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Li J, Yang Z, Kawajiri A, Sato K, Tayama S, Ishii N, Zhu J, Kawabe T. Excess generation and activation of naturally arising memory-phenotype CD4 + T lymphocytes are inhibited by regulatory T cells in steady state. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1429954. [PMID: 39221254 PMCID: PMC11361994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1429954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventional CD4+ T lymphocytes consist of naïve, foreign antigen-specific memory, and self-antigen-driven memory-phenotype (MP) cell compartments at homeostasis. We recently showed that MP cells tonically proliferate in response to self-antigens and differentiate into the T-bet+ subset in steady state. How excess proliferation and differentiation of MP cells are inhibited remains unclear. Given immunosuppressive function of regulatory T cells (Tregs), it is possible that they are also involved in inhibition of spontaneous MP cell activation. Here we show using Foxp3-diphtheria toxin receptor-transgenic mice that both MP and naïve CD4+ T cells spontaneously proliferate and differentiate into Th1 cells upon acute Treg depletion. At an early time point post Treg depletion, MP as compared to naïve CD4+ T cells are preferentially activated while at a later stage, the response is dominated by activated cells originated from the naïve pool. Moreover, we argue that MP cell proliferation is driven by TCR and CD28 signaling whereas Th1 differentiation mediated by IL-2. Furthermore, our data indicate that such activation of MP and naïve CD4+ T lymphocytes contribute to development of multi-organ inflammation at early and later time points, respectively, after Treg ablation. Together our findings reveal that Tregs tonically inhibit early, spontaneous proliferation and Th1 differentiation of MP CD4+ T lymphocytes as well as late activation of naïve cells, thereby contributing to maintenance of T cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ziying Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Akihisa Kawajiri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kosuke Sato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shunichi Tayama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Naoto Ishii
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Takeshi Kawabe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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2
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Bullock ME, Hogan T, Williams C, Morris S, Nowicka M, Sharjeel M, van Dorp C, Yates AJ, Seddon B. The dynamics and longevity of circulating CD4+ memory T cells depend on cell age and not the chronological age of the host. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002380. [PMID: 39137219 PMCID: PMC11321570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Quantifying the kinetics with which memory T cell populations are generated and maintained is essential for identifying the determinants of the duration of immunity. The quality and persistence of circulating CD4 effector memory (TEM) and central memory (TCM) T cells in mice appear to shift with age, but it is unclear whether these changes are driven by the aging host environment, by cell age effects, or both. Here, we address these issues by combining DNA labelling methods, established fate-mapping systems, a novel reporter mouse strain, and mathematical models. Together, these allow us to quantify the dynamics of both young and established circulating memory CD4 T cell subsets, within both young and old mice. We show that that these cells and their descendents become more persistent the longer they reside within the TCM and TEM pools. This behaviour may limit memory CD4 T cell diversity by skewing TCR repertoires towards clones generated early in life, but may also compensate for functional defects in new memory cells generated in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Elise Bullock
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thea Hogan
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cayman Williams
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sinead Morris
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Maria Nowicka
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Minahil Sharjeel
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christiaan van Dorp
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Yates
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Benedict Seddon
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Bullock ME, Hogan T, Williams C, Morris S, Nowicka M, Sharjeel M, van Dorp C, Yates AJ, Seddon B. The dynamics and longevity of circulating CD4 + memory T cells depend on cell age and not the chronological age of the host. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.16.562650. [PMID: 38948729 PMCID: PMC11212895 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.16.562650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Quantifying the kinetics with which memory T cell populations are generated and maintained is essential for identifying the determinants of the duration of immunity. The quality and persistence of circulating CD4+ effector memory (TEM) and central memory (TCM) T cells in mice appear to shift with age, but it is unclear whether these changes are driven by the aging host environment, by cell age effects, or both. Here we address these issues by combining DNA labelling methods, established fate-mapping systems, a novel reporter mouse strain, and mathematical models. Together, these allow us to quantify the dynamics of both young and established circulating memory CD4+ T cell subsets, within both young and old mice. We show that that these cells and their descendents become more persistent the longer they reside within the TCM and TEM pools. This behaviour may limit memory CD4 T cell diversity by skewing TCR repertoires towards clones generated early in life, but may also compensate for functional defects in new memory cells generated in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Elise Bullock
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Thea Hogan
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Cayman Williams
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Sinead Morris
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Maria Nowicka
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Minahil Sharjeel
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Christiaan van Dorp
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Andrew J. Yates
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Benedict Seddon
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
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4
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Lam N, Lee Y, Farber DL. A guide to adaptive immune memory. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01040-6. [PMID: 38831162 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Immune memory - comprising T cells, B cells and plasma cells and their secreted antibodies - is crucial for human survival. It enables the rapid and effective clearance of a pathogen after re-exposure, to minimize damage to the host. When antigen-experienced, memory T cells become activated, they proliferate and produce effector molecules at faster rates and in greater magnitudes than antigen-inexperienced, naive cells. Similarly, memory B cells become activated and differentiate into antibody-secreting cells more rapidly than naive B cells, and they undergo processes that increase their affinity for antigen. The ability of T cells and B cells to form memory cells after antigen exposure is the rationale behind vaccination. Understanding immune memory not only is crucial for the design of more-efficacious vaccines but also has important implications for immunotherapies in infectious disease and cancer. This 'guide to' article provides an overview of the current understanding of the phenotype, function, location, and pathways for the generation, maintenance and protective capacity of memory T cells and memory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Lam
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - YoonSeung Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donna L Farber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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5
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Ikeogu N, Ajibola O, Zayats R, Murooka TT. Identifying physiological tissue niches that support the HIV reservoir in T cells. mBio 2023; 14:e0205323. [PMID: 37747190 PMCID: PMC10653859 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02053-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful antiretroviral therapy (ART) can efficiently suppress Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) replication to undetectable levels, but rare populations of infected memory CD4+ T cells continue to persist, complicating viral eradication efforts. Memory T cells utilize distinct homing and adhesion molecules to enter, exit, or establish residence at diverse tissue sites, integrating cellular and environmental cues that maintain homeostasis and life-long protection against pathogens. Critical roles for T cell receptor and cytokine signals driving clonal expansion and memory generation during immunity generation are well established, but whether HIV-infected T cells can utilize similar mechanisms for their own long-term survival is unclear. How infected, but transcriptionally silent T cells maintain their recirculation potential through blood and peripheral tissues, or whether they acquire new capabilities to establish unique peripheral tissue niches, is also not well understood. In this review, we will discuss the cellular and molecular cues that are important for memory T cell homeostasis and highlight opportunities for HIV to hijack normal immunological processes to establish long-term viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nnamdi Ikeogu
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Oluwaseun Ajibola
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Romaniya Zayats
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Thomas T. Murooka
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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6
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Connors TJ, Matsumoto R, Verma S, Szabo PA, Guyer R, Gray J, Wang Z, Thapa P, Dogra P, Poon MML, Rybkina K, Bradley MC, Idzikowski E, McNichols J, Kubota M, Pethe K, Shen Y, Atkinson MA, Brusko M, Brusko TM, Yates AJ, Sims PA, Farber DL. Site-specific development and progressive maturation of human tissue-resident memory T cells over infancy and childhood. Immunity 2023; 56:1894-1909.e5. [PMID: 37421943 PMCID: PMC10527943 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Infancy and childhood are critical life stages for generating immune memory to protect against pathogens; however, the timing, location, and pathways for memory development in humans remain elusive. Here, we investigated T cells in mucosal sites, lymphoid tissues, and blood from 96 pediatric donors aged 0-10 years using phenotypic, functional, and transcriptomic profiling. Our results revealed that memory T cells preferentially localized in the intestines and lungs during infancy and accumulated more rapidly in mucosal sites compared with blood and lymphoid organs, consistent with site-specific antigen exposure. Early life mucosal memory T cells exhibit distinct functional capacities and stem-like transcriptional profiles. In later childhood, they progressively adopt proinflammatory functions and tissue-resident signatures, coincident with increased T cell receptor (TCR) clonal expansion in mucosal and lymphoid sites. Together, our findings identify staged development of memory T cells targeted to tissues during the formative years, informing how we might promote and monitor immunity in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Connors
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rei Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Shivali Verma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Peter A Szabo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rebecca Guyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Joshua Gray
