we did not find an increased frequency of CSF Tph cells in patients with RRMS or PPMS. Our findings indicate that rather than being involved in MS pathogenesis, Tph cells may be implicated in normal CNS immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Holm Hansen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Helene Højsgaard Chow
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Jacob Talbot
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Sophie Buhelt
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | | | - Jørgen Erik Nielsen
- Danish Dementia Research Center, Neurogenetics Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark/Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Finn Thorup Sellebjerg
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark/Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marina Rode von Essen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
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18
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Spiteri AG, Wishart CL, Pamphlett R, Locatelli G, King NJC. Microglia and monocytes in inflammatory CNS disease: integrating phenotype and function. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 143:179-224. [PMID: 34853891 PMCID: PMC8742818 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02384-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In neurological diseases, the actions of microglia, the resident myeloid cells of the CNS parenchyma, may diverge from, or intersect with, those of recruited monocytes to drive immune-mediated pathology. However, defining the precise roles of each cell type has historically been impeded by the lack of discriminating markers and experimental systems capable of accurately identifying them. Our ability to distinguish microglia from monocytes in neuroinflammation has advanced with single-cell technologies, new markers and drugs that identify and deplete them, respectively. Nevertheless, the focus of individual studies on particular cell types, diseases or experimental approaches has limited our ability to connect phenotype and function more widely and across diverse CNS pathologies. Here, we critically review, tabulate and integrate the disease-specific functions and immune profiles of microglia and monocytes to provide a comprehensive atlas of myeloid responses in viral encephalitis, demyelination, neurodegeneration and ischemic injury. In emphasizing the differential roles of microglia and monocytes in the severe neuroinflammatory disease of viral encephalitis, we connect inflammatory pathways common to equally incapacitating diseases with less severe inflammation. We examine these findings in the context of human studies and highlight the benefits and inherent limitations of animal models that may impede or facilitate clinical translation. This enables us to highlight common and contrasting, non-redundant and often opposing roles of microglia and monocytes in disease that could be targeted therapeutically.
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19
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Hwang D, Boehm A, Rostami A, Zhang GX, Ciric B. Oral D-mannose treatment suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via induction of regulatory T cells. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 362:577778. [PMID: 34814011 PMCID: PMC8724449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
D-mannose (D-m) is a glucose epimer found in natural products, especially fruits. In mouse models of diabetes and airway inflammation, D-m supplementation via drinking water attenuated pathology by modifying cellular energy metabolism, leading to the activation of latent transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), which in turn induced T regulatory cells (Tregs). Given that Tregs are important in controlling neuroinflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and likely in multiple sclerosis (MS), we hypothesized that D-m could also suppress EAE. We found that D-m delayed disease onset and reduced disease severity in two models of EAE. Importantly, D-m treatment prevented relapses in a relapsing-remitting model of EAE, which mimics the most common clinical manifestation of MS. EAE suppression was accompanied by increased frequency of CD4+FoxP3+ Tregs in the central nervous system, suggesting that EAE suppression resulted from Treg cell induction by D-m. These findings suggest that D-m has the potential to be a safe and low-cost complementary therapy for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hwang
- Department of Neurology, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alexandra Boehm
- Department of Neurology, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Abdolmohamad Rostami
- Department of Neurology, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Guang-Xian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Bogoljub Ciric
- Department of Neurology, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.,Corresponding author at: Department of Neurology, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, Suite 300, Philadelphia, PA, 19107.
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20
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Monaghan KL, Aesoph D, Ammer AG, Zheng W, Rahimpour S, Farris BY, Spinner CA, Li P, Lin JX, Yu ZX, Lazarevic V, Hu G, Leonard WJ, Wan ECK. Tetramerization of STAT5 promotes autoimmune-mediated neuroinflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2116256118. [PMID: 34934004 PMCID: PMC8719886 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116256118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal tranducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) plays a critical role in mediating cellular responses following cytokine stimulation. STAT proteins critically signal via the formation of dimers, but additionally, STAT tetramers serve key biological roles, and we previously reported their importance in T and natural killer (NK) cell biology. However, the role of STAT5 tetramerization in autoimmune-mediated neuroinflammation has not been investigated. Using the STAT5 tetramer-deficient Stat5a-Stat5b N-domain double knockin (DKI) mouse strain, we report here that STAT5 tetramers promote the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The mild EAE phenotype observed in DKI mice correlates with the impaired extravasation of pathogenic T-helper 17 (Th17) cells and interactions between Th17 cells and monocyte-derived cells (MDCs) in the meninges. We further demonstrate that granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-mediated STAT5 tetramerization regulates the production of CCL17 by MDCs. Importantly, CCL17 can partially restore the pathogenicity of DKI Th17 cells, and this is dependent on the activity of the integrin VLA-4. Thus, our study reveals a GM-CSF-STAT5 tetramer-CCL17 pathway in MDCs that promotes autoimmune neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Monaghan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Drake Aesoph
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Amanda G Ammer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
- Microscope Imaging Facility, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Wen Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Shokofeh Rahimpour
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Breanne Y Farris
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Camille A Spinner
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Peng Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jian-Xin Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Zu-Xi Yu
- Pathology Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Vanja Lazarevic
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Gangqing Hu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
- Bioinformatics Core, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892;
| | - Edwin C K Wan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506;
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
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21
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Bechara R, Amatya N, Majumder S, Zhou C, Li Y, Liu Q, McGeachy MJ, Gaffen SL. The RNA binding protein IMP2 drives a stromal-Th17 cell circuit in autoimmune neuroinflammation. JCI Insight 2021; 7:152766. [PMID: 34914635 PMCID: PMC8855811 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.152766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal cells are emerging as key drivers of autoimmunity, partially because they produce inflammatory chemokines that orchestrate inflammation. Chemokine expression is regulated transcriptionally but also through posttranscriptional mechanisms, the specific drivers of which are still incompletely defined. CCL2 (MCP1) is a multifunctional chemokine that drives myeloid cell recruitment. During experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an IL-17–driven model of multiple sclerosis, CCL2 produced by lymph node (LN) stromal cells was essential for immunopathology. Here, we showed that Ccl2 mRNA upregulation in human stromal fibroblasts in response to IL-17 required the RNA-binding protein IGF-2 mRNA-binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2, IMP2), which is expressed almost exclusively in nonhematopoietic cells. IMP2 binds directly to CCL2 mRNA, markedly extending its transcript half-life, and is thus required for efficient CCL2 secretion. Consistent with this, Imp2−/− mice showed reduced CCL2 production in LNs during EAE, causing impairments in monocyte recruitment and Th17 cell polarization. Imp2–/– mice were fully protected from CNS inflammation. Moreover, deletion of IMP2 after EAE onset was sufficient to mitigate disease severity. These data showed that posttranscriptional control of Ccl2 in stromal cells by IMP2 was required to permit IL-17–driven progression of EAE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Bechara
