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Santiago-Sánchez GS, Fabian KP, Hodge JW. A landscape of checkpoint blockade resistance in cancer: underlying mechanisms and current strategies to overcome resistance. Cancer Biol Ther 2024; 25:2308097. [PMID: 38306161 PMCID: PMC10841019 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2024.2308097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The discovery of immune checkpoints and the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have achieved a durable response in advanced-stage cancer patients. However, there is still a high proportion of patients who do not benefit from ICI therapy due to a lack of response when first treated (primary resistance) or detection of disease progression months after objective response is observed (acquired resistance). Here, we review the current FDA-approved ICI for the treatment of certain solid malignancies, evaluate the contrasting responses to checkpoint blockade in different cancer types, explore the known mechanisms associated with checkpoint blockade resistance (CBR), and assess current strategies in the field that seek to overcome these mechanisms. In order to improve current therapies and develop new ones, the immunotherapy field still has an unmet need in identifying other molecules that act as immune checkpoints, and uncovering other mechanisms that promote CBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginette S. Santiago-Sánchez
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kellsye P. Fabian
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James W. Hodge
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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2
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Yang X, Jiang S, Liu F, Li Z, Liu W, Zhang X, Nan F, Li J, Yu M, Wang Y, Wang B. HCMV IE1/IE1mut Therapeutic Vaccine Induces Tumor Regression via Intratumoral Tertiary Lymphoid Structure Formation and Peripheral Immunity Activation in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:5935-5949. [PMID: 38261253 PMCID: PMC11249408 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03937-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a highly malignant invasive brain tumor, is associated with poor prognosis and survival and lacks an effective cure. High expression of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) immediate early protein 1 (IE1) in GBM tissues is strongly associated with their malignant progression, presenting a novel target for therapeutic strategies. Here, the bioluminescence imaging technology revealed remarkable tumor shrinkage and improved survival rates in a mouse glioma model treated with HCMV IE1/IE1mut vaccine. In addition, immunofluorescence data demonstrated that the treated group exhibited significantly more and larger tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) than the untreated group. The presence of TLS was associated with enhanced T cell infiltration, and a large number of proliferating T cells were found in the treated group. Furthermore, the flow cytometry results showed that in the treatment group, cytotoxic T lymphocytes exhibited partial polarization toward effector memory T cells and were activated to play a lethal role in the peripheral immunological organs. Furthermore, a substantial proportion of B cells in the draining lymph nodes expressed CD40 and CD86. Surprisingly, quantitative polymerase chain reaction indicated that a high expression of cytokines, including chemokines in brain tumors and immune tissues, induced the differentiation, development, and chemokine migration of immune cells in the treated group. Our study data demonstrate that IE1 or IE1mut vaccination has a favorable effect in glioma mice models. This study holds substantial implications for identifying new and effective therapeutic targets within GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shasha Jiang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fengjun Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zonghui Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenxuan Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xianjuan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Fulong Nan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yunyang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Azar F, Deforges J, Demeusoit C, Kleinpeter P, Remy C, Silvestre N, Foloppe J, Fend L, Spring-Giusti C, Quéméneur E, Marchand JB. TG6050, an oncolytic vaccinia virus encoding interleukin-12 and anti-CTLA-4 antibody, favors tumor regression via profound immune remodeling of the tumor microenvironment. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e009302. [PMID: 39060022 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2024-009302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TG6050 was designed as an improved oncolytic vector, combining the intrinsic properties of vaccinia virus to selectively replicate in tumors with the tumor-restricted expression of recombinant immune effectors to modify the tumor immune phenotype. These properties might be of particular interest for "cold" tumors, either poorly infiltrated or infiltrated with anergic T cells. METHODS TG6050, an oncolytic vaccinia virus encodes single-chain human interleukin-12 (hIL-12) and full-length anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (@CTLA-4) monoclonal antibody. The relevant properties of TG6050 (replication, cytopathy, transgenes expression and functionality) were extensively characterized in vitro. The biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of the viral vector, @CTLA-4 and IL-12, as well as antitumoral activities (alone or combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors) were investigated in several "hot" (highly infiltrated) and "cold" (poorly infiltrated) syngeneic murine tumor models. The mechanism of action was deciphered by monitoring both systemic and intratumoral immune responses, and by tumor transcriptome analysis. The safety of TG6050 after repeated intravenous administrations was evaluated in cynomolgus monkeys, with a focus on the level of circulating IL-12. RESULTS Multiplication and propagation of TG6050 in tumor cells in vitro and in vivo were associated with local expression of functional IL-12 and @CTLA-4. This dual mechanism translated into a strong antitumoral activity in both "cold" and "hot" tumor models (B16F10, LLC1 or EMT6, CT26, respectively) that was further amplified when combined with anti-programmed cell death protein-1. Analysis of changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) after treatment with TG6050 showed increases in interferon-gamma, of CD8+T cells, and of M1/M2 macrophages ratio, as well as a drastic decrease of regulatory T cells. These local modifications were observed alongside bolstering a systemic and specific antitumor adaptive immune response. In toxicology studies, TG6050 did not display any observable adverse effects in cynomolgus monkeys. CONCLUSIONS TG6050 effectively delivers functional IL-12 and @CTLA-4 into the tumor, resulting in strong antitumor activity. The shift towards an inflamed TME correlated with a boost in systemic antitumor T cells. The solid preclinical data and favorable benefit/risk ratio paved the way for the clinical evaluation of TG6050 in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NCT05788926 trial in progress).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Azar
- Transgene SA, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
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Wang F, Zhang S, Sun F, Chen W, Liu C, Dong H, Cui B, Li L, Sun C, Du W, Liu B, Fan W, Deng J, Schmitt CA, Wang X, Du J. Anti-angiogenesis and anti-immunosuppression gene therapy through targeting COUP-TFII in an in situ glioblastoma mouse model. Cancer Gene Ther 2024:10.1038/s41417-024-00799-z. [PMID: 38926596 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-024-00799-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain cancer; angiogenesis and immunosuppression exacerbate GBM progression. COUP-TFII demonstrates pro-angiogenesis activity; however, its role in glioma progression remains unclear. This study revealed that COUP-TFII promotes angiogenesis in gliomas by inducing transdifferentiation of glioma cells into endothelial-like cells. Mechanistic investigation suggested that COUP-TFII as a transcription factor exerts its function via binding to the promoter of TXNIP. Interestingly, COUP-TFII knockdown attenuated tumorigenesis and tumor progression in an immunocompetent mouse model but promoted tumor progression in an immuno-deficient mouse model. As an explanation, repression of COUP-TFII induces cellular senescence and activates immune surveillance in glioma cells in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we used heparin-polyethyleneimine (HPEI) nanoparticles to deliver COUP-TFII shRNA, which regulated tumor angiogenesis and immunosuppression in an in situ GBM mouse model. This study provides a novel strategy and potential therapeutic targets to treat GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, 256600, Binzhou, PR China
- Medical Integration and Practice Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, 250100, Jinan, PR China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, 256600, Binzhou, PR China
- Department of Gynecology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, 256600, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Fengjiao Sun
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, 256600, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, 256600, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Cuilan Liu
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, 256600, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Hongliang Dong
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, 256600, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Bingjie Cui
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, 256600, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Lingyu Li
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, 256600, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Chunlong Sun
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Aeronautics, 256600, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Wen Du
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Aeronautics, 256600, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Bin Liu
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, 256600, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Wanfeng Fan
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, 256600, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Jiong Deng
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, 256600, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Clemens A Schmitt
- Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kepler University Hospital, Krankenhausstraße 9, 4020, Linz, Austria
- Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, and Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum - MKFZ, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (German Cancer Consortium), Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiuwen Wang
- Medical Integration and Practice Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, 250100, Jinan, PR China.
| | - Jing Du
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, 256600, Binzhou, PR China.
