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Aierken Y, He H, Li R, Lin Z, Xu T, Zhang L, Wu Y, Liu Y. Inhibition of Slc39a14/Slc39a8 reduce vascular calcification via alleviating iron overload induced ferroptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2024; 23:186. [PMID: 38812011 PMCID: PMC11138056 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-024-02224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular calcification (VC) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Recently, ferroptosis has been recognised as a novel therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases. Although an association between ferroptosis and vascular calcification has been reported, the role and mechanism of iron overload in vascular calcification are still poorly understood. Specifically, further in-depth research is required on whether metalloproteins SLC39a14 and SLC39a8 are involved in ferroptosis induced by iron overload. METHODS R language was employed for the differential analysis of the dataset, revealing the correlation between ferroptosis and calcification. The experimental approaches encompassed both in vitro and in vivo studies, incorporating the use of iron chelators and models of iron overload. Additionally, gain- and loss-of-function experiments were conducted to investigate iron's effects on vascular calcification comprehensively. Electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, western blotting, and real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to elucidate how Slc39a14 and Slc39a8 mediate iron overload and promote calcification. RESULTS Ferroptosis was observed in conjunction with vascular calcification (VC); the association was consistently confirmed by in vitro and in vivo studies. Our results showed a positive correlation between iron overload in VSMCs and calcification. Iron chelators are effective in reversing VC and iron overload exacerbates this process. The expression levels of the metal transport proteins Slc39a14 and Slc39a8 were significantly upregulated during calcification; the inhibition of their expression alleviated VC. Conversely, Slc39a14 overexpression exacerbates calcification and promotes intracellular iron accumulation in VSMCs. CONCLUSIONS Our research demonstrates that iron overload occurs during VC, and that inhibition of Slc39a14 and Slc39a8 significantly relieves VC by intercepting iron overload-induced ferroptosis in VSMCs, providing new insights into the VC treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Ferroptosis/drug effects
- Vascular Calcification/metabolism
- Vascular Calcification/pathology
- Animals
- Cation Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Cation Transport Proteins/genetics
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Iron Chelating Agents/pharmacology
- Iron Chelating Agents/therapeutic use
- Signal Transduction
- Male
- Humans
- Iron/metabolism
- Iron Overload/metabolism
- Iron Overload/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yierpani Aierken
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, No. 25, Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Huqiang He
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, No. 25, Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, (Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases) Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Runwen Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, No. 25, Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Zipeng Lin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, No. 25, Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Tongjie Xu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, No. 25, Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, No. 25, Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Ya Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, No. 25, Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, No. 25, Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, (Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases) Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
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Karakose S, Bal Z, Sezer S. The comparison of paricalcitol and calcitriol effects on pulse wave velocity, osteocalcin, and fetuin-A in chronic hemodialysis patients. Semin Dial 2024; 37:131-137. [PMID: 37392044 DOI: 10.1111/sdi.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vascular calcification is an intervenable factor in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. Treatment-related factors might worsen the arterial stiffness in chronic hemodialysis patients. The aim of the study is to compare the effects of 1-year treatment with paricalcitol or calcitriol on pulse wave velocity (PWV), which is an indicator of arterial stiffness and osteocalcin and fetuin-A levels. METHODS Seventy-six hemodialysis patients who had similar PWV1 at the beginning were evaluated after a 1-year treatment of paricalcitol or calcitriol. PWV2, serum osteocalcin, and fetuin-A levels were measured at the end of the study. RESULTS At the end of the study, PWV2 of paricalcitol group was statistically lower than the calcitriol group. Osteocalcin levels were statistically lower and fetuin-A levels were statistically higher in the paricalcitol group than the calcitriol group at the end of the study. The number of patients with PWV2 > 7 m/s and using paricalcitol was 16 (39%) but 25 (41%) patients were using calcitriol; the differences were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS The long-term benefits of paricalcitol were superior to the benefits of calcitriol. Paricalcitol has protective effects from vascular calcification in chronic hemodialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleyman Karakose
- Nephrology Department, University of Health Sciences, Konya City Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Bal
- Nephrology Department, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Siren Sezer
- Nephrology Department, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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3
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Kauffenstein G, Martin L, Le Saux O. The Purinergic Nature of Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:74. [PMID: 38392293 PMCID: PMC10886499 DOI: 10.3390/biology13020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum (PXE) is an inherited disease characterized by elastic fiber calcification in the eyes, the skin and the cardiovascular system. PXE results from mutations in ABCC6 that encodes an ABC transporter primarily expressed in the liver and kidneys. It took nearly 15 years after identifying the gene to better understand the etiology of PXE. ABCC6 function facilitates the efflux of ATP, which is sequentially hydrolyzed by the ectonucleotidases ENPP1 and CD73 into pyrophosphate (PPi) and adenosine, both inhibitors of calcification. PXE, together with General Arterial Calcification of Infancy (GACI caused by ENPP1 mutations) as well as Calcification of Joints and Arteries (CALJA caused by NT5E/CD73 mutations), forms a disease continuum with overlapping phenotypes and shares steps of the same molecular pathway. The explanation of these phenotypes place ABCC6 as an upstream regulator of a purinergic pathway (ABCC6 → ENPP1 → CD73 → TNAP) that notably inhibits mineralization by maintaining a physiological Pi/PPi ratio in connective tissues. Based on a review of the literature and our recent experimental data, we suggest that PXE (and GACI/CALJA) be considered as an authentic "purinergic disease". In this article, we recapitulate the pathobiology of PXE and review molecular and physiological data showing that, beyond PPi deficiency and ectopic calcification, PXE is associated with wide and complex alterations of purinergic systems. Finally, we speculate on the future prospects regarding purinergic signaling and other aspects of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Kauffenstein
- UMR INSERM 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, University of Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ludovic Martin
- PXE Consultation Center, MAGEC Nord Reference Center for Rare Skin Diseases, Angers University Hospital, 49000 Angers, France
- MITOVASC-UMR CNRS 6015 INSERM 1083, University of Angers, 49000 Angers, France
| | - Olivier Le Saux
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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Ding N, Lv Y, Su H, Wang Z, Kong X, Zhen J, Lv Z, Wang R. Vascular calcification in CKD: New insights into its mechanisms. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:1160-1182. [PMID: 37269534 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and contributes to an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, effective therapies are still unavailable at present. It has been well established that VC associated with CKD is not a passive process of calcium phosphate deposition, but an actively regulated and cell-mediated process that shares many similarities with bone formation. Additionally, numerous studies have suggested that CKD patients have specific risk factors and contributors to the development of VC, such as hyperphosphatemia, uremic toxins, oxidative stress and inflammation. Although research efforts in the past decade have greatly improved our knowledge of the multiple factors and mechanisms involved in CKD-related VC, many questions remain unanswered. Moreover, studies from the past decade have demonstrated that epigenetic modifications abnormalities, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and noncoding RNAs, play an important role in the regulation of VC. This review seeks to provide an overview of the pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms of VC associated with CKD, mainly focusing on the involvement of epigenetic modifications in the initiation and progression of uremic VC, with the aim to develop promising therapies for CKD-related cardiovascular events in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yaodong Lv
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Hong Su
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Ziyang Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xianglei Kong
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Junhui Zhen
- Department of Pathology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhimei Lv
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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Williams MJ, White SC, Joseph Z, Hruska KA. Updates in the chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder show the role of osteocytic proteins, a potential mechanism of the bone-Vascular paradox, a therapeutic target, and a biomarker. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1120308. [PMID: 36776982 PMCID: PMC9909112 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1120308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is a complex multi-component syndrome occurring during kidney disease and its progression. Here, we update progress in the components of the syndrome, and synthesize recent investigations, which suggest a potential mechanism of the bone-vascular paradox. The discovery that calcified arteries in chronic kidney disease inhibit bone remodeling lead to the identification of factors produced by the vasculature that inhibit the skeleton, thus providing a potential explanation for the bone-vascular paradox. Among the factors produced by calcifying arteries, sclerostin secretion is especially enlightening. Sclerostin is a potent inhibitor of bone remodeling and an osteocyte specific protein. Its production by the vasculature in chronic kidney disease identifies the key role of vascular cell osteoblastic/osteocytic transdifferentiation in vascular calcification and renal osteodystrophy. Subsequent studies showing that inhibition of sclerostin activity by a monoclonal antibody improved bone remodeling as expected, but stimulated vascular calcification, demonstrate that vascular sclerostin functions to brake the Wnt stimulation of the calcification milieu. Thus, the target of therapy in the chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder is not inhibition of sclerostin function, which would intensify vascular calcification. Rather, decreasing sclerostin production by decreasing the vascular osteoblastic/osteocytic transdifferentiation is the goal. This might decrease vascular calcification, decrease vascular stiffness, decrease cardiac hypertrophy, decrease sclerostin production, reduce serum sclerostin and improve skeletal remodeling. Thus, the therapeutic target of the chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder may be vascular osteoblastic transdifferentiation, and sclerostin levels may be a useful biomarker for the diagnosis of the chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder and the progress of its therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Williams
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States,*Correspondence: Keith A. Hruska, ; Matthew J. Williams,
| | - Sarah C. White
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Zachary Joseph
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Keith A. Hruska
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States,Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States,*Correspondence: Keith A. Hruska, ; Matthew J. Williams,
