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Ren C, Yu J. Potential gene identification and pathway crosstalk analysis of age-related macular degeneration. Front Genet 2022; 13:992328. [PMID: 36147504 PMCID: PMC9486309 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.992328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most prevalent visual disorder among the elderly, is confirmed as a multifactorial disease. Studies demonstrated that genetic factors play an essential role in its pathogenesis. Our study aimed to make a relatively comprehensive study about biological functions of AMD related genes and crosstalk of their enriched pathways. 1691 AMD genetic studies were reviewed, GO enrichment and pathway crosstalk analyses were conducted to elucidate the biological features of these genes and to demonstrate the pathways that these genes participate. Moreover, we identified novel AMD-specific genes using shortest path algorithm in the context of human interactome. We retrieved 176 significantly AMD-related genes. GO results showed that the most significant term in each of these three GO categories was: signaling receptor binding (PBH = 4.835 × 10−7), response to oxygen-containing compound (PBH = 2.764 × 10−21), and extracellular space (PBH = 2.081 × 10−19). The pathway enrichment analysis showed that complement pathway is the most enriched. The pathway crosstalk study showed that the pathways could be divided into two main modules. These two modules were connected by cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway. 42 unique genes potentially participating AMD development were obtained. The aberrant expression of the mRNA of FASN and LRP1 were validated in AMD cell and mouse models. Collectively, our study carried out a comprehensive analysis based on genetic association study of AMD and put forward several evidence-based genes for future study of AMD.
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Potential participation of CTRP6, a complement regulator, in the pathology of age related macular degeneration. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2022; 66:326-334. [PMID: 35397057 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-022-00913-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the localized expression of C1q/tumor necrosis factor related protein (CTRP) 6 in human age-related macular degeneration (AMD) retinal tissues. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY DESIGN 4 AMD and 3 non-AMD whole eyes of Caucasian donors were used. Eyecups were excised at Eye Bank CorneaGen, Inc. METHODS To elucidate the effects of CTRP6, C3b was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent-like assay. CFB versus CTRP6 competitive binding assay was applied to clarify the inhibition by CTRP6 of C3bBb complex formation. The cornea, iris, lens, and vitreous were removed and the eyes were cut into a posterior eye-cup including the retina, choroid, and sclera. Six-µm-thick serial sections of frozen samples underwent hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and indirect immunohistochemical staining using primary antibodies, anti-CTRP6, -CTRP5, -CTRP10, -Complement factor H (CFH) and -Clusterin (CLU). Results The two in vitro studies confirmed that CTRP6 has an inhibitory effect on alternative pathways of complement (APC) function and that the molecular target of CTRP6 is the inhibition of the formation of C3bBb. Localized expression for CTRP6 and CFH was found in the drusen of the AMD eyes, both associated with APC inhibition, CLU associated with membrane-attack complex (MAC) inhibition, and CTRP5 associated with retinal degeneration. CONCLUSION The localized expression of CTRP6 in the drusen of AMD eyes may open a new insight into the possible involvement of APC regulatory factors in the pathogenesis of AMD, together with the known CFH so far analyzed solely as an APC inhibitor.
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Qin Z, Liu F, Blair R, Wang C, Yang H, Mudd J, Currey JM, Iwanaga N, He J, Mi R, Han K, Midkiff CC, Alam MA, Aktas BH, Heide RSV, Veazey R, Piedimonte G, Maness NJ, Ergün S, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Rappaport J, Kolls JK, Qin X. Endothelial cell infection and dysfunction, immune activation in severe COVID-19. Theranostics 2021; 11:8076-8091. [PMID: 34335981 PMCID: PMC8315069 DOI: 10.7150/thno.61810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Pulmonary vascular endotheliitis, perivascular inflammation, and immune activation are observed in COVID-19 patients. While the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection mainly infects lung epithelial cells, whether it also infects endothelial cells (ECs) and to what extent SARS-CoV-2-mediated pulmonary vascular endotheliitis is associated with immune activation remain to be determined. Methods: To address these questions, we studied SARS-CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2 (K18) mice, a severe COVID-19 mouse model, as well as lung samples from SARS-CoV-2-infected nonhuman primates (NHP) and patient deceased from COVID-19. We used immunostaining, RNAscope, and electron microscopy to analyze the organs collected from animals and patient. We conducted bulk and single cell (sc) RNA-seq analyses, and cytokine profiling of lungs or serum of the severe COVID-19 mice. Results: We show that SARS-CoV-2-infected K18 mice develop severe COVID-19, including progressive body weight loss and fatality at 7 days, severe lung interstitial inflammation, edema, hemorrhage, perivascular inflammation, systemic lymphocytopenia, and eosinopenia. Body weight loss in K18 mice correlated with the severity of pneumonia, but not with brain infection. We also observed endothelial activation and dysfunction in pulmonary vessels evidenced by the up-regulation of VCAM1 and ICAM1 and the downregulation of VE-cadherin. We detected SARS-CoV-2 in capillary ECs, activation and adhesion of platelets and immune cells to the vascular wall of the alveolar septa, and increased complement deposition in the lungs, in both COVID-19-murine and NHP models. We also revealed that pathways of coagulation, complement, K-ras signaling, and genes of ICAM1 and VCAM1 related to EC dysfunction and injury were upregulated, and were associated with massive immune activation in the lung and circulation. Conclusion: Together, our results indicate that SARS-CoV-2 causes endotheliitis via both infection and infection-mediated immune activation, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongnan Qin
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Fengming Liu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Robert Blair
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Chenxiao Wang
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Haoran Yang
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Joseph Mudd
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Joshua M Currey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Naoki Iwanaga
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jibao He
- Coordinated Instrumentation Facility, Tulane University, New Orleans LA 70118, USA
| | - Ren Mi
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Kun Han
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | | | | | - Bertal H Aktas
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ronald Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Giovanni Piedimonte
- Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Nicholas J Maness
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Süleyman Ergün
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Koellikerstrasse 6, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
- Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology & Medicine, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jay Rappaport
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jay K. Kolls
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Ghosh S, Das S, Mukherjee J, Abdullah S, Mondal R, Sultana S, Sehgal A, Behl T. Enumerating the role of properdin in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy and its possible therapies. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 93:107429. [PMID: 33571820 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgA nephropathy (IgAN) has become the most prevalent form of glomerulonephritis affecting almost 1.3% of the total population worldwide. It is an autoimmune disorder where the host autoantibody forms an immune complex with the defective galactose-deficient IgA1 and gets deposited at the mesangium and endocapillary region of glomeruli. IgA has the capability to activate alternative and lectin complement cascades which even aggravates the condition. Properdin is directly associated with IgAN by activating and stabilising the alternative complement pathway at the mesangium, thereby causing progressive renal damage. OBJECTIVE The present review mainly focuses on correlating the influence of properdin in activating the complement cascade at glomeruli which is the major cause of disease exacerbation. Secondly, we have described the probable therapies and new targets that are under trials to check their efficacy in IgAN. METHODS An in-depth research was carried out from different peer-reviewed articles till December 2020 from several renowned databases like PubMed, Frontier, and MEDLINE, and the information was analysed and written in a simplified manner. RESULTS Co-deposition of properdin is observed along with IgA and C3 in 75%-100% of the patients. It is not yet fully understood whether properdin inhibition can attenuate IgAN, as many conflicting reports have revealed worsening of IgAN after impeding properdin. CONCLUSION With no specific cure still available, the treatment strategies are of great concern to find a better target to restrict the disease progression. More research and clinical trials are required to find out a prominent target to combat IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijit Ghosh
- Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Panihati, Kolkata 700114, West Bengal, India
| | - Srijita Das
- Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Panihati, Kolkata 700114, West Bengal, India
| | - Joy Mukherjee
- Bengal School of Technology, Sugandha, Hooghly 712102, West Bengal, India
| | - Salik Abdullah
- Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Panihati, Kolkata 700114, West Bengal, India
| | - Rupsa Mondal
- Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Panihati, Kolkata 700114, West Bengal, India
| | - Shirin Sultana
- Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Panihati, Kolkata 700114, West Bengal, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala 140401, Punjab, India.
