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Santosh Nirmala S, Kayani K, Gliwiński M, Hu Y, Iwaszkiewicz-Grześ D, Piotrowska-Mieczkowska M, Sakowska J, Tomaszewicz M, Marín Morales JM, Lakshmi K, Marek-Trzonkowska NM, Trzonkowski P, Oo YH, Fuchs A. Beyond FOXP3: a 20-year journey unravelling human regulatory T-cell heterogeneity. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1321228. [PMID: 38283365 PMCID: PMC10811018 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1321228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The initial idea of a distinct group of T-cells responsible for suppressing immune responses was first postulated half a century ago. However, it is only in the last three decades that we have identified what we now term regulatory T-cells (Tregs), and subsequently elucidated and crystallized our understanding of them. Human Tregs have emerged as essential to immune tolerance and the prevention of autoimmune diseases and are typically contemporaneously characterized by their CD3+CD4+CD25high CD127lowFOXP3+ phenotype. It is important to note that FOXP3+ Tregs exhibit substantial diversity in their origin, phenotypic characteristics, and function. Identifying reliable markers is crucial to the accurate identification, quantification, and assessment of Tregs in health and disease, as well as the enrichment and expansion of viable cells for adoptive cell therapy. In our comprehensive review, we address the contributions of various markers identified in the last two decades since the master transcriptional factor FOXP3 was identified in establishing and enriching purity, lineage stability, tissue homing and suppressive proficiency in CD4+ Tregs. Additionally, our review delves into recent breakthroughs in innovative Treg-based therapies, underscoring the significance of distinct markers in their therapeutic utilization. Understanding Treg subsets holds the key to effectively harnessing human Tregs for immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kayani Kayani
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Academic Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Renal Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mateusz Gliwiński
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Yueyuan Hu
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Justyna Sakowska
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Martyna Tomaszewicz
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Kavitha Lakshmi
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Piotr Trzonkowski
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ye Htun Oo
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Liver Transplant and Hepatobiliary Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Birmingham Advanced Cellular Therapy Facility, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Rare Diseases, European Reference Network - Rare Liver Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anke Fuchs
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Jennings MR, Min S, Xu GS, Homayuni K, Suresh B, Haikal YA, Blazeck J. Optimized expression and purification of a human adenosine deaminase in E. coli and characterization of its Asp8Asn variant. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 213:106362. [PMID: 37683902 PMCID: PMC10664833 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Homo sapiens adenosine deaminase isoform 1 (HsADA1) hydrolyzes adenosine and 2-deoxyadenosine as a key step in the purine nucleoside salvage pathway. Some HsADA1 mutations have severe deleterious effects, as is the case in a severe combined immunodeficiency resulting from loss of enzyme activity (ADA-SCID). Other mutations that reduce enzyme activity, for instance the Asp8Asn (D8N) variant, do not cause ADA-SCID but are correlated with other consequences to health. To ease further study of HsADA1 and its variants, we optimized an inexpensive, recombinant expression process in an Escherichia coli host through multiplexed parameter testing enabled by a lysate-based microtiter plate assay. We demonstrate the importance of gene codon usage, induction time and temperature, and alcohol supplementation towards improving enzyme yield to a final titer of 5 mg per liter of culture. We further show that use of a double-histidine-tag (his-tag) system greatly improves purity. We then utilize our expression and purification framework to produce the HsADA1 D8N variant, which had previously not been purified to homogeneity. We confirm that the D8N variant is ∼30% less active than the wildtype HsADA1 and show that it better retains its activity in human serum. Additionally, we show that both HsADA1 and the D8N variant have heightened activity in serum, driven in part by a previously undescribed phenomenon involving albumin. Therefore, this work presents a valuable process to produce HsADA1 that allows for insights into it and its variants' behavior. We also confirm the utility of lysate-based activity assays towards finding optimal E. coli expression conditions for enzymes and show how fusing his-tags in tandem can enhance product purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rain Jennings
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Soohyon Min
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Grace S Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Kassandra Homayuni
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Bhavana Suresh
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Yusef Amir Haikal
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - John Blazeck
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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3
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Li J, Ma S, Pei H, Jiang J, Zou Q, Lv Z. Review of T cell proliferation regulatory factors in treatment and prognostic prediction for solid tumors. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21329. [PMID: 37954355 PMCID: PMC10637962 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell proliferation regulators (Tcprs), which are positive regulators that promote T cell function, have made great contributions to the development of therapies to improve T cell function. CAR (chimeric antigen receptor) -T cell therapy, a type of adoptive cell transfer therapy that targets tumor cells and enhances immune lethality, has led to significant progress in the treatment of hematologic tumors. However, the applications of CAR-T in solid tumor treatment remain limited. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the development of Tcprs for solid tumor therapy and prognostic prediction. We summarize potential strategies for targeting different Tcprs to enhance T cell proliferation and activation and inhibition of cancer progression, thereby improving the antitumor activity and persistence of CAR-T. In summary, we propose means of enhancing CAR-T cells by expressing different Tcprs, which may lead to the development of a new generation of cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Li
- Student Innovation Competition Team, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shuhan Ma
- Student Innovation Competition Team, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hongdi Pei
- Student Innovation Competition Team, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jici Jiang
- Student Innovation Competition Team, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Quan Zou
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Quzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Zhibin Lv
- Student Innovation Competition Team, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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4
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Karapetnyan L, Sharoyan S, Mardanyan S, Lupidi G, Cuccioloni M, Angeletti M, Markarian S, Shilajyan H, Antonyan A. Citrullination of adenosine deaminase impairs its binding to dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Biophys Chem 2022; 286:106820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2022.106820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Tarrant TK, Kelly SJ, Hershfield MS. Elucidating the pathogenesis of adenosine deaminase 2 deficiency: current status and unmet needs. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2021.2050367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael S Hershfield
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, US
- Duke University School of Medicine, Medicine and Biochemistry, Durham, US
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6
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Ma MT, Jennings MR, Blazeck J, Lieberman RL. Catalytically active holo Homo sapiens adenosine deaminase I adopts a closed conformation. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2022; 78:91-103. [PMID: 34981765 PMCID: PMC8725166 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798321011785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Homo sapiens adenosine deaminase 1 (HsADA1; UniProt P00813) is an immunologically relevant enzyme with roles in T-cell activation and modulation of adenosine metabolism and signaling. Patients with genetic deficiency in HsADA1 suffer from severe combined immunodeficiency, and HsADA1 is a therapeutic target in hairy cell leukemias. Historically, insights into the catalytic mechanism and the structural attributes of HsADA1 have been derived from studies of its homologs from Bos taurus (BtADA) and Mus musculus (MmADA). Here, the structure of holo HsADA1 is presented, as well as biochemical characterization that confirms its high activity and shows that it is active across a broad pH range. Structurally, holo HsADA1 adopts a closed conformation distinct from the open conformation of holo BtADA. Comparison of holo HsADA1 and MmADA reveals that MmADA also adopts a closed conformation. These findings challenge previous assumptions gleaned from BtADA regarding the conformation of HsADA1 that may be relevant to its immunological interactions, particularly its ability to bind adenosine receptors. From a broader perspective, the structural analysis of HsADA1 presents a cautionary tale for reliance on homologs to make structural inferences relevant to applications such as protein engineering or drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Thu Ma
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Maria Rain Jennings
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - John Blazeck
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Raquel L Lieberman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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7
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Nakamura S, Fujioka T, Kawashima S, Kawaguchi T, Mizuno M, Omura M, Okita K, Kimura A, Shimohata T, Matsukawa N. Self-remitting Elevation of Adenosine Deaminase Levels in the Cerebrospinal Fluid with Autoimmune Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Astrocytopathy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Intern Med 2021; 60:3031-3036. [PMID: 33814491 PMCID: PMC8502650 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.6457-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A 29-year-old man presented with a high-grade fever, headache, and urinary retention, in addition to meningeal irritation and myoclonus in his upper extremities. A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination showed pleocytosis and high adenosine deaminase (ADA) levels with no evidence of bacterial infection, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. T2-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging showed transient hyper-intensity lesions at the splenium of the corpus callosum (SCC), bilateral putamen, and pons during the course of the disease. The CSF was positive for anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibodies. He was diagnosed with autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy. The present case shows that the combination of an elevated ADA level in the CSF and reversible T2-weighted hyper-intensity on the SCC supports the diagnosis of autoimmune GFAP encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sota Nakamura