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6
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Shishkova D, Lobov A, Zainullina B, Matveeva V, Markova V, Sinitskaya A, Velikanova E, Sinitsky M, Kanonykina A, Dyleva Y, Kutikhin A. Calciprotein Particles Cause Physiologically Significant Pro-Inflammatory Response in Endothelial Cells and Systemic Circulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314941. [PMID: 36499266 PMCID: PMC9738209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Calciprotein particles (CPPs) represent an inherent mineral buffering system responsible for the scavenging of excessive Ca2+ and PO43- ions in order to prevent extraskeletal calcification, although contributing to the development of endothelial dysfunction during the circulation in the bloodstream. Here, we performed label-free proteomic profiling to identify the functional consequences of CPP internalisation by endothelial cells (ECs) and found molecular signatures of significant disturbances in mitochondrial and lysosomal physiology, including oxidative stress, vacuolar acidification, accelerated proteolysis, Ca2+ cytosolic elevation, and mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilisation. Incubation of intact ECs with conditioned medium from CPP-treated ECs caused their pro-inflammatory activation manifested by vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) upregulation and elevated release of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/ C-C motif ligand 2 (MCP-1/CCL2). Among the blood cells, monocytes were exclusively responsible for CPP internalisation. As compared to the co-incubation of donor blood with CPPs in the flow culture system, intravenous administration of CPPs to Wistar rats caused a considerably higher production of chemokines, indicating the major role of monocytes in CPP-triggered inflammation. Upregulation of sICAM-1 and IL-8 also suggested a notable contribution of endothelial dysfunction to systemic inflammatory response after CPP injections. Collectively, our results demonstrate the pathophysiological significance of CPPs and highlight the need for the development of anti-CPP therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Shishkova
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, 650002 Kemerovo, Russia
| | - Arseniy Lobov
- Laboratory of Regenerative Biomedicine, Institute of Cytology of the RAS, 4 Tikhoretskiy Prospekt, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Bozhana Zainullina
- Centre for Molecular and Cell Technologies, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Embankment, 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vera Matveeva
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, 650002 Kemerovo, Russia
| | - Victoria Markova
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, 650002 Kemerovo, Russia
| | - Anna Sinitskaya
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, 650002 Kemerovo, Russia
| | - Elena Velikanova
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, 650002 Kemerovo, Russia
| | - Maxim Sinitsky
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, 650002 Kemerovo, Russia
| | - Anastasia Kanonykina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, 650002 Kemerovo, Russia
| | - Yulia Dyleva
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, 650002 Kemerovo, Russia
| | - Anton Kutikhin
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, 650002 Kemerovo, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-960-907-7067
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Vitamin D3 Repletion Improves Vascular Function, as Measured by Cardiorenal Biomarkers in a High-Risk African American Cohort. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14163331. [PMID: 36014837 PMCID: PMC9414215 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: 25-hydroxy vitamin D (Vit D)-deficiency is common among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and contributes to cardiovascular disease (CVD). African Americans (AAs) suffer disproportionately from CKD and CVD, and 80% of AAs are Vit D-deficient. The impact of Vit D repletion on cardio-renal biomarkers in AAs is unknown. We examined Vit D repletion on full-length osteopontin (flOPN), c-terminal fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), which are implicated in vascular and kidney pathology. Methods: We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled study of high-risk AAs with Vit D deficiency, treated with 100,000 IU Vit D3 (cholecalciferol; n = 65) or placebo (n = 65) every 4 weeks for 12 weeks. We measured kidney function (CKD-EPI eGFR), protein-to-creatinine ratio, vascular function (pulse wave velocity; PWV), augmentation index, waist circumference, sitting, and 24-h-ambulatory blood pressure (BP), intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and serum calcium at baseline and study end, and compared Vit D levels with laboratory variables. We quantified plasma FGF-23, PAI-1, and flOPN by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Multiple regression analyzed the relationship between log flOPN, FGF-23, and PAI-1 with vascular and renal risk factors. Results: Compared to placebo, Vit D3 repletion increased Vit D3 2-fold (p < 0.0001), decreased iPTH by 12% (p < 0.01) and was significantly correlated with PWV (p < 0.009). Log flOPN decreased (p = 0.03), log FGF-23 increased (p = 0.04), but log PAI-1 did not change. Multiple regression indicated association between log flOPN and PWV (p = 0.04) and diastolic BP (p = 0.02), while log FGF-23 was associated with diastolic BP (p = 0.05), and a trend with eGFR (p = 0.06). Conclusion: Vit D3 repletion may reduce flOPN and improve vascular function in high risk AAs with Vit D deficiency.
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Figueredo CA, Abdelhay N, Gibson MP. The Roles of SIBLING Proteins in Dental, Periodontal and Craniofacial Development. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2022.898802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of dental, periodontal, and craniofacial tissues are derived from the neural crest cells and ectoderm. Neural crest stem cells are pluripotent, capable of differentiating into a variety of cells. These cells can include osteoblasts, odontoblasts, cementoblasts, chondroblasts, and fibroblasts which are responsible for forming some of the tissues of the oral and craniofacial complex. The hard tissue forming cells deposit a matrix composed of collagen and non-collagenous proteins (NCPs) that later undergoes mineralization. The NCPs play a role in the mineralization of collagen. One such category of NCPs is the small integrin-binding ligand, N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family of proteins. This family is composed of dentin sialophosphosprotein (DSPP), osteopontin (OPN), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE). The SIBLING family is known to have regulatory effects in the mineralization process of collagen fibers and the maturation of hydroxyapatite crystals. It is well established that SIBLING proteins have critical roles in tooth development. Recent literature has described the expression and role of SIBLING proteins in other areas of the oral and craniofacial complex as well. The objective of the present literature review is to summarize and discuss the different roles the SIBLING proteins play in the development of dental, periodontal, and craniofacial tissues.
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Jacobs IJ, Cheng Z, Ralph D, O'Brien K, Flaman L, Howe J, Thompson D, Uitto J, Li Q, Sabbagh Y. INZ-701, a recombinant ENPP1 enzyme, prevents ectopic calcification in an Abcc6 -/- mouse model of pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:1095-1101. [PMID: 35511611 PMCID: PMC10077110 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), a heritable multisystem ectopic calcification disorder, is predominantly caused by inactivating mutations in ABCC6. The encoded protein, ABCC6, is a hepatic efflux transporter and a key regulator of extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi). Recent studies demonstrated that deficiency of plasma PPi, a potent endogenous calcification inhibitor, is the underlying cause of PXE. This study examined whether restoring plasma PPi levels by INZ-701, a recombinant human ENPP1 protein, the principal PPi-generating enzyme, prevents ectopic calcification in an Abcc6-/- mouse model of PXE. Abcc6-/- mice, at 6 weeks of age, the time of earliest stages of ectopic calcification, were injected subcutaneously with INZ-701 at 2 or 10 mg/kg for 2 or 8 weeks. INZ-701 at both doses increased steady-state plasma ENPP1 activity and PPi levels. In the 8-week treatment study, histopathologic examination and quantification of the calcium content in INZ-701-treated Abcc6-/- mice revealed significantly reduced calcification in the muzzle skin containing vibrissae, a biomarker of the calcification process in these mice. The extent of calcification corresponds to the local expression of two calcification inhibitors, osteopontin and fetuin-A. These results suggest that INZ-701 might provide a therapeutic approach for PXE, a disease with high unmet needs and no approved treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Joely Jacobs
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, 19107, PA, USA.,PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, 19107, PA, USA
| | | | - Douglas Ralph
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, 19107, PA, USA.,PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, 19107, PA, USA.,Genetics, Genomics and Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, Jefferson College of Life Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, 19107, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, 19107, PA, USA.,PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, 19107, PA, USA
| | - Qiaoli Li
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, 19107, PA, USA.,PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, 19107, PA, USA
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Bartlett CL, Cave EM, Crowther NJ, Ferris WF. A new perspective on the function of Tissue Non-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase: from bone mineralization to intra-cellular lipid accumulation. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:2093-2106. [PMID: 35471716 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04429-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is one of four isozymes, which include germ cell, placental and intestinal alkaline phosphatases. The TNAP isozyme has 3 isoforms (liver, bone and kidney) which differ by tissue expression and glycosylation pattern. Despite a long history of investigation, the exact function of TNAP in many tissues is largely unknown. Only the bone isoform has been well characterised during mineralization where the enzyme hydrolyses pyrophosphate to inorganic phosphate, which combines with calcium to form hydroxyapatite crystals deposited as new bone. The inorganic phosphate also increases gene expression of proteins that support tissue mineralization. Recent studies have shown that TNAP is expressed in preadipocytes from several species, and that inhibition of TNAP activity causes attenuation of intracellular lipid accumulation in these and other lipid-storing cells. The mechanism by which TNAP stimulates lipid accumulation is not known; however, proteins that are important for controlling phosphate levels in bone are also expressed in adipocytes. This review examines the evidence that inorganic phosphate generated by TNAP promotes transcription that enhances the expression of the regulators of lipid storage and consequently, that TNAP has a major function of lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara-Lesley Bartlett
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Eleanor Margaret Cave
- Department of Chemical Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nigel John Crowther
- Department of Chemical Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - William Frank Ferris
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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Serum Osteopontin Level Is Positively Associated with Aortic Stiffness in Patients with Peritoneal Dialysis. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030397. [PMID: 35330148 PMCID: PMC8951753 DOI: 10.3390/life12030397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Osteopontin (OPN) is regarded as a proinflammatory and proatherogenic molecule related to atherosclerosis. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between serum OPN and aortic stiffness (AS) of peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Methods: OPN and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) were measured by a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit and a validated tonometry system, respectively. Patients with cfPWV > 10 m/s were designated into the AS group. Results: Twenty-two patients (31.4%) were segregated into the AS group. Multivariate linear and logistic regression analysis showed that OPN was significantly related to cfPWV and was an independent predictor of AS. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that OPN was correlated with AS with an area under the curve of 0.903 (95% CI 0.809−0.961, p < 0.001). Conclusions: For PD patients, the serum OPN level was correlated with cfPWV and could play an important role in the process of AS.