- Centre de Recherche en Immunologie des Infections Virales et des Maladies A, University of Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Nilesh Amatya
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Saikat Majumder
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Chunsheng Zhou
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Yang Li
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Qixing Liu
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Mandy J McGeachy
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Sarah L Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
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22
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Rivellini C, Porrello E, Dina G, Mrakic-Sposta S, Vezzoli A, Bacigaluppi M, Gullotta GS, Chaabane L, Leocani L, Marenna S, Colombo E, Farina C, Newcombe J, Nave KA, Pardi R, Quattrini A, Previtali SC. JAB1 deletion in oligodendrocytes causes senescence-induced inflammation and neurodegeneration in mice. J Clin Invest 2021; 132:145071. [PMID: 34874913 PMCID: PMC8803330 DOI: 10.1172/jci145071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the primary target of demyelinating disorders and progressive neurodegenerative changes may evolve in the CNS. DNA damage and oxidative stress are considered key pathogenic events, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Moreover, animal models do not fully recapitulate human diseases, complicating the path to effective treatments. Here we report that mice with cell autonomous deletion of the nuclear COP9 signalosome component CSN5 (JAB1) in oligodendrocytes develop DNA damage and defective DNA repair in myelinating glial cells. Interestingly, oligodendrocytes lacking JAB1 expression underwent a senescence-like phenotype that fostered chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. These mutants developed progressive CNS demyelination, microglia inflammation and neurodegeneration, with severe motor deficits and premature death. Notably, blocking microglia inflammation did not prevent neurodegeneration, whereas the deletion of p21CIP1 but not p16INK4a pathway ameliorated the disease. We suggest that senescence is key to sustaining neurodegeneration in demyelinating disorders and may be considered a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rivellini
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Porrello
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Dina
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Mrakic-Sposta
- Institute of Clinical Physiology National Research Council, ICF-CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Vezzoli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology National Research Council, ICF-CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Bacigaluppi
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Serena Gullotta
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Linda Chaabane
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Leocani
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Marenna
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Colombo
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinthia Farina
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Jia Newcombe
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ruggero Pardi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Disease, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano C Previtali
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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23
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Tomas L, Prica F, Schulz C. Trafficking of Mononuclear Phagocytes in Healthy Arteries and Atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:718432. [PMID: 34759917 PMCID: PMC8573388 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.718432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages play essential roles in all stages of atherosclerosis – from early precursor lesions to advanced stages of the disease. Intima-resident macrophages are among the first cells to be confronted with the influx and retention of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins at the onset of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis development. In this review, we outline the trafficking of monocytes and macrophages in and out of the healthy aorta, as well as the adaptation of their migratory behaviour during hypercholesterolemia. Furthermore, we discuss the functional and ontogenetic composition of the aortic pool of mononuclear phagocytes and its link to the atherosclerotic disease process. The development of mouse models of atherosclerosis regression in recent years, has enabled scientists to investigate the behaviour of monocytes and macrophages during the resolution of atherosclerosis. Herein, we describe the dynamics of these mononuclear phagocytes upon cessation of hypercholesterolemia and how they contribute to the restoration of tissue homeostasis. The aim of this review is to provide an insight into the trafficking, fate and disease-relevant dynamics of monocytes and macrophages during atherosclerosis, and to highlight remaining questions. We focus on the results of rodent studies, as analysis of cellular fates requires experimental manipulations that cannot be performed in humans but point out findings that could be replicated in human tissues. Understanding of the biology of macrophages in atherosclerosis provides an important basis for the development of therapeutic strategies to limit lesion formation and promote plaque regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Tomas
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Filip Prica
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Schulz
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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24
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Wu Q, Wang Q, Yang J, Martens JW, Mills EA, Saad A, Chilukuri P, Dowling CA, Mao-Draayer Y. Elevated sCD40L in Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis in Comparison to Non-progressive Benign and Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2021; 13:11795735211050712. [PMID: 34720605 PMCID: PMC8552403 DOI: 10.1177/11795735211050712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The long-term prognosis of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is usually unfavorable as most patients transition to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) with accumulative disability. A rare form of non-progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) also exists, known as benign MS (BMS or NPMS), which lacks disease progression defined as Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) ≤3 after 15 years of disease onset without treatment. Purpose Our study aims to identify soluble plasma factors predicting disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). Research Design and Study Sample We utilized Luminex multiplex to analyze plasma levels of 33 soluble factors, comparing 32 SPMS patients to age-, sex-, and disease duration-matched non-progressive BMS patients, as well as to RRMS patients and healthy controls. Results Plasma levels of EGF, sCD40L, MCP1/CCL2, fractalkine/CX3CL1, IL-13, Eotaxin, TNFβ/LTα, and IL-12p40 were significantly different between the various types of MS. Plasma sCD40L was significantly elevated in SPMS compared to BMS and RRMS. The combination of MCP1/CCL2 and sCD40L discriminated between RRMS and SPMS. MCP1/CCL2 was found to be the most effective classifier between BMS and RRMS, while BMS was most effectively distinguished from SPMS by the combination of sCD40L and IFNγ levels. Conclusions These differences may facilitate personalized precision medicine and aid in the discovery of new therapeutic targets for disease progression through the improvement of patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer Yang
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jacob Ws Martens
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Mills
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Aiya Saad
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pavani Chilukuri
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Catherine A Dowling
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yang Mao-Draayer
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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25
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Spiljar M, Steinbach K, Rigo D, Suárez-Zamorano N, Wagner I, Hadadi N, Vincenti I, Page N, Klimek B, Rochat MA, Kreutzfeldt M, Chevalier C, Stojanović O, Bejuy O, Colin D, Mack M, Cansever D, Greter M, Merkler D, Trajkovski M. Cold exposure protects from neuroinflammation through immunologic reprogramming. Cell Metab 2021; 33:2231-2246.e8. [PMID: 34687652 PMCID: PMC8570411 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmunity is energetically costly, but the impact of a metabolically active state on immunity and immune-mediated diseases is unclear. Ly6Chi monocytes are key effectors in CNS autoimmunity with an elusive role in priming naive autoreactive T cells. Here, we provide unbiased analysis of the immune changes in various compartments during cold exposure and show that this energetically costly stimulus markedly ameliorates active experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Cold exposure decreases MHCII on monocytes at steady state and in various inflammatory mouse models and suppresses T cell priming and pathogenicity through the modulation of monocytes. Genetic or antibody-mediated monocyte depletion or adoptive transfer of Th1- or Th17-polarized cells for EAE abolishes the cold-induced effects on T cells or EAE, respectively. These findings provide a mechanistic link between environmental temperature and neuroinflammation and suggest competition between cold-induced metabolic adaptations and autoimmunity as energetic trade-off beneficial for the immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Spiljar