- Department of Gynecology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, 256600, Binzhou, PR China.
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Xu Y, Sun X, Tong Y. Interleukin-12 in multimodal tumor therapies for induction of anti-tumor immunity. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:170. [PMID: 38753073 PMCID: PMC11098992 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) can be used as an immunomodulator in cancer immunotherapy. And it has demonstrated enormous potential in inhibiting tumor growth and improving the tumor microenvironment (TME) by several preclinical models. However, some disappointing results have showed in the early clinical trials when IL-12 used as a single agent for systemic cancer therapy. Combination therapy is an effective way to significantly fulfill the great potential of IL-12 as an immunomodulator. Here, we discuss the effects of IL-12 combined with traditional methods (chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery), targeted therapy or immunotherapy in the preclinical and clinical studies. Moreover, we summarized the potential mechanism underlying the anti-tumor effect of IL-12 in the combination strategies. And we also discussed the delivery methods and tumor-targeted modification of IL-12 and outlines future prospects for IL-12 as an immunomodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulian Xu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, 168 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xueli Sun
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, 168 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunguang Tong
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, 168 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Omigen, Inc, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China.
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Park J, Park SA, Kim YS, Kim D, Shin S, Lee SH, Jeun SS, Chung YJ, Ahn S. Intratumoral IL-12 delivery via mesenchymal stem cells combined with PD-1 blockade leads to long-term antitumor immunity in a mouse glioblastoma model. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:115790. [PMID: 38431436 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although PD-1 blockade is effective for treating several types of cancer, the efficacy of this agent in glioblastoma is largely limited. To overcome non-responders and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, combinational immunotherapeutic strategies with anti-PD-1 need to be considered. Here, we developed IL-12-secreting mesenchymal stem cells (MSC_IL-12) with glioblastoma tropism and evaluated the therapeutic effects of anti-PD-1, MSC_IL-12, and their combination against glioblastoma. METHODS Therapeutic responses were evaluated using an immunocompetent mouse orthotopic model. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were analyzed using immunofluorescent imaging. Single-cell transcriptome was obtained from mouse brains after treatments. RESULTS Anti-PD-1 and MSC_IL-12 showed complete tumor remission in 25.0% (4/16) and 23.1% (3/13) of glioblastoma-implanted mice, respectively, and their combination yielded synergistic antitumor efficacy indicated by 50.0% (6/12) of complete tumor remission. Analyses of TILs revealed that anti-PD-1 increased CD8+ T cells, while MSC_IL-12 led to infiltration of CD4+ T cells and NK cells. Both therapies reduced frequencies of Tregs. All these aspects observed in each monotherapy group were superimposed in the combination group. Notably, no tumor growth was observed upon rechallenge in cured mice, indicating long-term immunity against glioblastoma provoked by the therapies. Single-cell RNA-seq data confirmed these results and revealed that the combined treatment led to immune-favorable tumor microenvironment-CD4+, CD8+ T cells, effector memory T cells, and activated microglia were increased, whereas exhausted T cells, Tregs, and M2 polarized microglia were reduced. CONCLUSION Anti-PD-1 and MSC_IL-12 monotherapies show long-term therapeutic responses, and their combination further enhances antitumor efficacy against glioblastoma via inducing immune-favorable tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junseong Park
- Precision Medicine Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon A Park
- Department of Bio medicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Seob Kim
- Precision Medicine Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyeong Kim
- Precision Medicine Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Bio medicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Shin
- Precision Medicine Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sug Hyung Lee
- Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sin-Soo Jeun
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeun-Jun Chung
- Precision Medicine Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Bio medicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Stephen Ahn