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Song Y, Jia H, Hua Y, Wu C, Li S, Li K, Liang Z, Wang Y. The Molecular Mechanism of Aerobic Exercise Improving Vascular Remodeling in Hypertension. Front Physiol 2022; 13:792292. [PMID: 35295586 PMCID: PMC8919036 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.792292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment and prevention of hypertension has been a worldwide medical challenge. The key pathological hallmark of hypertension is altered arterial vascular structure and function, i.e., increased peripheral vascular resistance due to vascular remodeling. The aim of this review is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of vascular remodeling in hypertension and the protective mechanisms of aerobic exercise against vascular remodeling during the pathological process of hypertension. The main focus is on the mechanisms of oxidative stress and inflammation in the pathological condition of hypertension and vascular phenotypic transformation induced by the trilaminar structure of vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix, and the peripheral adipose layer of the vasculature. To further explore the possible mechanisms by which aerobic exercise ameliorates vascular remodeling in the pathological process of hypertension through anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and thus inhibiting vascular phenotypic transformation. It provides a new perspective to reveal the intervention targets of vascular remodeling for the prevention and treatment of hypertension and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinping Song
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hao Jia
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yijie Hua
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chen Wu
- School of Health and Sports, Xi’an Fanyi University, Xi’an, China
| | - Sujuan Li
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Kunzhe Li
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhicheng Liang
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Youhua Wang
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Youhua Wang,
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Goettsch C, Strzelecka-Kiliszek A, Bessueille L, Quillard T, Mechtouff L, Pikula S, Canet-Soulas E, Luis MJ, Fonta C, Magne D. TNAP as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular calcification: a discussion of its pleiotropic functions in the body. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 118:84-96. [PMID: 33070177 PMCID: PMC8752354 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular calcification (CVC) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. It develops in several diseases and locations, such as in the tunica intima in atherosclerosis plaques, in the tunica media in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease, and in aortic valves. In spite of the wide occurrence of CVC and its detrimental effects on cardiovascular diseases (CVD), no treatment is yet available. Most of CVC involve mechanisms similar to those occurring during endochondral and/or intramembranous ossification. Logically, since tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is the key-enzyme responsible for skeletal/dental mineralization, it is a promising target to limit CVC. Tools have recently been developed to inhibit its activity and preclinical studies conducted in animal models of vascular calcification already provided promising results. Nevertheless, as its name indicates, TNAP is ubiquitous and recent data indicate that it dephosphorylates different substrates in vivo to participate in other important physiological functions besides mineralization. For instance, TNAP is involved in the metabolism of pyridoxal phosphate and the production of neurotransmitters. TNAP has also been described as an anti-inflammatory enzyme able to dephosphorylate adenosine nucleotides and lipopolysaccharide. A better understanding of the full spectrum of TNAP's functions is needed to better characterize the effects of TNAP inhibition in diseases associated with CVC. In this review, after a brief description of the different types of CVC, we describe the newly uncovered additional functions of TNAP and discuss the expected consequences of its systemic inhibition in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Goettsch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Strzelecka-Kiliszek
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Lipids, Nencki Institute of Experimental
Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Laurence Bessueille
- Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry
(ICBMS), UMR CNRS 5246, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bâtiment
Raulin, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, Lyon 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Thibaut Quillard
- PHY-OS Laboratory, UMR 1238 INSERM, Université de Nantes, CHU
de Nantes, France
| | - Laura Mechtouff
- Stroke Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
- CREATIS Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5220, Inserm U1044, Université Claude Bernard
Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Slawomir Pikula
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Lipids, Nencki Institute of Experimental
Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emmanuelle Canet-Soulas
- CarMeN Laboratory, Univ Lyon, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude
Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Millan Jose Luis
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery
Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Caroline Fonta
- Brain and Cognition Research Center CerCo, CNRS UMR5549, Université de
Toulouse, France
| | - David Magne
- Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry
(ICBMS), UMR CNRS 5246, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bâtiment
Raulin, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, Lyon 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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Du Y, Mao L, Wang Z, Yan K, Zhang L, Zou J. Osteopontin - The stirring multifunctional regulatory factor in multisystem aging. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1014853. [PMID: 36619570 PMCID: PMC9813443 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1014853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional noncollagenous matrix phosphoprotein that is expressed both intracellularly and extracellularly in various tissues. As a growth regulatory protein and proinflammatory immunochemokine, OPN is involved in the pathological processes of many diseases. Recent studies have found that OPN is widely involved in the aging processes of multiple organs and tissues, such as T-cell senescence, atherosclerosis, skeletal muscle regeneration, osteoporosis, neurodegenerative changes, hematopoietic stem cell reconstruction, and retinal aging. However, the regulatory roles and mechanisms of OPN in the aging process of different tissues are not uniform, and OPN even has diverse roles in different developmental stages of the same tissue, generating uncertainty for the future study and utilization of OPN. In this review, we will summarize the regulatory role and molecular mechanism of OPN in different tissues and cells, such as the musculoskeletal system, central nervous system, cardiovascular system, liver, and eye, during senescence. We believe that a better understanding of the mechanism of OPN in the aging process will help us develop targeted and comprehensive therapeutic strategies to fight the spread of age-related diseases.
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Tintut Y, Honda HM, Demer LL. Biomolecules Orchestrating Cardiovascular Calcification. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101482. [PMID: 34680115 PMCID: PMC8533507 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification, once considered a degenerative, end-stage, and inevitable condition, is now recognized as a complex process regulated in a manner similar to skeletal bone at the molecular and cellular levels. Since the initial discovery of bone morphogenetic protein in calcified human atherosclerotic lesions, decades of research have now led to the recognition that the regulatory mechanisms and the biomolecules that control cardiovascular calcification overlap with those controlling skeletal mineralization. In this review, we focus on key biomolecules driving the ectopic calcification in the circulation and their regulation by metabolic, hormonal, and inflammatory stimuli. Although calcium deposits in the vessel wall introduce rupture stress at their edges facing applied tensile stress, they simultaneously reduce rupture stress at the orthogonal edges, leaving the net risk of plaque rupture and consequent cardiac events depending on local material strength. A clinically important consequence of the shared mechanisms between the vascular and bone tissues is that therapeutic agents designed to inhibit vascular calcification may adversely affect skeletal mineralization and vice versa. Thus, it is essential to consider both systems when developing therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Tintut
- Department of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (Y.T.); (H.M.H.)
- Department of Physiology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Henry M. Honda
- Department of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (Y.T.); (H.M.H.)
| | - Linda L. Demer
- Department of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (Y.T.); (H.M.H.)
- Department of Physiology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(310)-206-2677
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16
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FAM20C Overview: Classic and Novel Targets, Pathogenic Variants and Raine Syndrome Phenotypes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158039. [PMID: 34360805 PMCID: PMC8348777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
FAM20C is a gene coding for a protein kinase that targets S-X-E/pS motifs on different phosphoproteins belonging to diverse tissues. Pathogenic variants of FAM20C are responsible for Raine syndrome (RS), initially described as a lethal and congenital osteosclerotic dysplasia characterized by generalized atherosclerosis with periosteal bone formation, characteristic facial dysmorphisms and intracerebral calcifications. The aim of this review is to give an overview of targets and variants of FAM20C as well as RS aspects. We performed a wide phenotypic review focusing on clinical aspects and differences between all lethal (LRS) and non-lethal (NLRS) reported cases, besides the FAM20C pathogenic variant description for each. As new targets of FAM20C kinase have been identified, we reviewed FAM20C targets and their functions in bone and other tissues, with emphasis on novel targets not previously considered. We found the classic lethal and milder non-lethal phenotypes. The milder phenotype is defined by a large spectrum ranging from osteonecrosis to osteosclerosis with additional congenital defects or intellectual disability in some cases. We discuss our current understanding of FAM20C deficiency, its mechanism in RS through classic FAM20C targets in bone tissue and its potential biological relevance through novel targets in non-bone tissues.
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17
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Roos CM, Zhang B, Hagler MA, Verzosa GC, Huang R, Oehler EA, Arghami A, Miller JD. Effects of Altering Mitochondrial Antioxidant Capacity on Molecular and Phenotypic Drivers of Fibrocalcific Aortic Valve Stenosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:694881. [PMID: 34250048 PMCID: PMC8263922 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.694881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: While a small number of studies suggest that oxidative stress has an influential role in fibrocalcific aortic valve disease (FCAVD), the roles of specific antioxidant enzymes in progression of this disease remain poorly understood. Here, we focused on selectively altering mitochondrial-derived oxidative stress—which has been shown to alter progression of a myriad of age-associated diseases—on the progression of molecular and phenotypic drivers of FCAVD. Methods: We generated low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient, Apolipoprotein B100-only mice (LA) that were either haploinsufficient for MnSOD (LA-MnSOD+/−) or genetically overexpressing MnSOD (LA-MnSODTg/0). After 6 months of Western diet feeding, mice underwent echocardiography to assess valvular and cardiac function and tissues were harvested. Quantitative-RT PCR, immunohistochemistry, and histopathology were used to measure changes in molecular pathways related to oxidative stress, calcification, and fibrosis. Results: While reductions in MnSOD increased oxidative stress, there was not an overt phenotypic effect of MnSOD deficiency on valvular and cardiac function in LA-MnSOD+/− mice. While markers of canonical bone morphogenetic protein signaling tended to increase in valve tissue from LA-MnSOD+/− (e.g., p-SMAD1/5/8 and osterix), we did not observe statistically significant increases in osteogenic signaling. We did, however, observe highly significant reductions in expression of osteopontin, which were associated with significant increases in calcium burden in LA-MnSOD+/− mice. Reciprocally, genetically increasing MnSOD did not preserve valve function in LA-MnSODTg/0, but we did observe slight reductions in p-SMAD1/5/8 levels compared to their non-transgenic littermates. Interestingly, overexpression of MnSOD dramatically increased expression of osteopontin in valve tissue from LA-MnSODTg/0 mice, but was not sufficient to attenuate calcium burden when compared to their LA-MnSOD0/0 littermates. Conclusions: Collectively, this study demonstrates that maintenance of mitochondrial antioxidant capacity is important in preventing accelerated disease progression in a mouse model of FCAVD, but that effectively altering mitochondrial antioxidant capacity as a monotherapeutic approach to slow key histopathological and molecular drivers of FCAVD remains biologically and therapeutically challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Roos
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Michael A Hagler
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Grace C Verzosa
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Runqing Huang
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Elise A Oehler
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Arman Arghami
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jordan D Miller
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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18
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Herrmann J, Gummi MR, Xia M, van der Giet M, Tölle M, Schuchardt M. Vascular Calcification in Rodent Models-Keeping Track with an Extented Method Assortment. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060459. [PMID: 34067504 PMCID: PMC8224561 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Arterial vessel diseases are the leading cause of death in the elderly and their accelerated pathogenesis is responsible for premature death in patients with chronic renal failure. Since no functioning therapy concepts exist so far, the identification of the main signaling pathways is of current research interest. To develop therapeutic concepts, different experimental rodent models are needed, which should be subject to the 3R principle of Russel and Burch: “Replace, Reduce and Refine”. This review aims to summarize the current available experimental rodent models for studying vascular calcification and their quantification methods. Abstract Vascular calcification is a multifaceted disease and a significant contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The calcification deposits in the vessel wall can vary in size and localization. Various pathophysiological pathways may be involved in disease progression. With respect to the calcification diversity, a great number of research models and detection methods have been established in basic research, relying mostly on rodent models. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the currently available rodent models and quantification methods for vascular calcification, emphasizing animal burden and assessing prospects to use available methods in a way to address the 3R principles of Russel and Burch: “Replace, Reduce and Refine”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Herrmann
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (J.H.); (M.R.G.); (M.X.); (M.v.d.G.); (M.T.)