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Berger BE. Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome: a syndrome in need of clarity. Clin Kidney J 2019; 12:338-347. [PMID: 31198222 PMCID: PMC6543964 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfy066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) originally understood to be limited to renal and hematopoietic involvement. Whereas aberrations in complement regulatory proteins (CRPs), C3 or complement factor B (CFB) are detected in ∼60% of patients, a complement-derived pathogenesis that reflects dysregulation of the alternative pathway (AP) of complement activation is present in ∼90% of patients. aHUS remains a diagnosis of exclusion. The discovery of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13 (ADAMTS13) and its utility in the diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) has resulted in the appreciation that cases of aHUS have been inappropriately diagnosed as TTP. Thus there has been an evolving appreciation of clinical manifestations of aHUS that renders the appellation aHUS misleading. This article will review the pathogenesis and the evolving clinical presentations of aHUS, present a hypothesis that there can be a phenotypic expression of aHUS due to a complement storm in a disorder where direct endothelial damage occurs and discuss future areas of research to more clearly define the clinical spectrum and management of aHUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce E Berger
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Song D, Mohammed I, Bhuyan R, Miwa T, Williams AL, Gullipalli D, Sato S, Song Y, Dunaief JL, Song WC. Retinal Basal Laminar Deposits in Complement fH/fP Mouse Model of Dense Deposit Disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:3405-3415. [PMID: 30025090 PMCID: PMC6040236 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Dense deposit disease (DDD) is caused by dysregulation of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade and characterized by electron-dense deposits in the kidney glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and drusen in Bruch's membrane (BrM). Complement factor H (fH) and factor properdin (fP) regulate complement activation; fH inhibits alternative pathway (AP) activation, whereas fP promotes it. We report pathologic changes in eyes of an fH and fP double-mutant mouse, which we previously showed have dense deposits in the GBM and early mortality from nephropathy. Methods fHm/m, fP−/−, and fHm/m/fP−/− mice were generated on a C57BL/6–129J background. Fundus imaging at 8 weeks of age was followed by analysis via light and electron microscopy. Retinal function was assessed by electroretinography (ERG). Complement levels and localization were tested by immunohistochemistry and ELISA. Retinas of fHm/m/fP−/− mice treated with intraperitoneal injections of an anti-C5 antibody were compared to those of age- and genotype-matched mice injected with an isotype control antibody. Results fHm/m/fP−/− mice suffered early-onset retinal hypopigmented spots detected using in vivo retinal photography, and histologic examination showed basal laminar deposits (BLamD), degeneration of the photoreceptors, and RPE vacuolization. ERG showed diminished retinal function. The anti-C5 antibody was retina-protective. Conclusions This unique mouse represents a new model of complement-mediated rapid-onset DDD, and could be useful in exploring the pathologic changes associated with BLamD in age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delu Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Imran Mohammed
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Rupak Bhuyan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Takashi Miwa
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Allison Lesher Williams
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Damodar Gullipalli
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Sayaka Sato
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Ying Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Joshua L Dunaief
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Wen-Chao Song
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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8
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Kassa E, Ciulla TA, Hussain RM, Dugel PU. Complement inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in retinal disorders. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:335-342. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1575358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Kassa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Rehan M. Hussain
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Pravin U. Dugel
- Retinal Consultants of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona; USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Taylor RP, Lindorfer MA. Mechanisms of Complement-Mediated Damage in Hematological Disorders. Semin Hematol 2018; 55:118-123. [PMID: 30032747 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The complement cascade is an ancient defense system that destroys and eliminates threats to normal homeostasis in the bloodstream and tissues. Although multiple controls keep complement in check to minimize innocent bystander injury to normal cells and tissues, defects in complement regulation due to mutations in, or autoantibodies to, complement control proteins underlie the pathogenesis of several hemolytic diseases including paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. In autoimmune hemolytic anemias complement plays an important role in erythrocyte destruction mediated by antierythrocyte antibodies. The pathogenic mechanisms of these hemolytic diseases are discussed, with an emphasis on pivotal steps in complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA.
| | - Margaret A Lindorfer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
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10
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On phagocytes and macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 61:98-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF GEOGRAPHIC ATROPHY SECONDARY TO AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION AND THE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET. Retina 2017; 37:819-835. [PMID: 27902638 PMCID: PMC5424580 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000001392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Geographic atrophy is an advanced form of age-related macular degeneration that can significantly impact visual function, but has no approved treatment. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of geographic atrophy, particularly the role of complement cascade dysregulation and emerging therapies targeting the complement cascade. Purpose: Geographic atrophy (GA) is an advanced, vision-threatening form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affecting approximately five million individuals worldwide. To date, there are no approved therapeutics for GA treatment; however, several are in clinical trials. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of GA, particularly the role of complement cascade dysregulation and emerging therapies targeting the complement cascade. Methods: Primary literature search on PubMed for GA, complement cascade in age-related macular degeneration. ClinicalTrials.gov was searched for natural history studies in GA and clinical trials of drugs targeting the complement cascade for GA. Results: Cumulative damage to the retina by aging, environmental stress, and other factors triggers inflammation via multiple pathways, including the complement cascade. When regulatory components in these pathways are compromised, as with several GA-linked genetic risk factors in the complement cascade, chronic inflammation can ultimately lead to the retinal cell death characteristic of GA. Complement inhibition has been identified as a key candidate for therapeutic intervention, and drugs targeting the complement pathway are currently in clinical trials. Conclusion: The complement cascade is a strategic target for GA therapy. Further research, including on natural history and genetics, is crucial to expand the understanding of GA pathophysiology and identify effective therapeutic targets.
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Murine systemic thrombophilia and hemolytic uremic syndrome from a factor H point mutation. Blood 2017; 129:1184-1196. [PMID: 28057640 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-07-728253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement plays a key role in host defense, but its dysregulation can cause autologous tissue injury. Complement activation is normally controlled by regulatory proteins, including factor H (FH) in plasma and membrane cofactor protein (MCP) on the cell surface. Mutations in FH and MCP are linked to atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, a type of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) that causes renal failure. We describe here that disruption of FH function on the cell surface can also lead to disseminated complement-dependent macrovascular thrombosis. By gene targeting, we introduced a point mutation (W1206R) into murine FH that impaired its interaction with host cells but did not affect its plasma complement-regulating activity. Homozygous mutant mice carrying this mutation developed renal TMA as well as systemic thrombophilia involving large blood vessels in multiple organs, including liver, lung, spleen, and kidney. Approximately 30% of mutant mice displayed symptoms of stroke and ischemic retinopathy, and 48% died prematurely. Genetic deficiency of complement C3 and factor D prevented both the systemic thrombophilia and renal TMA phenotypes. These results demonstrate a causal relationship between complement dysregulation and systemic angiopathy and suggest that complement activation may contribute to various human thrombotic disorders involving both the micro- and macrovasculature.
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Shi K, Wang Z, Liu Y, Gong Y, Fu Y, Li S, Wood K, Hao J, Zhang GX, Shi FD, Yan Y. CFHR1-Modified Neural Stem Cells Ameliorated Brain Injury in a Mouse Model of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3471-3480. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
An important underlying mechanism that contributes to autoimmunity is the loss of inhibitory signaling in the immune system. Sialic acid-recognizing Ig superfamily lectins or Siglecs are a family of cell surface proteins largely expressed in hematopoietic cells. The majority of Siglecs are inhibitory receptors expressed in immune cells that bind to sialic acid-containing ligands and recruit SH2-domain-containing tyrosine phosphatases to their cytoplasmic tails. They deliver inhibitory signals that can contribute to the constraining of immune cells, and thus protect the host from autoimmunity. The inhibitory functions of CD22/Siglec-2 and Siglec-G and their contributions to tolerance and autoimmunity, primarily in the B lymphocyte context, are considered in some detail in this review. The relevance to autoimmunity and unregulated inflammation of modified sialic acids, enzymes that modify sialic acid, and other sialic acid-binding proteins are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay S Mahajan
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Deaprtment of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shiv Pillai
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Ueda Y, Gullipalli D, Song WC. Modeling complement-driven diseases in transgenic mice: Values and limitations. Immunobiology 2016; 221:1080-90. [PMID: 27371974 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Remarkable advances have been made over past decades in understanding the pathogenesis of complement-mediated diseases. This has led to development of new therapies for, and in some cases re-classification of, complement-driven diseases. This success is due to not only insight from human patients but also studies using transgenic animal models. Animal models that mimic human diseases are useful tools to understand the mechanism of disease and develop new therapies but there are also limitations due to species differences in their complement systems. This review provides a summary of transgenic animal models for three human diseases that are at the forefront of anti-complement therapy, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) and C3 glomerulopathy (C3G). They are discussed here as examples to highlight the values and limitations of animal modeling in complement-driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyasu Ueda
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Damodar Gullipalli
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Wen-Chao Song
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States.