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
| | - Teppei Fujioka
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
| | - Shoji Kawashima
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
| | - Takatsune Kawaguchi
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
| | - Masayuki Mizuno
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
| | - Masahiro Omura
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
| | - Kenji Okita
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
| | - Akio Kimura
- Department of Neurology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | - Noriyuki Matsukawa
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
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Mandapathil M, Szczepanski M, Harasymczuk M, Ren J, Cheng D, Jackson EK, Gorelik E, Johnson J, Lang S, Whiteside TL. CD26 expression and adenosine deaminase activity in regulatory T cells (Treg) and CD4(+) T effector cells in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:659-669. [PMID: 22934258 PMCID: PMC3429570 DOI: 10.4161/onci.20387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is responsible for the deamination of immunosuppressive adenosine to inosine. In human T lymphocytes, ADA is associated with dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26). ADA expression and activity were evaluated in regulatory T cells (Treg) and CD4(+) T effector cells (Teff) of patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC). CD4(+)CD39(+) and CD4(+)CD39(neg) T cells were isolated by single-cell sorting from the peripheral blood of 15 HNSCC patients and 15 healthy donors (NC). CD26/ADA expression in these cells was studied by multicolor flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry in tumor tissues. ADA activity was evaluated by mass spectrometry, suppression of Teff proliferation in CFSE assays and cytokine production by Luminex. CD4(+)CD39(+) Treg had low and CD4(+)CD39(neg) Teff high CD26/ADA expression and ADA activity in NC or HNSCC. The frequency and suppressor activity of CD39(+)CD26(neg) Treg were elevated in patients relative to NC (p < 0.01). However, ADA activity in patients' CD4(+)CD39(neg) Teff was decreased (p < 0.05), resulting in extracellular adenosine accumulation. Also, patients' Teff were more sensitive to inhibitory signals delivered via adenosine receptors. IL-2, IL12 and INFγ upregulated ADA expression and activity in CD4(+)CD39(neg) Teff, whereas IL-10, PGE(2) and CADO downregulated it. The differentially expressed CD26/ADA can serve as surface markers for functionally-active CD39(+)CD26(neg) Treg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magis Mandapathil
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; Pittsburgh, PA USA ; Department of Otorhinolaryngology; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen, Germany
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9
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Moens L, Hershfield M, Arts K, Aksentijevich I, Meyts I. Human adenosine deaminase 2 deficiency: A multi-faceted inborn error of immunity. Immunol Rev 2019; 287:62-72. [PMID: 30565235 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human adenosine deaminase 1 deficiency was described in the 1970s to cause severe combined immunodeficiency. The residual adenosine deaminase activity in these patients was attributed to adenosine deaminase 2. Human adenosine deaminase type 2 deficiency (DADA2), due to biallelic deleterious mutations in the ADA2 gene, is the first described monogenic type of small- and medium-size vessel vasculitis. The phenotype of DADA2 also includes lymphoproliferation, cytopenia, and variable degrees of immunodeficiency. The physiological role of ADA2 is still enigmatic hence the pathophysiology of the condition is unclear. Preliminary data showed that in the absence of ADA2, macrophage differentiation is skewed to a pro-inflammatory M1 subset, which is detrimental for endothelial integrity. The inflammatory phenotype responds well to anti-TNF therapy with etanercept and that is the first-line treatment for prevention of severe vascular events including strokes. The classic immunosuppressive drugs are not successful in controlling the disease activity. However, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been shown to be a definitive cure in DADA2 patients who present with a severe cytopenia. HSCT can also cure the vascular phenotype and is the treatment modality for patients' refractory to anti-cytokine therapies. In this review, we describe what is currently known about the molecular mechanisms of DADA2. Further research on the pathophysiology of this multifaceted condition is needed to fine-tune and steer future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Moens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Childhood Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael Hershfield
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Katrijn Arts
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ivona Aksentijevich
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Childhood Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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10
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Bagheri S, Saboury AA, Haertlé T. Adenosine deaminase inhibition. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 141:1246-1257. [PMID: 31520704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase is a critical enzyme in purine metabolism that regulates intra and extracellular adenosine concentrations by converting it to inosine. Adenosine is an important purine that regulates numerous physiological functions by interacting with its receptors. Adenosine and consequently adenosine deaminase can have pro or anti-inflammatory effects on tissues depending on how much time has passed from the start of the injury. In addition, an increase in adenosine deaminase activity has been reported for various diseases and the significant effect of deaminase inhibition on the clinical course of different diseases has been reported. However, the use of inhibitors is limited to only a few medical indications. Data on the increase of adenosine deaminase activity in different diseases and the impact of its inhibition in various cases have been collected and are discussed in this review. Overall, the evidence shows that many studies have been done to introduce inhibitors, however, in vivo studies have been much less than in vitro, and often have not been expanded for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bagheri
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - A A Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - T Haertlé
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nantes, France
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11
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Rao X, Zhao S, Braunstein Z, Mao H, Razavi M, Duan L, Wei Y, Toomey AC, Rajagopalan S, Zhong J. Oxidized LDL upregulates macrophage DPP4 expression via TLR4/TRIF/CD36 pathways. EBioMedicine 2019; 41:50-61. [PMID: 30738832 PMCID: PMC6441950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We and others have shown that dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP4) expression is increased in obesity/atherosclerosis and is positively correlated with atherosclerotic burden. However, the mechanism by which DPP4 expression is regulated in obesity remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the pathways regulating the expression of DPP4 on macrophages. Methods Flowsight® Imaging Flow Cytometry was employed for the detection of DPP4 and immunophenotyping. DPP4 enzymatic activity was measured by a DPPIV-Glo™ Protease Assay kit. Findings Human monocytes expressed a moderate level of membrane-bound DPP4. Obese patients with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 had a higher level of monocyte DPP4 expression, in parallel with higher levels of HOMA-IR, blood glucose, triglycerides, and non-HDL cholesterol, compared to those in the non-obese (BMI < 30) patients. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), but not native LDL, up-regulated DPP4 expression on macrophages with a preferential increase in CD36+ cells. OxLDL mediated DPP4 up-regulation was considerably diminished by Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) knockdown and CD36 deficiency. TRIF deficiency, but not MyD88 deficiency, attenuated oxLDL-induced DPP4 increase. Interpretation Our study suggests a key role for oxLDL and downstream CD36/TLR4/TRIF in regulating DPP4 expression. Increased DPP4 in response to oxidized lipids may represent an integrated mechanism linking post-prandial glucose metabolism to lipoprotein abnormality-potentiated atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoquan Rao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Shi Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Zachary Braunstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wexnel Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hong Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Michael Razavi
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lihua Duan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yingying Wei
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Amelia C Toomey
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jixin Zhong
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Is there a Chance to Promote Arteriogenesis by DPP4 Inhibitors Even in Type 2 Diabetes? A Critical Review. Cells 2018; 7:cells7100181. [PMID: 30360455 PMCID: PMC6210696 DOI: 10.3390/cells7100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are still the prevailing cause of death not only in industrialized countries, but even worldwide. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM) and hyperlipidemia, a metabolic disorder that is often associated with diabetes, are major risk factors for developing CVD. Recently, clinical trials proved the safety of gliptins in treating patients with type 2 DM. Gliptins are dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4/CD26) inhibitors, which stabilize glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), thereby increasing the bioavailability of insulin. Moreover, blocking DPP4 results in increased levels of stromal cell derived factor 1 (SDF-1). SDF-1 has been shown in pre-clinical animal studies to improve heart function and survival after myocardial infarction, and to promote arteriogenesis, the growth of natural bypasses, compensating for the function of an occluded artery. Clinical trials, however, failed to demonstrate a superiority of gliptins compared to placebo treated type 2 DM patients in terms of cardiovascular (CV) outcomes. This review highlights the function of DPP4 inhibitors in type 2 DM, and in treating cardiovascular diseases, with special emphasis on arteriogenesis. It critically addresses the potency of currently available gliptins and gives rise to hope by pointing out the most relevant questions that need to be resolved.