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Zicheng Wang
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Puspa Thapa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Pranay Dogra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Maya M L Poon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ksenia Rybkina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Marissa C Bradley
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Emma Idzikowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - James McNichols
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Masaru Kubota
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kalpana Pethe
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yufeng Shen
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Maigan Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Andrew J Yates
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Peter A Sims
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Donna L Farber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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7
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Jalili A, Hajifathali A, Mohammadian M, Sankanian G, Sayahinouri M, Dehghani Ghorbi M, Roshandel E, Aghdami N. Virus-Specific T Cells: Promising Adoptive T Cell Therapy Against Infectious Diseases Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Adv Pharm Bull 2023; 13:469-482. [PMID: 37646062 PMCID: PMC10460803 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2023.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a life-saving therapy for various hematologic disorders. Due to the bone marrow suppression and its long recovery period, secondary infections, like cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Bar virus (EBV), and adenovirus (AdV), are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in HSCT cases. Drug resistance to the antiviral pharmacotherapies makes researchers develop adoptive T cell therapies like virus-specific T cell therapy. These studies have faced major challenges such as finding the most effective T cell expansion methods, isolating the expected subtype, defining the functionality of the end-cell population, product quality control, and clinical complications after the injection. This review discusses the viral infections after HSCT, T cells characteristics during chronic viral infection, application of virus-specific T cells (VSTs) for refractory infections, standard methods for producing VSTs and their limitation, clinical experiences on VSTs, focusing on outcomes and side effects that can be helpful in decision-making for patients and further researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsalan Jalili
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Advanced Medical Technologies, Royan Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran
| | - Abbas Hajifathali
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mozhdeh Mohammadian
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Sankanian
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Sayahinouri
- Department of Immunology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Parvaz Research Ideas Supporter institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Dehghani Ghorbi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Imam Hossein Hospital, School of Medicine Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Roshandel
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasser Aghdami
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Kawabe T. Homeostasis and immunological function of self-driven memory-phenotype CD4 + T lymphocytes. Immunol Med 2023; 46:1-8. [PMID: 36218322 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2022.2129370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T lymphocytes play an essential role in adaptive immune responses. In pathogen infection, naïve CD4+ T cells that strongly respond to foreign antigens robustly proliferate to differentiate into effector/memory cells, contributing to elimination of the pathogen concerned. In addition to this conventional T cell activation pathway, naïve T cells can also weakly respond to self antigens in the periphery to spontaneously acquire a memory phenotype through homeostatic proliferation in steady state. Such 'memory-phenotype' (MP) CD4+ T lymphocytes are distinguishable from foreign antigen-specific memory cells in terms of marker expression. Once generated, MP cells are maintained by rapid proliferation while differentiating into the T-bet+ 'MP1' subset, with the latter response promoted by IL-12 homeostatically produced by type 1 dendritic cells. Importantly, MP1 cells possess innate immune function; they can produce IFN-γ in response to IL-12 and IL-18 to contribute to host defense against pathogens. Similarly, the presence of RORγt+ 'MP17' and Gata3hi 'MP2' cells as well as their potential immune functions have been proposed. In this review, I will discuss our current understanding on the unique mechanisms of generation, maintenance, and differentiation of MP CD4+ T lymphocytes as well as their functional significance in various disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kawabe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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9
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Khetan P, Liu Y, Dhummakupt A, Persaud D. Advances in Pediatric HIV-1 Cure Therapies and Reservoir Assays. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122608. [PMID: 36560612 PMCID: PMC9787749 DOI: 10.3390/v14122608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant advances in the field of HIV-1 therapeutics to achieve antiretroviral treatment (ART)-free remission and cure for persons living with HIV-1 are being made with the advent of broadly neutralizing antibodies and very early ART in perinatal infection. The need for HIV-1 remission and cure arises due to the inability of ART to eradicate the major reservoir for HIV-1 in resting memory CD4+ T cells (the latent reservoir), and the strict adherence to lifelong treatment. To measure the efficacy of these cure interventions on reservoir size and to dissect reservoir dynamics, assays that are sensitive and specific to intact proviruses are critical. In this review, we provided a broad overview of some of the key interventions underway to purge the reservoir in adults living with HIV-1 and ones under study in pediatric populations to reduce and control the latent reservoir, primarily focusing on very early treatment in combination with broadly neutralizing antibodies. We also summarized assays currently in use to measure HIV-1 reservoirs and their feasibility and considerations for studies in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Khetan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yufeng Liu
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Adit Dhummakupt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Deborah Persaud
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-443-287-3735
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10
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Regulation of CD4 T Cell Responses by the Transcription Factor Eomesodermin. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12111549. [PMID: 36358898 PMCID: PMC9687629 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Central to the impacts of CD4 T cells, both positive in settings of infectious disease and cancer and negative in the settings of autoimmunity and allergy, is their ability to differentiate into distinct effector subsets with specialized functions. The programming required to support such responses is largely dictated by lineage-specifying transcription factors, often called ‘master regulators’. However, it is increasingly clear that many aspects of CD4 T cell immunobiology that can determine the outcomes of disease states involve a broader transcriptional network. Eomesodermin (Eomes) is emerging as an important member of this class of transcription factors. While best studied in CD8 T cells and NK cells, an increasing body of work has focused on impacts of Eomes expression in CD4 T cell responses in an array of different settings. Here, we focus on the varied impacts reported in these studies that, together, indicate the potential of targeting Eomes expression in CD4 T cells as a strategy to improve a variety of clinical outcomes.
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11
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Mapping autophagosome contents identifies interleukin-7 receptor-α as a key cargo modulating CD4+ T cell proliferation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5174. [PMID: 36055998 PMCID: PMC9440129 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are pivotal cells playing roles in the orchestration of humoral and cytotoxic immune responses. It is known that CD4+ T cell proliferation relies on autophagy, but identification of the autophagosomal cargo involved is missing. Here we create a transgenic mouse model, to enable direct mapping of the proteinaceous content of autophagosomes in primary cells by LC3 proximity labelling. Interleukin-7 receptor-α, a cytokine receptor mostly found in naïve and memory T cells, is reproducibly detected in autophagosomes of activated CD4+ T cells. Consistently, CD4+ T cells lacking autophagy show increased interleukin-7 receptor-α surface expression, while no defect in internalisation is observed. Mechanistically, excessive surface interleukin-7 receptor-α sequestrates the common gamma chain, impairing the interleukin-2 receptor assembly and downstream signalling crucial for T cell proliferation. This study shows that key autophagy substrates can be reliably identified in this mouse model and help mechanistically unravel autophagy's contribution to healthy physiology and disease.
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12
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Naoun AA, Raphael I, Forsthuber TG. Immunoregulation via Cell Density and Quorum Sensing-like Mechanisms: An Underexplored Emerging Field with Potential Translational Implications. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152442. [PMID: 35954285 PMCID: PMC9368058 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) was historically described as a mechanism by which bacteria detect and optimize their population density via gene regulation based on dynamic environmental cues. Recently, it was proposed that QS or similar mechanisms may have broader applications across different species and cell types. Indeed, emerging evidence shows that the mammalian immune system can also elicit coordinated responses on a population level to regulate cell density and function, thus suggesting that QS-like mechanisms may also be a beneficial trait of the immune system. In this review, we explore and discuss potential QS-like mechanisms deployed by the immune system to coordinate cellular-level responses, such as T cell responses mediated via the common gamma chain (γc) receptor cytokines and the aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhRs). We present evidence regarding a novel role of QS as a multifunctional mechanism coordinating CD4+ and CD8+ T cell behavior during steady state and in response to infection, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Successful clinical therapies such as adoptive cell transfer for cancer treatment may be re-evaluated to harness the effects of the QS mechanism(s) and enhance treatment responsiveness. Moreover, we discuss how signaling threshold perturbations through QS-like mediators may result in disturbances of the complex crosstalk between immune cell populations, undesired T cell responses, and induction of autoimmune pathology. Finally, we discuss the potential therapeutic role of modulating immune-system-related QS as a promising avenue to treat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian A. Naoun
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Itay Raphael
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15217, USA
- Correspondence: (I.R.); (T.G.F.)
| | - Thomas G. Forsthuber
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- Correspondence: (I.R.); (T.G.F.)