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Berger BE. The Alternative Pathway of Complement and the Evolving Clinical-Pathophysiological Spectrum of Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. Am J Med Sci 2016; 352:177-90. [PMID: 27524217 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Complement-mediated atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) comprises approximately 90% of cases of aHUS, and results from dysregulation of endothelial-anchored complement activation with resultant endothelial damage. The discovery of biomarker ADAMTS13 has enabled a more accurate diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and an appreciation of overlapping clinical features of TTP and aHUS. Given our present understanding of the pathogenic pathways involved in aHUS, it is unlikely that a specific test will be developed. Rather the use of biomarker data, complement functional analyses, genomic analyses and clinical presentation will be required to diagnose aHUS. This approach would serve to clarify whether a thrombotic microangiopathy present in a complement-amplifying condition arises from the unmasking of a genetically driven aHUS versus a time-limited complement storm-mediated aHUS due to direct endothelial damage in which no genetic predisposition is present. Although both scenarios result in the phenotypic expression of aHUS and involve the alternate pathway of complement activation, long-term management would differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce E Berger
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
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Williams LA, Marques MB. Pathology Consultation on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Thrombotic Microangiopathies (TMAs). Am J Clin Pathol 2016; 145:158-65. [PMID: 27124904 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqv086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pathologists specializing in transfusion medicine, apheresis medicine, and/or coagulation are often consulted by clinicians to reach a diagnosis for patients with thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), so that disease-specific, often life-saving therapy can be initiated as promptly as possible. METHODS This article describes how to proceed when treating a patient with TMA. The differential diagnosis is broad and potentially very challenging. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), and typical hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) are three such TMAs that require timely diagnosis and treatment. RESULTS TTP is treated with daily therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) and commonly with adjunctive immunosuppressive therapy, while aHUS may initially be managed with TPE but is best controlled with eculizumab once a presumptive diagnosis is made. TPE has no proven role in typical HUS, which is most commonly treated with supportive measures only. CONCLUSIONS Prompt and accurate diagnosis of TMA subtypes optimizes treatment and improves patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance A Williams
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Marisa B Marques
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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18
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Murayama MA, Kakuta S, Inoue A, Umeda N, Yonezawa T, Maruhashi T, Tateishi K, Ishigame H, Yabe R, Ikeda S, Seno A, Chi HH, Hashiguchi Y, Kurata R, Tada T, Kubo S, Sato N, Liu Y, Hattori M, Saijo S, Matsushita M, Fujita T, Sumida T, Iwakura Y. CTRP6 is an endogenous complement regulator that can effectively treat induced arthritis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8483. [PMID: 26404464 PMCID: PMC4598845 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system is important for the host defence against infection as well as for the development of inflammatory diseases. Here we show that C1q/TNF-related protein 6 (CTRP6; gene symbol C1qtnf6) expression is elevated in mouse rheumatoid arthritis (RA) models. C1qtnf6(-/-) mice are highly susceptible to induced arthritis due to enhanced complement activation, whereas C1qtnf6-transgenic mice are refractory. The Arthus reaction and the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis are also enhanced in C1qtnf6(-/-) mice and C1qtnf6(-/-) embryos are semi-lethal. We find that CTRP6 specifically suppresses the alternative pathway of the complement system by competing with factor B for C3(H2O) binding. Furthermore, treatment of arthritis-induced mice with intra-articular injection of recombinant human CTRP6 cures the arthritis. CTRP6 is expressed in human synoviocytes, and CTRP6 levels are increased in RA patients. These results indicate that CTRP6 is an endogenous complement regulator and could be used for the treatment of complement-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori A Murayama
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-0882, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kakuta
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Naoto Umeda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Tomo Yonezawa
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.,Department of Systems Biomedicine, National Research Institute of Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Takumi Maruhashi
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tateishi
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Harumichi Ishigame
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Rikio Yabe
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ikeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Akimasa Seno
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Hsi-Hua Chi
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Yuriko Hashiguchi
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Riho Kurata
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.,Department of Systems Biomedicine, National Research Institute of Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Takuya Tada
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kubo
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Nozomi Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yang Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masahira Hattori
- Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Shinobu Saijo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - Misao Matsushita
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Teizo Fujita
- Fukushima Prefectural General Hygiene Institute, Fukushima 960-8142, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sumida
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-0882, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
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Hovland A, Jonasson L, Garred P, Yndestad A, Aukrust P, Lappegård KT, Espevik T, Mollnes TE. The complement system and toll-like receptors as integrated players in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2015; 241:480-94. [PMID: 26086357 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent medical advances, atherosclerosis is a global burden accounting for numerous deaths and hospital admissions. Immune-mediated inflammation is a major component of the atherosclerotic process, but earlier research focus on adaptive immunity has gradually switched towards the role of innate immunity. The complement system and toll-like receptors (TLRs), and the crosstalk between them, may be of particular interest both with respect to pathogenesis and as therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis. Animal studies indicate that inhibition of C3a and C5a reduces atherosclerosis. In humans modified LDL-cholesterol activate complement and TLRs leading to downstream inflammation, and histopathological studies indicate that the innate immune system is present in atherosclerotic lesions. Moreover, clinical studies have demonstrated that both complement and TLRs are upregulated in atherosclerotic diseases, although interventional trials have this far been disappointing. However, based on recent research showing an intimate interplay between complement and TLRs we propose a model in which combined inhibition of both complement and TLRs may represent a potent anti-inflammatory therapeutic approach to reduce atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Hovland
- Coronary Care Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Nordland Hospital, 8092 Bodø, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, 9019 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Lena Jonasson
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arne Yndestad
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine and Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine and Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut T Lappegård
- Coronary Care Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Nordland Hospital, 8092 Bodø, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Terje Espevik
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tom E Mollnes
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, 9019 Tromsø, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, 8092 Bodø, Norway; Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, University of Tromsø, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
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20
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Shen L, Frazer-Abel A, Reynolds PR, Giclas PC, Chappell A, Pangburn MK, Younis H, Henry SP. Mechanistic understanding for the greater sensitivity of monkeys to antisense oligonucleotide-mediated complement activation compared with humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 351:709-17. [PMID: 25301170 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.219378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in sensitivity of monkeys and humans to antisense oligonucleotide (ASO)-induced complement alternative pathway (AP) activation were evaluated in monkeys, humans, and in serum using biochemical assays. Transient AP activation was evident in monkeys at higher doses of two 2'-O-methoxyethyl (2'-MOE) ASOs (ISIS 426115 and ISIS 183750). No evidence of AP activation was observed in humans for either ASO, even with plasma ASO concentrations that reached the threshold for activation in monkeys. The absence of complement activation in humans is consistent with a query of the Isis Clinical Safety Database containing 767 subjects. The in vivo difference in sensitivity was confirmed in vitro, as monkey and human serum exposed to increasing concentrations of ASO indicated that monkeys were more sensitive to AP activation with this class of compounds. The mechanistic basis for the greater sensitivity of monkeys to AP activation by 2'-MOE ASO was evaluated using purified human or monkey factor H protein. The binding affinities between a representative 2'-MOE ASO and either purified protein are similar. However, the IC50 of fluid-phase complement inhibition for monkey factor H is about 3-fold greater than that for human protein using either monkey serum or factor H-depleted human serum. Interestingly, there is a sequence variant in the monkey complement factor H gene similar to a single nucleotide polymorphism in humans that is correlated with decreased factor H protein function. These findings show that monkeys are more sensitive to 2'-MOE ASO-mediated complement activation than humans likely because of differences in factor H inhibitory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiang Shen
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California (L.S., A.C., H.Y., S.P.H.); National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado (A.F.-A., P.R.R., P.C.G.); and University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas (M.K.P.)