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manasa Reddy Gummi
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (J.H.); (M.R.G.); (M.X.); (M.v.d.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Mengdi Xia
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (J.H.); (M.R.G.); (M.X.); (M.v.d.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Markus van der Giet
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (J.H.); (M.R.G.); (M.X.); (M.v.d.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Markus Tölle
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (J.H.); (M.R.G.); (M.X.); (M.v.d.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Mirjam Schuchardt
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (J.H.); (M.R.G.); (M.X.); (M.v.d.G.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-450-514-690
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Kutikhin AG, Feenstra L, Kostyunin AE, Yuzhalin AE, Hillebrands JL, Krenning G. Calciprotein Particles: Balancing Mineral Homeostasis and Vascular Pathology. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1607-1624. [PMID: 33691479 PMCID: PMC8057528 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton G. Kutikhin
- Laboratory for Vascular Biology, Division of Experimental and Clinical Cardiology, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation (A.G.K., A.E.K., A.E.Y.)
| | - Lian Feenstra
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology (L.F., J.-L.H.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology (L.F., G.K.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander E. Kostyunin
- Laboratory for Vascular Biology, Division of Experimental and Clinical Cardiology, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation (A.G.K., A.E.K., A.E.Y.)
| | - Arseniy E. Yuzhalin
- Laboratory for Vascular Biology, Division of Experimental and Clinical Cardiology, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation (A.G.K., A.E.K., A.E.Y.)
| | - Jan-Luuk Hillebrands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology (L.F., J.-L.H.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Guido Krenning
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology (L.F., G.K.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
- Sulfateq B.V., Admiraal de Ruyterlaan 5, 9726 GN, Groningen, the Netherlands (G.K.)
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20
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Liu CJ, Cheng CW, Tsai YS, Huang HS. Crosstalk between Renal and Vascular Calcium Signaling: The Link between Nephrolithiasis and Vascular Calcification. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073590. [PMID: 33808324 PMCID: PMC8036726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is an important mediator of multicellular homeostasis and is involved in several diseases. The interplay among the kidney, bone, intestine, and parathyroid gland in Ca2+ homeostasis is strictly modulated by numerous hormones and signaling pathways. The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a G protein–coupled receptor, that is expressed in calcitropic tissues such as the parathyroid gland and the kidney, plays a pivotal role in Ca2+ regulation. CaSR is important for renal Ca2+, as a mutation in this receptor leads to hypercalciuria and calcium nephrolithiasis. In addition, CaSR is also widely expressed in the vascular system, including vascular endothelial cells (VECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and participates in the process of vascular calcification. Aberrant Ca2+ sensing by the kidney and VSMCs, owing to altered CaSR expression or function, is associated with the formation of nephrolithiasis and vascular calcification. Based on emerging epidemiological evidence, patients with nephrolithiasis have a higher risk of vascular calcification, but the exact mechanism linking the two conditions is unclear. However, a dysregulation in Ca2+ homeostasis and dysfunction in CaSR might be the connection between the two. This review summarizes renal calcium handling and calcium signaling in the vascular system, with a special focus on the link between nephrolithiasis and vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Jung Liu
- Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704302, Taiwan; (C.-J.L.); (C.-W.C.)
| | - Chia-Wei Cheng
- Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704302, Taiwan; (C.-J.L.); (C.-W.C.)
| | - Yau-Sheng Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704302, Taiwan;
- Center for Clinical Medicine Research, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704302, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Shiang Huang
- Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704302, Taiwan; (C.-J.L.); (C.-W.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-6-2353535 (ext. 5251); Fax: +886-6-2766179
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Long-Term Treatment of Azathioprine in Rats Induces Vessel Mineralization. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030327. [PMID: 33806932 PMCID: PMC8004774 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Medial vascular calcification (mVC) is closely related to cardiovascular disease, especially in patients suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD). Even after successful kidney transplantation, cardiovascular mortality remains increased. There is evidence that immunosuppressive drugs might influence pathophysiological mechanisms in the vessel wall. Previously, we have shown in vitro that mVC is induced in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) upon treatment with azathioprine (AZA). This effect was confirmed in the current study in an in vivo rat model treated with AZA for 24 weeks. The calcium content increased in the aortic tissue upon AZA treatment. The pathophysiologic mechanisms involve AZA catabolism to 6-thiouracil via xanthine oxidase (XO) with subsequent induction of oxidative stress. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-6, increase upon AZA treatment, both systemically and in the aortic tissue. Further, VSMCs show an increased expression of core-binding factor α-1, alkaline phosphatase and osteopontin. As the AZA effect could be decreased in NLRP3−/− aortic rings in an ex vivo experiment, the signaling pathway might be, at least in part, dependent on the NLRP3 inflammasome. Although human studies are necessary to confirm the harmful effects of AZA on vascular stiffening, these results provide further evidence of induction of VSMC calcification under AZA treatment and its effects on vessel structure.
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22
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Newman AAC, Serbulea V, Baylis RA, Shankman LS, Bradley X, Alencar GF, Owsiany K, Deaton RA, Karnewar S, Shamsuzzaman S, Salamon A, Reddy MS, Guo L, Finn A, Virmani R, Cherepanova OA, Owens GK. Multiple cell types contribute to the atherosclerotic lesion fibrous cap by PDGFRβ and bioenergetic mechanisms. Nat Metab 2021; 3:166-181. [PMID: 33619382 PMCID: PMC7905710 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-00338-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Stable atherosclerotic plaques are characterized by a thick, extracellular matrix-rich fibrous cap populated by protective ACTA2+ myofibroblast (MF)-like cells, assumed to be almost exclusively derived from smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Herein, we show that in murine and human lesions, 20% to 40% of ACTA2+ fibrous cap cells, respectively, are derived from non-SMC sources, including endothelial cells (ECs) or macrophages that have undergone an endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) or a macrophage-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT). In addition, we show that SMC-specific knockout of the Pdgfrb gene, which encodes platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ), in Apoe-/- mice fed a Western diet for 18 weeks resulted in brachiocephalic artery lesions nearly devoid of SMCs but with no changes in lesion size, remodelling or indices of stability, including the percentage of ACTA2+ fibrous cap cells. However, prolonged Western diet feeding of SMC Pdgfrb-knockout mice resulted in reduced indices of stability, indicating that EndoMT- and MMT-derived MFs cannot compensate indefinitely for loss of SMC-derived MFs. Using single-cell and bulk RNA-sequencing analyses of the brachiocephalic artery region and in vitro models, we provide evidence that SMC-to-MF transitions are induced by PDGF and transforming growth factor-β and dependent on aerobic glycolysis, while EndoMT is induced by interleukin-1β and transforming growth factor-β. Together, we provide evidence that the ACTA2+ fibrous cap originates from a tapestry of cell types, which transition to an MF-like state through distinct signalling pathways that are either dependent on or associated with extensive metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A C Newman
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, NY, New York, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Vlad Serbulea
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Richard A Baylis
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Laura S Shankman
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Xenia Bradley
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Gabriel F Alencar
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Katherine Owsiany
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Rebecca A Deaton
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Santosh Karnewar
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sohel Shamsuzzaman
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Anita Salamon
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mahima S Reddy
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Liang Guo
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Olga A Cherepanova
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gary K Owens
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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23
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Vidavsky N, Kunitake JAMR, Estroff LA. Multiple Pathways for Pathological Calcification in the Human Body. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001271. [PMID: 33274854 PMCID: PMC8724004 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biomineralization of skeletal components (e.g., bone and teeth) is generally accepted to occur under strict cellular regulation, leading to mineral-organic composites with hierarchical structures and properties optimized for their designated function. Such cellular regulation includes promoting mineralization at desired sites as well as inhibiting mineralization in soft tissues and other undesirable locations. In contrast, pathological mineralization, with potentially harmful health effects, can occur as a result of tissue or metabolic abnormalities, disease, or implantation of certain biomaterials. This progress report defines mineralization pathway components and identifies the commonalities (and differences) between physiological (e.g., bone remodeling) and pathological calcification formation pathways, based, in part, upon the extent of cellular control within the system. These concepts are discussed in representative examples of calcium phosphate-based pathological mineralization in cancer (breast, thyroid, ovarian, and meningioma) and in cardiovascular disease. In-depth mechanistic understanding of pathological mineralization requires utilizing state-of-the-art materials science imaging and characterization techniques, focusing not only on the final deposits, but also on the earlier stages of crystal nucleation, growth, and aggregation. Such mechanistic understanding will further enable the use of pathological calcifications in diagnosis and prognosis, as well as possibly provide insights into preventative treatments for detrimental mineralization in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netta Vidavsky
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Jennie A M R Kunitake
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Lara A Estroff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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24
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Li W, Su SA, Chen J, Ma H, Xiang M. Emerging roles of fibroblasts in cardiovascular calcification. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 25:1808-1816. [PMID: 33369201 PMCID: PMC7882970 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular calcification, a kind of ectopic mineralization in cardiovascular system, including atherosclerotic calcification, arterial medial calcification, valve calcification and the gradually recognized heart muscle calcification, is a complex pathophysiological process correlated with poor prognosis. Although several cell types such as smooth muscle cells have been proven critical in vascular calcification, the aetiology of cardiovascular calcification remains to be clarified due to the diversity of cellular origin. Fibroblasts, which possess remarkable phenotypic plasticity that allows rapid adaption to fluctuating environment cues, have been demonstrated to play important roles in calcification of vasculature, valve and heart though our knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fibroblast phenotypic switching in the calcified process is far from complete. Indeed, the lack of definitive fibroblast lineage‐tracing studies and typical expression markers of fibroblasts raise major concerns regarding the contributions of fibroblasts during all the stages of cardiovascular calcification. The goal of this review was to rigorously summarize the current knowledge regarding possible phenotypes exhibited by fibroblasts within calcified cardiovascular system and evaluate the potential therapeutic targets that may control the phenotypic transition of fibroblasts in cardiovascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wudi Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng-An Su
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meixiang Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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25
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Molecular Genetics and Modifier Genes in Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum, a Heritable Multisystem Ectopic Mineralization Disorder. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:1148-1156. [PMID: 33341249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, there has been great progress in identifying the molecular basis and pathomechanistic details in pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), a heritable multisystem ectopic mineralization disorder. Although the identification of pathogenic variants in ABCC6 has been critical for understanding the disease process, genetic modifiers have been disclosed that explain the phenotypic heterogeneity of PXE. Adding to the genetic complexity of PXE are PXE-like phenotypes caused by pathogenic variants in other ectopic mineralization-associated genes. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the genetics and candidate modifier genes in PXE, a multifactorial disease at the genome-environment interface.