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13
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Kautzman AM, Mobulakani JMF, Marrero Cofino G, Quenum AJI, Cayarga AA, Asselin C, Fortier LC, Ilangumaran S, Menendez A, Ramanathan S. Interleukin 15 in murine models of colitis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 306:1111-1130. [PMID: 35899872 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are characterized by abnormal, non-antigen specific chronic inflammation of unknown etiology. Genome-wide association studies show that many IBD genetic susceptibility loci map to immune function genes and compelling evidence indicate that environmental factors play a critical role in IBD pathogenesis. Clinical and experimental evidence implicate the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-15 in the pathogenesis of IBD. IL-15 and IL-15α expression is increased in the inflamed mucosa of IBD patients. IL-15 contributes to the maintenance of different cell subsets in the intestinal mucosa. However, very few studies have addressed the role of IL-15 in pre-clinical models of colitis. In this study, we use three well-characterized models of experimental colitis to determine the contribution of IL-15 to pathological intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Molina Kautzman
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Gisela Marrero Cofino
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Anny Armas Cayarga
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Claude Asselin
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louis-Charles Fortier
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Subburaj Ilangumaran
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alfredo Menendez
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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14
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Kawabe T, Ciucci T, Kim KS, Tayama S, Kawajiri A, Suzuki T, Tanaka R, Ishii N, Jankovic D, Zhu J, Sprent J, Bosselut R, Sher A. Redefining the Foreign Antigen and Self-Driven Memory CD4 + T-Cell Compartments via Transcriptomic, Phenotypic, and Functional Analyses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:870542. [PMID: 35707543 PMCID: PMC9190281 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.870542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Under steady-state conditions, conventional CD4+ T lymphocytes are classically divided into naïve (CD44lo CD62Lhi) and memory (CD44hi CD62Llo) cell compartments. While the latter population is presumed to comprise a mixture of distinct subpopulations of explicit foreign antigen (Ag)-specific “authentic” memory and foreign Ag-independent memory-phenotype (MP) cells, phenotypic markers differentially expressed in these two cell types have yet to be identified. Moreover, while MP cells themselves have been previously described as heterogeneous, it is unknown whether they consist of distinct subsets defined by marker expression. In this study, we demonstrate using combined single-cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometric approaches that self-driven MP CD4+ T lymphocytes are divided into CD127hi Sca1lo, CD127hi Sca1hi, CD127lo Sca1hi, and CD127lo Sca1lo subpopulations that are Bcl2lo, while foreign Ag-specific memory cells are CD127hi Sca1hi Bcl2hi. We further show that among the four MP subsets, CD127hi Sca1hi lymphocytes represent the most mature and cell division-experienced subpopulation derived from peripheral naïve precursors. Finally, we provide evidence arguing that this MP subpopulation exerts the highest responsiveness to Th1-differentiating cytokines and can induce colitis. Together, our findings define MP CD4+ T lymphocytes as a unique, self-driven population consisting of distinct subsets that differ from conventional foreign Ag-specific memory cells in marker expression and establish functional relevance for the mature subset of CD127hi Sca1hi MP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kawabe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Thomas Ciucci
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Kwang Soon Kim
- Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Shunichi Tayama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akihisa Kawajiri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takumi Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Riou Tanaka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Naoto Ishii
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Dragana Jankovic
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jonathan Sprent
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rémy Bosselut
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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15
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Meghnem D, Maillasson M, Barbieux I, Morisseau S, Keita D, Jacques Y, Quéméner A, Mortier E. Selective Targeting of IL-15Rα Is Sufficient to Reduce Inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:886213. [PMID: 35592318 PMCID: PMC9110858 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are crucial molecules for maintaining the proper functioning of the immune system. Nevertheless, a dysregulation of cytokine expression could be involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Interleukin (IL)-15 is a key factor for natural killer cells (NK) and CD8 T cells homeostasis, necessary to fight cancer and infections but could also be considered as a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in autoimmune inflammatory disease, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, along with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, and IL-1β. The molecular mechanisms by which IL-15 exerts its inflammatory function in these diseases are still unclear. In this study, we generated an IL-15-derived molecule called NANTIL-15 (New ANTagonist of IL-15), designed to selectively inhibit the action of IL-15 through the high-affinity trimeric IL-15Rα/IL-2Rβ/γc receptor while leaving IL-15 signaling through the dimeric IL-2Rβ/γc receptor unaffected. Administrating of NANTIL-15 in healthy mice did not affect the IL-15-dependent cell populations such as NK and CD8 T cells. In contrast, we found that NANTIL-15 efficiently reduced signs of inflammation in a collagen-induced arthritis model. These observations demonstrate that the inflammatory properties of IL-15 are linked to its action through the trimeric IL-15Rα/IL-2Rβ/γc receptor, highlighting the interest of selectively targeting this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dihia Meghnem
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Mike Maillasson
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France.,Nantes University, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Bonamy, UMS BioCore, IMPACT Platform, Nantes, France
| | - Isabelle Barbieux
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Sébastien Morisseau
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France.,Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU), Nantes Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Dalloba Keita
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Yannick Jacques
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Agnès Quéméner
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Erwan Mortier
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France.,Nantes University, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Bonamy, UMS BioCore, IMPACT Platform, Nantes, France
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16
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Fleury M, Vazquez-Mateo C, Hernandez-Escalante J, Dooms H. Partial STAT5 signaling is sufficient for CD4 + T cell priming but not memory formation. Cytokine 2022; 150:155770. [PMID: 34839177 PMCID: PMC8761165 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) plays an important role in regulating gene expression in response to cytokines of the common (γc) chain family. In this capacity, STAT5 promotes CD8+ effector and memory T cell survival and regulatory T cell development. However, its function in conventional CD4+ T cells is less clear. In this study, the requirement of intact STAT5 signaling for CD4+ effector and memory T cell generation and maintenance was investigated by using DO11.10 TCR transgenic T cells that are genetically deficient in STAT5A or B, as well as by transducing DO11 T cells with a dominant-negative STAT5 to temporally block STAT5 function. We found that the presence of STAT5A or B alone was sufficient for primary CD4+ effector T cell generation, but not for establishing a long-lived memory cell population. Similarly, blocking STAT5 signaling during priming did not prevent initial T cell activation, but inhibited the generation of memory cells. Surprisingly, blocking STAT5 post-priming did not impact the long-term survival of CD4+ memory T cells in vivo. Mechanistically, intact STAT5B, but not STAT5A, was required for IL-7Rα re-expression in activated T cells, which is an important cytokine receptor for CD4+ memory generation. These data show that fully functional STAT5 is essential to deliver an early, non-redundant signal for memory programming during the primary CD4+ T cell response, while partial STAT5 signaling is sufficient for effector differentiation. Our results have implications for the precise use of STAT5 inhibitors to timely inhibit memory T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Fleury
- Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Rheumatology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA 02118, United States; Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA 02118, United States
| | - Cristina Vazquez-Mateo
- Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Rheumatology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA 02118, United States
| | - Jaileene Hernandez-Escalante
- Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Rheumatology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA 02118, United States; Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA 02118, United States
| | - Hans Dooms
- Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Rheumatology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA 02118, United States; Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA 02118, United States; Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94143, United States.
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17
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Kawabe T, Sher A. Memory-phenotype CD4+ T cells: a naturally arising T lymphocyte population possessing innate immune function. Int Immunol 2021; 34:189-196. [PMID: 34897483 PMCID: PMC8962445 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In conventional adaptive immune responses, upon recognition of foreign antigens, naive CD4+ T lymphocytes are activated to differentiate into effector/memory cells. In addition, emerging evidence suggests that in the steady state, naive CD4+ T cells spontaneously proliferate in response to self-antigens to acquire a memory phenotype (MP) through homeostatic proliferation. This expansion is particularly profound in lymphopenic environments but also occurs in lymphoreplete, normal conditions. The 'MP T lymphocytes' generated in this manner are maintained by rapid proliferation in the periphery and they tonically differentiate into T-bet-expressing 'MP1' cells. Such MP1 CD4+ T lymphocytes can exert innate effector function, producing IFN-γ in response to IL-12 in the absence of antigen recognition, thereby contributing to host defense. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of how MP T lymphocytes are generated and persist in steady-state conditions, their populational heterogeneity as well as the evidence for their effector function. We will also compare these properties with those of a similar population of innate memory cells previously identified in the CD8+ T lymphocyte lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kawabe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan,Correspondence to: T. Kawabe; E-mail: or A. Sher; E-mail:
| | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,Correspondence to: T. Kawabe; E-mail: or A. Sher; E-mail:
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18
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Krueger PD, Osum KC, Jenkins MK. CD4 + Memory T-Cell Formation during Type 1 Immune Responses. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:a038141. [PMID: 33903156 PMCID: PMC8635001 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Naive CD4+ T cells become memory cells after proliferating in response to their cognate major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII)-bound peptide and passing through an effector cell stage. The process by which CD4+ memory T cells emerge from the effector cell pool, however, is less well understood than in the case of CD8+ T cells. During certain acute infections, naive CD4+ T cells proliferate and differentiate into various forms of type 1 (Th1) and follicular helper (Tfh) effector cells. We review the evidence that about 10% of the cells in each of these subsets survive to become memory cells that resemble their effector cell precursors. The roles that asymmetric cell division, the TCF-1 transcription factor, metabolic activity, reactive oxygen species, and the IL-7 receptor play in the effector to memory cell transition are discussed. We propose a speculative model in which the metabolic activity needed for rapid clonal expansion also generates toxic products that induce apoptosis in most effector cells. Memory cells then arise from the effector cells in each subset that are at the low end of the metabolic activity spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Krueger
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Kevin C Osum
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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19
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Kenesei Á, Volkó J, Szalóki N, Mocsár G, Jambrovics K, Balajthy Z, Bodnár A, Tóth K, Waldmann TA, Vámosi G. IL-15 Trans-Presentation Is an Autonomous, Antigen-Independent Process. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2489-2500. [PMID: 34654688 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-15 plays a pivotal role in the long-term survival of T cells and immunological memory. Its receptor consists of three subunits (IL-15Rα, IL-2/15Rβ, and γc). IL-15 functions mainly via trans-presentation (TP), during which an APC expressing IL-15 bound to IL-15Rα presents the ligand to the βγc receptor-heterodimer on a neighboring T/NK cell. To date, no direct biophysical evidence for the intercellular assembly of the IL-15R heterotrimer exists. Ag presentation (AP), the initial step of T cell activation, is also based on APC-T cell interaction. We were compelled to ask whether AP has any effect on IL-15 TP or whether they are independent processes. In our human Raji B cell-Jurkat T cell model system, we monitored inter-/intracellular protein interactions upon formation of IL-15 TP and AP receptor complexes by Förster resonance energy transfer measurements. We detected enrichment of IL-15Rα and IL-2/15Rβ at the synapse and positive Förster resonance energy transfer efficiency if Raji cells were pretreated with IL-15, giving direct biophysical evidence for IL-15 TP. IL-15Rα and MHC class II interacted and translocated jointly to the immunological synapse when either ligand was present, whereas IL-2/15Rβ and CD3 moved independently of each other. IL-15 TP initiated STAT5 phosphorylation in Jurkat cells, which was not further enhanced by AP. Conversely, IL-15 treatment slightly attenuated Ag-induced phosphorylation of the CD3ζ chain. Our studies prove that in our model system, IL-15 TP and AP can occur independently, and although AP enhances IL-15R assembly, it has no significant effect on IL-15 signaling during TP. Thus, IL-15 TP can be considered an autonomous, Ag-independent process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Kenesei