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karin Steinbach
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dorothée Rigo
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Suárez-Zamorano
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Noushin Hadadi
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ilena Vincenti
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Page
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bogna Klimek
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mary-Aude Rochat
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claire Chevalier
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ozren Stojanović
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivia Bejuy
- CIBM Centre for BioMedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Didier Colin
- Small Animal Preclinical Imaging Platform, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Internal Medicine II - Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dilay Cansever
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Greter
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Mirko Trajkovski
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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26
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Frenger MJ, Hecker C, Sindi M, Issberner A, Hartung HP, Meuth SG, Dietrich M, Albrecht P. Semi-Automated Live Tracking of Microglial Activation in CX3CR1 GFP Mice During Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:761776. [PMID: 34745138 PMCID: PMC8567040 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.761776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) is a non-invasive technique for real-time imaging of the retina. We developed a step-by-step protocol for the semi-automatic evaluation of myeloid cells in cSLO images from CX3CR1GFP mice, expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under control of the endogenous CX3C chemokine receptor 1 locus. We identified cSLO parameters allowing us to distinguish animals with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) from sham-treated/naïve animals. Especially cell count (CC) and the total microglial area (SuA) turned out to be reliable parameters. Comparing the cSLO results with clinical parameters, we found significant correlations between the clinical EAE score and the SuA and of the inner retinal layer thickness, measured by optical coherence tomography, with the CC as well as the SuA. As a final step, we performed immunohistochemistry to confirm that the GFP-expressing cells visualized by the cSLO are Iba1 positive and validated the step-by-step protocol against manual counting. We present a semi-automatic step-by-step protocol with a balance between fast data evaluation and adequate accuracy, which is optimized by the option to manually adapt the contrast threshold. This protocol may be useful for numerous research questions on the role of microglial polarization in models of inflammatory and degenerating CNS diseases involving the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz J. Frenger
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christina Hecker
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mustafa Sindi
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Issberner
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sven G. Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Dietrich
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp Albrecht
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
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27
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Nowery JD, Cisney RN, Feldmann JW, Meares GP. Nitric Oxide Induces a Janus Kinase-1-Dependent Inflammatory Response in Primary Murine Astrocytes. ASN Neuro 2021; 13:17590914211033650. [PMID: 34498493 PMCID: PMC8588800 DOI: 10.1177/17590914211033650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a versatile free radical that has been implicated in many biological
processes (i.e., vasodilation, neurotransmission, and smooth muscle relaxation). High
levels of NO, such as those produced by inducible NO synthase, are associated with innate
immunity as well as tissue damage and disease pathology. Previous studies have
characterized many stimuli that lead to NO production following central nervous system
(CNS) infection, ischemia, and during neurodegeneration, but less is known about the
effects of NO on the CNS resident astrocytes. Previously, excessive NO has been shown to
impair protein folding leading to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and initiation of the
unfolded protein response. Previous studies have shown that ER stress drives activation of
protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK) and Janus kinase-1 (JAK1) leading to inflammatory
gene expression. We hypothesized that NO drives inflammatory processes within astrocytes
through a similar process. To test this, we examined the effects of exogenous NO on
primary cultures of murine astrocytes. Our data suggest that NO promotes a
pro-inflammatory response that includes interleukin-6 and several chemokines. Our data
show that NO induces phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha; however,
this and the inflammatory gene expression are independent of PERK. Knockdown of JAK1 using
small interfering RNA reduced the expression of inflammatory mediators. Overall, we have
identified that NO stimulates the integrated stress response and a JAK1-dependent
inflammatory program in astrocytes. Summary statement: Murine astrocytes in culture respond to NO with increased expression
of stress and inflammatory genes. The inflammatory stress response is independent of the
ER stress-activated kinase PERK and is, in part, mediated by JAK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Nowery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, 5631West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Rylee N Cisney
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, 5631West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jacob W Feldmann
- Department of Neuroscience, 5631West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Gordon P Meares
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, 5631West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, 5631West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.,WVU Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA
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28
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Radandish M, Khalilian P, Esmaeil N. The Role of Distinct Subsets of Macrophages in the Pathogenesis of MS and the Impact of Different Therapeutic Agents on These Populations. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667705. [PMID: 34489926 PMCID: PMC8417824 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). Besides the vital role of T cells, other immune cells, including B cells, innate immune cells, and macrophages (MФs), also play a critical role in MS pathogenesis. Tissue-resident MФs in the brain’s parenchyma, known as microglia and monocyte-derived MФs, enter into the CNS following alterations in CNS homeostasis that induce inflammatory responses in MS. Although the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory actions of monocyte-derived MФs and resident MФs are required to maintain CNS tolerance, they can release inflammatory cytokines and reactivate primed T cells during neuroinflammation. In the CNS of MS patients, elevated myeloid cells and activated MФs have been found and associated with demyelination and axonal loss. Thus, according to the role of MФs in neuroinflammation, they have attracted attention as a therapeutic target. Also, due to their different origin, location, and turnover, other strategies may require to target the various myeloid cell populations. Here we review the role of distinct subsets of MФs in the pathogenesis of MS and different therapeutic agents that target these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maedeh Radandish
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parvin Khalilian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Esmaeil
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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29
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Stavropoulos F, Georgiou E, Sargiannidou I, Kleopa KA. Dysregulation of Blood-Brain Barrier and Exacerbated Inflammatory Response in Cx47-Deficient Mice after Induction of EAE. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070621. [PMID: 34203192 PMCID: PMC8308522 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), in connexin 32 (Cx32) or Cx47 knockout (KO) mice with deficiency in oligodendrocyte gap junctions (GJs) results in a more severe disease course. In particular, Cx47 KO EAE mice experience an earlier EAE onset and more pronounced disease severity, accompanied by dysregulated pro-inflammatory responses preceding the disease manifestations. In this study, analysis of relevant pro-inflammatory cytokines in wild type EAE, Cx32 KO EAE, and Cx47 KO EAE mice revealed altered expression of Vcam-1 preceding EAE [7 days post injection (dpi)], of Ccl2 at the onset of EAE (12 dpi), and of Gm-csf at the peak of EAE (24 dpi) in Cx47 KO EAE mice. Moreover, Cx47 KO EAE mice exhibited more severe blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption, enhanced astrogliosis with defects in tight junction formation at the glia limitans, and increased T-cell infiltration prior to disease onset. Thus, Cx47 deficiency appears to cause dysregulation of the inflammatory profile and BSCB integrity, promoting early astrocyte responses in Cx47 KO EAE mice that lead to a more severe EAE outcome. Further investigation into the role of oligodendrocytic Cx47 in EAE and multiple sclerosis pathology is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippos Stavropoulos
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (F.S.); (E.G.); (I.S.)