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26
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Li H, Pan K, Meng Y, Deng J, Zhang P, Song W, Li S. Mutual promotions between periodontitis and vascular calcification by rat animal model. J Periodontal Res 2020; 55:810-820. [PMID: 32996601 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND To study the relationship between periodontitis and vascular calcification by establishing rat model of chronic periodontitis and vascular calcification. METHODS Forty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups randomly: control group, periodontitis group, vascular calcification group, and compound periodontitis and calcification group. Each group rats accepted the corresponding manages to establish the animal model. Clinical examinations and hematoxylin and eosin staining of periodontal tissue were taken to test the periodontal model; calcium assay, alkaline phosphatase activity, expression of mineral-related factors including osteopontin, alkaline phosphatase, core-binding factor-α1 and bone sialoprotein, hematoxylin and eosin staining and von Kossa staining of vascular tissue were taken to test the vascular calcification model; inflammatory factors including C-reactive protein, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, prostaglandin E2, and serum lipid in serum were also detected at the same time. RESULTS The rat model was established. Inflammation of periodontal tissue and alveolar bone resorption in compound group and periodontitis group were more obvious than those in control group and vascular calcification group (P < .05). However, the calcium assay, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralized deposition in vascular calcification group and compound group were higher than those in control group and periodontitis group (P < .05), and compound group were the highest (P < .05); as for serum lipid, the level of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in compound group and vascular calcification group were higher than that in control group and periodontitis group (P < .05), and compound group was the highest (P <.05); but the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was higher in control group and periodontitis group. Inflammatory factors expression in serum were higher in compound group and periodontitis group, while mineral-related factors expression were higher in compoundgroup and vascular calcification group. CONCLUSION There are some mutual promotions between periodontitis and vascular calcification, which might be related to the increasing inflammatory factors, lipids level, and mineral-related factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixu Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Endodontics, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, Hospital of Stomatology, Nankai University, TianJin, China
| | - Keqing Pan
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yun Meng
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Stomatology, The Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Tianjin Dongli District, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Deng
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Pengmei Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Stomatology, The Huikang Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenbin Song
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
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27
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Tsang HG, Clark EL, Markby GR, Bush SJ, Hume DA, Corcoran BM, MacRae VE, Summers KM. Expression of Calcification and Extracellular Matrix Genes in the Cardiovascular System of the Healthy Domestic Sheep ( Ovis aries). Front Genet 2020; 11:919. [PMID: 33101359 PMCID: PMC7506100 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of a healthy cardiovascular system requires expression of genes that contribute to essential biological activities and repression of those that are associated with functions likely to be detrimental to cardiovascular homeostasis. Vascular calcification is a major disruption to cardiovascular homeostasis, where tissues of the cardiovascular system undergo ectopic calcification and consequent dysfunction, but little is known about the expression of calcification genes in the healthy cardiovascular system. Large animal models are of increasing importance in cardiovascular disease research as they demonstrate more similar cardiovascular features (in terms of anatomy, physiology and size) to humans than do rodent species. We used RNA sequencing results from the sheep, which has been utilized extensively to examine calcification of prosthetic cardiac valves, to explore the transcriptome of the heart and cardiac valves in this large animal, in particular looking at expression of calcification and extracellular matrix genes. We then examined genes implicated in the process of vascular calcification in a wide array of cardiovascular tissues and across multiple developmental stages, using RT-qPCR. Our results demonstrate that there is a balance between genes that promote and those that suppress mineralization during development and across cardiovascular tissues. We show extensive expression of genes encoding proteins involved in formation and maintenance of the extracellular matrix in cardiovascular tissues, and high expression of hematopoietic genes in the cardiac valves. Our analysis will support future research into the functions of implicated genes in the development of valve calcification, and increase the utility of the sheep as a large animal model for understanding ectopic calcification in cardiovascular disease. This study provides a foundation to explore the transcriptome of the developing cardiovascular system and is a valuable resource for the fields of mammalian genomics and cardiovascular research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiu-Gwen Tsang
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Emily L. Clark
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Greg R. Markby
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Bush
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Hume
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Brendan M. Corcoran
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Vicky E. MacRae
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kim M. Summers
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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28
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Reznikov N, Hoac B, Buss DJ, Addison WN, Barros NMT, McKee MD. Biological stenciling of mineralization in the skeleton: Local enzymatic removal of inhibitors in the extracellular matrix. Bone 2020; 138:115447. [PMID: 32454257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biomineralization is remarkably diverse and provides myriad functions across many organismal systems. Biomineralization processes typically produce hardened, hierarchically organized structures usually having nanostructured mineral assemblies that are formed through inorganic-organic (usually protein) interactions. Calcium‑carbonate biomineral predominates in structures of small invertebrate organisms abundant in marine environments, particularly in shells (remarkably it is also found in the inner ear otoconia of vertebrates), whereas calcium-phosphate biomineral predominates in the skeletons and dentitions of both marine and terrestrial vertebrates, including humans. Reconciliation of the interplay between organic moieties and inorganic crystals in bones and teeth is a cornerstone of biomineralization research. Key molecular determinants of skeletal and dental mineralization have been identified in health and disease, and in pathologic ectopic calcification, ranging from small molecules such as pyrophosphate, to small membrane-bounded matrix vesicles shed from cells, and to noncollagenous extracellular matrix proteins such as osteopontin and their derived bioactive peptides. Beyond partly knowing the regulatory role of the direct actions of inhibitors on vertebrate mineralization, more recently the importance of their enzymatic removal from the extracellular matrix has become increasingly understood. Great progress has been made in deciphering the relationship between mineralization inhibitors and the enzymes that degrade them, and how adverse changes in this physiologic pathway (such as gene mutations causing disease) result in mineralization defects. Two examples of this are rare skeletal diseases having osteomalacia/odontomalacia (soft bones and teeth) - namely hypophosphatasia (HPP) and X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) - where inactivating mutations occur in the gene for the enzymes tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP, TNSALP, ALPL) and phosphate-regulating endopeptidase homolog X-linked (PHEX), respectively. Here, we review and provide a concept for how existing and new information now comes together to describe the dual nature of regulation of mineralization - through systemic mineral ion homeostasis involving circulating factors, coupled with molecular determinants operating at the local level in the extracellular matrix. For the local mineralization events in the extracellular matrix, we present a focused concept in skeletal mineralization biology called the Stenciling Principle - a principle (building upon seminal work by Neuman and Fleisch) describing how the action of enzymes to remove tissue-resident inhibitors defines with precision the location and progression of mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Reznikov
- Object Research Systems Inc., 760 St. Paul West, Montreal, Quebec H3C 1M4, Canada.
| | - B Hoac
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University St., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - D J Buss
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, 3640 University St., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - W N Addison
- Department of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - N M T Barros
- Departamento de Biofísica, São Paulo, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - M D McKee
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University St., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, 3640 University St., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada.
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29
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Saito Y, Nakamura K, Ito H. Effects of Eicosapentaenoic Acid on Arterial Calcification. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155455. [PMID: 32751754 PMCID: PMC7432365 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial calcification is a hallmark of advanced atherosclerosis and predicts cardiovascular events. However, there is no clinically accepted therapy that prevents progression of arterial calcification. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, statins, lower low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and reduce cardiovascular events, but coronary artery calcification is actually promoted by statins. The addition of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) to statins further reduced cardiovascular events in clinical trials, JELIS and REDUCE-IT. Additionally, we found that EPA significantly suppressed arterial calcification in vitro and in vivo via suppression of inflammatory responses, oxidative stress and Wnt signaling. However, so far there is a lack of evidence showing the effect of EPA on arterial calcification in a clinical situation. We reviewed the molecular mechanisms of the inhibitory effect of EPA on arterial calcification and the results of some clinical trials.
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30
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Jahnen-Dechent W, Büscher A, Köppert S, Heiss A, Kuro-O M, Smith ER. Mud in the blood: the role of protein-mineral complexes and extracellular vesicles in biomineralisation and calcification. J Struct Biol 2020; 212:107577. [PMID: 32711043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein-mineral interaction is known to regulate biomineral stability and morphology. We hypothesise that fluid phases produce highly dynamic protein-mineral complexes involved in physiology and pathology of biomineralisation. Here, we specifically focus on calciprotein particles, complexes of vertebrate mineral-binding proteins and calcium phosphate present in the systemic circulation and abundant in extracellular fluids - hence the designation of the ensuing protein-mineral complexes as "mud in the blood". These complexes exist amongst other extracellular particles that we collectively refer to as "the particle zoo".
