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Pryke LA, Liu Z, Khaitan AK, Sims EK, Gupta SK. Immune checkpoints and pancreatic beta cell dysfunction in HIV. AIDS 2024; 38:1725-1727. [PMID: 39088830 PMCID: PMC11296497 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
We explored the impact of immune dysregulation on pancreatic beta cell injury in HIV patients. Analyzing 105 participant samples, we observed lower IL-21 levels and elevated immune checkpoint levels (e.g. PD-1, CD27+, CD40+) in untreated HIV patients. Notably, soluble TIM-3 correlated positively with improved beta cell function and inversely with beta cell stress, suggesting its potential role in beta cell protection in untreated HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Pryke
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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2
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Lara-Aguilar V, Llamas-Adán M, Brochado-Kith Ó, Crespo-Bermejo C, Grande-García S, Arca-Lafuente S, de Los Santos I, Prado C, Alía M, Sainz-Pinós C, Fernández-Rodríguez A, Martín-Carbonero L, Madrid R, Briz V. Low-level HIV-1 viremia affects T-cell activation and senescence in long-term treated adults in the INSTI era. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:80. [PMID: 39160510 PMCID: PMC11334306 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Around 10% of people with HIV (PWH) exhibit a low-level viremia (LLV) under antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, its origin and clinical significance are largely unknown, particularly at viremias between 50 and 200 copies/mL and under modern ART based on integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs). Our aim was to characterize their poor immune response against HIV in comparison to individuals with suppressed viremia (SV) and non-HIV controls (NHC). METHODS Transversal observational study in 81 matched participants: 27 PWH with LLV, 27 PWH with SV, and 27 NHC. Activation (CD25, HLA-DR, and CD38) and senescence [CD57, PD1, and HAVCR2 (TIM3)] were characterized in peripheral T-cell subsets by spectral flow cytometry. 45 soluble biomarkers of systemic inflammation were evaluated by immunoassays. Differences in cell frequencies and plasma biomarkers among groups were evaluated by a generalized additive model for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS) and generalized linear model (GLM) respectively, adjusted by age, sex at birth, and ART regimen. RESULTS The median age was 53 years and 77.8% were male. Compared to NHC, PWH showed a lower CD4+/CD8+ ratio and increased activation, senescence, and inflammation, highlighting IL-13 in LLV. In addition, LLV showed a downtrend in the frequency of CD8+ naive and effector memory (EM) type 1 compared to SV, along with higher activation and senescence in CD4+ and CD8+ EM and terminally differentiated effector memory RA+ (TEMRA) subpopulations. No significant differences in systemic inflammation were observed between PWH groups. CONCLUSION LLV between 50 and 200 copies/mL leads to reduced cytotoxic activity and T-cell dysfunction that could affect cytokine production, being unable to control and eliminate infected cells. The increase in senescence markers suggests a progressive loss of immunological memory and a reduction in the proliferative capacity of immune cells. This accelerated immune aging could lead to an increased risk of developing future comorbidities. These findings strongly advocate for heightened surveillance of these PWH to promptly identify potential future complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Llamas-Adán
- National Center of Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Brochado-Kith
- National Center of Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Sonia Arca-Lafuente
- National Center of Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio de Los Santos
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- La Princesa University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Prado
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Alía
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Sainz-Pinós
- National Center of Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amanda Fernández-Rodríguez
- National Center of Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luz Martín-Carbonero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- La Paz University Hospital (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Verónica Briz
- National Center of Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Biały S, Siemaszko J, Sobczyk-Kruszelnicka M, Fidyk W, Solarska I, Nasiłowska-Adamska B, Skowrońska P, Bieniaszewska M, Tomaszewska A, Basak GW, Giebel S, Wróbel T, Bogunia-Kubik K. Unravelling the potential of TIM-3 gene polymorphism in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation - a preliminary study. Transpl Immunol 2024; 85:102084. [PMID: 38992477 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2024.102084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3) molecule is a key regulator of the immune response by exerting an inhibitory effect on various types of immune cells. Understanding the role of TIM-3 in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) may improve transplant outcomes. Our study evaluated the potential association between TIM-3 polymorphisms, namely rs1036199 (A > C) or rs10515746 (C > A), changes which are located in exon 3 and the promoter region of the TIM-3 gene, and post-HSCT outcomes. METHODS One-hundred and twenty allogeneic HSCT patients and their respective donors were enrolled and genotyped for TIM-3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using real-time PCR with TaqMan assays. RESULTS We found that the presence of the rare alleles and heterozygous genotypes of studied SNP in recipients tended to protect against or increase the risk for acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD). For the rs1036199 polymorphism, recipients with the AC heterozygous genotype (p = 0.0287) or carrying the rarer C allele (p = 0.0334) showed a lower frequency of aGvHD development along all I-IV grades. A similar association was detected for the rs10515746 polymorphism as recipients with the CA genotype (p = 0.0095) or the recessive A allele (p = 0.0117) less frequently developed aGvHD. Furthermore, the rarer A allele of rs10515746 SNP was also associated with a prolonged aGvHD-free survival (p = 0.0424). Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection was more common in patients transplanted with TIM-3 rs10515746 mismatched donors (p = 0.0229) and this association was also found to be independent of HLA incompatibility and pre-transplant CMV-IgG status. Multivariate analyses confirmed the role of these recessive alleles and donor-recipient TIM-3 incompatibility as an independent factor in aGvHD and CMV development. CONCLUSIONS Polymorphism of TIM-3 molecule may affect the immune response in HSCT patients. The recessive alleles of rs1036199 and rs10515746 SNPs decreased the risk of developing aGvHD. TIM-3 donor-recipient genetic matching may also affect the risk of post-transplant CMV infection, indicating the potential value of genetic profiling in optimizing transplant strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Biały
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jagoda Siemaszko
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Sobczyk-Kruszelnicka
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Hematology-Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Wojciech Fidyk
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Hematology-Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Iwona Solarska
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Maria Bieniaszewska
- Department of Hematology and Transplantology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Tomaszewska
- Department of Hematology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz W Basak
- Department of Hematology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sebastian Giebel
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Hematology-Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wróbel
- Department of Hematology, Blood Neoplasms and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bogunia-Kubik
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Meintjes G, Maartens G. HIV-Associated Tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 2024; 391:343-355. [PMID: 39047241 DOI: 10.1056/nejmra2308181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Meintjes
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital (G. Meintjes), and the Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (G. Meintjes, G. Maartens), and the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (G. Maartens), University of Cape Town - all in Cape Town, South Africa; and Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (G. Meintjes)
| | - Gary Maartens
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital (G. Meintjes), and the Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (G. Meintjes, G. Maartens), and the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (G. Maartens), University of Cape Town - all in Cape Town, South Africa; and Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (G. Meintjes)
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Costa JP, de Carvalho A, Paiva A, Borges O. Insights into Immune Exhaustion in Chronic Hepatitis B: A Review of Checkpoint Receptor Expression. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:964. [PMID: 39065812 PMCID: PMC11279883 DOI: 10.3390/ph17070964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B, caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), often progresses to chronic infection, leading to severe complications, such as cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Chronic HBV infection is characterized by a complex interplay between the virus and the host immune system, resulting in immune cell exhaustion, a phenomenon commonly observed in chronic viral infections and cancer. This state of exhaustion involves elevated levels of inhibitory molecules, cells, and cell surface receptors, as opposed to stimulatory counterparts. This review aims to elucidate the expression patterns of various co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory receptors on immune cells isolated from chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. By analyzing existing data, the review conducts comparisons between CHB patients and healthy adults, explores the differences between HBV-specific and total T cells in CHB patients, and examines variations between intrahepatic and peripheral immune cells in CHB patients. Understanding the mechanisms underlying immune exhaustion in CHB is crucial for developing novel immunotherapeutic approaches. This detailed analysis sheds light on the immune exhaustion observed in CHB and lays the groundwork for future combined immunotherapy strategies aimed at leveraging checkpoint receptors to restore immune function and improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Panão Costa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- CNC-UC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Armando de Carvalho
- Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.d.C.); (A.P.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Artur Paiva
- Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.d.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Olga Borges
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- CNC-UC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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6
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Webb GM, Pessoa CT, McCullen AJ, Hwang JM, Humkey MC, Thormin-Odum R, Kukula KA, Smedley J, Fischer M, Sciurba J, Bochart RM, Shriver-Munsch C, Ndhlovu LC, Sacha JB. Immune restoration by TIGIT blockade is insufficient to control chronic SIV infection. J Virol 2024; 98:e0027324. [PMID: 38775481 PMCID: PMC11237531 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00273-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
TIGIT is a negative immune checkpoint receptor associated with T cell exhaustion in cancer and HIV. TIGIT upregulation in virus-specific CD8+ T cells and NK cells during HIV/SIV infection results in dysfunctional effector capabilities. In vitro studies targeting TIGIT on CD8+ T cells suggest TIGIT blockade as a viable strategy to restore SIV-specific T cell responses. Here, we extend these studies in vivo using TIGIT blockage in nonhuman primates in an effort to reverse T cell and NK cell exhaustion in the setting of SIV infection. We demonstrate that in vivo administration of a humanized anti-TIGIT monoclonal antibody (mAb) is well tolerated in both cynomolgus macaques and rhesus macaques. Despite sustained plasma concentrations of anti-TIGIT mAb, we observed no consistent improvement in NK or T cell cytolytic capacity. TIGIT blockade minimally enhanced T cell proliferation and virus-specific T cell responses in both magnitude and breadth though plasma viral loads in treated animals remained stable indicating that anti-TIGIT mAb treatment alone was insufficient to increase anti-SIV CD8+ T cell function. The enhancement of virus-specific T cell proliferative responses observed in vitro with single or dual blockade of TIGIT and/or PD-1 highlights TIGIT as a potential target to reverse T cell dysfunction. Our studies, however, reveal that targeting the TIGIT pathway alone may be insufficient in the setting of viremia and that combining immune checkpoint blockade with other immunotherapeutics may be a future path forward for improved viral control or elimination of HIV.IMPORTANCEUpregulation of the immune checkpoint receptor TIGIT is associated with HIV-mediated T cell dysfunction and correlates with HIV disease progression. Compelling evidence exists for targeting immune checkpoint receptor pathways that would potentially enhance immunity and refocus effector cell efforts toward viral clearance. In this report, we investigate TIGIT blockade as an immunotherapeutic approach to reverse immune exhaustion during chronic SIV/SHIV infection in a nonhuman primate model of HIV infection. We show that interfering with the TIGIT signaling axis alone is insufficient to improve viral control despite modest improvement in T cell immunity. Our data substantiate the use of targeting multiple immune checkpoint receptors to promote synergy and ultimately eliminate HIV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela M. Webb
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Cleiton T. Pessoa
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Allyson J. McCullen
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Joseph M. Hwang
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Matthew C. Humkey
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Raymond Thormin-Odum
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Kaitlyn A. Kukula
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Miranda Fischer
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Joseph Sciurba
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Rachele M. Bochart
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Christine Shriver-Munsch
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jonah B. Sacha
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
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McGraw A, Hillmer G, Choi J, Narayan K, Mehedincu SM, Marquez D, Tibebe H, DeCicco-Skinner KL, Izumi T. Evaluating HIV-1 Infectivity and Virion Maturation across Varied Producer Cells with a Novel FRET-Based Detection and Quantification Assay. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6396. [PMID: 38928103 PMCID: PMC11204348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The maturation of HIV-1 virions is a crucial process in viral replication. Although T-cells are a primary source of virus production, much of our understanding of virion maturation comes from studies using the HEK293T human embryonic kidney cell line. Notably, there is a lack of comparative analyses between T-cells and HEK293T cells in terms of virion maturation efficiency in existing literature. We previously developed an advanced virion visualization system based on the FRET principle, enabling the effective distinction between immature and mature virions via fluorescence microscopy. In this study, we utilized pseudotyped, single-round infectious viruses tagged with FRET labels (HIV-1 Gag-iFRET∆Env) derived from Jurkat (a human T-lymphocyte cell line) and HEK293T cells to evaluate their virion maturation rates. HEK293T-derived virions demonstrated a maturity rate of 81.79%, consistent with other studies and our previous findings. However, virions originating from Jurkat cells demonstrated a significantly reduced maturation rate of 68.67% (p < 0.0001). Correspondingly, viruses produced from Jurkat cells exhibited significantly reduced infectivity compared to those derived from HEK293T cells, with the relative infectivity measured at 65.3%. This finding is consistent with the observed relative maturation rate of viruses produced by Jurkat cells. These findings suggest that initiation of virion maturation directly correlates with viral infectivity. Our observation highlights the dynamic nature of virus-host interactions and their implications for virion production and infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan McGraw
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA; (A.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (K.N.); (S.M.M.); (D.M.); (H.T.); (K.L.D.-S.)