| | - Elena Georgiou
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (F.S.); (E.G.); (I.S.)
| | - Irene Sargiannidou
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (F.S.); (E.G.); (I.S.)
| | - Kleopas A. Kleopa
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (F.S.); (E.G.); (I.S.)
- Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +357-22-358600; Fax: +357-22-392786
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30
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Haase S, Linker RA. Inflammation in multiple sclerosis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2021; 14:17562864211007687. [PMID: 33948118 PMCID: PMC8053832 DOI: 10.1177/17562864211007687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is characterised pathologically by demyelination, gliosis, neuro-axonal damage and inflammation. Despite intense research, the underlying pathomechanisms driving inflammatory demyelination in MS still remain incompletely understood. It is thought to be caused by an autoimmune response towards CNS self-antigens in genetically susceptible individuals, assuming autoreactive T cells as disease-initiating immune cells. Yet, B cells were recognized as crucial immune cells in disease pathology, including antibody-dependent and independent effects. Moreover, myeloid cells are important contributors to MS pathology, and it is becoming increasingly evident that different cell types act in concert during MS immunopathology. This is supported by the finding that the beneficial effects of actual existing disease-modifying therapies cannot be attributed to one single immune cell-type, but rather involve immunological cooperation. The current strategy of MS therapies thus aims to shift the immune cell repertoire from a pro-inflammatory towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype, involving regulatory T and B cells and anti-inflammatory macrophages. Although no existing therapy actually exists that directly induces an enhanced regulatory immune cell pool, numerous studies identified potential net effects on these cell types. This review gives a conceptual overview on T cells, B cells and myeloid cells in the immunopathology of relapsing-remitting MS and discusses potential contributions of actual disease-modifying therapies on these immune cell phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Haase
- Neuroimmunologie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinik Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss Allee, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Ralf A Linker
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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31
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Cunningham KT, Finlay CM, Mills KHG. Helminth Imprinting of Hematopoietic Stem Cells Sustains Anti-Inflammatory Trained Innate Immunity That Attenuates Autoimmune Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1618-1630. [PMID: 33579723 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Certain proinflammatory stimuli can metabolically and epigenetically modify monocytes/macrophages or NK cells to be more responsive to secondary stimuli, a process known as trained innate immunity. However, the longevity of trained innate immunity is unclear. In this study, we report that Fasciola hepatica excretory-secretory products (FHES) can imprint an anti-inflammatory phenotype on long-term hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and monocyte precursor populations, enhancing their proliferation and differentiation into anti-inflammatory Ly6Clow monocytes. These monocytes expand and populate multiple compartments within mice, conferring hyporesponsiveness to proinflammatory stimuli and reduced susceptibility to induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mice treated with FHES had enhanced alternatively activated macrophages, reduced Th1 and Th17 responses, and attenuating effects on autoimmunity that persisted for 8 mo. Furthermore, transplantation of HSCs from FHES-treated mice transferred the anti-inflammatory phenotype to naive mice. Our findings demonstrate that helminth products can modulate HSCs to promote development of anti-inflammatory myeloid cells that attenuate T cell-mediated autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Cunningham
- Immune Regulation Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; and
| | - Conor M Finlay
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Kingston H G Mills
- Immune Regulation Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; and
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Fani Maleki A, Cisbani G, Laflamme N, Prefontaine P, Plante MM, Baillargeon J, Rangachari M, Gosselin J, Rivest S. Selective Immunomodulatory and Neuroprotective Effects of a NOD2 Receptor Agonist on Mouse Models of Multiple Sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:889-904. [PMID: 33479802 PMCID: PMC8423880 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00998-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The significance of monocytes has been demonstrated in multiple sclerosis (MS). One of the therapeutic challenges is developing medications that induce mild immunomodulation that is solely targeting specific monocyte subsets without affecting microglia. Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) activates the NOD2 receptor, and systemic MDP administrations convert Ly6Chigh into Ly6Clow monocytes. Here, we report selective immunomodulatory and therapeutic effects of MDP on cuprizone and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse models of MS. MDP treatment exerted various therapeutic effects in EAE, including delaying EAE onset and reducing infiltration of leukocytes into the CNS before EAE onset. Of great interest is the robust beneficial effect of the MDP treatment in mice already developing the disease several days after EAE onset. Finally, we found that the NOD2 receptor plays a critical role in MDP-mediated EAE resistance. Our results demonstrate that MDP is beneficial in both early and progressive phases of EAE. Based on these results, and upon comprehensive basic and clinical research, we anticipate developing NOD2 agonist-based medications for MS in the future.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine/pharmacology
- Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine/therapeutic use
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Freund's Adjuvant/toxicity
- Immunomodulating Agents/pharmacology
- Immunomodulating Agents/therapeutic use
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Monocytes/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/chemically induced
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/prevention & control
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/toxicity
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use
- Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/agonists
- Peptide Fragments/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Adham Fani Maleki
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU of Quebec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Giulia Cisbani