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Affiliation(s)
- Willi Jahnen-Dechent
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Lab, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andrea Büscher
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Lab, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sina Köppert
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Lab, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Heiss
- The Research Institute for Precious Metals and Metals Chemistry (fem), Schwaebisch Gmuend, Germany
| | - Makoto Kuro-O
- Division of Anti-aging Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Edward R Smith
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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31
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Platko K, Lebeau PF, Gyulay G, Lhoták Š, MacDonald ME, Pacher G, Hyun Byun J, Boivin FJ, Igdoura SA, Cutz JC, Bridgewater D, Ingram AJ, Krepinsky JC, Austin RC. TDAG51 (T-Cell Death-Associated Gene 51) Is a Key Modulator of Vascular Calcification and Osteogenic Transdifferentiation of Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:1664-1679. [PMID: 32434409 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease. Vascular calcification (VC) in the medial layer of the vessel wall is a unique and prominent feature in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease and is now recognized as an important predictor and independent risk factor for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in these patients. VC in chronic kidney disease is triggered by the transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) into osteoblasts as a consequence of elevated circulating inorganic phosphate (Pi) levels, due to poor kidney function. The objective of our study was to investigate the role of TDAG51 (T-cell death-associated gene 51) in the development of medial VC. METHODS AND RESULTS Using primary mouse and human VSMCs, we found that TDAG51 is induced in VSMCs by Pi and is expressed in the medial layer of calcified human vessels. Furthermore, the transcriptional activity of RUNX2 (Runt-related transcription factor 2), a well-established driver of Pi-mediated VC, is reduced in TDAG51-/- VSMCs. To explain these observations, we identified that TDAG51-/- VSMCs express reduced levels of the type III sodium-dependent Pi transporter, Pit-1, a solute transporter, a solute transporter, a solute transporter responsible for cellular Pi uptake. Significantly, in response to hyperphosphatemia induced by vitamin D3, medial VC was attenuated in TDAG51-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Our studies highlight TDAG51 as an important mediator of Pi-induced VC in VSMCs through the downregulation of Pit-1. As such, TDAG51 may represent a therapeutic target for the prevention of VC and cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khrystyna Platko
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (K.P., P.F.L., G.G., Š.L., M.E.M., G.P., J.H.B., A.J.I., J.C.K., R.C.A.), McMaster University, and The Research Institute of St. Joseph's Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Paul F Lebeau
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (K.P., P.F.L., G.G., Š.L., M.E.M., G.P., J.H.B., A.J.I., J.C.K., R.C.A.), McMaster University, and The Research Institute of St. Joseph's Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Gabriel Gyulay
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (K.P., P.F.L., G.G., Š.L., M.E.M., G.P., J.H.B., A.J.I., J.C.K., R.C.A.), McMaster University, and The Research Institute of St. Joseph's Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Šárka Lhoták
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (K.P., P.F.L., G.G., Š.L., M.E.M., G.P., J.H.B., A.J.I., J.C.K., R.C.A.), McMaster University, and The Research Institute of St. Joseph's Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa E MacDonald
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (K.P., P.F.L., G.G., Š.L., M.E.M., G.P., J.H.B., A.J.I., J.C.K., R.C.A.), McMaster University, and The Research Institute of St. Joseph's Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Giusepina Pacher
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (K.P., P.F.L., G.G., Š.L., M.E.M., G.P., J.H.B., A.J.I., J.C.K., R.C.A.), McMaster University, and The Research Institute of St. Joseph's Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jae Hyun Byun
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (K.P., P.F.L., G.G., Š.L., M.E.M., G.P., J.H.B., A.J.I., J.C.K., R.C.A.), McMaster University, and The Research Institute of St. Joseph's Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Felix J Boivin
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (F.J.B., S.A.I., D.B.), McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Suleiman A Igdoura
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (F.J.B., S.A.I., D.B.), McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Biology (S.A.I.), McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Cutz
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (J.-C.C.), McMaster University, and The Research Institute of St. Joseph's Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Darren Bridgewater
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (F.J.B., S.A.I., D.B.), McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alistair J Ingram
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (K.P., P.F.L., G.G., Š.L., M.E.M., G.P., J.H.B., A.J.I., J.C.K., R.C.A.), McMaster University, and The Research Institute of St. Joseph's Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Joan C Krepinsky
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (K.P., P.F.L., G.G., Š.L., M.E.M., G.P., J.H.B., A.J.I., J.C.K., R.C.A.), McMaster University, and The Research Institute of St. Joseph's Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Richard C Austin
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (K.P., P.F.L., G.G., Š.L., M.E.M., G.P., J.H.B., A.J.I., J.C.K., R.C.A.), McMaster University, and The Research Institute of St. Joseph's Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Roles of Histone Acetylation Modifiers and Other Epigenetic Regulators in Vascular Calcification. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093246. [PMID: 32375326 PMCID: PMC7247359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is characterized by calcium deposition inside arteries and is closely associated with the morbidity and mortality of atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, and other cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). VC is now widely known to be an active process occurring in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) involving multiple mechanisms and factors. These mechanisms share features with the process of bone formation, since the phenotype switching from the contractile to the osteochondrogenic phenotype also occurs in VSMCs during VC. In addition, VC can be regulated by epigenetic factors, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNAs. Although VC is commonly observed in patients with chronic kidney disease and CVD, specific drugs for VC have not been developed. Thus, discovering novel therapeutic targets may be necessary. In this review, we summarize the current experimental evidence regarding the role of epigenetic regulators including histone deacetylases and propose the therapeutic implication of these regulators in the treatment of VC.
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Abstract
Over the last decades, the association between vascular calcification (VC) and all-cause/cardiovascular mortality, especially in patients with high atherogenic status, such as those with diabetes and/or chronic kidney disease, has been repeatedly highlighted. For over a century, VC has been noted as a passive, degenerative, aging process without any treatment options. However, during the past decades, studies confirmed that mineralization of the arteries is an active, complex process, similar to bone genesis and formation. The main purpose of this review is to provide an update of the existing biomarkers of VC in serum and develop the various pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the calcification process, including the pivotal roles of matrix Gla protein, osteoprotegerin, bone morphogenetic proteins, fetuin-a, fibroblast growth-factor-23, osteocalcin, osteopontin, osteonectin, sclerostin, pyrophosphate, Smads, fibrillin-1 and carbonic anhydrase II.
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Lee SJ, Lee IK, Jeon JH. Vascular Calcification-New Insights Into Its Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082685. [PMID: 32294899 PMCID: PMC7216228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC), which is categorized by intimal and medial calcification, depending on the site(s) involved within the vessel, is closely related to cardiovascular disease. Specifically, medial calcification is prevalent in certain medical situations, including chronic kidney disease and diabetes. The past few decades have seen extensive research into VC, revealing that the mechanism of VC is not merely a consequence of a high-phosphorous and -calcium milieu, but also occurs via delicate and well-organized biologic processes, including an imbalance between osteochondrogenic signaling and anticalcific events. In addition to traditionally established osteogenic signaling, dysfunctional calcium homeostasis is prerequisite in the development of VC. Moreover, loss of defensive mechanisms, by microorganelle dysfunction, including hyper-fragmented mitochondria, mitochondrial oxidative stress, defective autophagy or mitophagy, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, may all contribute to VC. To facilitate the understanding of vascular calcification, across any number of bioscientific disciplines, we provide this review of a detailed updated molecular mechanism of VC. This encompasses a vascular smooth muscle phenotypic of osteogenic differentiation, and multiple signaling pathways of VC induction, including the roles of inflammation and cellular microorganelle genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Joo Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Korea;
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea;
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Jae-Han Jeon
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea;
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-(53)-200-3182; Fax: +82-(53)-200-3155
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Induced osteogenic differentiation of human smooth muscle cells as a model of vascular calcification. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5951. [PMID: 32249802 PMCID: PMC7136202 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62568-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a severe pathological event in the manifestation of atherosclerosis. Pathogenic triggers mediating osteogenic differentiation of arterial smooth muscle cells (SMC) in humans remain insufficiently understood and are to a large extent investigated in animal models or cells derived thereof. Here, we describe an in vitro model based on SMC derived from healthy and diseased humans that allows to comprehensively investigate vascular calcification mechanisms. Comparing the impact of the commonly used SMC culture media VascuLife, DMEM, and M199, cells were characterised by immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, qPCR, and regarding their contractility and proliferative capacity. Irrespective of the arterial origin, the clinical background and the expansion medium used, all cells expressed typical molecular SMC marker while contractility varied between donors. Interestingly, the ability to induce an osteogenic differentiation strongly depended on the culture medium, with only SMC cultured in DMEM depositing calcified matrix upon osteogenic stimulation, which correlated with increased alkaline phosphatase activity, increased inorganic phosphate level and upregulation of osteogenic gene markers. Our optimized model is suitable for donor-oriented as well as broader screening of potential pathogenic mediators triggering vascular calcification. Translational studies aiming to identify and to evaluate therapeutic targets in a personalized fashion would be feasible.
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Eslava-Alcon S, Extremera-García MJ, González-Rovira A, Rosal-Vela A, Rojas-Torres M, Beltran-Camacho L, Sanchez-Gomar I, Jiménez-Palomares M, Alonso-Piñero JA, Conejero R, Doiz E, Olarte J, Foncubierta-Fernández A, Lozano E, García-Cozar FJ, Rodríguez-Piñero M, Alvarez-Llamas G, Duran-Ruiz MC. Molecular signatures of atherosclerotic plaques: An up-dated panel of protein related markers. J Proteomics 2020; 221:103757. [PMID: 32247173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis remains the leading cause of ischemic syndromes such as myocardial infarction or brain stroke, mainly promoted by plaque rupture and subsequent arterial blockade. Identification of vulnerable or high-risk plaques constitutes a major challenge, being necessary to identify patients at risk of occlusive events in order to provide them with appropriate therapies. Clinical imaging tools have allowed the identification of certain structural indicators of prone-rupture plaques, including a necrotic lipidic core, intimal and adventitial inflammation, extracellular matrix dysregulation, and smooth muscle cell depletion and micro-calcification. Additionally, alternative approaches focused on identifying molecular biomarkers of atherosclerosis have also been applied. Among them, proteomics has provided numerous protein markers currently investigated in clinical practice. In this regard, it is quite uncertain that a single molecule can describe plaque rupture, due to the complexity of the process itself. Therefore, it should be more accurate to consider a set of markers to define plaques at risk. Herein, we propose a selection of 76 proteins, from classical inflammatory to recently related markers, all of them identified in at least two proteomic studies analyzing unstable atherosclerotic plaques. Such panel could be used as a prognostic signature of plaque instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Eslava-Alcon
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Cadiz University, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain
| | - M J Extremera-García
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Cadiz University, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain
| | - A González-Rovira
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Cadiz University, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain
| | - A Rosal-Vela
- Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain
| | - M Rojas-Torres
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Cadiz University, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain
| | - L Beltran-Camacho
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Cadiz University, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain
| | | | - M Jiménez-Palomares
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Cadiz University, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain
| | - J A Alonso-Piñero
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Cadiz University, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain
| | - R Conejero
- Angiology & Vascular Surgery Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cadiz, Spain
| | - E Doiz
- Angiology & Vascular Surgery Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cadiz, Spain
| | - J Olarte
- Angiology & Vascular Surgery Unit, Virgen Macarena Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - A Foncubierta-Fernández
- Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain; UGC Joaquín Pece, Distrito Sanitario Bahía de Cádiz-La Janda, Cádiz, Spain
| | - E Lozano
- Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain; Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital de Jerez, Jerez, Spain
| | - F J García-Cozar
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Cadiz University, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain
| | - M Rodríguez-Piñero
- Angiology & Vascular Surgery Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cadiz, Spain
| | - G Alvarez-Llamas
- Immunology Department, IIS-Fundación Jimenez Diaz-UAM, Madrid, Spain; REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - M C Duran-Ruiz
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Cadiz University, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain.