| | - Ashley Frazer-Abel
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California (L.S., A.C., H.Y., S.P.H.); National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado (A.F.-A., P.R.R., P.C.G.); and University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas (M.K.P.)
| | - Paul R Reynolds
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California (L.S., A.C., H.Y., S.P.H.); National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado (A.F.-A., P.R.R., P.C.G.); and University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas (M.K.P.)
| | - Patricia C Giclas
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California (L.S., A.C., H.Y., S.P.H.); National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado (A.F.-A., P.R.R., P.C.G.); and University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas (M.K.P.)
| | - Alfred Chappell
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California (L.S., A.C., H.Y., S.P.H.); National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado (A.F.-A., P.R.R., P.C.G.); and University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas (M.K.P.)
| | - Michael K Pangburn
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California (L.S., A.C., H.Y., S.P.H.); National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado (A.F.-A., P.R.R., P.C.G.); and University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas (M.K.P.)
| | - Husam Younis
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California (L.S., A.C., H.Y., S.P.H.); National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado (A.F.-A., P.R.R., P.C.G.); and University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas (M.K.P.)
| | - Scott P Henry
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California (L.S., A.C., H.Y., S.P.H.); National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado (A.F.-A., P.R.R., P.C.G.); and University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas (M.K.P.)
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21
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Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) represents the leading cause of kidney failure among East Asian populations and the most frequent form of primary glomerulonephritis among Europeans. Patients with IgAN develop characteristic IgA1-containing immune complexes that deposit in the glomerular mesangium, producing progressive kidney injury. Recent studies define IgAN as an autoimmune trait of complex architecture with a strong genetic determination. This Review summarizes new insights into the role of the O-glycosylation pathway, anti-glycan immune response, mucosal immunity, antigen processing and presentation, and the alternative complement pathway in the pathogenesis of IgAN.
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22
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Age-related macular degeneration: prevalence and risk factors from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2008 through 2011. Ophthalmology 2014; 121:1756-65. [PMID: 24813632 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in the Korean population. DESIGN A cross-sectional study using a complex, stratified, multistage, probability-cluster survey, which can produce nationally representative estimates. PARTICIPANTS Using the database of Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2008 through 2011, 14 352 participants 40 years of age or older with gradable fundus photographs were included. METHODS Age-related macular degeneration was determined by fundus photograph. Prevalences of AMDs were estimated. Risk factor analyses were conducted using logistic regression analyses (LRAs). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Prevalence and risk factors of AMD. RESULTS The prevalence of AMD was 6.62% (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.15%-7.09%) in the Korean population: 6.02% (95% CI, 5.56%-6.48%) were early AMD and 0.60% (95% CI, 0.45%-0.75%) were late AMD. The prevalence of early AMD in women (6.73%; 95% CI, 6.11%-7.35%) was higher than that in men (5.25%; 95% CI, 4.61%-5.89%; P<0.001), and the prevalence of late AMD in women (0.37%; 95% CI, 0.22%-0.52%) was lower than that in men (0.85%; 95% CI, 0.59%-1.12%; P<0.001). However, in multiple LRAs both early and late AMD had no association with gender, house income, residence, sun exposure, or systemic comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. Early AMD had positive associations with older age groups (P<0.001), lower education (P = 0.027), occupation (P<0.001), anemia (P = 0.027), hepatitis B surface antigen carrier status (P<0.001), not being overweight (body mass index [BMI], P = 0.032; waist circumference, P = 0.041, in separate analyses), and higher serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level (P = 0.046), but not with smoking status. Late AMD had positive associations with age groups (P<0.001), current smokers (P = 0.022), and lower BMI (P = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that there are 1.21 million individuals with early AMD and 121 000 individuals with late AMD in Korea. Nonoverweight status and higher HDL levels, generally assumed as positive health indicators, as well as anemia and hepatitis B infection had harmful associations with AMD in our study, implying a possible different pathophysiologic process of AMD in Asians compared with that of white persons.
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23
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Liang KH, Chen YC, Hsu CW, Chang ML, Yeh CT. Decrease of serum Angiotensin converting enzyme levels upon telbivudine treatment for chronic hepatitis B virus infection and negative correlations between the enzyme levels and estimated glumerular filtration rates. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2014; 14:e15074. [PMID: 24596580 PMCID: PMC3929862 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.15074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B, renal function impairment could be a critical concern when oral nucleot(s)ide analogues were used. Paradoxically, long-term telbivudine treatment was associated with an increase of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) through unknown mechanisms. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate changes in serum protein abundances associated with renal function in response to antiviral treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primarily, a transcriptomic assay was performed to identify differentially expressed genes in peripheral blood cells caused by the telbivudine treatment. Two genes coding angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and complement factor H (CFH) were screened from 14 candidate renal function-related genes. ACE and CFH production were further investigated using enzyme-linked immunoassays. RESULTS Verification studies showed no significant change of serum CFH levels, but there was a significant reduction of serum ACE levels by continuous telbivudine treatment for 330.00 ± 0.85 days (34 patients; paired t-test, P = 0.022). Serum HBV DNA and ALT levels also decreased (P = 0.008 and < 0.001, respectively). A significant increase in eGFR was found (33 patients, paired t-test, P = 0.002) at 708.64 ± 31.63 days. Patients' eGFRs were negatively correlated with serum ACE levels (r = -0.375, P = 0.002) but not with serum HBV DNA and ALT levels (P = 0.241 and 0.088 respectively). Significant decreases of the ACE levels were also observed upon entecavir treatment (20 patients; paired t-test, P = 0.020) at 412.88 ± 36.92 days. No significant correlation was found between serum ACE levels and eGFRs (r = -0.239, P = 0.138) in entecavir-treated patients. CONCLUSIONS We discovered a consistent reduction of serum ACE levels by two oral antiviral monotherapies, entecavir and telbivudine. Serum ACE levels were negatively correlated with eGFRs in telbivudine treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kung-Hao Liang
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Corresponding Authors: Kung-Hao Liang, Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 199, Tung Hwa North Road, Taipei, Taiwan. Tel: +886-33281200, Fax: +886-33282824, E-mail: ; Chau-Ting Yeh, Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 199, Tung Hwa North Road, Taipei, Taiwan. Tel: +886-33281200, Fax: +886-33282824, E-mail:
| | - Yi-Cheng Chen
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Wei Hsu
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ling Chang
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Ting Yeh
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Corresponding Authors: Kung-Hao Liang, Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 199, Tung Hwa North Road, Taipei, Taiwan. Tel: +886-33281200, Fax: +886-33282824, E-mail: ; Chau-Ting Yeh, Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 199, Tung Hwa North Road, Taipei, Taiwan. Tel: +886-33281200, Fax: +886-33282824, E-mail:
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24
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Yu BB, Moffatt BE, Fedorova M, Villiers CGS, Arnold JN, Du E, Swinkels A, Li MC, Ryan A, Sim RB. Purification, quantification, and functional analysis of Complement Factor H. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1100:207-23. [PMID: 24218262 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-724-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Complement Factor H (FH) is an abundant, non-enzymic plasma/serum glycoprotein, which has a major role in regulating activation of the complement system. It can be purified from human plasma/serum by affinity chromatography, using a monoclonal anti-FH antibody as ligand. Other affinity chromatography ligands, including cardiolipin and trinitrophenyl-bovine serum albumin (TNP-BSA), can be used to purify human FH and also FH from a wide range of vertebrates, including mammals, birds, bony fish. Human FH protein concentration can be quantified by sandwich ELISA. The activity of FH is generally measured by assays which detect the cleavage, by complement factor I, of the complement protein C3b to form iC3b. Cleavage occurs only in the presence of a cofactor, and FH is one of a small number of cofactors for this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Bin Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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25