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Xu M, Yu J, Zhang C, Xu C, Wei X, Pu K. Sonodynamic Cytokine Nanocomplexes with Specific Stimulation towards Effector T Cell for Combination Cancer Immunotherapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308362. [PMID: 37587095 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Cytokine therapy mediates the interaction between immune cells and non-immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), forming a promising approach in cancer therapy. However, the dose-dependent adverse effects and non-selective stimulation of cytokines limit their clinical use. We herein report a sonodynamic cytokine nano-immunocomplex (SPNAI ) that specifically activates effector T cells (Teffs) for antitumor immunotherapy. By conjugating anti-interleukin-2 (anti-IL-2) antibodies S4B6 on the semiconducting polymer nanoparticles to afford SPNA , this nanoantibody SPNA can bind with IL-2 to form SPNAI which can block the interaction between IL-2 and regulatory T cells (Tregs), selectively activating Teffs in TME. Moreover, SPNAI generates 1 O2 to trigger immunogenic cell death of cancer cells upon sono-irradiation, which promotes the maturation of dendritic cells and the proliferation of Teffs. This SPNAI -mediated combination sonodynamic immunotherapy thus elevates the ratio of Teffs/Tregs in TME, resulting in inhibition of tumor growth, suppression of lung metastasis and prevention of tumor relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengke Xu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Jie Yu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Cheng Xu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Xin Wei
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
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Dal Bello S, Martinuzzi D, Tereshko Y, Veritti D, Sarao V, Gigli GL, Lanzetta P, Valente M. The Present and Future of Optic Pathway Glioma Therapy. Cells 2023; 12:2380. [PMID: 37830595 PMCID: PMC10572241 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Optic pathway gliomas (OPGs) encompass two distinct categories: benign pediatric gliomas, which are characterized by favorable prognosis, and malignant adult gliomas, which are aggressive cancers associated with a poor outcome. Our review aims to explore the established standards of care for both types of tumors, highlight the emerging therapeutic strategies for OPG treatment, and propose potential alternative therapies that, while originally studied in a broader glioma context, may hold promise for OPGs pending further investigation. These potential therapies encompass immunotherapy approaches, molecular-targeted therapy, modulation of the tumor microenvironment, nanotechnologies, magnetic hyperthermia therapy, cyberKnife, cannabinoids, and the ketogenic diet. Restoring visual function is a significant challenge in cases where optic nerve damage has occurred due to the tumor or its therapeutic interventions. Numerous approaches, particularly those involving stem cells, are currently being investigated as potential facilitators of visual recovery in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Dal Bello
- Clinical Neurology Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Deborah Martinuzzi
- Department of Medicine—Ophthalmology, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Yan Tereshko
- Clinical Neurology Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Daniele Veritti
- Department of Medicine—Ophthalmology, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Valentina Sarao
- Department of Medicine—Ophthalmology, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Gigli
- Department of Medical Area, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Paolo Lanzetta
- Department of Medicine—Ophthalmology, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Valente
- Clinical Neurology Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Department of Medical Area, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Thomas AS, Lee SE, Shatila M, De Toni EN, Török HP, Khaled NB, Powell N, Weight R, Faleck DM, Wang Y. IL12/23 Blockade for Refractory Immune-Mediated Colitis: 2-Center Experience. Am J Gastroenterol 2023; 118:1679-1683. [PMID: 37216614 PMCID: PMC11098450 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immune checkpoint inhibitor-mediated colitis (IMC) is commonly managed with steroids and biologics. We evaluated the efficacy of ustekinumab (UST) in treating IMC refractory to steroids plus infliximab and/or vedolizumab. RESULTS Nineteen patients were treated with UST for IMC refractory to steroids plus infliximab (57.9%) and/or vedolizumab (94.7%). Most of them had grade ≥3 diarrhea (84.2%), and colitis with ulceration was present in 42.1%. Thirteen patients (68.4%) attained clinical remission with UST, and mean fecal calprotectin levels dropped significantly after treatment (629 ± 101.5 mcg/mg to 92.0 ± 21.7 mcg/mg, P = 0.0004). DISCUSSION UST is a promising therapy for the treatment of refractory IMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Shirwaikar Thomas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Malek Shatila
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Enrico N. De Toni
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helga-Paula Török
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Najib Ben Khaled
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicholas Powell
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ryan Weight
- The Melanoma and Skin Cancer Institute, Englewood, Colorado, USA
| | - David M. Faleck