| | - Grace Hillmer
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA; (A.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (K.N.); (S.M.M.); (D.M.); (H.T.); (K.L.D.-S.)
| | - Jeongpill Choi
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA; (A.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (K.N.); (S.M.M.); (D.M.); (H.T.); (K.L.D.-S.)
| | - Kedhar Narayan
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA; (A.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (K.N.); (S.M.M.); (D.M.); (H.T.); (K.L.D.-S.)
| | - Stefania M. Mehedincu
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA; (A.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (K.N.); (S.M.M.); (D.M.); (H.T.); (K.L.D.-S.)
| | - Dacia Marquez
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA; (A.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (K.N.); (S.M.M.); (D.M.); (H.T.); (K.L.D.-S.)
| | - Hasset Tibebe
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA; (A.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (K.N.); (S.M.M.); (D.M.); (H.T.); (K.L.D.-S.)
| | - Kathleen L. DeCicco-Skinner
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA; (A.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (K.N.); (S.M.M.); (D.M.); (H.T.); (K.L.D.-S.)
| | - Taisuke Izumi
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA; (A.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (K.N.); (S.M.M.); (D.M.); (H.T.); (K.L.D.-S.)
- District of Columbia Center for AIDS Research, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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8
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Shalekoff S, Dias BDC, Loubser S, Strehlau R, Kuhn L, Tiemessen CT. Higher CCR5 density on CD4 + T-cells in mothers and infants is associated with increased risk of in-utero HIV-1 transmission. AIDS 2024; 38:945-954. [PMID: 38329228 PMCID: PMC11064911 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CCR5-tropic viruses are preferentially transmitted during perinatal HIV-1 infection. CCR5 density on CD4 + T-cells likely impacts susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. DESIGN Fifty-two mother-infant dyads were enrolled. All mothers were living with HIV-1, 27 of the infants acquired HIV-1 in utero and 25 infants remained uninfected. METHODS CCR5 density, together with frequencies of CD4 + and CD8 + T-cells expressing immune activation (CCR5, ICOS and HLA-DR) and immune checkpoint (TIGIT and PD-1) markers, were measured in whole blood from the dyads close to delivery. RESULTS Compared with mothers who did not transmit, mothers who transmitted HIV-1 had less exposure to ART during pregnancy ( P = 0.015) and higher plasma viral load close to delivery ( P = 0.0005). These mothers, additionally, had higher CCR5 density on CD4 + and CD8 + T-cells and higher frequencies of CCR5, ICOS and TIGIT-expressing CD8 + T-cells. Similarly, compared with infants without HIV-1, infants with HIV-1 had higher CCR5 density on CD4 + and CD8 + T-cells and higher frequencies of CCR5, TIGIT, and PD-1-expressing CD4 + and CD8 + T-cells as well as higher frequencies of HLA-DR-expressing CD8 + T-cells. CCR5 density on maternal CD4 + T-cells remained significantly associated with transmission after adjusting for maternal viral load and CD4 + T cell counts. Mother-infant dyads with shared high CCR5 density phenotypes had the highest risk of transmission/acquisition of infection compared with dyads with shared low-CCR5 density phenotypes. CONCLUSION This study provides strong evidence of a protective role for a combined mother-infant low CD4 + T-cell CCR5 density phenotype in in-utero transmission/acquisition of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Shalekoff
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bianca Da Costa Dias
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shayne Loubser
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Renate Strehlau
- VIDA Nkanyezi Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Louise Kuhn
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caroline T. Tiemessen
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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9
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Caetano DG, Toledo TS, de Lima ACS, Giacoia-Gripp CBW, de Almeida DV, de Lima SMB, Azevedo ADS, Morata M, Grinsztejn B, Cardoso SW, da Costa MD, Brandão LGP, Bispo de Filippis AM, Scott-Algara D, Coelho LE, Côrtes FH. Impact of HIV-Related Immune Impairment of Yellow Fever Vaccine Immunogenicity in People Living with HIV-ANRS 12403. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:578. [PMID: 38932307 PMCID: PMC11209244 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The yellow fever (YF) vaccine is one of the safest and most effective vaccines currently available. Still, its administration in people living with HIV (PLWH) is limited due to safety concerns and a lack of consensus regarding decreased immunogenicity and long-lasting protection for this population. The mechanisms associated with impaired YF vaccine immunogenicity in PLWH are not fully understood, but the general immune deregulation during HIV infection may play an important role. To assess if HIV infection impacts YF vaccine immunogenicity and if markers of immune deregulation could predict lower immunogenicity, we evaluated the association of YF neutralization antibody (NAb) titers with the pre-vaccination frequency of activated and exhausted T cells, levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and frequency of T cells, B cells, and monocyte subsets in PLWH and HIV-negative controls. We observed impaired YF vaccine immunogenicity in PLWH with lower titers of YF-NAbs 30 days after vaccination, mainly in individuals with CD4 count <350 cells/mm3. At the baseline, those individuals were characterized by having a higher frequency of activated and exhausted T cells and tissue-like memory B cells. Elevated levels of those markers were also observed in individuals with CD4 count between 500 and 350 cells/mm3. We observed a negative correlation between the pre-vaccination level of CD8+ T cell exhaustion and CD4+ T cell activation with YF-NAb titers at D365 and the pre-vaccination level of IP-10 with YF-NAb titers at D30 and D365. Our results emphasize the impact of immune activation, exhaustion, and inflammation in YF vaccine immunogenicity in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Gama Caetano
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (D.G.C.); (T.S.T.); (A.C.S.d.L.); (C.B.W.G.-G.); (D.V.d.A.)
| | - Thais Stelzer Toledo
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (D.G.C.); (T.S.T.); (A.C.S.d.L.); (C.B.W.G.-G.); (D.V.d.A.)
| | - Ana Carolina Souza de Lima
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (D.G.C.); (T.S.T.); (A.C.S.d.L.); (C.B.W.G.-G.); (D.V.d.A.)
| | - Carmem Beatriz Wagner Giacoia-Gripp
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (D.G.C.); (T.S.T.); (A.C.S.d.L.); (C.B.W.G.-G.); (D.V.d.A.)
| | - Dalziza Victalina de Almeida
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (D.G.C.); (T.S.T.); (A.C.S.d.L.); (C.B.W.G.-G.); (D.V.d.A.)
| | - Sheila Maria Barbosa de Lima
- Departamento de Desenvolvimento Experimental e Pré-Clínico (DEDEP), Bio-Manguinhos/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
| | - Adriana de Souza Azevedo
- Laboratório de Análise Imunomolecular (LANIM), Bio-Manguinhos/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
| | - Michelle Morata
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (M.M.); (B.G.); (S.W.C.); (L.E.C.)
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (M.M.); (B.G.); (S.W.C.); (L.E.C.)
| | - Sandra Wagner Cardoso
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (M.M.); (B.G.); (S.W.C.); (L.E.C.)
| | - Marcellus Dias da Costa
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Imunização e Vigilância em Saúde (LIVS), Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (M.D.d.C.); (L.G.P.B.)
| | - Luciana Gomes Pedro Brandão
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Imunização e Vigilância em Saúde (LIVS), Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (M.D.d.C.); (L.G.P.B.)
| | | | | | - Lara Esteves Coelho
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (M.M.); (B.G.); (S.W.C.); (L.E.C.)
| | - Fernanda Heloise Côrtes
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (D.G.C.); (T.S.T.); (A.C.S.d.L.); (C.B.W.G.-G.); (D.V.d.A.)
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10
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Opsteen S, Fram T, Files JK, Levitan EB, Goepfert P, Erdmann N. Impact of Chronic HIV Infection on Acute Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2024; 96:92-100. [PMID: 38408318 PMCID: PMC11009054 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000003399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT There is mounting evidence that HIV infection is a risk factor for severe presentations of COVID-19. We hypothesized that the persistent immune activation associated with chronic HIV infection contributes to worsened outcomes during acute COVID-19. The goals of this study were to provide an in-depth analysis of immune response to acute COVID-19 and investigate relationships between immune responses and clinical outcomes in an unvaccinated, sex- and race-matched cohort of people with HIV (PWH, n = 20) and people without HIV (PWOH, n = 41). We performed flow cytometric analyses on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from PWH and PWOH experiencing acute COVID-19 (≤21-day postsymptom onset). PWH were younger (median 52 vs 65 years) and had milder COVID-19 (40% vs 88% hospitalized) compared with PWOH. Flow cytometry panels included surface markers for immune cell populations, activation and exhaustion surface markers (with and without SARS-CoV-2-specific antigen stimulation), and intracellular cytokine staining. We observed that PWH had increased expression of activation (eg, CD137 and OX40) and exhaustion (eg, PD1 and TIGIT) markers as compared to PWOH during acute COVID-19. When analyzing the impact of COVID-19 severity, we found that hospitalized PWH had lower nonclassical (CD16 + ) monocyte frequencies, decreased expression of TIM3 on CD4 + T cells, and increased expression of PDL1 and CD69 on CD8 + T cells. Our findings demonstrate that PWH have increased immune activation and exhaustion as compared to a cohort of predominately older, hospitalized PWOH and raises questions on how chronic immune activation affects acute disease and the development of postacute sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skye Opsteen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and
| | - Tim Fram
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and
| | - Jacob K. Files
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and
| | - Emily B. Levitan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Paul Goepfert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and
| | - Nathaniel Erdmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and
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11
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McGraw A, Hillmer G, Choi J, Narayan K, Marquez D, Tibebe H, Izumi T. Evaluating HIV-1 Infectivity and Virion Maturation Across Varied Producer Cells with a Novel FRET-Based Detection and Quantification Assay. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.25.573317. [PMID: 38234844 PMCID: PMC10793453 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.25.573317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The maturation of HIV-1 virions is a crucial process in viral replication. Although T cells are a primary source of virus production, much of our understanding of virion maturation comes from studies using the HEK293T human embryonic kidney cell line. Notably, there is a lack of comparative analyses between T cells and HEK293T cells in terms of virion maturation efficiency in existing literature. We previously developed an advanced virion visualization system based on the FRET principle, enabling the effective distinction between immature and mature virions via fluorescence microscopy. In this study, we utilized pseudotyped, single-round infectious viruses tagged with FRET labels (HIV-1 Gag-iFRETΔEnv) derived from Jurkat (a human T lymphocyte cell line) and HEK293T cells to evaluate their virion maturation rates. HEK293T-derived virions demonstrated a maturity rate of 81.79%, consistent with other studies and our previous findings. However, virions originating from Jurkat cells demonstrated a significantly reduced maturation rate of 68.67% (p < 0.0001). Correspondingly, viruses produced from Jurkat cells exhibited significantly reduced infectivity compared to those derived from HEK293T cells, with the relative infectivity measured at 65.3%. This finding is consistent with the observed relative maturation rate of viruses produced by Jurkat cells. These findings suggest that initiation of virion maturation directly correlates with viral infectivity. Our observation highlights the dynamic nature of virus-host interactions and their implications for virion production and infectivity.