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Feng S, Liang X, Cruz MA, Vu H, Zhou Z, Pemmaraju N, Dong JF, Kroll MH, Afshar-Kharghan V. The interaction between factor H and Von Willebrand factor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73715. [PMID: 23991205 PMCID: PMC3753316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement factor H (fH) is a plasma protein that regulates activation of the alternative pathway, and mutations in fH are associated with a rare form of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), known as atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). A more common TMA is thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, which is caused by the lack of normal ADAMTS-13-mediated cleavage of von Willebrand factor (VWF). We investigated whether fH interacts with VWF and affects cleavage of VWF. We found that factor H binds to VWF in plasma, to plasma-purified VWF, and to recombinant A1 and A2 domains of VWF as detected by co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) and surface plasmon resonance assays. Factor H enhanced ADAMTS-13-mediated cleavage of recombinant VWF-A2 as determined by quantifying the cleavage products using Western-blotting, enhanced cleavage of a commercially available fragment of VWF-A2 (FRETS-VWF73) as determined by fluorometric assay, and enhanced cleavage of ultralarge (UL) VWF under flow conditions as determined by cleavage of VWF-platelet strings attached to histamine stimulated endothelial cells. Using recombinant full-length and truncated fH molecules, we found that the presence of the C-terminal half of fH molecule is important for binding to VWF-A2 and for enhancing cleavage of the A2 domain by ADAMTS-13. We conclude that factor H binds to VWF and may modulate cleavage of VWF by ADAMTS-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuju Feng
- Division of Internal Medicine, Benign Hematology, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiaowen Liang
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Miguel A. Cruz
- Cardiovascular Research Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hangoc Vu
- Division of Internal Medicine, Benign Hematology, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Puget Sound Blood Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Naresh Pemmaraju
- Division of Internal Medicine, Benign Hematology, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jing-Fei Dong
- Puget Sound Blood Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael H. Kroll
- Division of Internal Medicine, Benign Hematology, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vahid Afshar-Kharghan
- Division of Internal Medicine, Benign Hematology, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Jacob A, Chaves L, Eadon MT, Chang A, Quigg RJ, Alexander JJ. Curcumin alleviates immune-complex-mediated glomerulonephritis in factor-H-deficient mice. Immunology 2013; 139:328-37. [PMID: 23347386 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement factor H (Cfh) is a key regulator of the complement cascade and protects C57BL/6 mice from immune complex-mediated complement-dependent glomerulonephritis. In chronic serum sickness (CSS) there are increased deposits of immune complexes in the glomeruli with inflammation and a scarring phenotype. As cucurmin is an effective anti-inflammatory agent and reduces complement activation, we hypothesized that it should alleviate renal disease in this setting. To determine the effectiveness of curcumin, an apoferritin-induced CSS model in Cfh-deficient (Cfh(-/-)) mice was used. Curcumin treatment (30 mg/kg) given every day in parallel with apoferritin reduced glomerulonephritis and enhanced kidney function (blood urea nitrogen, 45·4 ± 7·5 versus 35·6 ± 5·1; albuminuria, 50·1 ± 7·1 versus 15·7 ± 7·1; glomerulonephritis, 2·62 + 0·25 versus 2 + 0·3, P < 0·05). In line with reduced IgG deposits in mice with CSS given curcumin, C9 deposits were reduced indicating reduced complement activation. Mice treated with curcumin had a significant reduction in the number of splenic CD19(+) B cells and the ratio of CD19 : CD3 cells (P < 0·05) with no change in the T-cell population. Myeloperoxidase assay showed reduced macrophages in the kidney. However, a significant reduction in the M2 subset of splenic macrophages by apoferritin was prevented by curcumin, suggesting a protective function. Curcumin treatment reduced mRNA expression of inflammatory proteins monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and transforming growth factor-β and matrix proteins, fibronectin, laminin and collagen. Our results clearly illustrate that curcumin reduces glomerulosclerosis, improves kidney function and could serve as a therapeutic agent during serum sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Jacob
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Bhattacharjee A, Oeemig JS, Kolodziejczyk R, Meri T, Kajander T, Lehtinen MJ, Iwaï H, Jokiranta TS, Goldman A. Structural basis for complement evasion by Lyme disease pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:18685-95. [PMID: 23658013 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.459040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes that cause Lyme borreliosis survive for a long time in human serum because they successfully evade the complement system, an important arm of innate immunity. The outer surface protein E (OspE) of B. burgdorferi is needed for this because it recruits complement regulator factor H (FH) onto the bacterial surface to evade complement-mediated cell lysis. To understand this process at the molecular level, we used a structural approach. First, we solved the solution structure of OspE by NMR, revealing a fold that has not been seen before in proteins involved in complement regulation. Next, we solved the x-ray structure of the complex between OspE and the FH C-terminal domains 19 and 20 (FH19-20) at 2.83 Å resolution. The structure shows that OspE binds FH19-20 in a way similar to, but not identical with, that used by endothelial cells to bind FH via glycosaminoglycans. The observed interaction of OspE with FH19-20 allows the full function of FH in down-regulation of complement activation on the bacteria. This reveals the molecular basis for how B. burgdorferi evades innate immunity and suggests how OspE could be used as a potential vaccine antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Bhattacharjee
- Haartman Institute, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Kouser L, Abdul-Aziz M, Nayak A, Stover CM, Sim RB, Kishore U. Properdin and factor h: opposing players on the alternative complement pathway "see-saw". Front Immunol 2013; 4:93. [PMID: 23630525 PMCID: PMC3632793 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Properdin and factor H are two key regulatory proteins having opposite functions in the alternative complement pathway. Properdin up-regulates the alternative pathway by stabilizing the C3bBb complex, whereas factor H downregulates the pathway by promoting proteolytic degradation of C3b. While factor H is mainly produced in the liver, there are several extrahepatic sources. In addition to the liver, factor H is also synthesized in fetal tubuli, keratinocytes, skin fibroblasts, ocular tissue, adipose tissue, brain, lungs, heart, spleen, pancreas, kidney, muscle, and placenta. Neutrophils are the major source of properdin, and it is also produced by monocytes, T cells and bone marrow progenitor cell line. Properdin is released by neutrophils from intracellular stores following stimulation by N-formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine (fMLP) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). The HEP G2 cells derived from human liver has been found to produce functional properdin. Endothelial cells also produce properdin when induced by shear stress, thus is a physiological source for plasma properdin. The diverse range of extrahepatic sites for synthesis of these two complement regulators suggests the importance and need for local availability of the proteins. Here, we discuss the significance of the local synthesis of properdin and factor H. This assumes greater importance in view of recently identified unexpected and novel roles of properdin and factor H that are potentially independent of their involvement in complement regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Kouser
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, Biosciences, School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University London, UK
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29
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Ebrahimi KB, Fijalkowski N, Cano M, Handa JT. Decreased membrane complement regulators in the retinal pigmented epithelium contributes to age-related macular degeneration. J Pathol 2013; 229:729-42. [PMID: 23097248 DOI: 10.1002/path.4128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated complement is thought to play a central role in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) pathogenesis, but the specific mechanisms have yet to be determined. In maculae of AMD specimens, we found that the complement regulatory protein, CD59, was increased in regions of uninvolved retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) of early AMD, but decreased in the RPE overlying drusen and in geographic atrophy, an advanced form of AMD. While CD46 immunostaining was basolaterally distributed in the RPE of unaffected controls, it was decreased in diseased areas of early AMD samples. Since oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) collect in drusen of AMD and are a known complement trigger, we treated ARPE-19 cells with oxLDL and found that cellular CD46 and CD59 proteins were decreased by 2.9- and nine-fold (p < 0.01), respectively. OxLDLs increased complement factor B mRNA and Bb protein, but not factor D, I or H. OxLDLs increased C3b, but not C3a, C5 or C5b-9. C5b-9 was increased by 27% (p < 0.01) when the medium was supplemented with human serum, which was sufficient to induce poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, a marker of apoptosis. The decreased levels of CD46 and CD59 were in part explained by their release in exosomal and apoptotic membranous particles. In addition, CD59 was partially degraded through activation of IRE1α. Collectively, these results suggest that a combination of impaired complement regulators results in inadequately controlled complement by the RPE in AMD that induces RPE damage.