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Julianna Volkó
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nikoletta Szalóki
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Mocsár
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Károly Jambrovics
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Balajthy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Bodnár
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katalin Tóth
- Division of Biophysics of Macromolecules, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - György Vámosi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary;
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20
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Fang F, Cao W, Zhu W, Lam N, Li L, Gaddam S, Wang Y, Kim C, Lambert S, Zhang H, Hu B, Farber DL, Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ. The cell-surface 5'-nucleotidase CD73 defines a functional T memory cell subset that declines with age. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109981. [PMID: 34758299 PMCID: PMC8612175 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory T cells exhibit considerable diversity that determines their ability to be protective. Here, we examine whether changes in T cell heterogeneity contribute to the age-associated failure of immune memory. By screening for age-dependent T cell-surface markers, we identify CD4 and CD8 memory T cell subsets that are unrelated to previously defined subsets of central and effector memory cells. Memory T cells expressing the ecto-5'-nucleotidase CD73 constitute a functionally distinct subset of memory T cells that declines with age. They resemble long-lived, polyfunctional memory cells but are also poised to display effector functions and to develop into cells resembling tissue-resident memory T cells (TRMs). Upstream regulators of differential chromatin accessibility and transcriptomes include transcription factors that facilitate CD73 expression and regulate TRM differentiation. CD73 is not just a surrogate marker of these regulatory networks but is directly involved in T cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqin Fang
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Wenqiang Cao
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, US
| | - Weikang Zhu
- CEMS, NCMIS, HCMS, MDIS, Academy of Mathematics & Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Nora Lam
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lingjie Li
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Sadhana Gaddam
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- CEMS, NCMIS, HCMS, MDIS, Academy of Mathematics & Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Chulwoo Kim
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Simon Lambert
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, US
| | - Bin Hu
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Donna L Farber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Cornelia M Weyand
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, US
| | - Jörg J Goronzy
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, US.
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21
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Abstract
Conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes comprise a mixture of naive and memory cells. Generation and survival of these T-cell subsets is under strict homeostatic control and reflects contact with self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and certain cytokines. Naive T cells arise in the thymus via T-cell receptor (TCR)-dependent positive selection to self-peptide/MHC complexes and are then maintained in the periphery through self-MHC interaction plus stimulation via interleukin-7 (IL-7). By contrast, memory T cells are largely MHC-independent for their survival but depend strongly on stimulation via cytokines. Whereas typical memory T cells are generated in response to foreign antigens, some arise spontaneously through contact of naive precursors with self-MHC ligands; we refer to these cells as memory-phenotype (MP) T cells. In this review, we discuss the generation and homeostasis of naive T cells and these two types of memory T cells, focusing on their relative interaction with MHC ligands and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kawabe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Jaeu Yi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Jonathan Sprent
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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22
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Yaneske E, Zampieri G, Bertoldi L, Benvenuto G, Angione C. Genome-scale metabolic modelling of SARS-CoV-2 in cancer cells reveals an increased shift to glycolytic energy production. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:2350-2365. [PMID: 34409594 PMCID: PMC8427129 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is considered a high‐risk condition for severe illness resulting from COVID‐19. The interaction between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and human metabolism is key to elucidating the risk posed by COVID‐19 for cancer patients and identifying effective treatments, yet it is largely uncharacterised on a mechanistic level. We present a genome‐scale map of short‐term metabolic alterations triggered by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection of cancer cells. Through transcriptomic‐ and proteomic‐informed genome‐scale metabolic modelling, we characterise the role of RNA and fatty acid biosynthesis in conjunction with a rewiring in energy production pathways and enhanced cytokine secretion. These findings link together complementary aspects of viral invasion of cancer cells, while providing mechanistic insights that can inform the development of treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Yaneske
- School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Guido Zampieri
- School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.,Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy
| | | | | | - Claudio Angione
- School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.,Healthcare Innovation Centre, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.,Centre for Digital Innovation, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
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23
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Darville T. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis: Immune Evasion Mechanisms and Pathogenic Disease Pathways. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:S39-S46. [PMID: 34396413 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) results from ascension of sexually transmitted pathogens from the lower genital tract to the uterus and/or fallopian tubes in women, with potential spread to neighboring pelvic organs. Patients may present acutely with lower abdominal or pelvic pain and pelvic organ tenderness. Many have subtle symptoms or are asymptomatic and present later with tubal factor infertility, ectopic pregnancy, or chronic pelvic pain. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis are the 2 most commonly recognized PID pathogens. Their ability to survive within host epithelial cells and neutrophils highlights a need for T-cell-mediated production of interferon γ in protection. Data indicate that for both pathogens, antibody can accelerate clearance by enhancing opsonophagocytosis and bacterial killing when interferon γ is present. A study of women with N. gonorrhoeae- and/or C. trachomatis-induced PID with histologic endometritis revealed activation of myeloid cell, cell death, and innate inflammatory pathways in conjunction with dampening of T-cell activation pathways. These findings are supported by multiple studies in mouse models of monoinfection with N. gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia spp. Both pathogens exert multiple mechanisms of immune evasion that benefit themselves and each other at the expense of the host. However, similarities in host immune mechanisms that defend against these 2 bacterial pathogens instill optimism for the prospects of a combined vaccine for prevention of PID and infections in both women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Darville
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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24
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Rausch JW, Le Grice SFJ. Characterizing the Latent HIV-1 Reservoir in Patients with Viremia Suppressed on cART: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. Curr HIV Res 2021; 18:99-113. [PMID: 31889490 PMCID: PMC7475929 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x18666191231105438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Modern combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) can bring HIV-1 in blood plasma to level undetectable by standard tests, prevent the onset of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and allow a near-normal life expectancy for HIV-infected individuals. Unfortunately, cART is not curative, as within a few weeks of treatment cessation, HIV viremia in most patients rebounds to pre-cART levels. The primary source of this rebound, and the principal barrier to a cure, is the highly stable reservoir of latent yet replication-competent HIV-1 proviruses integrated into the genomic DNA of resting memory CD4+ T cells. In this review, prevailing models for how the latent reservoir is established and maintained, residual viremia and viremic rebound upon withdrawal of cART, and the types and characteristics of cells harboring latent HIV-1 will be discussed. Selected technologies currently being used to advance our understanding of HIV latency will also be presented, as will a perspective on which areas of advancement are most essential for producing the next generation of HIV-1 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Rausch
- Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Stuart F J Le Grice
- Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
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25
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Miron M, Meng W, Rosenfeld AM, Dvorkin S, Poon MML, Lam N, Kumar BV, Louzoun Y, Luning Prak ET, Farber DL. Maintenance of the human memory T cell repertoire by subset and tissue site. Genome Med 2021; 13:100. [PMID: 34127056 PMCID: PMC8204429 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00918-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune-mediated protection is mediated by T cells expressing pathogen-specific T cell antigen receptors (TCR) that are maintained at diverse sites of infection as tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) or that disseminate as circulating effector-memory (TEM), central memory (TCM), or terminal effector (TEMRA) subsets in blood and tissues. The relationship between circulating and tissue resident T cell subsets in humans remains elusive, and is important for promoting site-specific protective immunity. METHODS We analyzed the TCR repertoire of the major memory CD4+ and CD8+T cell subsets (TEM, TCM, TEMRA, and TRM) isolated from blood and/or lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow) and lungs of nine organ donors, and blood of three living individuals spanning five decades of life. High-throughput sequencing of the variable (V) portion of individual TCR genes for each subset, tissue, and individual were analyzed for clonal diversity, expansion and overlap between lineage, T cell subsets, and anatomic sites. TCR repertoires were further analyzed for TRBV gene usage and CDR3 edit distance. RESULTS Across blood, lymphoid organs, and lungs, human memory, and effector CD8+T cells exhibit greater clonal expansion and distinct TRBV usage compared to CD4+T cell subsets. Extensive sharing of clones between tissues was observed for CD8+T cells; large clones specific to TEMRA cells were present in all sites, while TEM cells contained clones shared between sites and with TRM. For CD4+T cells, TEM clones exhibited the most sharing between sites, followed by TRM, while TCM clones were diverse with minimal sharing between sites and subsets. Within sites, TRM clones exhibited tissue-specific expansions, and maintained clonal diversity with age, compared to age-associated clonal expansions in circulating memory subsets. Edit distance analysis revealed tissue-specific biases in clonal similarity. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the human memory T cell repertoire comprises clones which persist across sites and subsets, along with clones that are more restricted to certain subsets and/or tissue sites. We also provide evidence that the tissue plays a key role in maintaining memory T cells over age, bolstering the rationale for site-specific targeting of memory reservoirs in vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Miron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wenzhao Meng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aaron M Rosenfeld
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shirit Dvorkin
- Department of Mathematics, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Maya Meimei Li Poon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nora Lam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brahma V Kumar
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yoram Louzoun
- Department of Mathematics, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Eline T Luning Prak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Donna L Farber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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26
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TCR Transgenic Mice: A Valuable Tool for Studying Viral Immunopathogenesis Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249690. [PMID: 33353154 PMCID: PMC7765986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infectious diseases are a significant burden on public health and the global economy, and new viral threats emerge continuously. Since CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses are essential to eliminating viruses, it is important to understand the underlying mechanisms of anti-viral T cell-mediated immunopathogenesis during viral infections. Remarkable progress in transgenic (Tg) techniques has enabled scientists to more readily understand the mechanisms of viral pathogenesis. T cell receptor (TCR) Tg mice are extremely useful in studying T cell-mediated immune responses because the majority of T cells in these mice express specific TCRs for partner antigens. In this review, we discuss the important studies utilizing TCR Tg mice to unveil underlying mechanisms of T cell-mediated immunopathogenesis during viral infections.