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12
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Mačak Šafranko Ž, Jakopec L, Svaguša K, Cvetko Krajinović L, Tomasović D, Lukić LJ, Markotić A. Serum Concentrations of TIM-3, LAG-3, and PD-1 in Patients with Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:551. [PMID: 38792573 PMCID: PMC11121887 DOI: 10.3390/life14050551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a rodent-borne disease widespread in Europe and Asia. HFRS is caused by negative-sensed single-stranded RNA orthohantaviruses transmitted to humans through inhaling aerosolized excreta of infected rodents. Symptoms of HFRS include acute kidney injury, thrombocytopenia, hemorrhages, and hypotension. The immune response raised against viral antigens plays an important role in the pathogenesis of HFRS. Inhibitory co-receptors are essential in regulating immune responses, mitigating immunopathogenesis, and reducing tissue damage. Our research showed an increased soluble form of inhibitory co-receptors TIM-3, LAG-3, and PD-1 in HFRS patients associated with disease severity. Our study aimed to investigate the impact of HFRS on the concentrations of soluble forms of inhibitory receptors TIM-3, LAG-3, and PD-1 in the patient's serum and the potential correlation with key clinical parameters. Our study aimed to investigate the impact of HFRS on the concentrations of soluble forms of inhibitory receptors TIM-3, LAG-3, and PD-1 in the patient's serum and their possible association with relevant clinical parameters. Using multiplex immunoassay, we found elevated levels of TIM-3, LAG-3, and PD-1 proteins in the serum of HFRS patients. Furthermore, increased levels were associated with creatinine, urea, lactate dehydrogenase concentrations, and platelet count. These findings suggest that these proteins play a role in regulating the immune response and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željka Mačak Šafranko
- Research Unit, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljevic”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lana Jakopec
- Research Unit, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljevic”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Karla Svaguša
- Research Unit, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljevic”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lidija Cvetko Krajinović
- Research Unit, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljevic”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Domagoj Tomasović
- Research Unit, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljevic”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ljiljana Lukić
- Research Unit, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljevic”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alemka Markotić
- Research Unit, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljevic”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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13
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Scheuermann S, Kristmann B, Engelmann F, Nuernbergk A, Scheuermann D, Koloseus M, Abed T, Solass W, Seitz CM. Unveiling spatial complexity in solid tumor immune microenvironments through multiplexed imaging. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1383932. [PMID: 38566984 PMCID: PMC10985204 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1383932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Deciphering cellular components and the spatial interaction network of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of solid tumors is pivotal for understanding biologically relevant cross-talks and, ultimately, advancing therapies. Multiplexed tissue imaging provides a powerful tool to elucidate spatial complexity in a holistic manner. We established and cross-validated a comprehensive immunophenotyping panel comprising over 121 markers for multiplexed tissue imaging using MACSima™ imaging cyclic staining (MICS) alongside an end-to-end analysis workflow. Applying this panel and workflow to primary cancer tissues, we characterized tumor heterogeneity, investigated potential therapeutical targets, conducted in-depth profiling of cell types and states, sub-phenotyped T cells within the TIME, and scrutinized cellular neighborhoods of diverse T cell subsets. Our findings highlight the advantage of spatial profiling, revealing immunosuppressive molecular signatures of tumor-associated myeloid cells interacting with neighboring exhausted, PD1high T cells in the TIME of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study establishes a robust framework for spatial exploration of TIMEs in solid tumors and underscores the potency of multiplexed tissue imaging and ultra-deep cell phenotyping in unraveling clinically relevant tumor components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Scheuermann
- Department of Haematology, Oncology, Gastroenterology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University Children’s Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- iFIT Cluster of Excellence EXC 2180 ‘Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies’, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Tuebingen, a partnership between German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Beate Kristmann
- Department of Haematology, Oncology, Gastroenterology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University Children’s Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Fabienne Engelmann
- Department of Haematology, Oncology, Gastroenterology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University Children’s Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Alice Nuernbergk
- Department of Haematology, Oncology, Gastroenterology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University Children’s Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - David Scheuermann
- School of Business and Economics, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marie Koloseus
- Department of Haematology, Oncology, Gastroenterology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University Children’s Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tayeb Abed
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tuebingen and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Solass
- Institute of Tissue Medicine and Pathology (ITMP), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian M. Seitz
- Department of Haematology, Oncology, Gastroenterology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University Children’s Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- iFIT Cluster of Excellence EXC 2180 ‘Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies’, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Tuebingen, a partnership between German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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14
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Dixon KO, Lahore GF, Kuchroo VK. Beyond T cell exhaustion: TIM-3 regulation of myeloid cells. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadf2223. [PMID: 38457514 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adf2223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3) is an important immune checkpoint molecule initially identified as a marker of IFN-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Since then, our understanding of its role in immune responses has significantly expanded. Here, we review emerging evidence demonstrating unexpected roles for TIM-3 as a key regulator of myeloid cell function, in addition to recent work establishing TIM-3 as a delineator of terminal T cell exhaustion, thereby positioning TIM-3 at the interface between fatigued immune responses and reinvigoration. We share our perspective on the antagonism between TIM-3 and T cell stemness, discussing both cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic mechanisms underlying this relationship. Looking forward, we discuss approaches to decipher the underlying mechanisms by which TIM-3 regulates stemness, which has remarkable potential for the treatment of cancer, autoimmunity, and autoinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen O Dixon
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gonzalo Fernandez Lahore
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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15
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Han CW, Jeong MS, Lee HN, Hwang EY, Jang SB. Structural basis for T cell immunoglobulin and mucin protein 3 and Toxascaris leonina galectin complex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 697:149544. [PMID: 38245927 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin protein 3 (Tim-3), also known as Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2, has been discovered to have a negative regulatory effect on murine T-cell responses. Galectin-9 exhibits various biological effects, including cell aggregation, eosinophil chemoattraction, activation, and apoptosis, observed in murine thymocytes, T-cells, and human melanoma cells. Such approach demonstrated that Galectin-9 acts as a binding partner on Tim-3 and mediates the T-cell inhibitory effects. Tl-gal is a homologous protein to galectin-9, isolated from the adult stage of the canine gastrointestinal nematode parasite Toxascaris leonina. However, molecular mechanism between Tim-3 and galectin-9 is still remain unknown. Here, we describe the cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray structures and interactions of the Tim-3 and Tl-gal complex as well as their biochemical and biophysical characterization. In the structure, Ser46 residue of Tl-gal NCRD was bound to Asp25 residue of hTim-3. Compared to our previous study, the binding site of the complex is the same as the sugar binding site (the Ser46 residue) of Tl-gal. In addition, analysis of the complex structure revealed that the four Tl-gal molecules were in an open form packing and one mTim-3 peptide was bound to one Tl-gal molecule. These observations suggest that how Tl-gal binds hTim3 is essential to understanding the molecular mechanism for the Tim-3-galectin 9 interaction that regulates immune responses. This could potentially serve as a therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Woo Han
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Suk Jeong
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Na Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Hwang
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Bok Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Joller N, Anderson AC, Kuchroo VK. LAG-3, TIM-3, and TIGIT: Distinct functions in immune regulation. Immunity 2024; 57:206-222. [PMID: 38354701 PMCID: PMC10919259 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
LAG-3, TIM-3, and TIGIT comprise the next generation of immune checkpoint receptors being harnessed in the clinic. Although initially studied for their roles in restraining T cell responses, intense investigation over the last several years has started to pinpoint the unique functions of these molecules in other immune cell types. Understanding the distinct processes that these receptors regulate across immune cells and tissues will inform the clinical development and application of therapies that either antagonize or agonize these receptors, as well as the profile of potential tissue toxicity associated with their targeting. Here, we discuss the distinct functions of LAG-3, TIM-3, and TIGIT, including their contributions to the regulation of immune cells beyond T cells, their roles in disease, and the implications for their targeting in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Joller
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ana C Anderson
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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17
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Chen PK, Hsu WF, Peng CY, Liao TL, Chang SH, Chen HH, Chen CH, Chen DY. Significant association of elevated serum galectin-9 levels with the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1347268. [PMID: 38371515 PMCID: PMC10869587 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1347268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is prevalent among rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, but its pathogenesis has rarely been explored. Galectin-9 (Gal-9) interacts with T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-containing-molecule-3 (TIM-3) expressed on hepatocytes and thus regulates T cell proliferation in a murine model of NAFLD. We aimed to examine the pathogenic role of the Gal-9/TIM-3 pathway in RA-NAFLD. Methods Serum levels of Gal-9, soluble TIM-3 (sTIM-3), fatty acid-binding proteins (FABP)1, and FABP4 were determined by ELISA in forty-five RA patients and eleven healthy participants. Using Oil-red O staining and immunoblotting, we examined the effects of Gal-9 and free fatty acid (FFA) on lipid accumulation in human hepatocytes and FABP1 expression. Results Serum Gal-9, sTIM-3 and FABP1 level were significantly higher in RA patients (median 5.02 ng/mL, 3.42 ng/mL, and 5.76 ng/mL, respectively) than in healthy participants (1.86 ng/mL, 0.99 ng/mL, and 0.129 ng/mL, all p < 0.001). They were also significantly higher in patients with moderate-to-severe NAFLD compared with none-to-mild NAFLD (p < 0.01; p < 0.05; and p < 0.01, respectively). Serum Gal-9 levels were positively correlated with sTIM-3, FABP1, FABP4 levels, and ultrasound-fatty liver score, respectively, in RA patients. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that Gal-9 (cut-off>3.30) was a significant predictor of NAFLD development, and Gal-9 and sTIM-3 were predictors of NAFLD severity (both p < 0.05). The cell-based assay showed that Gal-9 and FFA could upregulate FABP1 expression and enhance lipid droplet accumulation in hepatocytes. Conclusion Elevated levels of Gal-9 and sTIM3 in RA patients with NAFLD and their positive correlation with NAFLD severity suggest the pathogenic role of Gal-9 signaling in RA-related NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Ku Chen
- Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Fan Hsu
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center for Digestive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yuan Peng
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center for Digestive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Ling Liao
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine and Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsin Chang
- Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine and Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hua Chen
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine and Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, United States
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Der-Yuan Chen
- Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine and Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Schriek AI, Aldon YLT, van Gils MJ, de Taeye SW. Next-generation bNAbs for HIV-1 cure strategies. Antiviral Res 2024; 222:105788. [PMID: 38158130 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Despite the ability to suppress viral replication using anti-retroviral therapy (ART), HIV-1 remains a global public health problem. Curative strategies for HIV-1 have to target and eradicate latently infected cells across the body, i.e. the viral reservoir. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) have the capacity to neutralize virions and bind to infected cells to initiate elimination of these cells. To improve the efficacy of bNAbs in terms of viral suppression and viral reservoir eradication, next generation antibodies (Abs) are being developed that address the current limitations of Ab treatment efficacy; (1) low antigen (Env) density on (reactivated) HIV-1 infected cells, (2) high viral genetic diversity, (3) exhaustion of immune cells and (4) short half-life of Abs. In this review we summarize and discuss preclinical and clinical studies in which anti-HIV-1 Abs demonstrated potent viral control, and describe the development of engineered Abs that could address the limitations described above. Next generation Abs with optimized effector function, avidity, effector cell recruitment and immune cell activation have the potential to contribute to an HIV-1 cure or durable control.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Schriek
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Y L T Aldon
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M J van Gils
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S W de Taeye
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Anderson AC. Discovery of TIM-3: Beyond a Th1 Regulator. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:359-360. [PMID: 38227909 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
This Pillars of Immunology article is a commentary on “Th1-specific cell surface protein Tim-3 regulates macrophage activation and severity of an autoimmune disease,” a pivotal article written by L. Monney, C. A. Sabatos, J. L. Gaglia, A. Ryu, H. Waldner, T. Chernova, S. Manning, E. A. Greenfield, A. J. Coyle, R. A. Sobel, G. J. Freeman, and V. K. Kuchroo, and published in Nature, in 2002. https://www.nature.com/articles/415536a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Anderson
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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20