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Research Models for Studying Vascular Calcification. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062204. [PMID: 32210002 PMCID: PMC7139511 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcification of the vessel wall contributes to high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Vascular calcification (VC) is a systemic disease with multifaceted contributing and inhibiting factors in an actively regulated process. The exact underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated and reliable treatment options are lacking. Due to the complex pathophysiology, various research models exist evaluating different aspects of VC. This review aims to give an overview of the cell and animal models used so far to study the molecular processes of VC. Here, in vitro cell culture models of different origins, ex vivo settings using aortic tissue and various in vivo disease-induced animal models are summarized. They reflect different aspects and depict the (patho)physiologic mechanisms within the VC process.
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Bouabdallah J, Zibara K, Issa H, Lenglet G, Kchour G, Caus T, Six I, Choukroun G, Kamel S, Bennis Y. Endothelial cells exposed to phosphate and indoxyl sulphate promote vascular calcification through interleukin-8 secretion. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 34:1125-1134. [PMID: 30481303 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfy325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular calcification (VC) is amplified during chronic kidney disease, partly due to uraemic toxins such as inorganic phosphate (Pi) and indoxyl sulphate (IS) that trigger osteogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). These toxins also alter endothelial cell (EC) functions but whether this contributes to VC is unknown. Here, we hypothesized that ECs exposed to Pi and IS promote VSMC calcification. METHODS Human umbilical vein ECs were treated with Pi, IS or both, and then the conditioned media [endothelial cell conditioned medium (EC-CM)] was collected. Human aortic SMCs (HASMCs) were exposed to the same toxins, with or without EC-CM, and then calcification and osteogenic differentiation were evaluated. Procalcifying factors secreted from ECs in response to Pi and IS were screened. Rat aortic rings were isolated to assess Pi+IS-induced calcification at the tissue level. RESULTS Pi and Pi+IS induced HASMCs calcification, which was significantly exacerbated by EC-CM. Pi+IS induced the expression and secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8) from ECs. While IL-8 treatment of HASMCs stimulated the Pi+IS-induced calcification in a concentration-dependent manner, IL-8 neutralizing antibody, IL-8 receptors antagonist or silencing IL-8 gene expression in ECs before collecting EC-CM significantly prevented the EC-CM procalcifying effect. IL-8 did not promote the Pi+IS-induced osteogenic differentiation of HASMCs but prevented the induction of osteopontin (OPN), a potent calcification inhibitor. In rat aortic rings, IS also promoted Pi-induced calcification and stimulated the expression of IL-8 homologues. Interestingly, in the Pi+IS condition, IL-8 receptor antagonist lifted the inhibition of OPN expression and partially prevented aortic calcification. CONCLUSION These results highlight a novel role of IL-8, whose contribution to VC in the uraemic state results at least from interaction between ECs and VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Bouabdallah
- MP3CV Laboratory, EA7517, FHU REMOD-VHF, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Kazem Zibara
- ER045 Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hawraa Issa
- MP3CV Laboratory, EA7517, FHU REMOD-VHF, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,ER045 Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Gaëlle Lenglet
- MP3CV Laboratory, EA7517, FHU REMOD-VHF, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Ghada Kchour
- ER045 Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Thierry Caus
- MP3CV Laboratory, EA7517, FHU REMOD-VHF, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Isabelle Six
- MP3CV Laboratory, EA7517, FHU REMOD-VHF, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Gabriel Choukroun
- MP3CV Laboratory, EA7517, FHU REMOD-VHF, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Department of Nephrology, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Saïd Kamel
- MP3CV Laboratory, EA7517, FHU REMOD-VHF, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Department of Biochemistry, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Youssef Bennis
- MP3CV Laboratory, EA7517, FHU REMOD-VHF, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Department of Pharmacology, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
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Herrmann M, Babler A, Moshkova I, Gremse F, Kiessling F, Kusebauch U, Nelea V, Kramann R, Moritz RL, McKee MD, Jahnen-Dechent W. Lumenal calcification and microvasculopathy in fetuin-A-deficient mice lead to multiple organ morbidity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228503. [PMID: 32074120 PMCID: PMC7029858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma protein fetuin-A mediates the formation of protein-mineral colloids known as calciprotein particles (CPP)-rapid clearance of these CPP by the reticuloendothelial system prevents errant mineral precipitation and therefore pathological mineralization (calcification). The mutant mouse strain D2,Ahsg-/- combines fetuin-A deficiency with the calcification-prone DBA/2 genetic background, having a particularly severe compound phenotype of microvascular and soft tissue calcification. Here we studied mechanisms leading to soft tissue calcification, organ damage and death in these mice. We analyzed mice longitudinally by echocardiography, X-ray-computed tomography, analytical electron microscopy, histology, mass spectrometry proteomics, and genome-wide microarray-based expression analyses of D2 wildtype and Ahsg-/- mice. Fetuin-A-deficient mice had calcified lesions in myocardium, lung, brown adipose tissue, reproductive organs, spleen, pancreas, kidney and the skin, associated with reduced growth, cardiac output and premature death. Importantly, early-stage calcified lesions presented in the lumen of the microvasculature suggesting precipitation of mineral containing complexes from the fluid phase of blood. Genome-wide expression analysis of calcified lesions and surrounding (not calcified) tissue, together with morphological observations, indicated that the calcification was not associated with osteochondrogenic cell differentiation, but rather with thrombosis and fibrosis. Collectively, these results demonstrate that soft tissue calcification can start by intravascular mineral deposition causing microvasculopathy, which impacts on growth, organ function and survival. Our study underscores the importance of fetuin-A and related systemic regulators of calcified matrix metabolism to prevent cardiovascular disease, especially in dysregulated mineral homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietta Herrmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Lab, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anne Babler
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Lab, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Irina Moshkova
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Lab, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Gremse
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Kusebauch
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Valentin Nelea
- Faculty of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine (Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rafael Kramann
- Division of Nephrology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert L. Moritz
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Marc D. McKee
- Faculty of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine (Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Willi Jahnen-Dechent
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Lab, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
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Eleftheriadou I, Tsilingiris D, Tentolouris A, Mourouzis I, Grigoropoulou P, Kapelios C, Pantos C, Makrilakis K, Tentolouris N. Association of Circulating Osteopontin Levels With Lower Extremity Arterial Disease in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2020; 19:180-189. [DOI: 10.1177/1534734619898097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is involved in the atherosclerotic and inflammatory process. In this article, we examined the relationship between circulating OPN levels with lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD) in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Seventy individuals with T2DM and 66 individuals without T2DM were recruited. Diagnosis of LEAD was based on the absence of triphasic waveform on the pedal arteries. Plasma OPN levels were determined by Luminex Multiplex immunoassay. LEAD was present in 34 (48.6%) patients with T2DM. In the diabetes cohort, individuals with LEAD had higher plasma OPN concentrations than those without LEAD (geometric mean [95% confidence intervals]; 43.4 [37.5-50.4] vs 26.1 [22.9-29.8] ng/mL, respectively, P < .001). Multivariable analysis showed that presence of LEAD independently associated with higher OPN levels in subjects with T2DM, with marginal statistical significance ( P = .049). In both cohorts, plasma OPN concentrations were negatively associated with ankle-brachial index values ( P < .05). In the total sample, there was a gradual increase of OPN levels across subgroups with triphasic, biphasic, and monophasic/blunted waveforms ( P < .001). In conclusion, plasma OPN levels are associated with the presence and severity of LEAD in subjects with T2DM. Further studies are needed to investigate the role of OPN in the pathogenesis and progression of LEAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Eleftheriadou
- Diabetes Center, First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tsilingiris
- Diabetes Center, First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios Tentolouris
- Diabetes Center, First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Iordanis Mourouzis
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Pinelopi Grigoropoulou
- Diabetes Center, First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Kapelios
- Diabetes Center, First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos Pantos
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Makrilakis
- Diabetes Center, First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Tentolouris
- Diabetes Center, First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Kim JM, Lee WS, Kim J. Therapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis based on bone-vascular axis hypothesis. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 206:107436. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Si J, Wang C, Zhang D, Wang B, Hou W, Zhou Y. Osteopontin in Bone Metabolism and Bone Diseases. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e919159. [PMID: 31996665 PMCID: PMC7003659 DOI: 10.12659/msm.919159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN), a secreted phosphoprotein, is a member of the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family of cell matrix proteins and participates in many biological activities. Studies have shown that OPN plays a role in bone metabolism and homeostasis. OPN not only is an important factor in neuron-mediated and endocrine-regulated bone mass, but also is involved in biological activities such as proliferation, migration, and adhesion of several bone-related cells, including bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts. OPN has been demonstrated to be closely related to the occurrence and development of many bone-related diseases, such as osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteosarcoma. As expected, the functions of OPN in the bone have become a research hotspot. In this article, we try to decipher the mechanism of OPN-regulated bone metabolism and bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Si
- Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Chaowei Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Denghui Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Bo Wang
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Hou
- Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines are necessary for an acute response to injury and the progressive healing process. However, when this acute response does not resolve and becomes chronic, the same proteins that once promoted healing then contribute to chronic inflammatory pathologies, such as atherosclerosis. OPN (Osteopontin) is a secreted matricellular cytokine that signals through integrin and CD44 receptors, is highly upregulated in acute and chronic inflammatory settings, and has been implicated in physiological and pathophysiologic processes. Evidence from the literature suggests that OPN may fit within the Goldilocks paradigm with respect to cardiovascular disease, where acute increases are protective, attenuate vascular calcification, and promote postischemic neovascularization. In contrast, chronic increases in OPN are clinically associated with an increased risk for a major adverse cardiovascular event, and OPN expression is a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease independent of traditional risk factors. With the recent finding that humans express multiple OPN isoforms as the result of alternative splicing and that these isoforms have distinct biologic functions, future studies are required to determine what OPN isoform(s) are expressed in the setting of vascular disease and what role each of these isoforms plays in vascular disease progression. This review aims to discuss our current understanding of the role(s) of OPN in vascular disease pathologies using evidence from in vitro, animal, and clinical studies. Where possible, we discuss what is known about OPN isoform expression and our understanding of OPN isoform contributions to cardiovascular disease pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Shin Yee Lok
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash Health, Clayton, Australia (Z.S.Y.L.)
| | - Alicia N Lyle
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (A.N.L.)