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27
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Waldmann TA, Miljkovic MD, Conlon KC. Interleukin-15 (dys)regulation of lymphoid homeostasis: Implications for therapy of autoimmunity and cancer. J Exp Med 2020; 217:132622. [PMID: 31821442 PMCID: PMC7037239 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-15 supports NK, NK-T, γδ, ILC1, and memory CD8 T cell function, and dysregulated IL-15 is associated with many autoimmune diseases. Striking IL-15–driven increases in NK and CD8 T cells in patients highlight the potential for combination therapy of cancers. IL-15, a pleiotropic cytokine, stimulates generation of NK, NK-T, γδ, ILC1, and memory CD8 T cells. IL-15 disorders play pathogenetic roles in organ-specific autoimmune diseases including celiac disease. Diverse approaches are developed to block IL-15 action. IL-15 administered to patients with malignancy yielded dramatic increases in NK numbers and modest increases in CD8 T cells. Due to immunological checkpoints, to achieve major cancer therapeutic efficacy, IL-15 will be used in combination therapy, and combination trials with checkpoint inhibitors, with anti-CD40 to yield tumor-specific CD8 T cells, and with anticancer monoclonal antibodies to increase ADCC and antitumor efficacy, have been initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Milos D Miljkovic
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kevin C Conlon
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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28
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Foulsham W, Mittal SK, Taketani Y, Chen Y, Nakao T, Chauhan SK, Dana R. Aged Mice Exhibit Severe Exacerbations of Dry Eye Disease with an Amplified Memory Th17 Cell Response. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:1474-1482. [PMID: 32289288 PMCID: PMC7369573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence as well as the severity of dry eye disease increase with age. Memory T helper 17 (Th17) cells (CD4+IL-17A+CD44+) drive the chronic and relapsing course of dry eye disease. Here, we investigated the contribution of memory Th17 cells to age-related dry eye disease, and evaluated memory Th17 cell depletion with anti-IL-15 antibody as a strategy to abrogate the severe exacerbations of dry eye disease observed in aged mice. After initial exposure to desiccating stress, aged mice maintained higher frequencies of memory Th17 cells in the draining lymph nodes relative to young mice. Upon secondary exposure to desiccating stress, aged mice developed more severe corneal epitheliopathy than young mice, which is associated with increased local frequencies of Th17 cells (CD4+IL-17A+). Treatment with anti-IL-15 antibody decreased the enlarged memory Th17 pool in aged mice to frequencies comparable with young mice. Furthermore, anti-IL-15-treated mice showed significantly reduced conjunctival infiltration of Th17 cells and lower corneal fluorescein staining scores compared with saline-treated control mice. Our data suggest that age-related increases in the memory Th17 compartment predispose aged mice toward the development of severe corneal epithelial disease after exposure to a dry environment. Selectively targeting memory Th17 cells may be a viable therapeutic approach in the treatment of age-related dry eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Foulsham
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sharad K Mittal
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yukako Taketani
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yihe Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Takeshi Nakao
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sunil K Chauhan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Reza Dana
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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29
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Gao Y, Deason K, Jain A, Irizarry-Caro RA, Dozmorov I, Coughlin LA, Rauch I, Evers BM, Koh AY, Wakeland EK, Pasare C. Transcriptional profiling identifies caspase-1 as a T cell-intrinsic regulator of Th17 differentiation. J Exp Med 2020; 217:e20190476. [PMID: 31967646 PMCID: PMC7144520 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical for the differentiation of pathogen-specific CD4 T cells. However, to what extent innate cues from DCs dictate transcriptional changes in T cells remains elusive. Here, we used DCs stimulated with specific pathogens to prime CD4 T cells in vitro and found that these T cells express unique transcriptional profiles dictated by the nature of the priming pathogen. More specifically, the transcriptome of in vitro C. rodentium-primed Th17 cells resembled that of Th17 cells primed following infection in vivo but was remarkably distinct from cytokine-polarized Th17 cells. We identified caspase-1 as a unique gene up-regulated only in pathogen-primed Th17 cells and discovered a critical role for T cell-intrinsic caspase-1, independent of inflammasome, in optimal priming of Th17 responses. T cells lacking caspase-1 failed to induce colitis or confer protection against C. rodentium infection due to suboptimal Th17 cell differentiation in vivo. This study underlines the importance of DC-mediated priming in identifying novel regulators of T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Gao
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Krystin Deason
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Aakanksha Jain
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Ricardo A. Irizarry-Caro
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Igor Dozmorov
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Laura A. Coughlin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Isabella Rauch
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Bret M. Evers
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Andrew Y. Koh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Edward K. Wakeland
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Chandrashekhar Pasare
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
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30
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Memory CD4 + T Cells in Immunity and Autoimmune Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030531. [PMID: 32106536 PMCID: PMC7140455 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T helper (Th) cells play central roles in immunity in health and disease. While much is known about the effector function of Th cells in combating pathogens and promoting autoimmune diseases, the roles and biology of memory CD4+ Th cells are complex and less well understood. In human autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), there is a critical need to better understand the function and biology of memory T cells. In this review article we summarize current concepts in the field of CD4+ T cell memory, including natural history, developmental pathways, subsets, and functions. Furthermore, we discuss advancements in the field of the newly-described CD4+ tissue-resident memory T cells and of CD4+ memory T cells in autoimmune diseases, two major areas of important unresolved questions in need of answering to advance new vaccine design and development of novel treatments for CD4+ T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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31
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Poston TB, Lee DE, Darville T, Zhong W, Dong L, O'Connell CM, Wiesenfeld HC, Hillier SL, Sempowski GD, Zheng X. Cervical Cytokines Associated With Chlamydia trachomatis Susceptibility and Protection. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:330-339. [PMID: 30820577 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlamydia trachomatis can cause reproductive morbidities after ascending to the upper genital tract of women, and repeated infection can lead to worse disease. Data related to protective immune responses at the cervical mucosa that could limit chlamydial infection to the cervix and/or prevent reinfection inform vaccine approaches and biomarkers of risk. METHODS We measured 48 cytokines in cervical secretions from women having chlamydial cervical infection alone (n = 92) or both cervical and endometrial infection (n = 68). Univariable regression identified cytokines associated with differential odds of endometrial infection and reinfection risk, and multivariable stepwise regression identified cytokine ratios associated with differential risk. RESULTS Elevated interleukin (IL) 15/CXCL10 (odds ratio [OR], 0.55 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .37-.78]), IL-16/tumor necrosis factor-α (OR, 0.66 [95% CI, .45-.93]), and CXCL14/IL-17A (OR, 0.73 [95% CI, .54-.97]) cytokine ratios were significantly (P ≤ .05) associated with decreased odds of endometrial infection. A higher Flt-3L/IL-14 ratio was significantly (P = .001) associated with a decreased risk of reinfection (hazard ratio, 0.71 [95% CI, .58-.88]). CONCLUSIONS Cytokines involved in humoral, type I interferon, and T-helper (Th) 17 responses were associated with susceptibility to C. trachomatis, whereas cytokines involved in Th1 polarization, recruitment, and activation were associated with protection against ascension and reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor B Poston
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - De'Ashia E Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Toni Darville
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Wujuan Zhong
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Li Dong
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | - Harold C Wiesenfeld
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the Magee-Womens Research Institute Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sharon L Hillier
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the Magee-Womens Research Institute Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gregory D Sempowski
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Durham, North Carolina.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Xiaojing Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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32
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Zhong W, Dong L, Poston TB, Darville T, Spracklen CN, Wu D, Mohlke KL, Li Y, Li Q, Zheng X. Inferring Regulatory Networks From Mixed Observational Data Using Directed Acyclic Graphs. Front Genet 2020; 11:8. [PMID: 32127796 PMCID: PMC7038820 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Construction of regulatory networks using cross-sectional expression profiling of genes is desired, but challenging. The Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) provides a general framework to infer causal effects from observational data. However, most existing DAG methods assume that all nodes follow the same type of distribution, which prohibit a joint modeling of continuous gene expression and categorical variables. We present a new mixed DAG (mDAG) algorithm to infer the regulatory pathway from mixed observational data containing both continuous variables (e.g. expression of genes) and categorical variables (e.g. categorical phenotypes or single nucleotide polymorphisms). Our method can identify upstream causal factors and downstream effectors closely linked to a variable and generate hypotheses for causal direction of regulatory pathways. We propose a new permutation method to test the conditional independence of variables of mixed types, which is the key for mDAG. We also utilize an L1 regularization in mDAG to ensure it can recover a large sparse DAG with limited sample size. We demonstrate through extensive simulations that mDAG outperforms two well-known methods in recovering the true underlying DAG. We apply mDAG to a cross-sectional immunological study of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and successfully infer the regularity network of cytokines. We also apply mDAG to a large cohort study, generating sensible mechanistic hypotheses underlying plasma adiponectin level. The R package mDAG is publicly available from CRAN at https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=mDAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujuan Zhong