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13
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Yeganeh F, Mousavi SMJ, Hosseinzadeh-Sarband S, Ahmadzadeh A, Bahrami-Motlagh H, Hoseini MHM, Sattari M, Sohrabi MR, Pouriran R, Dehghan P. Association of CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV mRNA level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells with disease activity and bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2018; 37:3183-3190. [PMID: 30136129 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-018-4268-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV, CD26) plays many roles in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The current study evaluated the association of DPP-IV enzymatic activity and its gene expression with disease activity and bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis. Blood samples were collected from 20 rheumatoid arthritis patients and 40 healthy volunteers. Patients were divided into four subgroups using DAS28 index. CD26 gene expression levels were analyzed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, the enzymatic activity of this molecule in serum was determined using Gly-Pro-p-nitroanilide as substrate. Digital radiography was applied to obtain images for bone erosion assessment. No significant difference in serum DPP-IV activity level was seen between patients and controls (p = 0.140). However, patients exhibited an increase in CD26 mRNA expression (1.68 times) when compared to controls (p = 0.001). Moreover, a strong positive correlation between CD26 gene expression and DAS28 index as well as bone erosion in the hands was observed (r = 0.71, p = 0.002 and r = 0.61, p = 0.049, respectively). This study demonstrated that CD26 mRNA expression in rheumatoid arthritis patients is associated with disease activity and bone erosion, suggesting a potential role for this molecule in the immunopathology of rheumatoid arthritis and bone erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Yeganeh
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Javad Mousavi
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Hosseinzadeh-Sarband
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arman Ahmadzadeh
- Department of Rheumatology, Loghman-Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hooman Bahrami-Motlagh
- Department of Radiology, Loghman-Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Haji Molla Hoseini
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mandana Sattari
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Sohrabi
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Pouriran
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooneh Dehghan
- Department of Radiology, Taleghani Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Meyts I, Aksentijevich I. Deficiency of Adenosine Deaminase 2 (DADA2): Updates on the Phenotype, Genetics, Pathogenesis, and Treatment. J Clin Immunol 2018; 38:569-578. [PMID: 29951947 PMCID: PMC6061100 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-018-0525-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency of ADA2 (DADA2) is the first molecularly described monogenic vasculitis syndrome. DADA2 is caused by biallelic hypomorphic mutations in the ADA2 gene that encodes the adenosine deaminase 2 (ADA2) protein. Over 60 disease-associated mutations have been identified in all domains of ADA2 affecting the catalytic activity, protein dimerization, and secretion. Vasculopathy ranging from livedo reticularis to polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) and life-threatening ischemic and/or hemorrhagic stroke dominate the clinical features of DADA2. Vasculitis and inflammation can affect many organs, explaining the intestinal, hepatological, and renal manifestations. DADA2 should be primarily considered in patients with early-onset fevers, rashes, and strokes even in the absence of positive family history. Hematological manifestations include most commonly hypogammaglobulinemia, although pure red cell aplasia (PRCA), immune thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia have been increasingly reported. Thus, DADA2 may unify a variety of syndromes previously not thought to be related. The first-line treatment consists of TNF-inhibitors and is effective in controlling inflammation and in preserving vascular integrity. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been successful in a group of patients presenting with hematological manifestations. ADA2 is highly expressed in myeloid cells and plays a role in the differentiation of macrophages; however, its function is still largely undetermined. Deficiency of ADA2 has been linked to an imbalance in differentiation of monocytes towards proinflammatory M1 macrophages. Future research on the function of ADA2 and on the pathophysiology of DADA2 will improve our understanding of the condition and promote early diagnosis and targeted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Meyts
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Ivona Aksentijevich
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, USA.
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15
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Synthesis, pharmacological evaluation and molecular docking studies of pyrimidinedione based DPP-4 inhibitors as antidiabetic agents. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Kutryb-Zajac B, Mateuszuk L, Zukowska P, Jasztal A, Zabielska MA, Toczek M, Jablonska P, Zakrzewska A, Sitek B, Rogowski J, Lango R, Slominska EM, Chlopicki S, Smolenski RT. Increased activity of vascular adenosine deaminase in atherosclerosis and therapeutic potential of its inhibition. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 112:590-605. [PMID: 28513806 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Extracellular nucleotides and adenosine that are formed or degraded by membrane-bound ecto-enzymes could affect atherosclerosis by regulating the inflammation and thrombosis. This study aimed to evaluate a relation between ecto-enzymes that convert extracellular adenosine triphosphate to adenine dinucleotide phosphate, adenosine monophosphate, adenosine, and inosine on the surface of the vessel wall with the severity or progression of experimental and clinical atherosclerosis. Furthermore, we tested whether the inhibition of adenosine deaminase will block the development of experimental atherosclerosis. Methods and results Vascular activities of ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1, ecto-5'-nucleotidase, and ecto-adenosine deaminase (eADA) were measured in aortas of apolipoprotein E-/- low density lipoprotein receptor (ApoE-/-LDLR-/-) and wild-type mice as well as in human aortas. Plaques were analysed in the entire aorta, aortic root, and brachiocephalic artery by Oil-Red O and Orcein Martius Scarlet Blue staining and vascular accumulation of macrophages. The cellular location of ecto-enzymes was analysed by immunofluorescence. The effect of eADA inhibition on atherosclerosis progression was studied by a 2-month deoxycoformycin treatment of ApoE-/-LDLR-/- mice. The vascular eADA activity prominently increased in ApoE-/-LDLR-/- mice when compared with wild type already at the age of 1 month and progressed along atherosclerosis development, reaching a 10-fold difference at 10 months. The activity of eADA correlated with atherosclerotic changes in human aortas. High abundance of eADA in atherosclerotic vessels originated from activated endothelial cells and macrophages. There were no changes in ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 activity, whereas ecto-5'-nucleotidase was moderately decreased in ApoE-/-LDLR-/- mice. Deoxycoformycin treatment attenuated plaque development in aortic root and brachiocephalic artery of ApoE-/-LDLR-/- mice, suppressed vascular inflammation and improved endothelial function. Conclusions This study highlights the importance of extracellular nucleotides and adenosine metabolism in the atherosclerotic vessel in both experimental and clinical setting. The increased eADA activity marks an early stage of atherosclerosis, contributes to its progression and could represent a novel target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kutryb-Zajac
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Lukasz Mateuszuk
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paulina Zukowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jasztal
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena A Zabielska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marta Toczek
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Patrycja Jablonska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zakrzewska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Sitek
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Rogowski
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki St., 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Romuald Lango
- Department of Cardiac Anaesthesiology, Chair of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki St., 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa M Slominska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ryszard T Smolenski
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
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Hashem H, Kelly SJ, Ganson NJ, Hershfield MS. Deficiency of Adenosine Deaminase 2 (DADA2), an Inherited Cause of Polyarteritis Nodosa and a Mimic of Other Systemic Rheumatologic Disorders. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2017; 19:70. [DOI: 10.1007/s11926-017-0699-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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18
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Adenosine-mediated immunosuppression in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. HNO 2016; 64:303-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00106-016-0137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Waumans Y, Baerts L, Kehoe K, Lambeir AM, De Meester I. The Dipeptidyl Peptidase Family, Prolyl Oligopeptidase, and Prolyl Carboxypeptidase in the Immune System and Inflammatory Disease, Including Atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:387. [PMID: 26300881 PMCID: PMC4528296 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Research from over the past 20 years has implicated dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) IV and its family members in many processes and different pathologies of the immune system. Most research has been focused on either DPPIV or just a few of its family members. It is, however, essential to consider the entire DPP family when discussing any one of its members. There is a substantial overlap between family members in their substrate specificity, inhibitors, and functions. In this review, we provide a comprehensive discussion on the role of prolyl-specific peptidases DPPIV, FAP, DPP8, DPP9, dipeptidyl peptidase II, prolyl carboxypeptidase, and prolyl oligopeptidase in the immune system and its diseases. We highlight possible therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis, a condition that lies at the frontier between inflammation and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Waumans