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU of Quebec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Nataly Laflamme
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU of Quebec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Paul Prefontaine
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU of Quebec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Marie-Michele Plante
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU of Quebec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Joanie Baillargeon
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU of Quebec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Manu Rangachari
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU of Quebec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jean Gosselin
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, CHU of Quebec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU of Quebec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
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de Morais SD, Kak G, Menousek JP, Kielian T. Immunopathogenesis of Craniotomy Infection and Niche-Specific Immune Responses to Biofilm. Front Immunol 2021; 12:625467. [PMID: 33708216 PMCID: PMC7940520 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.625467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections in the central nervous system (CNS) can be life threatening and often impair neurological function. Biofilm infection is a complication following craniotomy, a neurosurgical procedure that involves the removal and replacement of a skull fragment (bone flap) to access the brain for surgical intervention. The incidence of infection following craniotomy ranges from 1% to 3% with approximately half caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). These infections present a significant therapeutic challenge due to the antibiotic tolerance of biofilm and unique immune properties of the CNS. Previous studies have revealed a critical role for innate immune responses during S. aureus craniotomy infection. Experiments using knockout mouse models have highlighted the importance of the pattern recognition receptor Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and its adaptor protein MyD88 for preventing S. aureus outgrowth during craniotomy biofilm infection. However, neither molecule affected bacterial burden in a mouse model of S. aureus brain abscess highlighting the distinctions between immune regulation of biofilm vs. planktonic infection in the CNS. Furthermore, the immune responses elicited during S. aureus craniotomy infection are distinct from biofilm infection in the periphery, emphasizing the critical role for niche-specific factors in dictating S. aureus biofilm-leukocyte crosstalk. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge concerning innate immunity to S. aureus craniotomy biofilm infection, compare this to S. aureus biofilm infection in the periphery, and discuss the importance of anatomical location in dictating how biofilm influences inflammatory responses and its impact on bacterial clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Db de Morais
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Gunjan Kak
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Joseph P Menousek
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Tammy Kielian
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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Krienke C, Kolb L, Diken E, Streuber M, Kirchhoff S, Bukur T, Akilli-Öztürk Ö, Kranz LM, Berger H, Petschenka J, Diken M, Kreiter S, Yogev N, Waisman A, Karikó K, Türeci Ö, Sahin U. A noninflammatory mRNA vaccine for treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Science 2021; 371:145-153. [PMID: 33414215 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay3638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ability to control autoreactive T cells without inducing systemic immune suppression is the major goal for treatment of autoimmune diseases. The key challenge is the safe and efficient delivery of pharmaceutically well-defined antigens in a noninflammatory context. Here, we show that systemic delivery of nanoparticle-formulated 1 methylpseudouridine-modified messenger RNA (m1Ψ mRNA) coding for disease-related autoantigens results in antigen presentation on splenic CD11c+ antigen-presenting cells in the absence of costimulatory signals. In several mouse models of multiple sclerosis, the disease is suppressed by treatment with such m1Ψ mRNA. The treatment effect is associated with a reduction of effector T cells and the development of regulatory T cell (Treg cell) populations. Notably, these Treg cells execute strong bystander immunosuppression and thus improve disease induced by cognate and noncognate autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Krienke
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Freiligrathstr. 12, Mainz 55131, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center at the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Laura Kolb
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Freiligrathstr. 12, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Elif Diken
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Freiligrathstr. 12, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Michael Streuber
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Freiligrathstr. 12, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Sarah Kirchhoff
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Freiligrathstr. 12, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Thomas Bukur
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Freiligrathstr. 12, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Özlem Akilli-Öztürk
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Freiligrathstr. 12, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Lena M Kranz
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Hendrik Berger
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Jutta Petschenka
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Freiligrathstr. 12, Mainz 55131, Germany
- Cancer Immunology and Immune Modulation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Mustafa Diken
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Freiligrathstr. 12, Mainz 55131, Germany
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kreiter
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Freiligrathstr. 12, Mainz 55131, Germany
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Nir Yogev
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55131, Germany
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, Cologne 50937, Germany
| | - Ari Waisman
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center at the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz 55131, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Katalin Karikó
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Özlem Türeci
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, Mainz 55131, Germany
- CI3 - Cluster for Individualized Immunointervention e.V., Hölderlinstraße 8, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ugur Sahin
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Freiligrathstr. 12, Mainz 55131, Germany.