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Lesher AM, Zhou L, Kimura Y, Sato S, Gullipalli D, Herbert AP, Barlow PN, Eberhardt HU, Skerka C, Zipfel PF, Hamano T, Miwa T, Tung KS, Song WC. Combination of factor H mutation and properdin deficiency causes severe C3 glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012. [PMID: 23204401 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012060570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor H (fH) and properdin both modulate complement; however, fH inhibits activation, and properdin promotes activation of the alternative pathway of complement. Mutations in fH associate with several human kidney diseases, but whether inhibiting properdin would be beneficial in these diseases is unknown. Here, we found that either genetic or pharmacological blockade of properdin, which we expected to be therapeutic, converted the mild C3 GN of an fH-mutant mouse to a lethal C3 GN with features of human dense deposit disease. We attributed this phenotypic change to a differential effect of properdin on the dynamics of alternative pathway complement activation in the fluid phase and the cell surface in the fH-mutant mice. Thus, in fH mutation-related C3 glomerulopathy, additional factors that impact the activation of the alternative pathway of complement critically determine the nature and severity of kidney pathology. These results show that therapeutic manipulation of the complement system requires rigorous disease-specific target validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Lesher
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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31
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Java A, Atkinson J, Salmon J. Defective complement inhibitory function predisposes to renal disease. Annu Rev Med 2012; 64:307-24. [PMID: 23121180 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-072211-110606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The role of the complement system in mediating human renal disease has long been recognized in immune-complex excess syndromes such as systemic lupus erythematosus and in dense deposit disease in which no immunoglobulin (Ig) is present. Over the past 15 years, mutations in complement regulatory genes have been demonstrated to predispose to thrombotic microangiopathies including atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, C3 and C1q glomerulopathies, and preeclampsia. Excessive complement activation on an endothelial cell, due to either an autoantibody or a regulatory protein deficiency, sets up a procoagulant state in these diseases as well as in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Knowledge of the genes involved and the functional consequences of alterations in their structure has led to therapy that blocks complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Java
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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32
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Mestecky J, Raska M, Julian BA, Gharavi AG, Renfrow MB, Moldoveanu Z, Novak L, Matousovic K, Novak J. IgA nephropathy: molecular mechanisms of the disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2012; 8:217-40. [PMID: 23092188 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Studies of molecular and cellular interactions involved in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy have revealed the autoimmune nature of this most common primary glomerulonephritis. In patients with this disease, altered glycan structures in the unique hinge region of the heavy chains of IgA1 molecules lead to the exposure of antigenic determinants, which are recognized by naturally occurring antiglycan antibodies of the IgG and/or IgA1 isotype. As a result, nephritogenic immune complexes form in the circulation and deposit in the glomerular mesangium. Deposited immune complexes induce proliferation of resident mesangial cells, increased production of extracellular matrix proteins and cytokines, and ultimately loss of glomerular function. Structural elucidation of the nature of these immune complexes and their biological activity should provide a rational basis for an effective, immunologically mediated inhibition of the formation of nephritogenic immune complexes that could be used as a disease-specific therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Abstract
Sialic acids are a diverse family of monosaccharides widely expressed on all cell surfaces of vertebrates and so-called "higher" invertebrates, and on certain bacteria that interact with vertebrates. This overview surveys examples of biological roles of sialic acids in immunity, with emphasis on an evolutionary perspective. Given the breadth of the subject, the treatment of individual topics is brief. Subjects discussed include biophysical effects regulation of factor H; modulation of leukocyte trafficking via selectins; Siglecs in immune cell activation; sialic acids as ligands for microbes; impact of microbial and endogenous sialidases on immune cell responses; pathogen molecular mimicry of host sialic acids; Siglec recognition of sialylated pathogens; bacteriophage recognition of microbial sialic acids; polysialic acid modulation of immune cells; sialic acids as pathogen decoys or biological masks; modulation of immunity by sialic acid O-acetylation; sialic acids as antigens and xeno-autoantigens; antisialoglycan antibodies in reproductive incompatibility; and sialic-acid-based blood groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0687, USA.
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34
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Nesargikar PN, Spiller B, Chavez R. The complement system: history, pathways, cascade and inhibitors. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2012; 2:103-11. [PMID: 24672678 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.2.2012.2.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery in the 19th century, the complement system has developed into a clinically significant entity. The complement system has been implicated in a variety of clinical conditions, from autoimmune diseases to ischemia-reperfusion injury in transplantation. This article charts the historical progress of our understanding of the complement system and provides a synopsis on the activation pathways and its inherent regulators.
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Sparrow JR, Ueda K, Zhou J. WITHDRAWN: Complement dysregulation in AMD: RPE-Bruch's membrane-choroid. Mol Aspects Med 2012:S0098-2997(12)00040-4. [PMID: 22542573 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published, doi:10.1016/j.mam.2012.03.011. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet R Sparrow
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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36
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Sparrow JR, Ueda K, Zhou J. Complement dysregulation in AMD: RPE-Bruch's membrane-choroid. Mol Aspects Med 2012; 33:436-45. [PMID: 22504022 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The question as to why the macula of the retina is prone to an aging disease (age-related macular degeneration) remains unanswered. This unmet challenge has implications since AMD accounts for approximately 54% of blindness in the USA (Swaroop, Chew, Bowes Rickman and Abecasis, 2009). While AMD has onset in the elder years, it likely develops over time. Genetic discovery to date has accounted for approximately 50% of the inheritable component of AMD. The polymorphism that has been most widely studied is the Y402H allele in the complement factor H gene. The implication of this genetic association is that in a subset of AMD cases, unregulated complement activation is permissive for AMD. Given that this gene variant results in an amino acid substitution, it is assumed that this change will have functional consequences although the precise mechanisms are still unknown. Genetic predisposition is not the only factor however, since in this complex disease there is substantial evidence that lifestyle factors such as diet and smoking contribute to risk. Here we provide an overview of current knowledge with respect to factors involved in AMD pathogenesis. Interwoven with these issues is a discussion of the significant role played by aging processes, some of which are unique to the retina and retinal pigment epithelium. One recurring theme is the potential for disease promotion by diverse types of oxidation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet R Sparrow
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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37
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Advances in assay of complement function and activation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:976-87. [PMID: 21664392 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The main function of the complement system is pattern recognition of danger. Typical exogenous danger signals are pathogen associated molecular patterns inducing a protective inflammatory response. Other examples are exposure to foreign surfaces of biomedical materials including nanoparticles, which principally induce the same inflammatory response. If a surface is "foreign" to the host, it induces complement activation. Development of monoclonal antibodies to neoepitopes on complement activation products introduced an entirely new set of methods for assay of complement activation. Activation of complement by a surface occurs by impairment of the fine balance of the control system, e.g. by preferred binding of factor B at the expense of factor H. Sensitive methods to detect complement activation on surfaces and in the fluid phase are a prerequisite for investigation of the biocompatibility of artificial materials. This information can be used to develop new materials with enhanced biocompatibility. Here we review available methods to study human and animal complement function and activation in vitro and in vivo.