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Lesley Baerts
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Kaat Kehoe
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
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Gong Q, Rajagopalan S, Zhong J. Dpp4 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in cardiometabolic disease: Incretin-dependent and -independent function. Int J Cardiol 2015; 197:170-9. [PMID: 26142202 PMCID: PMC7114201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cardiometabolic disorders including obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease are among the most severe health problems worldwide. DPP4 enzymatic inhibitors were first developed as anti-diabetic reagents which preserve incretin hormones and promote post-prandial insulin secretion. It's been shown in animal studies that incretin-based therapy has a beneficial effect on cardiovascular disease. Recent studies demonstrated novel non-catalytic functions of DPP4 that may play a role in cardiometabolic disease. Although the role of DPP4 inhibition-mediated incretin effects has been well-reviewed, little information of its incretin-independent actions was introduced in cardiometabolic disease. In the current review, we will summarize the catalytic dependent and independent effects of DPP4 inhibition on cardiometabolic disease. Discuss the findings from recent large scale clinical trials (EXAMINE and SAVOR-TIMI 53) Summarize the catalytic dependent and independent effects of DPP4 inhibition on cardiometabolic disease Focus on recent evidence linking DPP4 inhibition therapy with cardiovascular disease Provide mechanistic insights into the cardiovascular effect of DPP4
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, PR China
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Jixin Zhong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, PR China; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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21
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Bruzzese L, Rostain JC, Née L, Condo J, Mottola G, Adjriou N, Mercier L, Berge-Lefranc JL, Fromonot J, Kipson N, Lucciano M, Durand-Gorde JM, Jammes Y, Guieu R, Ruf J, Fenouillet E. Effect of hyperoxic and hyperbaric conditions on the adenosinergic pathway and CD26 expression in rat. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:140-7. [PMID: 25997945 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00223.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleoside adenosine acts on the nervous and cardiovascular systems via the A2A receptor (A2AR). In response to oxygen level in tissues, adenosine plasma concentration is regulated in particular via its synthesis by CD73 and via its degradation by adenosine deaminase (ADA). The cell-surface endopeptidase CD26 controls the concentration of vasoactive and antioxidant peptides and hence regulates the oxygen supply to tissues and oxidative stress response. Although overexpression of adenosine, CD73, ADA, A2AR, and CD26 in response to hypoxia is well documented, the effects of hyperoxic and hyperbaric conditions on these elements deserve further consideration. Rats and a murine Chem-3 cell line that expresses A2AR were exposed to 0.21 bar O2, 0.79 bar N2 (terrestrial conditions; normoxia); 1 bar O2 (hyperoxia); 2 bar O2 (hyperbaric hyperoxia); 0.21 bar O2, 1.79 bar N2 (hyperbaria). Adenosine plasma concentration, CD73, ADA, A2AR expression, and CD26 activity were addressed in vivo, and cAMP production was addressed in cellulo. For in vivo conditions, 1) hyperoxia decreased adenosine plasma level and T cell surface CD26 activity, whereas it increased CD73 expression and ADA level; 2) hyperbaric hyperoxia tended to amplify the trend; and 3) hyperbaria alone lacked significant influence on these parameters. In the brain and in cellulo, 1) hyperoxia decreased A2AR expression; 2) hyperbaric hyperoxia amplified the trend; and 3) hyperbaria alone exhibited the strongest effect. We found a similar pattern regarding both A2AR mRNA synthesis in the brain and cAMP production in Chem-3 cells. Thus a high oxygen level tended to downregulate the adenosinergic pathway and CD26 activity. Hyperbaria alone affected only A2AR expression and cAMP production. We discuss how such mechanisms triggered by hyperoxygenation can limit, through vasoconstriction, the oxygen supply to tissues and the production of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Bruzzese
- UMR MD2, Institute of Biological Research, French Defense Ministry (IRBA), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Claude Rostain
- UMR MD2, Institute of Biological Research, French Defense Ministry (IRBA), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Laëtitia Née
- UMR MD2, Institute of Biological Research, French Defense Ministry (IRBA), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France; Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Jocelyne Condo
- UMR MD2, Institute of Biological Research, French Defense Ministry (IRBA), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Giovanna Mottola
- UMR MD2, Institute of Biological Research, French Defense Ministry (IRBA), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Nabil Adjriou
- UMR MD2, Institute of Biological Research, French Defense Ministry (IRBA), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Mercier
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Conception Hospital, Marseille, France
| | | | - Julien Fromonot
- UMR MD2, Institute of Biological Research, French Defense Ministry (IRBA), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Kipson
- UMR MD2, Institute of Biological Research, French Defense Ministry (IRBA), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Lucciano
- UMRT24, French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development, and Networks (IFSTTAR), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Josée-Martine Durand-Gorde
- UMR MD2, Institute of Biological Research, French Defense Ministry (IRBA), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Yves Jammes
- UMR MD2, Institute of Biological Research, French Defense Ministry (IRBA), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Régis Guieu
- UMR MD2, Institute of Biological Research, French Defense Ministry (IRBA), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Ruf
- UMR MD2, Institute of Biological Research, French Defense Ministry (IRBA), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France; National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Paris France
| | - Emmanuel Fenouillet
- UMR MD2, Institute of Biological Research, French Defense Ministry (IRBA), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France; National Center of Scientific Research (CNRS), Institute of Biological Science, Paris, France
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Zhong J, Gong Q, Goud A, Srinivasamaharaj S, Rajagopalan S. Recent Advances in Dipeptidyl-Peptidase-4 Inhibition Therapy: Lessons from the Bench and Clinical Trials. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:606031. [PMID: 26075284 PMCID: PMC4446505 DOI: 10.1155/2015/606031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
DPP4 inhibitors (DPP4i) are a class of newly developed antidiabetic drugs which preserve incretin hormones and promote postprandial insulin secretion. Although the cardiovascular effect of DPP4 inhibition has been substantially studied, the exact role of DPP4 in cardiovascular disease especially in humans remains elusive. Previous small studies and meta-analyses have suggested a benefit in both surrogate outcomes and cardiovascular events for these agents. However, there was growing evidence in recent years questioning the cardioprotective effect of DPP4i. Further, a signal of heart failure hospitalization in a recent large scale clinical trial SAVOR-TIMI 53 has called into question the safety of these agents and their utility in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. In this review, we will revisit the physiologic function of DPP4 and discuss its role in cardiometabolic disease based on recent experimental and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixin Zhong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Quan Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Aditya Goud
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Srividya Srinivasamaharaj
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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23
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Zhong J, Maiseyeu A, Davis SN, Rajagopalan S. DPP4 in cardiometabolic disease: recent insights from the laboratory and clinical trials of DPP4 inhibition. Circ Res 2015; 116:1491-504. [PMID: 25858071 PMCID: PMC4394189 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.305665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of incretin-based medications represents a major therapeutic advance in the pharmacological management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), as these agents avoid hypoglycemia, weight gain, and simplify the management of T2DM. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (CD26, DPP4) inhibitors are the most widely used incretin-based therapy for the treatment of T2DM globally. DPP4 inhibitors are modestly effective in reducing HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) (≈0.5%) and while these agents were synthesized with the understanding of the role that DPP4 plays in prolonging the half-life of incretins such as glucagon-like peptide-1 and gastric inhibitory peptide, it is now recognized that incretins are only one of many targets of DPP4. The widespread expression of DPP4 on blood vessels, myocardium, and myeloid cells and the nonenzymatic function of CD26 as a signaling and binding protein, across a wide range of species, suggest a teleological role in cardiovascular regulation and inflammation. Indeed, DPP4 is upregulated in proinflammatory states including obesity, T2DM, and atherosclerosis. Consistent with this maladaptive role, the effects of DPP4 inhibition seem to exert a protective role in cardiovascular disease at least in preclinical animal models. Although 2 large clinical trials suggest a neutral effect on cardiovascular end points, current limitations of performing trials in T2DM over a limited time horizon on top of maximal medical therapy must be acknowledged before rendering judgment on the cardiovascular efficacy of these agents. This review will critically review the science of DPP4 and the effects of DPP4 inhibitors on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixin Zhong
- From the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Endocrinology, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Andrei Maiseyeu
- From the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Endocrinology, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Stephen N Davis
- From the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Endocrinology, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- From the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Endocrinology, University of Maryland, Baltimore.