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Field KR, Wragg KM, Kent SJ, Lee WS, Juno JA. γδ T cells mediate robust anti-HIV functions during antiretroviral therapy regardless of immune checkpoint expression. Clin Transl Immunology 2024; 13:e1486. [PMID: 38299190 PMCID: PMC10825377 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) efficiently suppresses HIV viral load, immune dysregulation and dysfunction persist in people living with HIV (PLWH). γδ T cells are functionally impaired during untreated HIV infection, but the extent to which they are reconstituted upon ART is currently unclear. Methods Utilising a cohort of ART-treated PLWH, we assessed the frequency and phenotype, characterised in vitro functional responses and defined the impact of immune checkpoint marker expression on effector functions of both Vδ1 and Vδ2 T cells. We additionally explore the in vitro expansion of Vδ2 T cells from PLWH on ART and the mechanisms by which such expanded cells may sense and kill HIV-infected targets. Results A matured NK cell-like phenotype was observed for Vδ1 T cells among 25 ART-treated individuals (PLWH/ART) studied compared to 17 HIV-uninfected controls, with heightened expression of 2B4, CD160, TIGIT and Tim-3. Despite persistent phenotypic perturbations, Vδ1 T cells from PLWH/ART exhibited strong CD16-mediated activation and degranulation, which were suppressed upon Tim-3 and TIGIT crosslinking. Vδ2 T cell degranulation responses to the phosphoantigen (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate at concentrations up to 2 ng mL-1 were significantly impaired in an immune checkpoint-independent manner among ART-treated participants. Nonetheless, expanded Vδ2 T cells from PLWH/ART retained potent anti-HIV effector functions, with the NKG2D receptor contributing substantially to the elimination of infected cells. Conclusion Our findings highlight that although significant perturbations remain within the γδ T cell compartment throughout ART-treated HIV, both subsets retain the capacity for robust anti-HIV effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty R Field
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Kathleen M Wragg
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneVICAustralia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Wen Shi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneVICAustralia
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21
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Dong H, Liao Y, Shang M, Fu Y, Zhang H, Luo M, Hu B. Effects of co-infection with Clonorchis sinensis on T cell exhaustion levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Helminthol 2024; 98:e13. [PMID: 38263743 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of co-infection with Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis) on T cell exhaustion levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B, we enrolled clinical cases in this study, including the patients with concomitant C. sinensis and HBV infection. In this study, we detected inhibitory receptors and cytokine expression in circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells by flow cytometry. PD-1 and TIM-3 expression levels were significantly higher on CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells from co-infected patients than on those from the HBV patients. In addition, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells function were significantly inhibited by C. sinensis and HBV co-infection compared with HBV single infection, secreting lower levels of Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin-2 (IL-2), and TNF-α. Our current results suggested that C. sinensis co-infection could exacerbate T cell exhaustion in patients with chronic hepatitis B. PD-1 and TIM-3 could be novel biomarkers for T cell exhaustion in patients with Clonorchis sinensis and chronic hepatitis B co-infection. Furthermore, it may be one possible reason for the weaker response to antiviral therapies and the chronicity of HBV infection in co-infected patients. We must realize the importance of C. sinensis treatment for HBV-infected patients. It might provide useful information for clinical doctors to choose the right treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Dong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Liao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Shang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuechun Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minqi Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Zacharias ZR, Houtman JCD. OMIP-099: 31-color spectral flow cytometry panel to investigate the steady-state phenotype of human T cells. Cytometry A 2024; 105:10-15. [PMID: 37814476 PMCID: PMC10842108 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a 31-color panel to define the steady-state phenotype of T cells in human peripheral blood (Table 1). The panel presented here was optimized using cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The markers included in this panel were chosen in order to characterize the steady-state phenotype of T cells and includes markers (CD45RA, CD45RO, CCR7, CD95) to distinguish the main subsets (e.g., naïve, TEM , TCM , TEMRA , TSCM etc.) of CD4, CD8, and γδ T cells. This panel also includes markers for the identification of differentiation status (CD27, CD28), activation/antigen experience status (CD11a, CD49d, CD38, HLA-DR, CD56, and CD39), co-inhibitory marker expression (PD-1, TIM-3), and CD4 T helper subsets (CXCR3, CXCR5, CCR4, CCR6, Foxp3, CD25, and CD127). This optimized panel provides a broad assessment of the steady-state phenotype of human T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeb R. Zacharias
- Human Immunology Core, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Jon C. D. Houtman
- Human Immunology Core, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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Jin J, Wang X, Li Y, Yang X, Wang H, Han X, Sun J, Ma Z, Duan J, Zhang G, Huang T, Zhang T, Wu H, Zhang X, Su B. Weak SARS-CoV-2-specific responses of TIGIT-expressing CD8 + T cells in people living with HIV after a third dose of a SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136:2938-2947. [PMID: 37963586 PMCID: PMC10752475 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif domains (TIGIT), an inhibitory receptor expressed on T cells, plays a dysfunctional role in antiviral infection and antitumor activity. However, it is unknown whether TIGIT expression on T cells influences the immunological effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) inactivated vaccines. METHODS Forty-five people living with HIV (PLWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) for more than two years and 31 healthy controls (HCs), all received a third dose of a SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine, were enrolled in this study. The amounts, activation, proportion of cell subsets, and magnitude of the SARS-CoV-2-specific immune response of TIGIT + CD4 + and TIGIT + CD8 + T cells were investigated before the third dose but 6 months after the second vaccine dose (0W), 4 weeks (4W) and 12 weeks (12W) after the third dose. RESULTS Compared to that in HCs, the frequency of TIGIT + CD8 + T cells in the peripheral blood of PLWH increased at 12W after the third dose of the inactivated vaccine, and the immune activation of TIGIT + CD8 + T cells also increased. A decrease in the ratio of both T naïve (T N ) and central memory (T CM ) cells among TIGIT + CD8 + T cells and an increase in the ratio of the effector memory (T EM ) subpopulation were observed at 12W in PLWH. Interestingly, particularly at 12W, a higher proportion of TIGIT + CD8 + T cells expressing CD137 and CD69 simultaneously was observed in HCs than in PLWH based on the activation-induced marker assay. Compared with 0W, SARS-CoV-2-specific TIGIT + CD8 + T-cell responses in PLWH were not enhanced at 12W but were enhanced in HCs. Additionally, at all time points, the SARS-CoV-2-specific responses of TIGIT + CD8 + T cells in PLWH were significantly weaker than those of TIGIT - CD8 + T cells. However, in HCs, the difference in the SARS-CoV-2-specific responses induced between TIGIT + CD8 + T cells and TIGIT - CD8 + T cells was insignificant at 4W and 12W, except at 0W. CONCLUSIONS TIGIT expression on CD8 + T cells may hinder the T-cell immune response to a booster dose of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, suggesting weakened resistance to SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially in PLWH. Furthermore, TIGIT may be used as a potential target to increase the production of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8 + T cells, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiuwen Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yongzheng Li
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaoxu Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhenglai Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Junyi Duan
- Tian Yuan Studio, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- Tian Yuan Studio, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Tian Yuan Studio, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Bin Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Chinsuwan T, Hirabayashi K, Mishima S, Hasegawa A, Tanaka M, Mochizuki H, Shimoi A, Murakami T, Yagyu S, Shimizu K, Nakazawa Y. Ligand-based, piggyBac-engineered CAR-T cells targeting EGFR are safe and effective against non-small cell lung cancers. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 31:100728. [PMID: 37822488 PMCID: PMC10562194 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.100728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in various cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and in some somatic cells at a limited level, rendering it an attractive antitumor target. In this study, we engineered chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells using the piggyBac transposon system, autologous artificial antigen-presenting cells, and natural ligands of EGFR. We showed that this approach yielded CAR-T cells with favorable phenotypes and CAR positivity. They exhibited potent antitumor activity against NSCLC both in vitro and in vivo. When administered to tumor-bearing mice and non-tumor-bearing cynomolgus macaques, they did not elicit toxicity despite their cross-reactivity to both murine and simian EGFRs. In total we tested three ligands and found that the CAR candidate with the highest affinity consistently displayed greater potency without adverse events. Taken together, our results demonstrate the feasibility and safety of targeting EGFR-expressing NSCLCs using ligand-based, piggyBac-engineered CAR-T cells. Our data also show that lowering the affinity of CAR molecules is not always beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanyavi Chinsuwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Koichi Hirabayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Shuji Mishima
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Aiko Hasegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Miyuki Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
- Center for Advanced Research of Gene and Cell Therapy, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Hidemi Mochizuki
- Center for Advanced Research of Gene and Cell Therapy, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
- Ina Research Inc., Ina, Nagano, Japan
| | - Akihito Shimoi
- Center for Advanced Research of Gene and Cell Therapy, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
- Ina Research Inc., Ina, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takashi Murakami
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigeki Yagyu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
- Center for Advanced Research of Gene and Cell Therapy, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Shimizu
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yozo Nakazawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
- Center for Advanced Research of Gene and Cell Therapy, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
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25
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Akbar I, Tang R, Baillargeon J, Roy AP, Doss PMIA, Zhu C, Kuchroo VK, Rangachari M. Cutting Edge: Serpine1 Negatively Regulates Th1 Cell Responses in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1762-1766. [PMID: 37909848 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Th1 cells are critical in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Serine protease inhibitor clade E1 (Serpine1) has been posited as an inhibitor of IFN-γ from T cells, although its role in autoimmunity remains unclear. In this study, we show that Serpine1 knockout (KO) mice develop EAE of enhanced severity relative to wild-type (WT) controls. Serpine1 overexpression represses Th1 cell cytokine production and pathogenicity, whereas Serpine1-KO:2D2 Th1 cells transfer EAE of increased severity in comparison with WT 2D2 Th1 cells. Notably, polarized Serpine1-KO Th1 cells display delayed expression of the Th1-specific inhibitory receptor, Tim-3 (T cell Ig and mucin-domain containing-3). Serpine1-KO:Tim-3-Tg Th1 cells, which transgenically overexpress Tim-3, showed increased expression of IFN-γ and reduced expression of the checkpoint molecules Lag-3 and PD-1 relative to WT Tim-3-Tg counterparts. Furthermore, Serpine1 deficiency restored the EAE phenotype of Tim-3-Tg mice that normally develop mild disease. Taken together, we identify Serpine1 as a negative regulator of Th1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Akbar
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Ruihan Tang
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Joanie Baillargeon
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrée-Pascale Roy
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Chen Zhu
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Manu Rangachari
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
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26
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Benito JM, Restrepo C, García-Foncillas J, Rallón N. Immune checkpoint inhibitors as potential therapy for reverting T-cell exhaustion and reverting HIV latency in people living with HIV. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1270881. [PMID: 38130714 PMCID: PMC10733458 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1270881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system of people living with HIV (PLWH) is persistently exposed to antigens leading to systemic inflammation despite combination antiretroviral treatment (cART). This inflammatory milieu promotes T-cell activation and exhaustion. Furthermore, it produces diminished effector functions including loss of cytokine production, cytotoxicity, and proliferation, leading to disease progression. Exhausted T cells show overexpression of immune checkpoint molecules (ICs) on the cell surface, including programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3), T-cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domain (TIGIT), and lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3). The ICs also play a crucial role in T-cell exhaustion by reducing the immune response to cancer antigens. Immunotherapy based on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has changed the management of a diversity of cancers. Additionally, the interest in exploring this approach in the setting of HIV infection has increased, including AIDS-defining cancers and non-AIDS-defining cancers in PLWH. To date, research on this topic suggests that ICI-based therapies in PLWH could be a safe and effective approach. In this review, we provide an overview of the current literature on the potential role of ICI-based immunotherapy not only in cancer remission in PLWH but also as a therapeutic intervention to restore immune response against HIV, revert HIV latency, and attain a functional cure for HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Benito
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | | | - Jesús García-Foncillas
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Institute, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Norma Rallón
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
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27
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Coley AK, Lu C, Pankaj A, Emmett MJ, Lang ER, Song Y, Xu KH, Xu N, Patel BK, Chougule A, Nieman LT, Aryee MJ, Ferrone CR, Deshpande V, Franses JW, Ting DT. Dysregulated Repeat Element Viral-like Immune Response in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.04.570014. [PMID: 38105940 PMCID: PMC10723373 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.04.570014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Dysregulation of viral-like repeat RNAs are a common feature across many malignancies that are linked with immunological response, but the characterization of these in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is understudied. In this study, we performed RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) of different repeat RNAs, immunohistochemistry (IHC) for immune cell subpopulations, and spatial transcriptomics to understand the relationship of HCC repeat expression, immune response, and clinical outcomes. Experimental Design RNA-ISH for LINE1, HERV-K, HERV-H, and HSATII repeats and IHC for T-cell, Treg, B-cell, macrophage, and immune checkpoint markers were performed on 43 resected HCC specimens. Spatial transcriptomics on tumor and vessel regions of interest was performed on 28 specimens from the same cohort. Results High HERV-K and high LINE1 expression were both associated with worse overall survival. There was a positive correlation between LINE1 expression and FOXP3 T-regulatory cells (r = 0.51 p < 0.001) as well as expression of the TIM3 immune checkpoint (r = 0.34, p = 0.03). Spatial transcriptomic profiling of HERV-K high and LINE-1 high tumors identified elevated expression of multiple genes previously associated with epithelial mesenchymal transition, cellular proliferation, and worse overall prognosis in HCC including SSX1, MAGEC2, and SPINK1. Conclusion Repeat RNAs may serve as useful prognostic biomarkers in HCC and may also serve as novel therapeutic targets. Additional study is needed to understand the mechanisms by which repeat RNAs impact HCC tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avril K. Coley