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Li Dong
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Taylor B Poston
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Toni Darville
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Cassandra N Spracklen
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Quefeng Li
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Xiaojing Zheng
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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33
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Kwon KJ, Timmons AE, Sengupta S, Simonetti FR, Zhang H, Hoh R, Deeks SG, Siliciano JD, Siliciano RF. Different human resting memory CD4 + T cell subsets show similar low inducibility of latent HIV-1 proviruses. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eaax6795. [PMID: 31996465 PMCID: PMC7875249 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax6795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The latent reservoir of HIV-1 in resting CD4+ T cells is a major barrier to cure. It is unclear whether the latent reservoir resides principally in particular subsets of CD4+ T cells, a finding that would have implications for understanding its stability and developing curative therapies. Recent work has shown that proliferation of HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells is a major factor in the generation and persistence of the latent reservoir and that latently infected T cells that have clonally expanded in vivo can proliferate in vitro without producing virions. In certain CD4+ memory T cell subsets, the provirus may be in a deeper state of latency, allowing the cell to proliferate without producing viral proteins, thus permitting escape from immune clearance. To evaluate this possibility, we used a multiple stimulation viral outgrowth assay to culture resting naïve, central memory (TCM), transitional memory (TTM), and effector memory (TEM) CD4+ T cells from 10 HIV-1-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy. On average, only 1.7% of intact proviruses across all T cell subsets were induced to transcribe viral genes and release replication-competent virus after stimulation of the cells. We found no consistent enrichment of intact or inducible proviruses in any T cell subset. Furthermore, we observed notable plasticity among the canonical memory T cell subsets after activation in vitro and saw substantial person-to-person variability in the inducibility of infectious virus release. This finding complicates the vision for a targeted approach for HIV-1 cure based on T cell memory subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungyoon J Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew E Timmons
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Srona Sengupta
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Francesco R Simonetti
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Flow Cytometry and Immunology Core, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Janet D Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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34
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Moutuou MM, Gauthier SD, Chen N, Leboeuf D, Guimond M. Studying Peripheral T Cell Homeostasis in Mice: A Concise Technical Review. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2111:267-283. [PMID: 31933214 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0266-9_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
For several years, it was believed that the thymus was entirely responsible for maintaining T cell homeostasis. Today, it is well-known that homeostatic peripheral mechanisms are essential in order to maintain T cell numbers and diversity constant in the periphery. Naïve and memory T cells require continual access to self-peptide MHC class I and II molecules and/or cytokines to survive in the periphery. Under normal conditions, homeostatic resources are low, and lymphocytes undergo very slow proliferation and survive. Following T cell depletion, the bioavailability of homeostatic resources is significantly increased, and T cell proliferation is dramatically augmented. The development of lymphopenic mouse models has helped our current understanding of factors involved in the regulation of peripheral T cell homeostasis. In this minireview, we will give a brief overview about basic techniques used to study peripheral T cell homeostasis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moutuaata M Moutuou
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon-David Gauthier
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chen
- Département de Biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Martin Guimond
- Division Immunologie-Oncologie, Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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35
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Cottam MA, Itani HA, Beasley AA, Hasty AH. Links between Immunologic Memory and Metabolic Cycling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 200:3681-3689. [PMID: 29784764 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Treatments for metabolic diseases, such as diet and therapeutics, often provide short-term therapy for metabolic stressors, but relapse is common. Repeated bouts of exposure to, and relief from, metabolic stimuli results in a phenomenon we call "metabolic cycling." Recent human and rodent data suggest metabolic cycling promotes an exaggerated response and ultimately worsened metabolic health. This is particularly evident with cycling of body weight and hypertension. The innate and adaptive immune systems have a profound impact on development of metabolic disease, and current data suggest that immunologic memory may partially explain this association, especially in the context of metabolic cycling. In this Brief Review, we highlight recent work in this field and discuss potential immunologic mechanisms for worsened disease prognosis in individuals who experience metabolic cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Cottam
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Hana A Itani
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232.,Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and
| | - Arch A Beasley
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Alyssa H Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; .,Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37232
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36
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Alizadeh D, Wong RA, Yang X, Wang D, Pecoraro JR, Kuo CF, Aguilar B, Qi Y, Ann DK, Starr R, Urak R, Wang X, Forman SJ, Brown CE. IL15 Enhances CAR-T Cell Antitumor Activity by Reducing mTORC1 Activity and Preserving Their Stem Cell Memory Phenotype. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:759-772. [PMID: 30890531 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Improvements in the quality and fitness of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells, through CAR design or manufacturing optimizations, could enhance the therapeutic potential of CAR-T cells. One parameter influencing the effectiveness of CAR-T cell therapy is the differentiation status of the final product: CAR-T cells that are less-differentiated and less exhausted are more therapeutically effective. In the current study, we demonstrate that CAR-T cells expanded in IL15 (CAR-T/IL15) preserve a less-differentiated stem cell memory (Tscm) phenotype, defined by expression of CD62L+CD45RA+ CCR7+, as compared with cells cultured in IL2 (CAR-T/IL2). CAR-T/IL15 cells exhibited reduced expression of exhaustion markers, higher antiapoptotic properties, and increased proliferative capacity upon antigen challenge. Furthermore, CAR-T/IL15 cells exhibited decreased mTORC1 activity, reduced expression of glycolytic enzymes and improved mitochondrial fitness. CAR-T/IL2 cells cultured in rapamycin (mTORC1 inhibitor) shared phenotypic features with CAR-T/IL15 cells, suggesting that IL15-mediated reduction of mTORC1 activity is responsible for preserving the Tscm phenotype. CAR-T/IL15 cells promoted superior antitumor responses in vivo in comparison with CAR-T/IL2 cells. Inclusion of cytokines IL7 and/or IL21 in addition to IL15 reduced the beneficial effects of IL15 on CAR-T phenotype and antitumor potency. Our findings show that IL15 preserves the CAR-T cell Tscm phenotype and improves their metabolic fitness, which results in superior in vivo antitumor activity, thus opening an avenue that may improve future adoptive T-cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Alizadeh
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, T Cell Therapeutics Research Laboratory, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Robyn A Wong
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, T Cell Therapeutics Research Laboratory, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, T Cell Therapeutics Research Laboratory, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Dongrui Wang
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, T Cell Therapeutics Research Laboratory, City of Hope, Duarte, California.,Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Duarte, California
| | - Joseph R Pecoraro
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, T Cell Therapeutics Research Laboratory, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Cheng-Fu Kuo
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, T Cell Therapeutics Research Laboratory, City of Hope, Duarte, California.,Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Duarte, California
| | - Brenda Aguilar
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, T Cell Therapeutics Research Laboratory, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Yue Qi
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute and Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - David K Ann
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Duarte, California.,Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute and Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Renate Starr
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, T Cell Therapeutics Research Laboratory, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Ryan Urak
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Duarte, California
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, T Cell Therapeutics Research Laboratory, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Stephen J Forman
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, T Cell Therapeutics Research Laboratory, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Christine E Brown
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, T Cell Therapeutics Research Laboratory, City of Hope, Duarte, California.