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Cortés A, Gracia E, Moreno E, Mallol J, Lluís C, Canela EI, Casadó V. Moonlighting Adenosine Deaminase: A Target Protein for Drug Development. Med Res Rev 2014; 35:85-125. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Cortés
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Eduard Gracia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Estefania Moreno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Josefa Mallol
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Carme Lluís
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Enric I. Canela
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
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Allard B, Turcotte M, Stagg J. Targeting CD73 and downstream adenosine receptor signaling in triple-negative breast cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:863-81. [PMID: 24798880 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.915315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite significant improvements in diagnosis and therapy over the past 20 years, breast cancer remains a worldwide public health issue. In particular, triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), a subset of very aggressive breast tumors, is associated with a poor prognosis and has very few efficient therapeutic options. The ectonucleotidase CD73 has recently emerged as a promising new target for TNBC in preclinical models. Pharmacological targeting of CD73 and downstream adenosine A2A/A2B receptor signaling is currently an active field of research that could lead to the development of new cancer therapeutics, including options against TNBC. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the basic structural and molecular features of CD73 and its role in the development of cancer, with a particular focus on CD73's role in the biology of TNBC. EXPERT OPINION It was recently demonstrated that CD73 expression in TNBC is associated with worse clinical outcomes and increased resistance to anthracycline chemotherapy. Targeted blockade of the CD73/A2A axis has been shown to impair various aspects of tumorigenesis and displays synergism with other anti-cancer treatments in preclinical studies. Hence, we strongly argue for the development of CD73 inhibitors and for the repositioning of A2A antagonists in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Faculté de Pharmacie et Institut du Cancer de Montréal , 900 Rue Saint Denis, 10ième étage, Montréal H2X0X9, QC , Canada +514 890 8000 ext: 25170 ; +514 412 7661 ;
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26
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Gracia E, Farré D, Cortés A, Ferrer-Costa C, Orozco M, Mallol J, Lluís C, Canela EI, McCormick PJ, Franco R, Fanelli F, Casadó V. The catalytic site structural gate of adenosine deaminase allosterically modulates ligand binding to adenosine receptors. FASEB J 2012. [PMID: 23193172 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-212621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a multifunctional protein that can both degrade adenosine and bind extracellularly to adenosine receptors, acting as an allosteric modulator regulating the hormonal effects of adenosine. The molecular regions of ADA responsible for the latter are unknown. In this work, alanine scanning mutagenesis of various ADA amino acid stretches, selected through in silico docking experiments, allowed us to identify regions of the enzyme responsible for modulating both its catalytic activity and its ability to modulate agonist binding to A and A adenosine receptors (AR and AR). The combination of computational and in vitro experiments show that the structural gate to the catalytic site; i.e., the α-1 helix containing residues L58-I72 and the loop containing residues A184-I188 of ADA, were important to maintain both the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme and its action as an allosteric modulator of the adenosine receptors. These data are consistent with a predicted supramolecular assembly, in which ADA bridges AR and CD26 and are in line with the notion that the interaction of ADA with adenosine receptors has an important role in the immunosynapse. We propose that it is the ADA open form, but not the closed one, that is responsible for the functional interaction with A₁R and A₂AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Gracia
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Zhong J, Rao X, Rajagopalan S. An emerging role of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) beyond glucose control: potential implications in cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis 2012; 226:305-14. [PMID: 23083681 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes acknowledges the fundamental importance of incretin hormones in the regulation of glycemia. Small molecule inhibitors of DPP4 exert their effects via inhibition of enzymatic degradation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP). The widespread expression of DPP4 in tissues such as the vasculature and immune cells suggests that this protein may play a role in cardiovascular function. DPP4 is known to exert its effects via both enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. A soluble form of DPP4 lacking the cytoplasmic and transmembrane domain has also been recently recognized. Besides enzymatic inactivation of incretins, DPP4 also mediates degradation of many chemokines and neuropeptides. The non-enzymatic function of DPP4 plays a critical role in providing co-stimulatory signals to T cells via adenosine deaminase (ADA). DPP4 may also regulate inflammatory responses in innate immune cells such as monocytes and dendritic cells. The multiplicity of functions and targets suggests that DPP4 may play a distinct role aside from its effects on the incretin axis. Indeed recent studies in experimental models of atherosclerosis provide evidence for a robust effect for these drugs in attenuating inflammation and plaque development. Several prospective randomized controlled clinical trials in humans with established atherosclerosis are testing the effects of DPP4 inhibition on hard cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixin Zhong
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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28
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Abstract
CD26 is a 110-kDa surface glycoprotein with intrinsic dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) activity that is expressed on various cell types and has many biological functions. An important aspect of CD26 biology is its peptidase activity and its functional and physical association with molecules with key roles in human immunological programs. CD26 role in immune regulation has been extensively characterized, with recent findings elucidating its link age with signaling pathways and structures involved in T cell activation a well as antigen-presenting cell-T cell interaction, being a marker of diseas behavior clinically as well as playing an important role in autoimmune pathogenesis and development. Through the use of various experimental approaches and agents to influence CD26/DPPIV expression and activity, such as anti-CD26 antibodies, CD26/DPPIV chemical inhibitors, siRNAs to inhibit CD26 expression, overexpressing CD26 transfectants, soluble CD26 molecules and proteomic approach, we have shown that CD26 interacts with structures with essential cellular functions in T cell responses. We will review emerging data that suggest CD26 may be an appropriate therapeutic target for the treatment of selected immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ohnuma
- Division of Rheumatology and Allergy, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Sharoyan SG, Antonyan AA, Mardanyan SS, Lupidi G, Cuccioloni M, Angeletti M, Cristalli G. Complex of dipeptidyl peptidase II with adenosine deaminase. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2008; 73:943-9. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297908080130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Ohnuma K, Dang NH, Morimoto C. Revisiting an old acquaintance: CD26 and its molecular mechanisms in T cell function. Trends Immunol 2008; 29:295-301. [PMID: 18456553 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of CD26 in human T cell biology is puzzling. Despite being extensively characterized, it has been called 'a moonlighting protein' since it has multifunctional effects, but a definitive native ligand has not been identified. We summarize the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of CD26-mediated T cell costimulation and immune regulation. Work identifying a ligand for CD26 and elucidating the proximal signaling events associated with CD26-mediated T cell costimulation is also described. Finally, we discuss the involvement of CD26 in various pathophysiologic states as well as its suitability as a potential therapeutic target in selected immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ohnuma
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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31
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Sanchez JJ, Monaghan G, Børsting C, Norbury G, Morling N, Gaspar HB. Carrier frequency of a nonsense mutation in the adenosine deaminase (ADA) gene implies a high incidence of ADA-deficient severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) in Somalia and a single, common haplotype indicates common ancestry. Ann Hum Genet 2007; 71:336-47. [PMID: 17181544 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2006.00338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inherited adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency is a rare metabolic disorder that causes immunodeficiency, varying from severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) in the majority of cases to a less severe form in a small minority of patients. Five patients of Somali origin from four unrelated families, with severe ADA-SCID, were registered in the Greater London area. Patients and their parents were investigated for the nonsense mutation Q3X (ADA c7C>T), two missense mutations K80R (ADA c239A>G) and R142Q (ADA c425G>A), and a TAAA repeat located at the 3' end of an Alu element (AluVpA) positioned 1.1 kb upstream of the ADA transcription start site. All patients were homozygous for the haplotype ADA-7T/ADA-239G/ADA-425G/AluVpA7. Among 207 Somali immigrants to Denmark, the frequency of ADA c7C>T and the maximum likelihood estimate of the frequency of the haplotype ADA-7T/ADA-239G/ADA-425G/AluVpA7 were both 0.012 (carrier frequency 2.4%). Based on the analysis of AluVpA alleles, the ADA c7C/T mutation was estimated to be approximately 7,100 years old. Approximately 1 out of 5 - 10000 Somali children will be born with ADA deficiency due to an ADA c7C/T mutation, although within certain clans the frequency may be significantly higher. ADA-SCID may be a frequent immunodeficiency disorder in Somalia, but will be underdiagnosed due to the prevailing socioeconomic and nutritional deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Sanchez
- Department of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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32