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School; Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chenyue Lu
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School; Charlestown, MA, USA
- Health Sciences and Technology Program; Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amaya Pankaj
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School; Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Matthew J. Emmett
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School; Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
| | - Evan R. Lang
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School; Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Yuhui Song
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School; Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Katherine H. Xu
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School; Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Nova Xu
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School; Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Bidish K. Patel
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School; Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Abhijit Chougule
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School; Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Linda T. Nieman
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School; Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Martin J. Aryee
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT; Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Vikram Deshpande
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph W. Franses
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School; Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
- Health Sciences and Technology Program; Cambridge, MA, USA
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago; Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David T. Ting
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School; Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
- Health Sciences and Technology Program; Cambridge, MA, USA
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Muñoz-Muela E, Trujillo-Rodríguez M, Serna-Gallego A, Saborido-Alconchel A, Ruiz-Mateos E, López-Cortés LF, Gutiérrez-Valencia A. HIV-1-specific T-cell responses and exhaustion profiles in people with HIV after switching to dual therapy vs. maintaining triple therapy based on integrase inhibitors. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115750. [PMID: 37871555 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dual therapy (DT) has shown comparable results to triple therapy (TT) in efficacy and other immunological aspects. However, there are still some concerns about DT, including several immunological features. Therefore, we evaluated whether HIV-1-specific memory T-cell responses and exhaustion phenotypes are adversely influenced after simplification to DT. METHODS HIV-1-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses were assessed by intracellular cytokine and degranulation marker staining, and polyfunctionality indexes after stimulation with a Gag peptide pool. Exhaustion phenotypes were evaluated by PD-1, TIM-3, and LAG-3 expression in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. RESULTS Forty participants in the TRIDUAL trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03447873) who were randomized to continue integrase inhibitor-based TT (n = 20) or to switch to DT (dolutegravir or darunavir/cobicistat plus lamivudine) (n = 20). After 96 weeks, the magnitude of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses was similar in both treatment arms (p = 0.221 and p = 0.602, respectively). The CD4+ polyfunctionality index decreased in the TT arm (p = 0.013) and remained stable in the DT arm, while the polyfunctionality of CD8+ T cells was unchanged in both arms. There was a significant decrease in the expression of PD-1, TIM-3, and the co-expression of PD-1+TIM-3+LAG-3+, and PD-1 +TIM-3 + in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. However, the decrease in the expression of exhaustion markers did not improve HIV-1-specific T-cell responses. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that simplification to DT does not negatively influence the HIV-1-specific T-cell response or the exhaustion phenotype after 96 weeks of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Muñoz-Muela
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Trujillo-Rodríguez
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana Serna-Gallego
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Abraham Saborido-Alconchel
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis F López-Cortés
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Alicia Gutiérrez-Valencia
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
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Ma S, Tian Y, Peng J, Chen C, Peng X, Zhao F, Li Z, Li M, Zhao F, Sheng X, Zong R, Li Y, Zhang J, Yu M, Zhu Q, Tian X, Li Y, Neckenig MR, Liu H, Zhan P, Yue X, Wu Z, Gao L, Liang X, Liu X, Li C, Ma C. Identification of a small-molecule Tim-3 inhibitor to potentiate T cell-mediated antitumor immunotherapy in preclinical mouse models. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadg6752. [PMID: 37967204 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adg6752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-containing molecule 3 (Tim-3), expressed in dysfunctional and exhausted T cells, has been widely acknowledged as a promising immune checkpoint target for tumor immunotherapy. Here, using a strategy combining virtual and functional screening, we identified a compound named ML-T7 that targets the FG-CC' cleft of Tim-3, a highly conserved binding site of phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) and carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1). ML-T7 enhanced the survival and antitumor activity of primary CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and human chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and reduced their exhaustion in vitro and in vivo. In addition, ML-T7 promoted NK cells' killing activity and DC antigen-presenting capacity, consistent with the reported activity of Tim-3. ML-T7 strengthened DCs' functions through both Tim-3 and Tim-4, which is consistent with the fact that Tim-4 contains a similar FG-CC' loop. Intraperitoneal dosing of ML-T7 showed comparable tumor inhibitory effects to the Tim-3 blocking antibody. ML-T7 reduced syngeneic tumor progression in both wild-type and Tim-3 humanized mice and alleviated the immunosuppressive microenvironment. Furthermore, combined ML-T7 and anti-PD-1 therapy had greater therapeutic efficacy than monotherapy in mice, supporting further development of ML-T7 for tumor immunotherapy. Our study demonstrates a potential small molecule for selectively blocking Tim-3 and warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiya Ma
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Ye Tian
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Jiali Peng
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Chaojia Chen
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Xueqi Peng
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Fabao Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Mengzhen Li
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Fangcheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Xue Sheng
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Runzhe Zong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Yiquan Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Jiwei Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Mingyan Yu
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan, Shandong 250101, P. R. China
| | - Qingfen Zhu
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan, Shandong 250101, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Tian
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
| | - Yuyang Li
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
| | - Markus R Neckenig
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Huiqing Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Xuetian Yue
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Zhuanchang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Lifen Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Liang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Chunyang Li
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Chunhong Ma
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
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Torki E, Gharezade A, Doroudchi M, Sheikhi S, Mansury D, Sullman MJM, Fouladseresht H. The kinetics of inhibitory immune checkpoints during and post-COVID-19: the knowns and unknowns. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:3299-3319. [PMID: 37697158 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01188-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is tightly regulated to prevent immune reactions to self-antigens and to avoid excessive immune responses during and after challenges from non-self-antigens. Inhibitory immune checkpoints (IICPs), as the major regulators of immune system responses, are extremely important for maintaining the homeostasis of cells and tissues. However, the high and sustained co-expression of IICPs in chronic infections, under persistent antigenic stimulations, results in reduced immune cell functioning and more severe and prolonged disease complications. Furthermore, IICPs-mediated interactions can be hijacked by pathogens in order to evade immune induction or effector mechanisms. Therefore, IICPs can be potential targets for the prognosis and treatment of chronic infectious diseases. This is especially the case with regards to the most challenging infectious disease of recent times, coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), whose long-term complications can persist long after recovery. This article reviews the current knowledge about the kinetics and functioning of the IICPs during and post-COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensiye Torki
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Arezou Gharezade
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Doroudchi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shima Sheikhi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Davood Mansury
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mark J M Sullman
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Hamed Fouladseresht
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Papadakis M, Karniadakis I, Mazonakis N, Akinosoglou K, Tsioutis C, Spernovasilis N. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Infection: What Is the Interplay? In Vivo 2023; 37:2409-2420. [PMID: 37905657 PMCID: PMC10621463 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint molecules are receptors expressed on immune cells, especially T-cells, which activate immunosuppressive pathways and lead them to a state known as T-cell exhaustion. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) constitute a group of specific antibodies that target these molecules, restoring T-cell effector function. Several ICIs have already been approved by the FDA as therapeutic options for certain malignancies. However, evidence in the literature remains unclear regarding the possible risk of infection in patients receiving this treatment. A thorough examination of existing literature was carried out to investigate whether the use of ICIs increases the likelihood of specific infections and to explore the potential beneficial effects of ICIs on the treatment of infections. Our review found most infectious complications are related to immunosuppressive therapy for immune-related adverse events caused by checkpoint blockade. Current evidence shows that ICIs per se do not seem to generally increase the risk of infection, yet they might increase susceptibility to certain infections, such as tuberculosis. On the other hand, reinvigoration of immune responses triggered by ICIs might play a significant role in pathogen clearance, establishing a possible positive impact of ICIs, especially on chronic infectious diseases, such as HIV infection. Data from preclinical models are limited and larger clinical trials are warranted to shed more light on the effect of immune checkpoint blockade on specific pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Papadakis
- Third Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetes Center, Agios Panteleimon General Hospital of Nikaia, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Ioannis Karniadakis
- Cardiff Transplant Unit, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, U.K
| | - Nikolaos Mazonakis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Thoracic Diseases General Hospital Sotiria, Athens, Greece
| | - Karolina Akinosoglou
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
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32
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Zhao H, Ma Y, Tian F, Li B, Xiao N, Mo X, Aibibula M, Min H, Cai X, Zhang T, Ma X. Expression of Tim-3/Galectin-9 pathway and CD8+T cells and related factors in patients with cystic echinococcosis. Exp Parasitol 2023; 254:108623. [PMID: 37793539 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE One of the primary reasons for the successful patriotization of Echinococcus multilocularis in patients is its ability to induce host immune tolerance. This study examined the expression of the immunosuppressive Tim-3/Galectin-9 pathway, CD8+T cells, and related factors in AE patients. The aim was to analyze the relationship between the Tim-3/Galectin-9 pathway and CD8+T cells in this disease and further understand the mechanism of immune tolerance induced by cystic echinococcosis. METHODS Using flow cytometry, we evaluated the expression of CTL, CD8+CD28-T cells, CD8+CD28 + IFN-γ + T cells, CD8+CD28+perforin + T cells, CD8+CD28+granzyme B + T cells, CD8+CD28-IL-10 + T cells, CD8+CD28-TGF-β+T cells, and Tim-3 expression on CD8+T cells in the peripheral blood of control (n = 30) and AE patients (n = 33). qRT-PCR was used to measure CD107a and Tim-3/Galectin-9 mRNA levels in PBMCs from the control and AE groups. Immunohistochemistry was employed to detect IL-10, TGF-β, and Tim-3/Galectin-9 expressions in the infected livers of AE patients. RESULTS AE patients exhibited a significant decrease in peripheral blood CTL ratio (P < 0.001) and an increase in CD8+CD28+IFN-γ+T cell ratio (P < 0.001). No significant changes were observed in the ratios of CD8+CD28+perforin + T cells (P = 0.720) and CD8+CD28+granzyme B + T cells (P = 0.051). The proportions of CD8+CD28-T cells (P < 0.001), CD8+CD28-IL-10 + T cells (P < 0.001), and CD8+CD28-TGF-β+T cells (P < 0.001) were notably higher than in the control group. The expression of Tim-3 on CTL and CD8+CD28-T cells in AE patients was significantly upregulated (P < 0.001, P < 0.001). AE patients displayed a substantial decrease in peripheral blood PBMC CD107a mRNA levels (P < 0.001) and significant elevations in Tim-3/Galectin-9 mRNA levels (P < 0.001, P < 0.001). A negative correlation was observed between CD107a mRNA levels and both Tim-3 (r^2 = 0.411, P < 0.001) and Galectin-9 (r2 = 0.180, P = 0.019) mRNA levels. Expressions of IL-10 (P < 0.001), TGF-β (P < 0.001), and Tim-3/Galectin-9 (P < 0.001, P < 0.001) in AE patient-infected livers were significantly higher than in uninfected regions. IL-10 and TGF-β expressions showed a positive correlation with Tim-3/Galectin-9. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the high expression of Tim-3 on CD8+T cell surfaces in AE patients might promote an increase in CD8+CD28-T cells and related factors, while suppressing CTL and related factor expressions. This potentially induces the onset of immune tolerance, which is unfavorable for the clearance of Echinococcus multilocularis in patients, leading to the exacerbation of persistent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Medical Testing Center, Xinjiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, PR China
| | - Yuyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, PR China
| | - Fengming Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, PR China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, PR China
| | - Ning Xiao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiaojin Mo
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Madinaimu Aibibula
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, PR China
| | - Hongyue Min
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, PR China
| | - Xuanlin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, PR China
| | - Ting Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Xiumin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, PR China.