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center at the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz 55131, Germany
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, Mainz 55131, Germany
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Mai CL, Tan Z, Xu YN, Zhang JJ, Huang ZH, Wang D, Zhang H, Gui WS, Zhang J, Lin ZJ, Meng YT, Wei X, Jie YT, Grace PM, Wu LJ, Zhou LJ, Liu XG. CXCL12-mediated monocyte transmigration into brain perivascular space leads to neuroinflammation and memory deficit in neuropathic pain. Theranostics 2021; 11:1059-1078. [PMID: 33391521 PMCID: PMC7738876 DOI: 10.7150/thno.44364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging clinical and experimental evidence demonstrates that neuroinflammation plays an important role in cognitive impairment associated with neuropathic pain. However, how peripheral nerve challenge induces remote inflammation in the brain remains largely unknown. Methods: The circulating leukocytes and plasma C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12) and brain perivascular macrophages (PVMs) were analyzed by flow cytometry, Western blotting, ELISA, and immunostaining in spared nerve injury (SNI) mice. The memory function was evaluated with a novel object recognition test (NORT) in mice and with Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in chronic pain patients. Results: The classical monocytes and CXCL12 in the blood, PVMs in the perivascular space, and gliosis in the brain, particularly in the hippocampus, were persistently increased following SNI in mice. Using the transgenic CCR2RFP/+ and CX3CR1GFP/+ mice, we discovered that at least some of the PVMs were recruited from circulating monocytes. The SNI-induced increase in hippocampal PVMs, gliosis, and memory decline were substantially prevented by either depleting circulating monocytes via intravenous injection of clodronate liposomes or blockade of CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling. On the contrary, intravenous injection of CXCL12 at a pathological concentration in naïve mice mimicked SNI effects. Significantly, we found that circulating monocytes and plasma CXCL12 were elevated in chronic pain patients, and both of them were closely correlated with memory decline. Conclusion: CXCL12-mediated monocyte recruitment into the perivascular space is critical for neuroinflammation and the resultant cognitive impairment in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lin Mai
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhi Tan
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ya-Nan Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jing-Jun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Clinic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Huang
- Division of Emergency Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, 510317, China
| | - Wen-Shan Gui
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhen-Jia Lin
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ying-Tong Meng
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao Wei
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ying-Tao Jie
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Peter M. Grace
- Department of Critical Care & Respiratory Care Research (PMG), University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Li-Jun Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xian-Guo Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Kirby L, Castelo-Branco G. Crossing boundaries: Interplay between the immune system and oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 116:45-52. [PMID: 33162336 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes and their progenitors are glial cells in the central nervous system, which have been mainly implicated with the homeostatic roles of axonal myelin ensheathment but serve as targets of the peripheral immune system attack in the context of diseases like multiple sclerosis. This view of oligodendroglia as passive bystanders with no immunological properties was first challenged in the 1980s when it was reported that the cytokine interferon γ could induce the gene expression of the major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) class I and II. While the physiological role of this induction was controversial for decades to follow, recent studies suggest that oligodendroglia survey their environment, respond to a larger array of cues and can indeed exert immunomodulatory functions, which are particularly relevant in the context of neurodegeneration and demyelinating diseases. The alternative functionality of oligodendroglia not only regulates immune cell responses, but also hinders remyelination, and might thereby be key to understanding MS disease pathology and promoting regeneration after immune-mediated demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Kirby
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gonçalo Castelo-Branco
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm Node, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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37
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Borst K, Prinz M. Deciphering the heterogeneity of myeloid cells during neuroinflammation in the single-cell era. Brain Pathol 2020; 30:1192-1207. [PMID: 33058309 PMCID: PMC8018048 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disabling neuroinflammatory disease, which is little understood and lacks a sufficient therapeutic regimen. Myeloid cells have repeatedly shown to play a pivotal role in the disease progression. During homeostasis, only the CNS‐resident microglia and CNS‐associated macrophages are present in the CNS. Neuroinflammation causes peripheral immune cells to infiltrate the CNS contributing to disease progression and neurological sequelae. The differential involvement of the diverse peripheral and resident myeloid cell subsets to the disease pathogenesis and outcome are highly debated and difficult to assess. However, novel technological advances (new mouse models, single‐cell RNA‐Sequencing, and CYTOF) have improved the depth of immune profiling, which allows the characterization of distinct myeloid subsets. This review provides an overview of current knowledge on the phenotypes and roles of these different myeloid subsets in neuroinflammatory disease and their therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Borst
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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38
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Trzebanski S, Jung S. Plasticity of monocyte development and monocyte fates. Immunol Lett 2020; 227:66-78. [PMID: 32814154 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes are circulating myeloid immune precursor cells that are generated in the bone marrow. Mature monocytes are released into the circulation and, in case of need, recruited to peripheral sites of inflammation to differentiate into monocyte-derived effector cells. In absence of overt inflammation, monocytes also extravasate into selected tissues, where they complement tissue-resident macrophage compartments. Adjustment of these homeostatic monocyte infiltrates to local environment is critical to maintain health, as best established for the intestine. Defined gene expression changes that differ between gut segments presumably help strike the fine balance between the crucial function of these monocyte-derived macrophages as tissue rheostats and their detrimental hyperactivation. Environmental factors that dictate local monocyte differentiation remain incompletely understood. Definition of the latter could aid our general understanding of in vivo monocyte functions and their relation to inflammatory disorders. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of monocyte subsets, their differentiation into tissue macrophages, and selected contributions of monocyte-derived cells to steady-state physiology. Moreover, we will discuss emerging evidence for an intriguing bifurcation of monocyte development in the bone marrow and potential functional implications. Emphasis will be given to points of controversies, but we will largely focus on the healthy organism. For a discussion of monocyte and macrophage contributions to inflammatory conditions, we refer the reader to other dedicated reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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39
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Ifergan I, Miller SD. Potential for Targeting Myeloid Cells in Controlling CNS Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:571897. [PMID: 33123148 PMCID: PMC7573146 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.571897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is characterized by immune cell infiltration to the central nervous system (CNS) as well as loss of myelin. Characterization of the cells in lesions of MS patients revealed an important accumulation of myeloid cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). Data from the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS supports the importance of peripheral myeloid cells in the disease pathology. However, the majority of MS therapies focus on lymphocytes. As we will discuss in this review, multiple strategies are now in place to target myeloid cells in clinical trials. These strategies have emerged from data in both human and mouse studies. We discuss strategies targeting myeloid cell migration, growth factors and cytokines, biological functions (with a focus on miRNAs), and immunological activities (with a focus on nanoparticles).