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Rogers MA, Aikawa E. Cardiovascular calcification: artificial intelligence and big data accelerate mechanistic discovery. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020; 16:261-274. [PMID: 30531869 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-018-0123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular calcification is a health disorder with increasing prevalence and high morbidity and mortality. The only available therapeutic options for calcific vascular and valvular heart disease are invasive transcatheter procedures or surgeries that do not fully address the wide spectrum of these conditions; therefore, an urgent need exists for medical options. Cardiovascular calcification is an active process, which provides a potential opportunity for effective therapeutic targeting. Numerous biological processes are involved in calcific disease, including matrix remodelling, transcriptional regulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, calcium and phosphate signalling, endoplasmic reticulum stress, lipid and mineral metabolism, autophagy, inflammation, apoptosis, loss of mineralization inhibition, impaired mineral resorption, cellular senescence and extracellular vesicles that act as precursors of microcalcification. Advances in molecular imaging and big data technology, including in multiomics and network medicine, and the integration of these approaches are helping to provide a more comprehensive map of human disease. In this Review, we discuss ectopic calcification processes in the cardiovascular system, with an emphasis on emerging mechanistic knowledge obtained through patient data and advances in imaging methods, experimental models and multiomics-generated big data. We also highlight the potential and challenges of artificial intelligence, machine learning and deep learning to integrate imaging and mechanistic data for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximillian A Rogers
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Lopera Higuita M, Griffiths LG. Small Diameter Xenogeneic Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds for Vascular Applications. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2019; 26:26-45. [PMID: 31663438 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2019.0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Currently, despite the success of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) remains among the most commonly performed cardiac surgical procedures in the United States. Unfortunately, the use of autologous grafts in CABG presents a major clinical challenge as complications due to autologous vessel harvest and limited vessel availability pose a significant setback in the success rate of CABG surgeries. Acellular extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds derived from xenogeneic vascular tissues have the potential to overcome these challenges, as they offer unlimited availability and sufficient length to serve as "off-the-shelf" CABGs. Unfortunately, regardless of numerous efforts to produce a fully functional small diameter xenogeneic ECM scaffold, the combination of factors required to overcome all failure mechanisms in a single graft remains elusive. This article covers the major failure mechanisms of current xenogeneic small diameter vessel ECM scaffolds, and reviews the recent advances in the field to overcome these failure mechanisms and ultimately develop a small diameter ECM xenogeneic scaffold for CABG. Impact Statement Currently, the use of autologous vessel in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is common practice. However, the use of autologous tissue poses significant complications due to tissue harvest and limited availability. Developing an alternative vessel for use in CABG can potentially increase the success rate of CABG surgery by eliminating complications related to the use of autologous vessel. However, this development has been hindered by an array of failure mechanisms that currently have not been overcome. This article describes the currently identified failure mechanisms of small diameter vascular xenogeneic extracellular matrix scaffolds and reviews current research targeted to overcoming these failure mechanisms toward ensuring long-term graft patency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leigh G Griffiths
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Zhang L, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Yu J, Zhang Y, Zeng F, Shi L. Role of the Balance of Akt and MAPK Pathways in the Exercise-Regulated Phenotype Switching in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225690. [PMID: 31766280 PMCID: PMC6888552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms regulating vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype switching and the critical signal modulation affecting the VSMCs remain controversial. Physical exercise acts as an effective drug in preventing elevated blood pressure and improving vascular function. This study was designed to explore the influence of aerobic exercise on the suppression of VSMC phenotype switching by balancing of the Akt, also known as PKB (protein kinase B) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and normotensive rats were subjected to exercise treatment before measuring the vascular morphological and structural performances. Exercise induced reverse expression of VSMC protein markers (α-SM-actin, calponin, and osteopontin (OPN)) in spontaneously hypertensive rats. It is noteworthy that the low expression of phosphorylated Akt significantly decreased the expression of VSMC contractile phenotype markers (α-SM-actin and calponin) and increased the expression of the VSMC synthetic phenotype marker (OPN). However, the MAPK signal pathway exerts an opposite effect. VSMCs and whole vessels were treated by inhibitors, namely the p-Akt inhibitor, p-ERK inhibitor, and p-p38 MAPK inhibitors. VSMC phenotype markers were reversed. It is important to note that a significant reverse regulatory relationship was observed between the expression levels of MAPK and the contractile markers in both normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. We demonstrate that aerobic exercise regulates the VSMC phenotype switching by balancing the Akt and MAPK signaling pathways in SHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jingjing Yu
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Fanxing Zeng
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Lijun Shi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6298-9582
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Sapkota M, Shrestha SK, Yang M, Park YR, Soh Y. Aloe-emodin inhibits osteogenic differentiation and calcification of mouse vascular smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 865:172772. [PMID: 31697934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification increases the risk of morbidity and mortality in patients with cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney diseases, and diabetes. However, viable therapeutic methods to target vascular calcification are limited. Aloe-emodin (AE), an anthraquinone is a natural compound found in the leaves of Aloe-vera. In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanism of AE in the calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and murine thoracic aorta. We demonstrate that AE repressed not only the phenotypes of Ca2+ induced calcification but also level of calcium in VSMCs. AE has no effect on cell viability in VSMC cells. Alizarin red, von Kossa stainings and calcium quantification showed that Ca2+ induced vascular calcification is significantly decreased by AE in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, AE attenuated Ca2+ induced calcification through inhibiting osteoblast differentiation genes such as SMAD4, collagen 1α, osteopontin (OPN), Runt-related transcription factor (RUNX-2) and Osterix. AE also suppressed Ca2+ induced osteoblast-related protein expression including collagen 1α, bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP-2), RUNX-2 and smooth muscle actin (SMA). Furthermore, Alizarin red, von Kossa stainings and calcium quantification showed that AE significantly inhibited the calcification of ex vivo ring formation in murine thoracic aorta, and markedly inhibited vitamin D3 induced medial aorta calcification in vivo. Taken together, our findings suggest that AE may have therapeutic potential for the prevention of vascular calcification program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Sapkota
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeon-Ju, 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Saroj Kumar Shrestha
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeon-Ju, 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeon-Ju, 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ran Park
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeon-Ju, 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjo Soh
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeon-Ju, 561-756, Republic of Korea.
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Stern C, Scharinger B, Tuerkcan A, Nebert C, Mimler T, Baranyi U, Doppler C, Aschacher T, Andreas M, Stelzmueller ME, Ehrlich M, Graf A, Laufer G, Bernhard D, Messner B. Strong Signs for a Weak Wall in Tricuspid Aortic Valve Associated Aneurysms and a Role for Osteopontin in Bicuspid Aortic Valve Associated Aneurysms. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194782. [PMID: 31561491 PMCID: PMC6802355 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Central processes in the pathogenesis of TAV- (tricuspid aortic valve) and BAV- (bicuspid aortic valve) associated ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm (ATAA) development are still unknown. To gain new insights, we have collected aortic tissue and isolated smooth muscle cells of aneurysmal tissue and subjected them to in situ and in vitro analyses. We analyzed aortic tissue from 78 patients (31 controls, 28 TAV-ATAAs, and 19 BAV-ATAAs) and established 30 primary smooth muscle cell cultures. Analyses included histochemistry, immuno-, auto-fluorescence-based image analyses, and cellular analyses including smooth muscle cell contraction studies. With regard to TAV associated aneurysms, we observed a strong impairment of the vascular wall, which appears on different levels—structure and dimension of the layers (reduced media thickness, increased intima thickness, atherosclerotic changes, degeneration of aortic media, decrease of collagen, and increase of elastic fiber free area) as well as on the cellular level (accumulation of fibroblasts/myofibroblasts, and increase in the number of smooth muscle cells with a reduced alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SM actin) content per cell). The pathological changes in the aortic wall of BAV patients were much less pronounced—apart from an increased expression of osteopontin (OPN) in the vascular wall which stem from smooth muscle cells, we observed a trend towards increased calcification of the aortic wall (increase significantly associated with age). These observations provide strong evidence for different pathological processes and different disease mechanisms to occur in BAV- and TAV-associated aneurysms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Stern
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute for Physiology, Medical Faculty of the Martin-Luther- University, 06112 Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Scharinger
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Radiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Adrian Tuerkcan
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Clemens Nebert
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Teresa Mimler
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ulrike Baranyi
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christian Doppler
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, University Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
- Division for Pathophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4020 Linz, Austria.
| | - Thomas Aschacher
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Surgery, Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Martin Andreas
- Department of Surgery, Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Marek Ehrlich
- Department of Surgery, Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Alexandra Graf
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Guenther Laufer
- Department of Surgery, Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - David Bernhard
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, University Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
- Division for Pathophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4020 Linz, Austria.
| | - Barbara Messner
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Dillon S, Staines KA, Millán JL, Farquharson C. How To Build a Bone: PHOSPHO1, Biomineralization, and Beyond. JBMR Plus 2019; 3:e10202. [PMID: 31372594 PMCID: PMC6659447 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its characterization two decades ago, the phosphatase PHOSPHO1 has been the subject of an increasing focus of research. This work has elucidated PHOSPHO1's central role in the biomineralization of bone and other hard tissues, but has also implicated the enzyme in other biological processes in health and disease. During mineralization PHOSPHO1 liberates inorganic phosphate (Pi) to be incorporated into the mineral phase through hydrolysis of its substrates phosphocholine (PCho) and phosphoethanolamine (PEA). Localization of PHOSPHO1 within matrix vesicles allows accumulation of Pi within a protected environment where mineral crystals may nucleate and subsequently invade the organic collagenous scaffold. Here, we examine the evidence for this process, first discussing the discovery and characterization of PHOSPHO1, before considering experimental evidence for its canonical role in matrix vesicle–mediated biomineralization. We also contemplate roles for PHOSPHO1 in disorders of dysregulated mineralization such as vascular calcification, along with emerging evidence of its activity in other systems including choline synthesis and homeostasis, and energy metabolism. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Dillon
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Midlothian UK
| | | | - José Luis Millán
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla CA USA
| | - Colin Farquharson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Midlothian UK
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