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Copertino DC, Holmberg CS, Weiler J, Ward AR, Howard JN, Levinger C, Pang AP, Corley MJ, Dündar F, Zumbo P, Betel D, Gandhi RT, McMahon DK, Bosch RJ, Linden N, Macatangay BJ, Cyktor JC, Eron JJ, Mellors JW, Kovacs C, Benko E, Bosque A, Jones RB. The latency-reversing agent HODHBt synergizes with IL-15 to enhance cytotoxic function of HIV-specific T cells. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e169028. [PMID: 37581929 PMCID: PMC10561764 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.169028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-15 is under clinical investigation toward the goal of curing HIV infection because of its abilities to reverse HIV latency and enhance immune effector function. However, increased potency through combination with other agents may be needed. 3-Hydroxy-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one (HODHBt) enhances IL-15-mediated latency reversal and NK cell function by increasing STAT5 activation. We hypothesized that HODHBt would also synergize with IL-15, via STAT5, to directly enhance HIV-specific cytotoxic T cell responses. We showed that ex vivo IL-15 + HODHBt treatment markedly enhanced HIV-specific granzyme B-releasing T cell responses in PBMCs from antiretroviral therapy-suppressed (ART-suppressed) donors. We also observed upregulation of antigen processing and presentation in CD4+ T cells and increased surface MHC-I. In ex vivo PBMCs, IL-15 + HODHBt was sufficient to reduce intact proviruses in 1 of 3 ART-suppressed donors. Our findings reveal the potential for second-generation IL-15 studies incorporating HODHBt-like therapeutics. Iterative studies layering on additional latency reversal or other agents are needed to achieve consistent ex vivo reservoir reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis C. Copertino
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carissa S. Holmberg
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jared Weiler
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam R. Ward
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - J. Natalie Howard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Callie Levinger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alina P.S. Pang
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael J. Corley
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Friederike Dündar
- Applied Bioinformatics Core and
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Catenion GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Doron Betel
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Applied Bioinformatics Core and
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rajesh T. Gandhi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deborah K. McMahon
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald J. Bosch
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Noemi Linden
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bernard J. Macatangay
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua C. Cyktor
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph J. Eron
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - John W. Mellors
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Colin Kovacs
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erika Benko
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - R. Brad Jones
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Blanch-Lombarte O, Ouchi D, Jimenez-Moyano E, Carabelli J, Marin MA, Peña R, Pelletier A, Talla A, Sharma A, Dalmau J, Santos JR, Sékaly RP, Clotet B, Prado JG. Selective loss of CD107a TIGIT+ memory HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells in PLWH over a decade of ART. eLife 2023; 12:e83737. [PMID: 37723971 PMCID: PMC10508883 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The co-expression of inhibitory receptors (IRs) is a hallmark of CD8+ T-cell exhaustion (Tex) in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH). Understanding alterations of IRs expression in PLWH on long-term antiretroviral treatment (ART) remains elusive but is critical to overcoming CD8+ Tex and designing novel HIV-1 cure immunotherapies. To address this, we combine high-dimensional supervised and unsupervised analysis of IRs concomitant with functional markers across the CD8+ T-cell landscape on 24 PLWH over a decade on ART. We define irreversible alterations of IRs co-expression patterns in CD8+ T cells not mitigated by ART and identify negative associations between the frequency of TIGIT+ and TIGIT+ TIM-3+ and CD4+ T-cell levels. Moreover, changes in total, SEB-activated, and HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells delineate a complex reshaping of memory and effector-like cellular clusters on ART. Indeed, we identify a selective reduction of HIV-1 specific-CD8+ T-cell memory-like clusters sharing TIGIT expression and low CD107a that can be recovered by mAb TIGIT blockade independently of IFNγ and IL-2. Collectively, these data characterize with unprecedented detail the patterns of IRs expression and functions across the CD8+ T-cell landscape and indicate the potential of TIGIT as a target for Tex precision immunotherapies in PLWH at all ART stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Blanch-Lombarte
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research InstituteBarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del VallèsBarcelonaSpain
| | - Dan Ouchi
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research InstituteBarcelonaSpain
| | | | | | | | - Ruth Peña
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research InstituteBarcelonaSpain
| | - Adam Pelletier
- Pathology Department, Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandUnited States
| | - Aarthi Talla
- Pathology Department, Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandUnited States
| | - Ashish Sharma
- Pathology Department, Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandUnited States
| | | | - José Ramón Santos
- Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i PujolBarcelonaSpain
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i PujolBadalonaSpain
| | | | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research InstituteBarcelonaSpain
- Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i PujolBarcelonaSpain
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i PujolBadalonaSpain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP)BadalonaSpain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC)CataloniaSpain
| | - Julia G Prado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research InstituteBarcelonaSpain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP)BadalonaSpain
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
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Tennant MD, New C, Ferreira LMR, O'Neil RT. Efficient T cell adoptive transfer in lymphoreplete hosts mediated by transient activation of Stat5 signaling. Mol Ther 2023; 31:2591-2599. [PMID: 37481703 PMCID: PMC10492021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphodepleting pre-conditioning is a nearly universal component of T cell adoptive transfer protocols. The side effects of pre-conditioning regimens used in adoptive cell therapy are clinically significant and include pan-cytopenia, immune suppression, and reactive myelopoiesis. We conducted studies to test the hypothesis that the mechanisms underlying effective engraftment are cell autonomous and not dependent on a lymphodepleted host immune status. These studies leveraged mouse models to examine the role of Stat5 signaling during T cell adoptive transfer. We observed that, by transiently expressing a constitutively active mutamer of Stat5b during the process of adoptive transfer, we could completely obviate the need for lymphodepletion prior to adoptive transfer. Using several functional assays, we benchmark the function of the engrafted T cells against T cells transferred after conventional lymphodepletion. These studies identify a cell-autonomous mechanism driven by transient Stat5b signaling with lasting effects on T cell phenotype and function. Furthermore, the results presented suggest that adoptive T cell therapy could be improved by removing lymphodepletion protocols entirely and replacing them with RNA transfection of T cells with transcripts encoding active Stat5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan D Tennant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Christina New
- Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Department of Pediatric Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Leonardo M R Ferreira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Department of Regenerative Medicine & Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Richard T O'Neil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Phoswa WN, Khaliq OP, Eche S. A Review on Inflammasomes and Immune Checkpoints in Pre-Eclampsia Complicated with Tuberculosis and Human Immune Deficiency Virus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6627. [PMID: 37681767 PMCID: PMC10487055 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20176627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The current review evaluates how inflammasomes and immune checkpoints are regulated in pre-eclampsia (PE) associated with tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV). Studies indicate that inflammasomes such as (NRLP3, NEK7, and AIM2) and immune checkpoints such as (CLT4, PD-1, TIM3, and LAG-3) are dysregulated in TB- and HIV-infected individuals, and also in pre-eclamptic pregnancies, which explains why pregnant women who are either infected with TB or HIV have an increased risk of developing PE. Evidence suggests that inhibition of inflammasomes and immune checkpoints may assist in the development of novel anti-inflammatory drugs for the prevention and management of PE in patients with or without TB and HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy N. Phoswa
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, Science Campus, University of South Africa (UNISA), Private Bag X 6, Florida, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa
| | - Olive P. Khaliq
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa;
| | - Simeon Eche
- School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CO 06510, USA;
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Ocaña-Guzmán R, Osorio-Pérez D, Chavez-Galan L. Opportunistic Infections and Immune-Related Adverse Events Associated with Administering Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Narrative Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1119. [PMID: 37631034 PMCID: PMC10458516 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Manipulating the immune system by blocking the immune checkpoint receptors is the basis of immunotherapy, a relevant tool in current clinical oncology. The strategy of blocking the immune checkpoints (Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors, ICI) consists of using monoclonal antibodies to inhibit the interaction between ligand and inhibitory receptors from triggering a complete activation of helper and cytotoxic T cells to fight against tumour cells. Immunotherapy has benefited patients with diverse cancers such as stomach, lung, melanoma, and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, among others. Unfortunately, a growing number of reports have indicated that the ICI treatment also can show a dark side under specific conditions; some of the adverse effects induced by ICI are immunosuppression, opportunistic infections, and organ-specific alterations. This review discusses some immunologic aspects related to these unwanted effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranferi Ocaña-Guzmán
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Diego Osorio-Pérez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital de la Mujer, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Leslie Chavez-Galan
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
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Ma H, Ren S, Meng Q, Su B, Wang K, Liu Y, Wang J, Ding D, Li X. Role of Tim-3 in COVID-19: a potential biomarker and therapeutic target. Arch Virol 2023; 168:213. [PMID: 37522944 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05842-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing protein 3 (Tim-3), an immune checkpoint, is important for maintaining immune tolerance. There is increasing evidence that Tim-3 is aberrantly expressed in patients with COVID-19, indicating that it may play an important role in COVID-19. In this review, we discuss the altered expression and potential role of Tim-3 in COVID-19. The expression of Tim-3 and its soluble form (sTim-3) has been found to be upregulated in COVID-19 patients. The levels of Tim-3 on T cells and circulating sTim-3 have been shown to be associated with the severity of COVID-19, suggesting that this protein could be a potential biomarker of COVID-19. Moreover, this review also highlights the potential of Tim-3 as a therapeutic target of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Ma
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shengju Ren
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qingpeng Meng
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Boyuan Su
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - YiChen Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junpeng Wang
- Department of Urology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, 450003, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Degang Ding
- Department of Urology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, 450003, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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Li S, Hao L, Zhang J, Deng J, Hu X. Focus on T cell exhaustion: new advances in traditional Chinese medicine in infection and cancer. Chin Med 2023; 18:76. [PMID: 37355637 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00785-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In chronic infections and cancers, T lymphocytes (T cells) are exposed to persistent antigen or inflammatory signals. The condition is often associated with a decline in T-cell function: a state called "exhaustion". T cell exhaustion is a state of T cell dysfunction characterized by increased expression of a series of inhibitory receptors (IRs), decreased effector function, and decreased cytokine secretion, accompanied by transcriptional and epigenetic changes and metabolic defects. The rise of immunotherapy, particularly the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has dramatically changed the clinical treatment paradigm for patients. However, its low response rate, single target and high immunotoxicity limit its clinical application. The multiple immunomodulatory potential of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) provides a new direction for improving the treatment of T cell exhaustion. Here, we review recent advances that have provided a clearer molecular understanding of T cell exhaustion, revealing the characteristics and causes of T cell exhaustion in persistent infections and cancers. In addition, this paper summarizes recent advances in improving T cell exhaustion in infectious diseases and cancer with the aim of providing a comprehensive and valuable source of information on TCM as an experimental study and their role in collaboration with ICIs therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghao Li
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-Er-Qiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 37 Shi-Er-Qiao Road, Chengdu, 610075, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyuan Hao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-Er-Qiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 37 Shi-Er-Qiao Road, Chengdu, 610075, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Junli Zhang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-Er-Qiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 37 Shi-Er-Qiao Road, Chengdu, 610075, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiali Deng
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-Er-Qiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 37 Shi-Er-Qiao Road, Chengdu, 610075, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-Er-Qiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.