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Drucker DJ. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition and the treatment of type 2 diabetes: preclinical biology and mechanisms of action. Diabetes Care 2007; 30:1335-43. [PMID: 17337495 DOI: 10.2337/dc07-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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33
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Chien CH, Tsai CH, Lin CH, Chou CY, Chen X. Identification of hydrophobic residues critical for DPP-IV dimerization. Biochemistry 2006; 45:7006-12. [PMID: 16752891 DOI: 10.1021/bi060401c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The prolyl dipeptidase DPP-IV plays diverse and important roles in cellular functions. It is a membrane-bound exoprotease involved in the proteolytic cleavage of several insulin-sensing hormones. The inhibition of its enzymatic activity has been proven effective in the treatment of type II diabetes. Homodimeric DPP-IV interacts extracellularly with adenosine deaminase, and this interaction is critical for adenosine signaling and T-cell proliferation. In this study, we investigated the contribution of hydrophobic interactions to the dimerization of DPP-IV. Hydrophobic residues F713, W734, and Y735 were found to be essential for DPP-IV dimerization. Moreover, the enzymatic activity of DPP-IV was correlated with its quaternary structure. Monomeric DPP-IV had only residual activity left, ranging from 1/30 to 1/1600 of the dimeric forms. Using a surface plasmon resonance technique, we demonstrated that the affinity of these DPP-IV monomers for adenosine deaminase was not significantly altered, compared to that of dimeric DPP-IV. The study not only identifies the hydrophobic interactions critical for DPP-IV dimer formation, but also reveals no global conformational change upon the formation of monomers as determined by the protein-protein interaction (Kd) of DPP-IV with adenosine deaminase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hui Chien
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan, ROC
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34
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Blackburn MR, Kellems RE. Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency: Metabolic Basis of Immune Deficiency and Pulmonary Inflammation. Adv Immunol 2005; 86:1-41. [PMID: 15705418 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(04)86001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Genetic deficiencies in the purine catabolic enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) in humans results primarily in a severe lymphopenia and immunodeficiency that can lead to the death of affected individuals early in life. The metabolic basis of the immunodeficiency is likely related to the sensitivity of lymphocytes to the accumulation of the ADA substrates adenosine and 2'-deoxyadenosine. Investigations using ADA-deficient mice have provided compelling evidence to support the hypothesis that T and B cells are sensitive to increased concentrations of 2'-deoxyadenosine that kill cells through mechanisms that involve the accumulation of dATP and the induction of apoptosis. In addition to effects on the developing immune system, ADA-deficient humans exhibit phenotypes in other physiological systems including the renal, neural, skeletal, and pulmonary systems. ADA-deficient mice develop similar abnormalities that are dependent on the accumulation of adenosine and 2'-deoxyadenosine. Detailed analysis of the pulmonary insufficiency seen in ADA-deficient mice suggests that the accumulation of adenosine in the lung can directly access cellular signaling pathways that lead to the development and exacerbation of chronic lung disease. The ability of adenosine to regulate aspects of chronic lung disease is likely mediated by specific interactions with adenosine receptor subtypes on key regulatory cells. Thus, the examination of ADA deficiency has identified the importance of purinergic signaling during lymphoid development and in the regulation of aspects of chronic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Blackburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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35
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Aiuti A. Gene therapy for adenosine-deaminase-deficient severe combined immunodeficiency. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2004; 17:505-16. [PMID: 15498720 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2004.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine-deaminase-deficient SCID was the first inherited disease to be treated with gene therapy. This life-threatening disorder is characterized by a purine defect that leads to impaired immune functions, recurrent infections and systemic metabolic abnormalities. The early gene therapy trials showed the safety and feasibility of engineering haematopoietic stem cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes using retroviral vectors. However, all patients were maintained on enzyme-replacement therapy, which prevented the evaluation of its efficacy and abolished the selective advantage for gene-corrected cells. It is only recently that the clinical efficacy of gene therapy has been investigated in the absence of enzyme-replacement therapy. Results of these studies showed that gene therapy with peripheral blood lymphocytes allowed correction of the T-cell defect, but provided insufficient systemic detoxification. Gene transfer in bone marrow stem cells, associated with non-myeloablative conditioning, allowed full immunological and metabolic correction of the adenosine-deaminase defect with clinical benefit. These results have important implications for future applications of gene therapy in other blood-borne disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Aiuti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), Via Olgettina 58, Milan, Italy.
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36
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Weihofen WA, Liu J, Reutter W, Saenger W, Fan H. Crystal structure of CD26/dipeptidyl-peptidase IV in complex with adenosine deaminase reveals a highly amphiphilic interface. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:43330-5. [PMID: 15213224 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405001200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (DPPIV or CD26) is a homodimeric type II membrane glycoprotein in which the two monomers are subdivided into a beta-propeller domain and an alpha/beta-hydrolase domain. As dipeptidase, DPPIV modulates the activity of various biologically important peptides and, in addition, DPPIV acts as a receptor for adenosine deaminase (ADA), thereby mediating co-stimulatory signals in T-lymphocytes. The 3.0-A resolution crystal structure of the complex formed between human DPPIV and bovine ADA presented here shows that each beta-propeller domain of the DPPIV dimer binds one ADA. At the binding interface, two hydrophobic loops protruding from the beta-propeller domain of DPPIV interact with two hydrophilic and heavily charged alpha-helices of ADA, giving rise to the highest percentage of charged residues involved in a protein-protein contact reported thus far. Additionally, four glycosides linked to Asn229 of DPPIV bind to ADA. In the crystal structure of porcine DPPIV, the observed tetramer formation was suggested to mediate epithelial and lymphocyte cell-cell adhesion. ADA binding to DPPIV could regulate this adhesion, as it would abolish tetramerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm A Weihofen
- Institut für Chemie/Kristallographie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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37
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Saito T, Ji G, Shinzawa H, Okumoto K, Hattori E, Adachi T, Takeda T, Sugahara K, Ito JI, Watanabe H, Saito K, Togashi H, Ishii K, Matsuura T, Inageda K, Muramatsu M, Kawata S. Genetic variations in humans associated with differences in the course of hepatitis C. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 317:335-41. [PMID: 15063762 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The outcome of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection varies among individuals, but the genetic factors involved remain unknown. We conducted a population-based association study in which 238 Japanese individuals positive for anti-HCV antibody were genotyped for 269 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 103 candidate genes that might influence the course of infection. Altogether, 50 SNPs in 32 genes were listed. Genetic polymorphisms in IL4, IL8RB, IL10RA, PRL, ADA, NFKB1, GRAP2, CABIN1, IFNAR2, IFI27, IFI41, TNFRSF1A, ALDOB, AP1B1, SULT2B1, EGF, EGFR, TGFB1, LTBP2, and CD4 were associated with persistent viremia (P < 0.05), whereas those in IL1B, IL1RL1, IL2RB, IL12RB1, IL18R1, STAT5A, GRAP2, CABIN1, IFNAR1, Mx1, BMP8, FGL1, LTBP2, CD34, and CD80 were associated with different serum alanine aminotransferase levels in HCV carriers (P < 0.05). The sorted genes allow us to draw novel hypotheses for future studies of HCV infection to ultimately identify bona fide genes and their variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Saito
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine and Molecular Therapeutics, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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38
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Gonzalez-Gronow M, Hershfield MS, Arredondo-Vega FX, Pizzo SV. Cell surface adenosine deaminase binds and stimulates plasminogen activation on 1-LN human prostate cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:20993-8. [PMID: 15016824 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m401023200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is expressed intracellularly by all cells, but in some tissues, it is also associated with the cell surface multifunctional glycoprotein CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV. By modulating extracellular adenosine, this "ecto-ADA" may regulate adenosine receptor signaling implicated in various cellular functions. CD26 is expressed on the surface of human prostate cancer 1-LN cells acting as a receptor for plasminogen (Pg). Since ADA and Pg bind to CD26 at distinct but nearby sites, we investigated a possible interaction between these two proteins on the surface of 1-LN cells. Human ADA binds to CD26 on the surface 1-LN cells and immobilized CD26 isolated from the same cells with similar affinity. In both cases, ADA binding is diminished by mutation of ADA residues known to interact with CD26. ADA was also found to bind Pg 2 in the absence of CD26 via the Pg kringle 4 (K4) domain. In the presence of 1-LN cells or immobilized CD26, exogenous ADA enhances conversion of Pg 2 to plasmin by 1-LN endogenous urinary plasminogen activator (u-PA), as well as by added tissue Pg Activator (t-PA), suggesting that ADA and Pg bind simultaneously to CD26 in a ternary complex that stimulates the Pg activation by its physiologic activators. Consistent with this, in melanoma A375 cells that bind Pg, but do not express CD26, the rate of Pg activation was not affected by ADA. Thus, ADA may be a factor regulating events in prostate cancer cells that occur when Pg binds to the cell surface and is activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Gonzalez-Gronow
- Department of Pathology, Box 3712, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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39