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Affiliation(s)
- Igal Ifergan
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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40
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Moser T, Akgün K, Proschmann U, Sellner J, Ziemssen T. The role of TH17 cells in multiple sclerosis: Therapeutic implications. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102647. [PMID: 32801039 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) where immunopathology is thought to be mediated by myelin-reactive CD4+ T helper (TH) cells. The TH cells most commonly implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease are of TH1 and TH17 lineage, which are defined by the production of interferon-γ and interleukin-17, respectively. Moreover, there is emerging evidence for the involvement of TH17.1 cells, which share the hallmarks of TH1 and TH17 subsets. In this review, we summarise current knowledge about the potential role of TH17 subsets in the initiation and progression of the disease and put a focus on their response to approved immunomodulatory MS drugs. In this regard, TH17 cells are abundant in peripheral blood, cerebrospinal fluid and brain lesions of MS patients, and their counts and inflammatory mediators are further increased during relapses. Fingolimod and alemtuzumab induce a paramount decrease in central memory T cells, which harbour the majority of peripheral TH17 cells, while the efficacy of natalizumab, dimethyl fumarate and importantly hematopoietic stem cell therapy correlates with TH17.1 cell inhibition. Interestingly, also CD20 antibodies target highly inflammatory TH cells and hamper TH17 differentiation by IL-6 reductions. Moreover, recovery rates of TH cells best correlate with long-term efficacy after therapeutical immunodepletion. We conclude that central memory TH17.1 cells play a pivotal role in MS pathogenesis and they represent a major target of MS therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Moser
- Center of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technical, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Straße 79, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Katja Akgün
- Center of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technical, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Undine Proschmann
- Center of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technical, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Johann Sellner
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Straße 79, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Department of Neurology, Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, Liechtensteinstrasse 67, 3120 Mistelbach, Austria; Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Tjalf Ziemssen
- Center of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technical, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Karpus WJ. Cytokines and Chemokines in the Pathogenesis of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:316-326. [PMID: 31907274 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is a CD4+ T cell-mediated demyelinating disease of the CNS that serves as a model for multiple sclerosis. Cytokines and chemokines shape Th1 and Th17 effector responses as well as regulate migration of leukocytes to the CNS during disease. The CNS cellular infiltrate consists of Ag-specific and nonspecific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, neutrophils, B cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. The mechanism of immune-mediated inflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis has been extensively studied in an effort to develop therapeutic modalities for multiple sclerosis and, indeed, has provided insight in modern drug discovery. The present Brief Review highlights critical pathogenic aspects of cytokines and chemokines involved in generation of effector T cell responses and migration of inflammatory cells to the CNS. Select cytokines and chemokines are certainly important in the regulatory response, which involves T regulatory, B regulatory, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. However, that discussion is beyond the scope of this brief review.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Karpus
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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42
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The Roles of Monocyte and Monocyte-Derived Macrophages in Common Brain Disorders. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:9396021. [PMID: 32596397 PMCID: PMC7292983 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9396021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The brain is the most important and complex organ in most living creatures which serves as the center of the nervous system. The function of human brain includes controlling of the motion of the body and different organs and maintaining basic homeostasis. The disorders of the brain caused by a variety of reasons often severely impact the patients' normal life or lead to death in extreme cases. Monocyte is an important immune cell which is often recruited to the brain in a number of brain disorders. However, the role of monocytes may not be simply described as beneficial or detrimental. It significantly depends on the disease models and the stages of disease progression. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge about the role of monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages during several common brain disorders. Major focuses include ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, intracerebral hemorrhage, and insomnia. The recruitment, differentiation, and function of monocyte in these diseases are reviewed.
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43
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Skipping adolescence to become super-inflammatory monocytes. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:491-492. [PMID: 32313243 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0652-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Mendoza-Reinoso V, McCauley LK, Fournier PG. Contribution of Macrophages and T Cells in Skeletal Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1014. [PMID: 32326073 PMCID: PMC7226332 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12041014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is a common site for metastases with a local microenvironment that is highly conducive for tumor establishment and growth. The bone marrow is replete with myeloid and lymphoid linage cells that provide a fertile niche for metastatic cancer cells promoting their survival and growth. Here, we discuss the role of macrophages and T cells in pro- and anti-tumoral mechanisms, their interaction to support cancer cell growth, and their contribution to the development of skeletal metastases. Importantly, immunotherapeutic strategies targeting macrophages and T cells in cancer are also discussed in this review as they represent a great promise for patients suffering from incurable bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Mendoza-Reinoso
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (V.M.-R.); (L.K.M.)
| | - Laurie K. McCauley
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (V.M.-R.); (L.K.M.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Pierrick G.J. Fournier
- Biomedical Innovation Department, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, BC 22860, Mexico
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Melero-Jerez C, Alonso-Gómez A, Moñivas E, Lebrón-Galán R, Machín-Díaz I, de Castro F, Clemente D. The proportion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the spleen is related to the severity of the clinical course and tissue damage extent in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 140:104869. [PMID: 32278882 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the second cause of paraplegia among young adults, after all types of CNS traumatic lesions. In its most frequent relapsing-remitting form, the severity of the disease course is very heterogeneous, and its reliable evaluation remains a key issue for clinicians. Myeloid-Derived sSuppressor Cells (MDSCs) are immature myeloid cells that suppress the inflammatory response, a phenomenon related to the resolution or recovery of the clinical symptoms associated with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most common model for MS. Here, we establish the severity index as a new parameter for the clinical assessment in EAE. It is derived from the relationship between the maximal clinical score and the time elapsed since disease onset. Moreover, we relate this new index with several histopathological hallmarks in EAE and with the peripheral content of MDSCs. Based on this new parameter, we show that the splenic MDSC content is related to the evolution of the clinical course of EAE, ranging from mild to severe. Indeed, when the severity index indicates a severe disease course, EAE mice display more intense lymphocyte infiltration, demyelination and axonal damage. A direct correlation was drawn between the MDSC population in the peripheral immune system, and the preservation of myelin and axons, which was also correlated with T cell apoptosis within the CNS (being these cells the main target for MDSC suppression). The data presented clearly indicated that the severity index is a suitable tool to analyze disease severity in EAE. Moreover, our data suggest a clear relationship between circulating MDSC enrichment and disease outcome, opening new perspectives for the future targeting of this population as an indicator of MS severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Melero-Jerez
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain; Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aitana Alonso-Gómez
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Esther Moñivas
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Rafael Lebrón-Galán
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Isabel Machín-Díaz
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Fernando de Castro
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Diego Clemente
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain.