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Kochanowicz AM, Osuch S, Berak H, Kumorek A, Caraballo Cortés K. Double Positive CD4 +CD8 + (DP) T-Cells Display Distinct Exhaustion Phenotype in Chronic Hepatitis C. Cells 2023; 12:1446. [PMID: 37408280 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In chronic hepatitis C (CHC), characterized by exhaustion of T-cell function, increased frequencies of double-positive (DP) (CD4+CD8+) cells are present in peripheral blood. We compared the exhaustion phenotype between DP and single positive (SP) T-cells, including HCV-specific cells, and assessed the effect of successful HCV treatment on inhibitory receptors expression. Blood samples from 97 CHC patients were collected before and six months post-treatment. PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1) and Tim-3 (T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule-3) expression was assessed by flow cytometry. DP T-cells displayed significantly higher PD-1 expression, lower Tim-3 expression than CD8+ SP T-cells and lower percentages of PD-1-Tim-3- cells than CD4+ SP T-cells, both before and after treatment. PD-1+Tim-3+ DP T-cells decreased following treatment. HCV-specific cells were more frequent among DP than SP T-cells, both before and after treatment. HCV-specific DP T-cells were characterized by lower PD-1 expression, higher PD-1 and Tim-3 co-expression, and lower percentages of PD-1-Tim-3- cells (both before and after treatment) and higher post-treatment Tim-3 than HCV-specific SP T-cells. Their percentages decreased following treatment, but the exhaustion phenotype remained unchanged. DP T-cells in CHC exhibit a distinct exhaustion phenotype from SP T-cells, and these changes mostly persist following successful treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Kochanowicz
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Osuch
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hanna Berak
- Outpatient Clinic, Warsaw Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kumorek
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Caraballo Cortés
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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Clemente T, Caccia R, Galli L, Galli A, Poli A, Marchetti GC, Bandera A, Zazzi M, Santoro MM, Cinque P, Castagna A, Spagnuolo V. Inflammation burden score in multidrug-resistant HIV-1 infection. J Infect 2023; 86:453-461. [PMID: 36913985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Four-class drug-resistant (4DR) people living with HIV (PLWH) are a fragile population with a high burden of disease. No data on their inflammation and T-cell exhaustion markers are currently available. METHODS Inflammation, immune activation and microbial translocation biomarkers were measured through ELISA in 30 4DR-PLWH with HIV-1 RNA ≥ 50 copies/mL, 30 non-viremic 4DR-PLWH and 20 non-viremic non-4DR-PLWH. Groups were matched by age, gender and smoking habit. T-cell activation and exhaustion markers were assessed by flow cytometry in 4DR-PLWH. An inflammation burden score (IBS) was calculated from soluble marker levels and associated factors were estimated through multivariate regression. RESULTS The highest plasma biomarker concentrations were observed in viremic 4DR-PLWH, the lowest ones in non-4DR-PLWH. Endotoxin core immunoglobulin G showed an opposite trend. Among 4DR-PLWH, CD38/HLA-DR and PD-1 were more expressed on CD4+ (p = 0.019 and 0.034, respectively) and CD8+ (p = 0.002 and 0.032, respectively) cells of viremic compared to non-viremic subjects. An increased IBS was significantly associated with 4DR condition, higher values of viral load and a previous cancer diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Multidrug-resistant HIV infection is associated with a higher IBS, even when viremia is undetectable. Therapeutic approaches aimed to reduce inflammation and T-cell exhaustion in 4DR-PLWH need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Clemente
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Roberta Caccia
- Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Galli
- Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrea Galli
- Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrea Poli
- Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Alessandra Bandera
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | | | - Paola Cinque
- Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Antonella Castagna
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Spagnuolo
- Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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Jimenez-Leon MR, Gasca-Capote C, Tarancon-Diez L, Dominguez-Molina B, Lopez-Verdugo M, Ritraj R, Gallego I, Alvarez-Rios AI, Vitalle J, Bachiller S, Camacho-Sojo MI, Perez-Gomez A, Espinosa N, Roca-Oporto C, Rafii-El-Idrissi Benhnia M, Gutierrez-Valencia A, Lopez-Cortes LF, Ruiz-Mateos E. Toll-like receptor agonists enhance HIV-specific T cell response mediated by plasmacytoid dendritic cells in diverse HIV-1 disease progression phenotypes. EBioMedicine 2023; 91:104549. [PMID: 37018973 PMCID: PMC10106920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) sense viral and bacterial products through Toll-like receptor (TLR)-7 and -9 and translate this sensing into Interferon-α (IFN-α) production and T-cell activation. The understanding of the mechanisms involved in pDCs stimulation may contribute to HIV-cure immunotherapeutic strategies. The objective of the present study was to characterize the immunomodulatory effects of TLR agonist stimulations in several HIV-1 disease progression phenotypes and in non HIV-1 infected donors. METHODS pDCs, CD4 and CD8 T-cells were isolated from 450 ml of whole blood from non HIV-1 infected donors, immune responders (IR), immune non responders (INR), viremic (VIR) and elite controller (EC) participants. pDCs were stimulated overnight with AT-2, CpG-A, CpG-C and GS-9620 or no stimuli. After that, pDCs were co-cultured with autologous CD4 or CD8 T-cells and with/without HIV-1 (Gag peptide pool) or SEB (Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B). Cytokine array, gene expression and deep immunophenotyping were assayed. FINDINGS pDCs showed an increase of activation markers levels, interferon related genes, HIV-1 restriction factors and cytokines levels after TLR stimulation in the different HIV-disease progression phenotypes. This pDC activation was prominent with CpG-C and GS-9620 and induced an increase of HIV-specific T-cell response even in VIR and INR comparable with EC. This HIV-1 specific T-cell response was associated with the upregulation of HIV-1 restriction factors and IFN-α production by pDC. INTERPRETATION These results shed light on the mechanisms associated with TLR-specific pDCs stimulation associated with the induction of a T-cell mediated antiviral response which is essential for HIV-1 eradication strategies. FUNDING This work was supported by Gilead fellowship program, the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, FEDER, "a way to make Europe") and the Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en SIDA and by the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC).
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Hu H, Zhao J, Yuan J, Zhang M. Peripheral PD-1 and Tim-3 percentages are associated with primary sites and pathological types of peritoneal neoplasms. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:287. [PMID: 36991376 PMCID: PMC10052833 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10752-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain-containing molecule 3(Tim-3) may be used as the biomarkers for the therapy in patients with peritoneal neoplasms. In the current study, the differential percentages of peripheral PD-1 and Tim-3 are explored to investigate whether to associate with primary sites and pathological types of patients with peritoneal neoplasms or not. We also investigated the frequencies of PD-1 and Tim-3 on circulating Lymphocytes, CD3 + T cells, CD3 + CD4 + T cells and CD3 + CD8 + T cells if would correlate with the progression-free survival of peritoneal neoplasms patients. METHODS 115 patients with peritoneal neoplasms were recruited, subjected to multicolor flow cytometric analyses of the percentages of PD-1 and Tim-3 receptors of circulating Lymphocytes, CD3 + T cells, CD3 + CD4 + T cells and CD3 + CD8 + T cells. The peritoneal neoplasms patients were divided into primary group and secondary group depending on whether the tumor had primary focus and limited to peritoneal tumor or not. Then all the patients were regrouped by the pathological types of neoplasms (adenocarcinoma, mesothelioma, and pseudomyxoma). The secondary peritoneal neoplasms group was divided into the different primary site groups (colon, gastric, gynecology). This study also enrolled 38 cases of normal volunteers. The above markers were explored by flow cytometer, to find the differential levels in peritoneal neoplasms patients compared with normal group in peripheral blood. RESULTS Higher levels of CD4 + T lymphocytes, CD8 + T lymphocytes, CD45 + PD-1 + lymphocytes, CD3 + PD-1 + T cells, CD3 + CD4 + PD-1 + T cells, CD3 + CD8 + PD-1 + T cells and CD45 + Tim-3 + lymphocytes were found in peritoneal neoplasms group than normal control (the p value was respectively 0.004, 0.047, 0.046, 0.044, 0.014, 0.038 and 0.017). Compared with primary peritoneal neoplasms group, the percentages of CD45 + PD-1 + lymphocytes, CD3 + PD-1 + T cells, and CD3 + CD4 + PD-1 + T cells were increased in the secondary peritoneal neoplasms group (the p value was respectively 0.010, 0.044, and 0.040), while PD-1 did not correlate with the primary sites in secondary group (P > 0.05). Tim-3 had no statistical differences in primary peritoneal neoplasms group compared with secondary group (p > 0.05), but CD45 + Tim-3+% lymphocytes, CD3 + Tim-3+%T cells, and CD3 + CD4 + Tim-3 + T cells were associated with different secondary sites of peritoneal neoplasms (p < 0.05). In the different pathological type groups, the percentages of CD45 + PD-1 + lymphocytes, CD3 + PD-1 + T cells presented the higher levels in adenocarcinoma group compared with mesothelioma group (p = 0.048, p = 0.045). The frequencies of CD45 + PD-1 + lymphocytes and CD3 + PD-1 + T cells in peripheral blood were associated with progression-free survival (PFS). CONCLUSIONS Our work uncovers peripheral PD-1 and Tim-3 percentages are associated with primary sites and pathological types of peritoneal neoplasms. Those findings might provide important assessment to predict peritoneal neoplasms patients' immunotherapy responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 10 Tieyi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 10 Tieyi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Judong Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 10 Tieyi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 10 Tieyi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100038, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing, China.
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, 100038, China.