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Ludwig K, Fan H, Dobers J, Berger M, Reutter W, Böttcher C. 3D structure of the CD26-ADA complex obtained by cryo-EM and single particle analysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 313:223-9. [PMID: 14684150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.11.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The specific binding of adenosine deaminase to the multifunctional membrane glycoprotein dipeptidyl peptidase IV is thought to be immunologically relevant for certain regulatory and co-stimulatory processes. In this study we present the 3D structure of the complete CD26-ADA complex obtained by single particle cryo-EM at 22A resolution. ADA binding occurs at the outer edges of the beta-propeller of CD26. Docking calculations of available CD26 and ADA crystal data into the obtained EM density map revealed that the ADA-binding site is stretched across CD26 beta-propeller blades 4 and 5 involving the outermost distal hydrophobic amino acids L294 and V341 but not T440 and K441 as suggested by antibody binding. Though the docking of the ADA orientation appears less significant due to the lack of distinct surface features, non-ambiguous conclusions can be drawn in the combination with earlier indirect non-imaging methods affirming the crucial role of the ADA alpha2-helix for binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ludwig
- Forschungszentrum für Elektronenmikroskopie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 36a, D14195 Berlin-Dahlem, Germany
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40
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Hashikawa T, Hooker SW, Maj JG, Knott-Craig CJ, Takedachi M, Murakami S, Thompson LF. Regulation of adenosine receptor engagement by ecto-adenosine deaminase. FASEB J 2003; 18:131-3. [PMID: 14630704 DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-0011fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) can localize to the cell surface through its interaction with CD26. Using CD26-transfected cells, we demonstrate that cell surface ADA (ecto-ADA) can regulate adenosine receptor engagement by degrading extracellular adenosine (Ado) to inosine. This ability was dependent upon CD26 expression, the extent of CD26 saturation with ecto-ADA, and the kinetics of the cAMP response. Thus, the cAMP response was markedly decreased when CD26-transfected cells were incubated with an exogenous source of ADA to increase ecto-ADA expression. The ability of ecto-ADA to inhibit the cAMP response was demonstrated by treatment with the specific ADA inhibitor 2'-deoxycoformycin. This inhibited the ability of ecto-ADA to degrade Ado and increased the cAMP response. Although CD26 expression on human thymocytes was low compared with that of CD26-transfected cells, it was saturated with ecto-ADA. When thymocytes incubated at high densities (to mimic the situation in tissues) were exposed to exogenous adenosine, the cAMP response was dramatically decreased by ecto-ADA. We conclude that ecto-ADA has the potential to regulate adenosine receptor-mediated cAMP responses in vivo in tissues with CD26+ cells and sufficient cell death caused by apoptosis or inflammation to provide a source of ADA to bind to CD26.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Hashikawa
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Immunobiology and Cancer Research Program, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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41
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Abstract
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency is associated with a broad clinical and mutational spectrum. Defining the relationship of genotype to phenotype among patients with different degrees of immunodeficiency has been complicated because the disease is rare, most mutations are 'private' and patients are often heteroallelic. In recent years, knowledge of ADA structure and systematic expression of mutant alleles have revealed that phenotype is strongly associated with the sum of ADA activity provided by both alleles. A scale for ranking novel ADA alleles based on expression may have utility if newborn screening for primary immunodeficiency disorders is initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Hershfield
- Box 3049, Rom 418 Sands Building, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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42
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Cheng HC, Abdel-Ghany M, Pauli BU. A novel consensus motif in fibronectin mediates dipeptidyl peptidase IV adhesion and metastasis. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:24600-7. [PMID: 12716896 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m303424200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung endothelial dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV/CD26) is a vascular address for cancer cells decorated with cell-surface polymeric fibronectin (poly-FN). Here, we identified the DPPIV-binding sites in FN and examined the effect of binding site peptides on DPPIV/poly-FN adhesion and metastasis. Using proteolytic fragments and maltose-binding protein fusion proteins that together span full-length FN, we found DPPIV-binding sites in type III repeats 13, 14, and 15 (FNIII13, -14, and -15, respectively). DPPIV binding was mediated by the consensus motif T(I/L)TGLX(P/R)G(T/V)X and was confirmed by swapping this motif in FNIII13, -14, and -15 with the corresponding region in FNIII12, which did not bind DPPIV. DPPIV binding was lost in swapped FNIII13, -14, and -15 and gained in swapped FNIII12 (FNIII12(14)). Peptides containing the DPPIV-binding domain of FNIII14 blocked DPPIV/poly-FN adhesion and impeded pulmonary metastasis. This study adds to the classes of cell-surface adhesion receptors for FN and will help in the further characterization of the functional implications of the DPPIV/poly-FN adhesion in metastasis and possibly in cell-mediated immunity involving DPPIV-expressing lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chi Cheng
- Cancer Biology Laboratories, Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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43
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Lambeir AM, Durinx C, Scharpé S, De Meester I. Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV from bench to bedside: an update on structural properties, functions, and clinical aspects of the enzyme DPP IV. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2003; 40:209-94. [PMID: 12892317 DOI: 10.1080/713609354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 699] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV/CD26 (DPP IV) is a cell-surface protease belonging to the prolyloligopeptidase family. It selectively removes the N-terminal dipeptide from peptides with proline or alanine in the second position. Apart from its catalytic activity, it interacts with several proteins, for instance, adenosine deaminase, the HIV gp120 protein, fibronectin, collagen, the chemokine receptor CXCR4, and the tyrosine phosphatase CD45. DPP IV is expressed on a specific set of T lymphocytes, where it is up-regulated after activation. It is also expressed in a variety of tissues, primarily on endothelial and epithelial cells. A soluble form is present in plasma and other body fluids. DPP IV has been proposed as a diagnostic or prognostic marker for various tumors, hematological malignancies, immunological, inflammatory, psychoneuroendocrine disorders, and viral infections. DPP IV truncates many bioactive peptides of medical importance. It plays a role in glucose homeostasis through proteolytic inactivation of the incretins. DPP IV inhibitors improve glucose tolerance and pancreatic islet cell function in animal models of type 2 diabetes and in diabetic patients. The role of DPP IV/ CD26 within the immune system is a combination of its exopeptidase activity and its interactions with different molecules. This enables DPP IV/CD26 to serve as a co-stimulatory molecule to influence T cell activity and to modulate chemotaxis. DPP IV is also implicated in HIV-1 entry, malignant transformation, and tumor invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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44
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Abstract
CD26/DPPIV can be considered a moonlighting protein because it is a multifunctional protein that exerts its different functions depending on cell type and intra- or extracellular conditions in which it is expressed. In the present review, we summarize all its known functions in relation to physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The protein is a proteolytic enzyme, receptor, costimulatory protein, and is involved in adhesion and apoptosis. The CD26/DPPIV protein plays a major role in immune response. Abnormal expression is found in the case of autoimmune diseases, HIV-related diseases and cancer. Natural substrates for CD26/DPPIV are involved in immunomodulation, psycho/neuronal modulation and physiological processes in general. Therefore, targeting of CD26/ DPPIV and especially its proteolytic activity has many therapeutic potentials. On the other hand, there are homologous proteins with overlapping proteolytic activity, which thus may prevent specific modulation of CD26/DPPIV. In conclusion, CD26/DPPIV is a protein present both in various cellular compartments and extracellularly where it exerts different functions and thus is a true moonlighting protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Boonacker
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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45
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Lambeir AM, Durinx C, Scharpé S, De Meester I. Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV from Bench to Bedside: An Update on Structural Properties, Functions, and Clinical Aspects of the Enzyme DPP IV. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1080/713609354/?{alert(1)}] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
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46
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Iwaki-Egawa S, Watanabe Y. Characterization and purification of adenosine deaminase 1 from human and chicken liver. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 133:173-82. [PMID: 12381379 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase 1 (ADA1) was purified from human and chicken liver. The purified enzyme had a molecular weight of approximately 42,000 Da on SDS-PAGE. In humans, ADA1 was mainly purified concomitant with ADA-binding protein, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV)/CD26; however, in chickens, only ADA1 without DPP IV was purified. Both human and chicken ADA1s showed similar properties on substrate specificities, sensitivities on inhibitors, and pH profile. However, they had different affinities with adenosine-Sepharose and IgG anti-ADA1-Sepharose. Human ADA1 was not adsorbed in adenosine-Sepharose column, but chicken ADA1 was adsorbed. As for IgG anti-ADA1-Sepharose column, the results were converse. Furthermore, human ADA1 could bind to DPP IV whereas chicken ADA1 could not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Iwaki-Egawa
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Hokkaido College of Pharmacy, 7-1 Katsuraoka-cho, Otaru 047-0264, Japan.