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37
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He K, Jia S, Lou Y, Liu P, Xu LX. Cryo-thermal therapy induces macrophage polarization for durable anti-tumor immunity. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:216. [PMID: 30833570 PMCID: PMC6399266 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1459-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many cancer therapies are being developed for the induction of durable anti-tumor immunity, especially for malignant tumors. The activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), can bridge innate and adaptive immune responses against tumors. However, APCs have an immunosuppressive phenotype and reversing it for effective tumor-specific antigen presenting is critical in developing new cancer treatment strategies. We previously developed a novel cryo-thermal therapy to treat malignant melanoma in a mouse model; long-term survival and durable anti-tumor immunity were achieved, but the mechanism involved was unclear. This study revealed cryo-thermal therapy-induced macrophage polarization to the M1 phenotype and modulated the phenotypic and functional maturation of DCs with high expression of co-stimulatory molecules, increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and downregulated immuno-inhibitory molecule expression. Further, we observed CD4+ T-cell differentiation into Th1 and cytotoxic T-cell sub-lineages and generation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, in which M1 macrophage polarization had a direct, important role. The results indicated that cryo-thermal-induced macrophage polarization to the M1 phenotype was essential to mediate durable anti-tumor immunity, leading to long-term survival. Thus, cryo-thermal therapy is a promising strategy to reshape host immunosuppression, trigger persistent memory immunity for tumor eradication, and inhibit metastasis in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun He
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengguo Jia
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Lou
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lisa X Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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38
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Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), including natural killer (NK) cells, ILC1s, ILC2s, ILC3s, and lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells, comprise the first line of innate immune defense against pathogens and tumors. Over the past decade, accumulating evidence has demonstrated immunological memory in ILC subsets: for example, NK cells recall haptens, viruses, and cytokines; ILC1s recall haptens; and ILC2s recall cytokines. Although the development and functions of ILCs mirror those of T-cell subsets, ILC and T-cell memory exhibit both common characteristics and specific properties. Encouragingly, ILC memory has been found to confer benefits in long-term tumor control and vaccination, providing insight for novel memory ILC-based tumor immunotherapy and vaccine-development strategies. In this review, we discuss the evidence supporting ILC memory and present a comprehensive framework of the ILC memory system.
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39
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Ciucci T, Vacchio MS, Gao Y, Tomassoni Ardori F, Candia J, Mehta M, Zhao Y, Tran B, Pepper M, Tessarollo L, McGavern DB, Bosselut R. The Emergence and Functional Fitness of Memory CD4 + T Cells Require the Transcription Factor Thpok. Immunity 2019; 50:91-105.e4. [PMID: 30638736 PMCID: PMC6503975 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Memory CD4+ T cells mediate long-term immunity, and their generation is a key objective of vaccination strategies. However, the transcriptional circuitry controlling the emergence of memory cells from early CD4+ antigen-responders remains poorly understood. Here, using single-cell RNA-seq to study the transcriptome of virus-specific CD4+ T cells, we identified a gene signature that distinguishes potential memory precursors from effector cells. We found that both that signature and the emergence of memory CD4+ T cells required the transcription factor Thpok. We further demonstrated that Thpok cell-intrinsically protected memory cells from a dysfunctional, effector-like transcriptional program, similar to but distinct from the exhaustion pattern of cells responding to chronic infection. Mechanistically, Thpok- bound genes encoding the transcription factors Blimp1 and Runx3 and acted by antagonizing their expression. Thus, a Thpok-dependent circuitry promotes both memory CD4+ T cells' differentiation and functional fitness, two previously unconnected critical attributes of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ciucci
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Melanie S Vacchio
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yayi Gao
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Francesco Tomassoni Ardori
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Julian Candia
- Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity, and Inflammation, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Monika Mehta
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Yongmei Zhao
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Bao Tran
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lino Tessarollo
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rémy Bosselut
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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40
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Beilin C, Choudhuri K, Bouma G, Malinova D, Llodra J, Stokes DL, Shimaoka M, Springer TA, Dustin ML, Thrasher AJ, Burns SO. Dendritic cell-expressed common gamma-chain recruits IL-15 for trans-presentation at the murine immunological synapse. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:84. [PMID: 30483599 PMCID: PMC6234741 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14493.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mutations of the common cytokine receptor gamma chain (γc) cause Severe Combined Immunodeficiency characterized by absent T and NK cell development. Although stem cell therapy restores these lineages, residual immune defects are observed that may result from selective persistence of γc-deficiency in myeloid lineages. However, little is known about the contribution of myeloid-expressed γc to protective immune responses. Here we examine the importance of γc for myeloid dendritic cell (DC) function. Methods: We utilize a combination of in vitro DC/T-cell co-culture assays and a novel lipid bilayer system mimicking the T cell surface to delineate the role of DC-expressed γc during DC/T-cell interaction. Results: We observed that γc in DC was recruited to the contact interface following MHCII ligation, and promoted IL-15Rα colocalization with engaged MHCII. Unexpectedly, trans-presentation of IL-15 was required for optimal CD4+T cell activation by DC and depended on DC γc expression. Neither recruitment of IL-15Rα nor IL-15 trans-signaling at the DC immune synapse (IS), required γc signaling in DC, suggesting that γc facilitates IL-15 transpresentation through induced intermolecular cis associations or cytoskeletal reorganization following MHCII ligation. Conclusions: These findings show that DC-expressed γc is required for effective antigen-induced CD4+ T cell activation. We reveal a novel mechanism for recruitment of DC IL-15/IL-15Rα complexes to the IS, leading to CD4+ T cell costimulation through localized IL-15 transpresentation that is coordinated with antigen-recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Beilin
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Kaushik Choudhuri
- Program in Molecular Pathogenesis, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Gerben Bouma
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Dessislava Malinova
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Jaime Llodra
- Program in Structural Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - David L. Stokes
- Program in Structural Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Motumu Shimaoka
- Immune Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Timothy A. Springer
- Program in Structural Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Michael L. Dustin
- Program in Molecular Pathogenesis, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Headington, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Adrian J. Thrasher
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Siobhan O. Burns
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
- University College London Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Department of Immunology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, NW3 2PF, UK
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41
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Barberis M, Helikar T, Verbruggen P. Simulation of Stimulation: Cytokine Dosage and Cell Cycle Crosstalk Driving Timing-Dependent T Cell Differentiation. Front Physiol 2018; 9:879. [PMID: 30116196 PMCID: PMC6083814 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering an appropriate protective response against invading agents is crucial to the effectiveness of human innate and adaptive immunity. Pathogen recognition and elimination requires integration of a myriad of signals from many different immune cells. For example, T cell functioning is not qualitatively, but quantitatively determined by cellular and humoral signals. Tipping the balance of signals, such that one of these is favored or gains advantage on another one, may impact the plasticity of T cells. This may lead to switching their phenotypes and, ultimately, modulating the balance between proliferating and memory T cells to sustain an appropriate immune response. We hypothesize that, similar to other intracellular processes such as the cell cycle, the process of T cell differentiation is the result of: (i) pleiotropy (pattern) and (ii) magnitude (dosage/concentration) of input signals, as well as (iii) their timing and duration. That is, a flexible, yet robust immune response upon recognition of the pathogen may result from the integration of signals at the right dosage and timing. To investigate and understand how system's properties such as T cell plasticity and T cell-mediated robust response arise from the interplay between these signals, the use of experimental toolboxes that modulate immune proteins may be explored. Currently available methodologies to engineer T cells and a recently devised strategy to measure protein dosage may be employed to precisely determine, for example, the expression of transcription factors responsible for T cell differentiation into various subtypes. Thus, the immune response may be systematically investigated quantitatively. Here, we provide a perspective of how pattern, dosage and timing of specific signals, called interleukins, may influence T cell activation and differentiation during the course of the immune response. We further propose that interleukins alone cannot explain the phenotype variability observed in T cells. Specifically, we provide evidence that the dosage of intercellular components of both the immune system and the cell cycle regulating cell proliferation may contribute to T cell activation, differentiation, as well as T cell memory formation and maintenance. Altogether, we envision that a qualitative (pattern) and quantitative (dosage) crosstalk between the extracellular milieu and intracellular proteins leads to T cell plasticity and robustness. The understanding of this complex interplay is crucial to predict and prevent scenarios where tipping the balance of signals may be compromised, such as in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Barberis
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Molecular Cell Physiology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tomáš Helikar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Paul Verbruggen
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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42