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38
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Poolpol K, Gadner B, Neururer S, Mellmann A, Karch H, Orth D, Würzner R. Do complement factor H 402Y and C7 M allotypes predispose to (typical) haemolytic uraemic syndrome? Int J Immunogenet 2011; 38:383-7. [PMID: 21649859 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2011.01017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Typical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) is mainly caused by infections with enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli, whereas in atypical, nonbacteria-associated HUS, complement plays a dominant role. Recently, complement has also been shown to be involved in typical HUS. In this study, mostly weakly significant associations with homozygosities of complement allotype C7 M and inversely with factor H 402H were found, suggesting that 402Y and C7 M allotypes predispose to (typical) haemolytic uraemic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Poolpol
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria
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The effect of electrostatics on factor H function and related pathologies. J Mol Graph Model 2011; 29:1047-55. [PMID: 21605993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Factor H (FH) contributes to the regulation of the complement system by binding to polyanionic surfaces and the proteins C3b/C3c/C3d. This implicates charge and electrostatic interactions in recognition and binding of FH. Despite the large amount of experimental and pathology data the exact mechanism at molecular level is not yet known. We have implemented a computational framework for comparative analysis of the charge and electrostatic diversity of FH modules and C3b domains to identify electrostatic hotspots and predict potential binding sites. Our electrostatic potential clustering analysis shows that charge distributions and electrostatic potential distributions are more useful in understanding C3b-FH interactions than net charges alone. We present a model of non-specific electrostatic interactions of FH with polyanion-rich surfaces and specific interactions with C3b, using our computational data and existing experimental data. We discuss the electrostatic contributions to the formation of the C3b-FH complex and the competition between FH and Factor Bb (Bb) for binding to C3b. We also discuss the significance of mutations of charged amino acids in the pathobiology of FH-mediated disease, such as age-related macular degeneration, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, and dense deposit disease. Our data can be used to guide future experimental studies.
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Gharavi AG, Kiryluk K, Choi M, Li Y, Hou P, Xie J, Sanna-Cherchi S, Men CJ, Julian BA, Wyatt RJ, Novak J, He JC, Wang H, Lv J, Zhu L, Wang W, Wang Z, Yasuno K, Gunel M, Mane S, Umlauf S, Tikhonova I, Beerman I, Savoldi S, Magistroni R, Ghiggeri GM, Bodria M, Lugani F, Ravani P, Ponticelli C, Allegri L, Boscutti G, Frasca G, Amore A, Peruzzi L, Coppo R, Izzi C, Viola BF, Prati E, Salvadori M, Mignani R, Gesualdo L, Bertinetto F, Mesiano P, Amoroso A, Scolari F, Chen N, Zhang H, Lifton RP. Genome-wide association study identifies susceptibility loci for IgA nephropathy. Nat Genet 2011; 43:321-7. [PMID: 21399633 DOI: 10.1038/ng.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We carried out a genome-wide association study of IgA nephropathy, a major cause of kidney failure worldwide. We studied 1,194 cases and 902 controls of Chinese Han ancestry, with targeted follow up in Chinese and European cohorts comprising 1,950 cases and 1,920 controls. We identified three independent loci in the major histocompatibility complex, as well as a common deletion of CFHR1 and CFHR3 at chromosome 1q32 and a locus at chromosome 22q12 that each surpassed genome-wide significance (P values for association between 1.59 × 10⁻²⁶ and 4.84 × 10⁻⁹ and minor allele odds ratios of 0.63-0.80). These five loci explain 4-7% of the disease variance and up to a tenfold variation in interindividual risk. Many of the alleles that protect against IgA nephropathy impart increased risk for other autoimmune or infectious diseases, and IgA nephropathy risk allele frequencies closely parallel the variation in disease prevalence among Asian, European and African populations, suggesting complex selective pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali G Gharavi
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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Weiner DE, Tighiouart H, Reynolds R, Seddon JM. Kidney function, albuminuria and age-related macular degeneration in NHANES III. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 26:3159-65. [PMID: 21339308 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfr022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and kidney disease may have shared risk factors, including cardiovascular disease risk factors; additionally AMD and dense deposit disease share a common causal link, with both associated with polymorphisms in the complement pathway. Accordingly, we explored a population-based cohort of US adults to examine if markers of kidney disease identify a higher risk population for prevalent AMD. METHODS A cross-sectional nested case-control study matching on age, sex and race was performed using data on adult participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Predictor variables included urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Study outcomes included late AMD, defined as neovascular disease or geographic atrophy (5:1 matching), and a composite of both early AMD, defined as soft drusen or pigment irregularities with or without any drusen, and late AMD (1:1 matching). RESULTS There were 51 participants with late AMD and 865 with any AMD. In conditional logistic regression adjusting for diabetes, hypertension and total cholesterol, lower eGFR was independently associated with late AMD [odds ratio (OR) = 3.05, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.51-6.13], while albuminuria was not significant. For any AMD, neither albuminuria nor eGFR were significant in adjusted models. In sensitivity analyses excluding diabetics, albuminuria was associated with any AMD (OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.11-1.29 and 1.57, 95% CI: 0.61-3.69 for micro- and macroalbuminuria, respectively, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Late AMD is more common among individuals with reduced kidney function. Whether this association reflects a common causal pathway or shared risk factors such as hypertension requires additional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Weiner
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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42
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Jarkovska K, Martinkova J, Liskova L, Halada P, Moos J, Rezabek K, Gadher SJ, Kovarova H. Proteome Mining of Human Follicular Fluid Reveals a Crucial Role of Complement Cascade and Key Biological Pathways in Women Undergoing in Vitro Fertilization. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:1289-301. [DOI: 10.1021/pr900802u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karla Jarkovska
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics AS CR, v.v.i., Libechov, Czech Republic, Institute of Microbiology AS CR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic, Assisted Reproduction Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Teaching Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic, Sigma-Aldrich spol. s.r.o., Prague, Czech Republic, and Millipore Bioscience, 15 Research Park Drive, St. Charles, Missouri 63304
| | - Jirina Martinkova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics AS CR, v.v.i., Libechov, Czech Republic, Institute of Microbiology AS CR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic, Assisted Reproduction Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Teaching Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic, Sigma-Aldrich spol. s.r.o., Prague, Czech Republic, and Millipore Bioscience, 15 Research Park Drive, St. Charles, Missouri 63304
| | - Lucie Liskova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics AS CR, v.v.i., Libechov, Czech Republic, Institute of Microbiology AS CR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic, Assisted Reproduction Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Teaching Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic, Sigma-Aldrich spol. s.r.o., Prague, Czech Republic, and Millipore Bioscience, 15 Research Park Drive, St. Charles, Missouri 63304
| | - Petr Halada
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics AS CR, v.v.i., Libechov, Czech Republic, Institute of Microbiology AS CR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic, Assisted Reproduction Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Teaching Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic, Sigma-Aldrich spol. s.r.o., Prague, Czech Republic, and Millipore Bioscience, 15 Research Park Drive, St. Charles, Missouri 63304
| | - Jiri Moos
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics AS CR, v.v.i., Libechov, Czech Republic, Institute of Microbiology AS CR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic, Assisted Reproduction Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Teaching Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic, Sigma-Aldrich spol. s.r.o., Prague, Czech Republic, and Millipore Bioscience, 15 Research Park Drive, St. Charles, Missouri 63304
| | - Karel Rezabek
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics AS CR, v.v.i., Libechov, Czech Republic, Institute of Microbiology AS CR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic, Assisted Reproduction Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Teaching Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic, Sigma-Aldrich spol. s.r.o., Prague, Czech Republic, and Millipore Bioscience, 15 Research Park Drive, St. Charles, Missouri 63304
| | - Suresh Jivan Gadher
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics AS CR, v.v.i., Libechov, Czech Republic, Institute of Microbiology AS CR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic, Assisted Reproduction Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Teaching Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic, Sigma-Aldrich spol. s.r.o., Prague, Czech Republic, and Millipore Bioscience, 15 Research Park Drive, St. Charles, Missouri 63304
| | - Hana Kovarova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics AS CR, v.v.i., Libechov, Czech Republic, Institute of Microbiology AS CR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic, Assisted Reproduction Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Teaching Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic, Sigma-Aldrich spol. s.r.o., Prague, Czech Republic, and Millipore Bioscience, 15 Research Park Drive, St. Charles, Missouri 63304