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Ludwig A, Schiemann F, Mentlein R, Lindner B, Brandt E. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26) on T cells cleaves the CXC chemokine CXCL11 (I‐TAC) and abolishes the stimulating but not the desensitizing potential of the chemokine. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.72.1.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ludwig
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Germany; and
| | - Florian Schiemann
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Germany; and
| | | | - Buko Lindner
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Germany; and
| | - Ernst Brandt
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Germany; and
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Richard E, Alam SM, Arredondo-Vega FX, Patel DD, Hershfield MS. Clustered charged amino acids of human adenosine deaminase comprise a functional epitope for binding the adenosine deaminase complexing protein CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:19720-6. [PMID: 11901152 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111901200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenosine deaminase (ADA) occurs as a 41-kDa soluble monomer in all cells. On epithelia and lymphoid cells of humans, but not mice, ADA also occurs bound to the membrane glycoprotein CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV. This "ecto-ADA" has been postulated to regulate extracellular Ado levels, and also the function of CD26 as a co-stimulator of activated T cells. The CD26-binding site of human ADA has been localized by homolog scanning to the peripheral alpha2-helix (amino acids 126-143). Among the 5 non-conserved residues within this segment, Arg-142 in human and Gln-142 in mouse ADA largely determined the capacity for stable binding to CD26 (Richard, E., Arredondo-Vega, F. X., Santisteban, I., Kelly, S. J., Patel, D. D., and Hershfield, M. S. (2000) J. Exp. Med. 192, 1223-1235). We have now mutagenized conserved alpha2-helix residues in human and mouse ADA and used surface plasmon resonance to evaluate binding kinetics to immobilized rabbit CD26. In addition to Arg-142, we found that Glu-139 and Asp-143 of human ADA are also important for CD26 binding. Mutating these residues to alanine increased dissociation rates 6-11-fold and the apparent dissociation constant K(D) for wild type human ADA from 17 to 112-160 nm, changing binding free energy by 1.1-1.3 kcal/mol. This cluster of 3 charged residues appears to be a "functional epitope" that accounts for about half of the difference between human and mouse ADA in free energy of binding to CD26.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Richard
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Regulation of epithelial and lymphocyte cell adhesion by adenosine deaminase-CD26 interaction. Biochem J 2002. [PMID: 11772392 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021: 3610203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The extra-enzymic function of cell-surface adenosine deaminase (ADA), an enzyme mainly localized in the cytosol but also found on the cell surface of monocytes, B cells and T cells, has lately been the subject of numerous studies. Cell-surface ADA is able to transduce co-stimulatory signals in T cells via its interaction with CD26, an integral membrane protein that acts as ADA-binding protein. The aim of the present study was to explore whether ADA-CD26 interaction plays a role in the adhesion of lymphocyte cells to human epithelial cells. To meet this aim, different lymphocyte cell lines (Jurkat and CEM T) expressing endogenous, or overexpressing human, CD26 protein were tested in adhesion assays to monolayers of colon adenocarcinoma human epithelial cells, Caco-2, which express high levels of cell-surface ADA. Interestingly, the adhesion of Jurkat and CEM T cells to a monolayer of Caco-2 cells was greatly dependent on CD26. An increase by 50% in the cell-to-cell adhesion was found in cells containing higher levels of CD26. Incubation with an anti-CD26 antibody raised against the ADA-binding site or with exogenous ADA resulted in a significant reduction (50-70%) of T-cell adhesion to monolayers of epithelial cells. The role of ADA-CD26 interaction in the lymphocyte-epithelial cell adhesion appears to be mediated by CD26 molecules that are not interacting with endogenous ADA (ADA-free CD26), since SKW6.4 (B cells) that express more cell-surface ADA showed lower adhesion than T cells. Adhesion stimulated by CD26 and ADA is mediated by T cell lymphocyte function-associated antigen. A role for ADA-CD26 interaction in cell-to-cell adhesion was confirmed further in integrin activation assays. FACS analysis revealed a higher expression of activated integrins on T cell lines in the presence of increasing amounts of exogenous ADA. Taken together, these results suggest that the ADA-CD26 interaction on the cell surface has a role in lymphocyte-epithelial cell adhesion.
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Otsu M, Hershfield MS, Tuschong LM, Muul LM, Onodera M, Ariga T, Sakiyama Y, Candotti F. Flow cytometry analysis of adenosine deaminase (ADA) expression: a simple and reliable tool for the assessment of ADA-deficient patients before and after gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2002; 13:425-32. [PMID: 11860709 DOI: 10.1089/10430340252792558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical gene therapy trials for adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency have shown limited success of corrective gene transfer into autologous T lymphocytes and CD34(+) cells. In these trials, the levels of gene transduction and expression in hematopoietic cells have been assessed by DNA- or RNA-based assays and measurement of ADA enzyme activity. Although informative, these methods are rarely applied to clonal analysis. The results of these assays therefore provide best estimates of transduction efficiency and gene expression in bulk populations based on the assumption that gene transfer and expression are uniformly distributed among transduced cells. As a useful additional tool for evaluation of ADA gene expression, we have developed a flow cytometry (fluorescence-activated cell sorting, FACS) assay capable of estimating the levels of intracellular ADA on a single-cell basis. We validated this technique with T cell lines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from ADA-deficient patients that showed severely reduced levels of ADA expression (ADA-dull) by FACS and Western blot analyses. After retrovirus-mediated ADA gene transfer, these cells showed clearly distinguishable populations exhibiting ADA expression (ADA-bright), thus allowing estimation of transduction efficiency. By mixing ADA-deficient and normal cells and using enzymatic amplification, we determined that our staining procedure could detect as little as 5% ADA-bright cells. This technique, therefore, will be useful to quickly assess the expression of ADA in hematopoietic cells of severe combined immunodeficient patients and represents an important tool for the follow-up of patients treated in clinical gene transfer protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Otsu
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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