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Chiu CY, Schou MD, McMahon JH, Deeks SG, Fromentin R, Chomont N, Wykes MN, Rasmussen TA, Lewin SR. Soluble immune checkpoints as correlates for HIV persistence and T cell function in people with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1123342. [PMID: 37056754 PMCID: PMC10086427 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1123342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In people with HIV (PWH) both off and on antiretroviral therapy (ART), the expression of immune checkpoint (IC) proteins is elevated on the surface of total and HIV-specific T-cells, indicating T-cell exhaustion. Soluble IC proteins and their ligands can also be detected in plasma, but have not been systematically examined in PWH. Since T-cell exhaustion is associated with HIV persistence on ART, we aimed to determine if soluble IC proteins and their ligands also correlated with the size of the HIV reservoir and HIV-specific T-cell function. Methods We used multiplex bead-based immunoassay to quantify soluble programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3), PD-1 Ligand 1 (PD-L1) and PD-1 Ligand 2 (PD-L2) in plasma from PWH off ART (n=20), on suppressive ART (n=75) and uninfected controls (n=20). We also quantified expression of membrane-bound IC and frequencies of functional T-cells to Gag and Nef peptide stimulation on CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells using flow cytometry. The HIV reservoir was quantified in circulating CD4+ T-cells using qPCR for total and integrated HIV DNA, cell-associated unspliced HIV RNA and 2LTR circles. Results Soluble (s) PD-L2 level was higher in PWH off and on ART compared to uninfected controls. Higher levels of sPD-L2 correlated with lower levels of HIV total DNA and higher frequencies of gag-specific CD8+ T-cells expressing CD107a, IFNγ or TNFα. In contrast, the concentration of sLAG-3 was similar in uninfected individuals and PWH on ART, but was significantly elevated in PWH off ART. Higher levels of sLAG-3 correlated with higher levels of HIV total and integrated DNA, and lower frequency of gag-specific CD4+ T cells expressing CD107a. Similar to sLAG-3, levels of sPD-1 were elevated in PWH off ART and normalized in PWH on ART. sPD-1 was positively correlated with the frequency of gag-specific CD4+ T cells expressing TNF-a and the expression of membrane-bound PD-1 on total CD8+ T-cells in PWH on ART. Discussion Plasma soluble IC proteins and their ligands correlate with markers of the HIV reservoir and HIV-specific T-cell function and should be investigated further in in large population-based studies of the HIV reservoir or cure interventions in PWH on ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Y. Chiu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maya D. Schou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James H. McMahon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Rémi Fromentin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Thomas A. Rasmussen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Zhang YH, Chen XL, Wang YR, Hou YW, Zhang YD, Wang KJ. Prevention of malignant digestive system tumors should focus on the control of chronic inflammation. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2023; 15:389-404. [PMID: 37009320 PMCID: PMC10052658 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v15.i3.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation, through a variety of mechanisms, plays a key role in the occurrence and development of digestive system malignant tumors (DSMTs). In this study, we feature and provide a comprehensive understanding of DSMT prevention strategies based on preventing or controlling chronic inflammation. The development and evaluation of cancer prevention strategies is a longstanding process. Cancer prevention, especially in the early stage of life, should be emphasized throughout the whole life course. Issues such as the time interval for colon cancer screening, the development of direct-acting antiviral drugs for liver cancer, and the Helicobacter pylori vaccine all need to be explored in long-term, large-scale experiments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Hua Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Pediatric Diseases, Henan Children's Hospital Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450018, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Yi-Ran Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Pediatric Diseases, Henan Children's Hospital Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450018, Henan Province, China
| | - Yu-Wei Hou
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Pediatric Diseases, Henan Children's Hospital Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450018, Henan Province, China
| | - Yao-Dong Zhang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Pediatric Diseases, Henan Children's Hospital Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450018, Henan Province, China
| | - Kai-Juan Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Pediatric Diseases, Henan Children's Hospital Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450018, Henan Province, China
- Henan Children’s Hospital Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology of Henan Province, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
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Combined Immune Checkpoint Blockade Enhances Antiviral Immunity against Bovine Leukemia Virus. J Virol 2023; 97:e0143022. [PMID: 36598199 PMCID: PMC9888214 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01430-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that causes enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) in cattle and is widespread in many countries, including Japan. Recent studies have revealed that the expression of immunoinhibitory molecules, such as programmed death-1 (PD-1) and PD-ligand 1, plays a critical role in immunosuppression and disease progression during BLV infection. In addition, a preliminary study has suggested that another immunoinhibitory molecule, T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-3 (TIM-3), is involved in immunosuppression during BLV infection. Therefore, this study was designed to further elucidate the immunoinhibitory role of immune checkpoint molecules in BLV infection. TIM-3 expression was upregulated on peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in BLV-infected cattle. Interestingly, in EBL cattle, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells infiltrating lymphomas expressed TIM-3. TIM-3 and PD-1 were upregulated and coexpressed in peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from BLV-infected cattle. Blockade by anti-bovine TIM-3 monoclonal antibody increased CD69 expression on T cells and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from BLV-infected cattle. A syncytium formation assay also demonstrated the antiviral effects of TIM-3 blockade against BLV infection. The combined inhibition of TIM-3 and PD-1 pathways significantly enhanced IFN-γ production and antiviral efficacy compared to inhibition alone. In conclusion, the combined blockade of TIM-3 and PD-1 pathways shows strong immune activation and antiviral effects and has potential as a novel therapeutic method for BLV infection. IMPORTANCE Enzootic bovine leukosis caused by bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an important viral disease in cattle, causing severe economic losses to the cattle industry worldwide. The molecular mechanisms of BLV-host interactions are complex. Previously, it was found that immune checkpoint molecules, such as PD-1, suppress BLV-specific Th1 responses as the disease progresses. To date, most studies have focused only on how PD-1 facilitates escape from host immunity in BLV-infected cattle and the antiviral effects of the PD-1 blockade. In contrast, how T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-3 (TIM-3), another immune checkpoint molecule, regulates anti-BLV immune responses is rarely reported. It is also unclear why PD-1 inhibition alone was insufficient to exert anti-BLV effects in previous clinical studies. In this study, the expression profile of TIM-3 in T cells derived from BLV-infected cattle suggested that TIM-3 upregulation is a cause of immunosuppression in infected cattle. Based on these results, anti-TIM-3 antibody was used to experimentally evaluate its function in influencing immunity against BLV. Results indicated that TIM-3 upregulation induced by BLV infection suppressed T-cell activation and antiviral cytokine production. Some T cells coexpressed PD-1 and TIM-3, indicating that simultaneous inhibition of PD-1 and TIM-3 with their respective antibodies synergistically restored antiviral immunity. This study could open new avenues for treating bovine chronic infections.
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Rahman MM, Tumpa MAA, Rahaman MS, Islam F, Sutradhar PR, Ahmed M, Alghamdi BS, Hafeez A, Alexiou A, Perveen A, Ashraf GM. Emerging Promise of Therapeutic Approaches Targeting Mitochondria in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1081-1099. [PMID: 36927428 PMCID: PMC10286587 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230316150559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical for homeostasis and metabolism in all cellular eukaryotes. Brain mitochondria are the primary source of fuel that supports many brain functions, including intracellular energy supply, cellular calcium regulation, regulation of limited cellular oxidative capacity, and control of cell death. Much evidence suggests that mitochondria play a central role in neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ongoing studies of NDDs have revealed that mitochondrial pathology is mainly found in inherited or irregular NDDs and is thought to be associated with the pathophysiological cycle of these disorders. Typical mitochondrial disturbances in NDDs include increased free radical production, decreased ATP synthesis, alterations in mitochondrial permeability, and mitochondrial DNA damage. The main objective of this review is to highlight the basic mitochondrial problems that occur in NDDs and discuss the use mitochondrial drugs, especially mitochondrial antioxidants, mitochondrial permeability transition blockade, and mitochondrial gene therapy, for the treatment and control of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mst. Afroza Alam Tumpa
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Saidur Rahaman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fahadul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Popy Rani Sutradhar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Muniruddin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Badrah S. Alghamdi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- The Neuroscience Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Hafeez
- Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Mirzapur Pole, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, Australia
- AFNP Med Austria, Wien, Austria
| | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Mirzapur Pole, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ghulam Md. Ashraf
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
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Guo Z, Zhang R, Yang AG, Zheng G. Diversity of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1121285. [PMID: 36960057 PMCID: PMC10027905 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1121285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Finding effective treatments for cancer remains a challenge. Recent studies have found that the mechanisms of tumor evasion are becoming increasingly diverse, including abnormal expression of immune checkpoint molecules on different immune cells, in particular T cells, natural killer cells, macrophages and others. In this review, we discuss the checkpoint molecules with enhanced expression on these lymphocytes and their consequences on immune effector functions. Dissecting the diverse roles of immune checkpoints in different immune cells is crucial for a full understanding of immunotherapy using checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - An-Gang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Guoxu Zheng, ; An-Gang Yang,
| | - Guoxu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Guoxu Zheng, ; An-Gang Yang,
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Improved understanding of the effect of HIV infection on Kaposi sarcoma (KS) presentation and outcomes will guide development of more effective KS staging and therapeutic approaches. We enrolled a prospective cohort of epidemic (HIV-positive; HIV + KS) and endemic (HIV-negative; HIV - KS) KS patients in Uganda to identify factors associated with survival and response. METHODS Adults with newly diagnosed KS presenting for care at the Uganda Cancer Institute (UCI) in Kampala, Uganda, between October 2012 and December 2019 were evaluated. Participants received chemotherapy per standard guidelines and were followed over 1 year to assess overall survival (OS) and treatment response. RESULTS Two hundred participants were enrolled; 166 (83%) had HIV + KS, and 176 (88%) were poor-risk tumor (T1) stage. One-year OS was 64% (95% confidence interval [CI] 57-71%), with the hazard of death nearly threefold higher for HIV + KS (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.93; P = 0.023). Among HIV + KS, abnormal chest X-ray (HR = 2.81; P = 0.007), lower CD4 + T-cell count (HR = 0.68 per 100 cells/μl; P = 0.027), higher HIV viral load (HR = 2.22 per log 10 copies/ml; P = 0.026), and higher plasma Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) copy number (HR = 1.79 per log 10 copies/ml; P = 0.028) were associated with increased mortality. Among HIV - KS, factors associated with mortality included Karnofsky score <70 (HR = 9.17; P = 0.045), abnormal chest X-ray (HR = 8.41; P = 0.025), and higher plasma KSHV copy number (HR = 6.21 per log 10 copies/ml; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Although survival rates were better for HIV - KS than HIV + KS, the high mortality rate seen in both groups underscores the urgent need to identify new staging and therapeutic approaches. Factors associated with mortality, including high plasma KSHV, may serve as important targets of therapy.
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Associations between NK Cells in Different Immune Organs and Cellular SIV DNA and RNA in Regional HLADR - CD4 + T Cells in Chronically SIV mac239-Infected, Treatment-Naïve Rhesus Macaques. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112513. [PMID: 36423122 PMCID: PMC9697022 DOI: 10.3390/v14112513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of NK cell-directed therapeutic strategies, the actual effect of NK cells on the cellular SIV DNA levels of the virus in SIV-infected macaques in vivo remains unclear. In this study, five chronically SIVmac239-infected, treatment-naïve rhesus macaques were euthanized, and the blood, spleen, pararectal/paracolonic lymph nodes (PaLNs), and axillary lymph nodes (ALNs) were collected. The distributional, phenotypic, and functional profiles of NK cells were detected by flow cytometry. The highest frequency of NK cells was found in PBMC, followed by the spleen, while only 0~0.5% were found in LNs. Peripheral NK cells also exhibited higher cytotoxic potential (CD56- CD16+ NK subsets) and IFN-γ-producing capacity but low PD-1 and Tim-3 levels than those in the spleen and LNs. Our results demonstrated a significant positive correlation between the frequency of NK cells and the ratios of cellular SIV DNA/RNA in HLADR- CD4+ T cells (r = 0.6806, p < 0.001) in SIV-infected macaques, despite no discrepancies in the cellular SIV DNA or RNA levels that were found among the blood, spleen, and LNs. These findings showed a profile of NK cell frequencies and NK cytotoxicity levels in different immune organs from chronically SIVmac239-infected, treatment-naïve rhesus macaques. It was suggested that NK cell frequencies could be closely related to SIV DNA/RNA levels, which could affect the transcriptional activity of SIV proviruses. However, the cytotoxicity effect of NK cells on the latent SIV viral load in LNs could be limited due to the sparse abundance of NK cells in LNs. The development of NK cell-directed treatment approaches aiming for HIV clearance remains challenging.
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