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Moreno-Navarrete JM, Martínez-Barricarte R, Catalán V, Sabater M, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Ortega FJ, Ricart W, Blüher M, Frühbeck G, Rodríguez de Cordoba S, Fernández-Real JM. Complement factor H is expressed in adipose tissue in association with insulin resistance. Diabetes 2010; 59:200-9. [PMID: 19833879 PMCID: PMC2797922 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Activation of the alternative pathway of the complement system, in which factor H (fH; complement fH [CFH]) is a key regulatory component, has been suggested as a link between obesity and metabolic disorders. Our objective was to study the associations between circulating and adipose tissue gene expressions of CFH and complement factor B (fB; CFB) with obesity and insulin resistance. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Circulating fH and fB were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 398 subjects. CFH and CFB gene expressions were evaluated in 76 adipose tissue samples, in isolated adipocytes, and in stromovascular cells (SVC) (n = 13). The effects of weight loss and rosiglitazone were investigated in independent cohorts. RESULTS Both circulating fH and fB were associated positively with BMI, waist circumference, triglycerides, and inflammatory parameters and negatively with insulin sensitivity and HDL cholesterol. For the first time, CFH gene expression was detected in human adipose tissue (significantly increased in subcutaneous compared with omental fat). CFH gene expression in omental fat was significantly associated with insulin resistance. In contrast, CFB gene expression was significantly increased in omental fat but also in association with fasting glucose and triglycerides. The SVC fraction was responsible for these differences, although isolated adipocytes also expressed fB and fH at low levels. Both weight loss and rosiglitazone led to significantly decreased circulating fB and fH levels. CONCLUSIONS Increased circulating fH and fB concentrations in subjects with altered glucose tolerance could reflect increased SVC-induced activation of the alternative pathway of complement in omental adipose tissue linked to insulin resistance and metabolic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Moreno-Navarrete
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Girona, and CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Girona, Spain
| | | | - Victoria Catalán
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universitaria, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain, and CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mònica Sabater
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Girona, and CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Girona, Spain
| | - Javier Gómez-Ambrosi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universitaria, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain, and CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Francisco José Ortega
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Girona, and CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Girona, Spain
| | - Wifredo Ricart
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Girona, and CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Girona, Spain
| | - Mathias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universitaria, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain, and CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - José Manuel Fernández-Real
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Girona, and CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Girona, Spain
- Corresponding author: José Manuel Fernández-Real,
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Banda NK, Levitt B, Glogowska MJ, Thurman JM, Takahashi K, Stahl GL, Tomlinson S, Arend WP, Holers VM. Targeted inhibition of the complement alternative pathway with complement receptor 2 and factor H attenuates collagen antibody-induced arthritis in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:5928-37. [PMID: 19828624 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The alternative pathway (AP) of complement is required for the induction of collagen Ab-induced arthritis (CAIA) in mice. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of a recombinant AP inhibitor containing complement receptor 2 and factor H (CR2-fH) on CAIA in mice. CR2 binds to tissue-fixed activation fragments of C3, and the linked fH is a potent local inhibitor of the AP. CAIA was induced in C57BL/6 mice by i.p. injections of 4 mAb to type II collagen (CII) on day 0 and LPS on day 3. PBS or CR2-fH (250 or 500 microg) were injected i.p. 15 min after the mAb to CII on day 0 and 15 min after LPS on day 3; the mice were sacrificed on day 10. The disease activity score (DAS) was decreased significantly (p < 0.001) in both groups receiving CR2-fH compared with the PBS. Histology scores for inflammation, pannus, bone damage, and cartilage damage decreased in parallel with the DAS. C3 deposition in the synovium and cartilage was significantly reduced (p < 0.0001) in the mice treated with CR2-fH. In vitro studies with immune complexes containing type II collagen and mAb to CII showed that CR2-fH specifically inhibited the AP with minimal effect on the classical pathway (CP) and no effect on the lectin pathway (LP). The relative potency of CR2-fH in vitro was superior to mAbs to factor B and C5. Thus, CR2-fH specifically targets and inhibits the AP of complement in vitro and is effective in CAIA in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal K Banda
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Ari E, Yilmaz Y, Gul A, Alahdab YO, Kedrah AE, Macunluoglu B, Aydin A, Arikan H, Ozener C. ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Human Serum Complement C3 and Factor H in the Syndrome of Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, and Low Platelet Count. Am J Reprod Immunol 2009; 62:238-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2009.00731.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Zipfel PF. Complement and immune defense: from innate immunity to human diseases. Immunol Lett 2009; 126:1-7. [PMID: 19616581 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2009] [Revised: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The human organism is constantly exposed to microbes and infectious agents and consequently has developed a complex and highly efficient immune defense which is aimed to recognize and eliminate such infectious agents. The response of the human host to infectious agents forms a double edged sword of immunity. The immune system has to keep a tight balance between attack on foreign surfaces and protection of host surfaces. In its proper function the immune response is aimed to recognize, attack and eliminate invading infectious agents and this response is beneficial for the host. However when the activated immune response like the complement system is not properly controlled and deregulated, effector compounds can attack and damage self-surfaces and this results in disease. In addition pathogens which cause infections and disease protect themselves from the damaging and harmful host immune weapon and use specific immune escape strategies. The complement system forms the first defense line of innate immunity and aids in the elimination of microbes and modified self-cells. Defective regulation of this cascade type system results in infections and in pathology. This can result in diseases, like severe renal diseases hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and dense deposit disease (DDD), in age related macular degeneration a common form of blindness and also in other forms of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review emphasizes new information concerning the role of anaphylatoxins in the regulation of the immune response to allografts. Its timeliness relates the growing concept of the innate immune response as a regulator of the adaptive immune system and to how this concept lends itself to therapeutic advance. RECENT FINDINGS Recent work has extended our understanding of the role of local complement synthesis and how this facilitates the interaction between antigen-presenting cells and alloreactive T cells, resulting in a potent effector response. In particular, this work has identified new roles for anaphylatoxins as regulators of antigen presentation, T-cell proliferation and T-cell longevity. SUMMARY Strategies for comprehensive blockade of complement at the site of action, or for more selective blockade of specific complement components, are not only possible but merit further exploration based on these results.
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Factor H-related protein 1 (CFHR-1) inhibits complement C5 convertase activity and terminal complex formation. Blood 2009; 114:2439-47. [PMID: 19528535 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-02-205641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Homozygous deletion of a 84-kb genomic fragment in human chromosome 1 that encompasses the CFHR1 and CFHR3 genes represents a risk factor for hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) but has a protective effect in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Here we identify CFHR1 as a novel inhibitor of the complement pathway that blocks C5 convertase activity and interferes with C5b surface deposition and MAC formation. This activity is distinct from complement factor H, and apparently factor H and CFHR1 control complement activation in a sequential manner. As both proteins bind to the same or similar sites at the cellular surfaces, the gain of CFHR1 activity presumably is at the expense of CFH-mediated function (inhibition of the C3 convertase). In HUS, the absence of CFHR1 may result in reduced inhibition of terminal complex formation and in reduced protection of endothelial cells upon complement attack. These findings provide new insights into complement regulation on the cell surface and biosurfaces and likely define the role of CFHR1 in human diseases.
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50
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Zipfel PF, Hallström T, Hammerschmidt S, Skerka C. The complement fitness factor H: role in human diseases and for immune escape of pathogens, like pneumococci. Vaccine 2009; 26 Suppl 8:I67-74. [PMID: 19388168 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Factor H is the central regulator of the alternative complement pathway and controls early activation of the complement cascade at the level of the C3 convertase. Mutations in the Factor H gene are associated with severe and diverse diseases including the rare renal disorders hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) also termed dense deposit disease (DDD), as well as the more frequent retinal disease age related macular degeneration (AMD). In addition, pathogenic microbes utilize host complement Factor H for immune evasion and these pathogens express specific surface receptors which bind host innate immune regulators. Sequence variations or mutations of one single gene, coding for the host regulator Factor H, form the basis for multiple, different disorders such as human renal and retinal diseases as well as infections. This association of Factor H but also of additional related complement components and regulators with the same diseases demonstrate an important role of complement, particularly of the alternative pathway, for tissue homeostasis. Disturbances of this central immune surveillance system lead to damage of autologous tissues and surfaces and result in autoimmune diseases. Remarkably, pathogenic microbes copy this mechanism of immune surveillance: they mimic the composition of host cell's, bind Factor H to their surface and engage acquired host Factor H for immune disguise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany.
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