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Beilin C, Choudhuri K, Bouma G, Malinova D, Llodra J, Stokes DL, Shimaoka M, Springer TA, Dustin ML, Thrasher AJ, Burns SO. Dendritic cell-expressed common gamma-chain recruits IL-15 for trans-presentation at the murine immunological synapse. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:84. [PMID: 30483599 PMCID: PMC6234741 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14493.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Mutations of the common cytokine receptor gamma chain (γc) cause Severe Combined Immunodeficiency characterized by absent T and NK cell development. Although stem cell therapy restores these lineages, residual immune defects are observed that may result from selective persistence of γc-deficiency in myeloid lineages. However, little is known about the contribution of myeloid-expressed γc to protective immune responses. Here we examine the importance of γc for myeloid dendritic cell (DC) function. Methods: We utilize a combination of in vitro DC/T-cell co-culture assays and a novel lipid bilayer system mimicking the T cell surface to delineate the role of DC-expressed γc during DC/T-cell interaction. Results: We observed that γc in DC was recruited to the contact interface following MHCII ligation, and promoted IL-15Rα colocalization with engaged MHCII. Unexpectedly, trans-presentation of IL-15 was required for optimal CD4+T cell activation by DC and depended on DC γc expression. Neither recruitment of IL-15Rα nor IL-15 trans-signaling at the DC immune synapse (IS), required γc signaling in DC, suggesting that γc facilitates IL-15 transpresentation through induced intermolecular cis associations or cytoskeletal reorganization following MHCII ligation. Conclusions: These findings show that DC-expressed γc is required for effective antigen-induced CD4+ T cell activation. We reveal a novel mechanism for recruitment of DC IL-15/IL-15Rα complexes to the IS, leading to CD4+ T cell costimulation through localized IL-15 transpresentation that is coordinated with antigen-recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Beilin
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Kaushik Choudhuri
- Program in Molecular Pathogenesis, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Gerben Bouma
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Dessislava Malinova
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Jaime Llodra
- Program in Structural Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - David L. Stokes
- Program in Structural Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Motumu Shimaoka
- Immune Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Timothy A. Springer
- Program in Structural Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Michael L. Dustin
- Program in Molecular Pathogenesis, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Headington, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Adrian J. Thrasher
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Siobhan O. Burns
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
- University College London Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Department of Immunology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, NW3 2PF, UK
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43
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Strutt TM, Dhume K, Finn CM, Hwang JH, Castonguay C, Swain SL, McKinstry KK. IL-15 supports the generation of protective lung-resident memory CD4 T cells. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:668-680. [PMID: 29186108 PMCID: PMC5975122 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) provide optimal defense at the sites of infection, but signals regulating their development are unclear, especially for CD4 T cells. Here we identify two distinct pathways that lead to the generation of CD4 TRM in the lungs following influenza infection. The TRM are transcriptionally distinct from conventional memory CD4 T cells and share a gene signature with CD8 TRM. The CD4 TRM are superior cytokine producers compared with conventional memory cells, can protect otherwise naive mice against a lethal influenza challenge, and display functional specialization by inducing enhanced inflammatory responses from dendritic cells compared with conventional memory cells. Finally, we demonstrate than an interleukin (IL)-2-dependent and a novel IL-2-independent but IL-15-dependent pathway support the generation of cohorts of lung TRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M. Strutt
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Kunal Dhume
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Caroline M. Finn
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Ji Hae Hwang
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Catherine Castonguay
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Susan L. Swain
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - K. Kai McKinstry
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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44
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Raeber ME, Zurbuchen Y, Impellizzieri D, Boyman O. The role of cytokines in T-cell memory in health and disease. Immunol Rev 2018; 283:176-193. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miro E. Raeber
- Department of Immunology; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Yves Zurbuchen
- Department of Immunology; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Onur Boyman
- Department of Immunology; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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45
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Jameson SC, Masopust D. Understanding Subset Diversity in T Cell Memory. Immunity 2018; 48:214-226. [PMID: 29466754 PMCID: PMC5863745 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Considerable advances have been made in recent years in understanding the generation and function of memory T cells. Memory T cells are typically parsed into discreet subsets based on phenotypic definitions that connote distinct roles in immunity. Here we consider new developments in the field and focus on how emerging differences between memory cells with respect to their trafficking, metabolism, epigenetic regulation, and longevity may fail to fit into small groups of "memory subsets." Rather, the properties of individual memory T cells fall on a continuum within each of these and other parameters. We discuss how this continuum influences the way that the efficacy of vaccination is assessed, as well as the suitability of a memory population for protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Jameson
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA.
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA.
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46
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Palmer CS, Palchaudhuri R, Albargy H, Abdel-Mohsen M, Crowe SM. Exploiting immune cell metabolic machinery for functional HIV cure and the prevention of inflammaging. F1000Res 2018; 7:125. [PMID: 29445452 PMCID: PMC5791007 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11881.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging paradigm in immunology suggests that metabolic reprogramming and immune cell activation and functions are intricately linked. Viral infections, such as HIV infection, as well as cancer force immune cells to undergo major metabolic challenges. Cells must divert energy resources in order to mount an effective immune response. However, the fact that immune cells adopt specific metabolic programs to provide host defense against intracellular pathogens and how this metabolic shift impacts immune cell functions and the natural course of diseases have only recently been appreciated. A clearer insight into how these processes are inter-related will affect our understanding of several fundamental aspects of HIV persistence. Even in patients with long-term use of anti-retroviral therapies, HIV infection persists and continues to cause chronic immune activation and inflammation, ongoing and cumulative damage to multiple organs systems, and a reduction in life expectancy. HIV-associated fundamental changes to the metabolic machinery of the immune system can promote a state of “inflammaging”, a chronic, low-grade inflammation with specific immune changes that characterize aging, and can also contribute to the persistence of HIV in its reservoirs. In this commentary, we will bring into focus evolving concepts on how HIV modulates the metabolic machinery of immune cells in order to persist in reservoirs and how metabolic reprogramming facilitates a chronic state of inflammation that underlies the development of age-related comorbidities. We will discuss how immunometabolism is facilitating the changing paradigms in HIV cure research and outline the novel therapeutic opportunities for preventing inflammaging and premature development of age-related conditions in HIV
+ individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clovis S Palmer
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Riya Palchaudhuri
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hassan Albargy
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Suzanne M Crowe
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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47
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Recognition of viral and self-antigens by T H 1 and T H 1/T H 17 central memory cells in patients with multiple sclerosis reveals distinct roles in immune surveillance and relapses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:797-808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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48
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Murray AJ, Kwon KJ, Farber DL, Siliciano RF. The Latent Reservoir for HIV-1: How Immunologic Memory and Clonal Expansion Contribute to HIV-1 Persistence. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 197:407-17. [PMID: 27382129 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV-1 infection reduces plasma virus levels to below the limit of detection of clinical assays. However, even with prolonged suppression of viral replication with ART, viremia rebounds rapidly after treatment interruption. Thus, ART is not curative. The principal barrier to cure is a remarkably stable reservoir of latent HIV-1 in resting memory CD4(+) T cells. In this review, we consider explanations for the remarkable stability of the latent reservoir. Stability does not appear to reflect replenishment from new infection events but rather normal physiologic processes that provide for immunologic memory. Of particular importance are proliferative processes that drive clonal expansion of infected cells. Recent evidence suggests that in some infected cells, proliferation is a consequence of proviral integration into host genes associated with cell growth. Efforts to cure HIV-1 infection by targeting the latent reservoir may need to consider the potential of latently infected cells to proliferate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Murray
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Kyungyoon J Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Donna L Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032; Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032; and
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore MD 21250
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Maintenance of pathogenic Th2 cells in allergic disorders. Allergol Int 2017; 66:369-376. [PMID: 28391979 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory is an important protective mechanism that enables host organisms to respond rapidly and vigorously to pathogens that have been previously encountered. In addition to the protective function, memory CD4+ T helper (Th) cells play a central role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory disorders, including asthma. Recently, several investigators have identified phenotypically and functionally distinct memory Th2 cell subsets that produce IL-5. These memory Th2 cell subsets play an important role in the pathology of allergic inflammation and function as memory-type "pathogenic Th2 (Tpath2) cells" both in mice and humans. We review the role of lung Tpath2 cells in the development of allergic inflammation and, in the context of recent findings, propose a mechanism by which Tpath2 cells not only survive but also continue to function at the sites where antigens were encountered. A greater understanding of the functional molecules or signaling pathways that regulate the inflammatory niche for Tpath2 cells may aid in the design of more effective treatments for chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Interleukin-7 Availability Is Maintained by a Hematopoietic Cytokine Sink Comprising Innate Lymphoid Cells and T Cells. Immunity 2017; 47:171-182.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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