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Abstract
Microglia dynamically interact with neurons influencing the development, structure, and function of neuronal networks. Recent studies suggest microglia may also influence neuronal activity by physically interacting with axonal domains responsible for action potential initiation and propagation. However, the nature of these microglial process interactions is not well understood. Microglial-axonal contacts are present early in development and persist through adulthood, implicating microglial interactions in the regulation of axonal integrity in both the developing and mature central nervous system. Moreover, changes in microglial-axonal contact have been described in disease states such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Depending on the disease state, there are increased associations with specific axonal segments. In MS, there is enhanced contact with the axon initial segment and node of Ranvier, while, in TBI, microglia alter interactions with axons at the site of injury, as well as at the axon initial segment. In this article, we review the interactions of microglial processes with axonal segments, analyzing their associations with various axonal domains and how these interactions may differ between MS and TBI. Furthermore, we discuss potential functional consequences and molecular mechanisms of these interactions and how these may differ among various types of microglial-axonal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah D Benusa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Audrey D Lafrenaye
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Cui LY, Chu SF, Chen NH. The role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in multiple sclerosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106314. [PMID: 32197226 PMCID: PMC7156228 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Summarize the study of the role of chemokines and their receptors in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and MS animal models. Discuss their potential significance in inflammatory injury and repair of MS. Summarize the progress in the research of MS antagonists in recent years with chemokine receptors as targets.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that is characterized by leukocyte infiltration and subsequent axonal damage, demyelinating inflammation, and formation of sclerosing plaques in brain tissue. The results of various studies in patients indicate that autoimmunity and inflammation make an important impact on the pathogenesis of MS. Chemokines are key mediators of inflammation development and cell migration, mediating various immune cell responses, including chemotaxis and immune activation, and are important in immunity and inflammation, therefore we focus on chemokines and their receptors in multiple sclerosis. In this article, we summarize the study of the role of prominent chemokines and their receptors in MS patients and MS animal modelsand discuss their potential significance in inflammatory injury and repair of MS. We have also summarized the progress in the treatment of multiple sclerosis antagonists in recent years with chemokine receptors as targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shi-Feng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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48
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STAT3 signaling in myeloid cells promotes pathogenic myelin-specific T cell differentiation and autoimmune demyelination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:5430-5441. [PMID: 32094172 PMCID: PMC7071888 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913997117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid lineage cells are suspected of having an integral role in pathophysiological processes of multiple sclerosis (MS), but the molecular mechanism(s) governing their effector function remains incompletely understood. We show that STAT3 is activated in myeloid cells near active MS lesions. Conditional deletion of Stat3 in myeloid cells abolished symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by suppressing the generation of pathogenic T cells. Functional and transcriptomic analyses of myeloid cells from wild-type and conditional knockout mice implicated antigen processing/presentation and inflammatory cytokine production as the mechanism underlying the effects of STAT3 deletion on impaired T cell activation. Our data indicate that targeting STAT3 in myeloid cells might be a viable treatment option for autoimmune demyelinating disease. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Dysregulation of STAT3, a transcription factor pivotal to various cellular processes including Th17 cell differentiation, has been implicated in MS. Here, we report that STAT3 is activated in infiltrating monocytic cells near active MS lesions and that activation of STAT3 in myeloid cells is essential for leukocyte infiltration, neuroinflammation, and demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Genetic disruption of Stat3 in peripheral myeloid lineage cells abrogated EAE, which was associated with decreased antigen-specific T helper cell responses. Myeloid cells from immunized Stat3 mutant mice exhibited impaired antigen-presenting functions and were ineffective in driving encephalitogenic T cell differentiation. Single-cell transcriptome analyses of myeloid lineage cells from preclinical wild-type and mutant mice revealed that loss of myeloid STAT3 signaling disrupted antigen-dependent cross-activation of myeloid cells and T helper cells. This study identifies a previously unrecognized requisite for myeloid cell STAT3 in the activation of myelin-reactive T cells and suggests myeloid STAT3 as a potential therapeutic target for autoimmune demyelinating disease.
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49
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Karampoor S, Zahednasab H, Amini R, Esghaei M, Sholeh M, Keyvani H. Maraviroc attenuates the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 80:106138. [PMID: 32007705 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that the blockade of chemokine receptor type 5 can dampen inflammatory reaction within the central nervous system (CNS). In the present study, we utilized maraviroc, a potent antagonist o CCR5, to examine whether this drug can mitigate neuroinflammation in the spinal cord of mice induced by experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), considered a murine model of multiple sclerosis (MS). For this aim, mice were immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 (MOG35-55), followed by pertussis toxin to induce paralysis in EAE mice. The animals intraperitoneally received various doses of maraviroc (5, 25, and 50 mg/kg body weight) when the early clinical signs of EAE appeared. The results demonstrated that the administration of maraviroc led to a marked decrease in the clinical score and improvement in behavioral motor functions. Moreover, our finding indicated that the administration of maraviroc significantly attenuates the infiltration of inflammatory cells to the spinal cord, microgliosis, astrogliosis, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and cell death in EAE mice. The flow cytometry data indicated that a decreased number of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood of mice with EAE without affecting the number of T regulatory cells (CD4 + CD25+ forkhead box protein 3+). Finally, it seems that maraviroc is well-tolerated, and targeting CCR5 could open up a new horizon in the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Karampoor
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Zahednasab
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Amini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Maryam Esghaei
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sholeh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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50
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Angelou CC, Wells AC, Vijayaraghavan J, Dougan CE, Lawlor R, Iverson E, Lazarevic V, Kimura MY, Peyton SR, Minter LM, Osborne BA, Pobezinskaya EL, Pobezinsky LA. Differentiation of Pathogenic Th17 Cells Is Negatively Regulated by Let-7 MicroRNAs in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3125. [PMID: 32010153 PMCID: PMC6978752 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disabling demyelinating autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) which is driven by IL-23- and IL-1β-induced autoreactive Th17 cells that traffic to the CNS and secrete proinflammatory cytokines. Th17 pathogenicity in MS has been correlated with the dysregulation of microRNA (miRNA) expression, and specific miRNAs have been shown to promote the pathogenic Th17 phenotype. In the present study, we demonstrate, using the animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), that let-7 miRNAs confer protection against EAE by negatively regulating the proliferation, differentiation and chemokine-mediated migration of pathogenic Th17 cells to the CNS. Specifically, we found that let-7 miRNAs may directly target the cytokine receptors Il1r1 and Il23r, as well as the chemokine receptors Ccr2 and Ccr5. Therefore, our results identify a novel regulatory role for let-7 miRNAs in pathogenic Th17 differentiation during EAE development, suggesting a promising therapeutic application for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance C. Angelou
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Alexandria C. Wells
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Jyothi Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Carey E. Dougan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Rebecca Lawlor
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Iverson
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Vanja Lazarevic
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Motoko Y. Kimura
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shelly R. Peyton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Lisa M. Minter
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Barbara A. Osborne
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Elena L. Pobezinskaya
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Leonid A. Pobezinsky
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
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