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yinghong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Pu Y, Zhou G, Zhao K, Chen Y, Shen S. Immunotherapy for Recurrent Glioma-From Bench to Bedside. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3421. [PMID: 37444531 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most aggressive malignant tumor of the central nervous system, and most patients suffer from a recurrence. Unfortunately, recurrent glioma often becomes resistant to established chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatments. Immunotherapy, a rapidly developing anti-tumor therapy, has shown a potential value in treating recurrent glioma. Multiple immune strategies have been explored. The most-used ones are immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) antibodies, which are barely effective in monotherapy. However, when combined with other immunotherapy, especially with anti-angiogenesis antibodies, ICB has shown encouraging efficacy and enhanced anti-tumor immune response. Oncolytic viruses and CAR-T therapies have shown promising results in recurrent glioma through multiple mechanisms. Vaccination strategies and immune-cell-based immunotherapies are promising in some subgroups of patients, and multiple new tumor antigenic targets have been discovered. In this review, we discuss current applicable immunotherapies and related mechanisms for recurrent glioma, focusing on multiple preclinical models and clinical trials in the last 5 years. Through reviewing the current combination of immune strategies, we would like to provide substantive thoughts for further novel therapeutic regimes treating recurrent glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Pu
- Laboratory of Mitochondria and Metabolism, Department of Burn and Reconstructive Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guanyu Zhou
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kejia Zhao
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yaohui Chen
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shensi Shen
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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11
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Webb MJ, Sener U, Vile RG. Current Status and Challenges of Oncolytic Virotherapy for the Treatment of Glioblastoma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:793. [PMID: 37375742 PMCID: PMC10301268 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research and numerous clinical trials, the prognosis of patients diagnosed with glioblastoma (GBM) remains dire with median observed survival at 8 months. There is a critical need for novel treatments for GBM, which is the most common malignant primary brain tumor. Major advances in cancer therapeutics such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy have not yet led to improved outcomes for GBM. Conventional therapy of surgery followed by chemoradiation with or without tumor treating fields remains the standard of care. One of the many approaches to GBM therapy currently being explored is viral therapies. These typically work by selectively lysing target neoplastic cells, called oncolysis, or by the targeted delivery of a therapeutic transgene via a viral vector. In this review, we discuss the underlying mechanisms of action and describe both recent and current human clinical trials using these viruses with an emphasis on promising viral therapeutics that may ultimately break the field's current stagnant paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason J. Webb
- Department of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Ugur Sener
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Richard G. Vile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
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12
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Look T, Puca E, Bühler M, Kirschenbaum D, De Luca R, Stucchi R, Ravazza D, Di Nitto C, Roth P, Katzenelenbogen Y, Weiner A, Rindlisbacher L, Becher B, Amit I, Weller M, Neri D, Hemmerle T, Weiss T. Targeted delivery of tumor necrosis factor in combination with CCNU induces a T cell-dependent regression of glioblastoma. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadf2281. [PMID: 37224228 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf2281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive primary brain tumor with an unmet need for more effective therapies. Here, we investigated combination therapies based on L19TNF, an antibody-cytokine fusion protein based on tumor necrosis factor that selectively localizes to cancer neovasculature. Using immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse models, we identified strong anti-glioma activity of L19TNF in combination with the alkylating agent CCNU, which cured the majority of tumor-bearing mice, whereas monotherapies only had limited efficacy. In situ and ex vivo immunophenotypic and molecular profiling in the mouse models revealed that L19TNF and CCNU induced tumor DNA damage and treatment-associated tumor necrosis. In addition, this combination also up-regulated tumor endothelial cell adhesion molecules, promoted the infiltration of immune cells into the tumor, induced immunostimulatory pathways, and decreased immunosuppression pathways. MHC immunopeptidomics demonstrated that L19TNF and CCNU increased antigen presentation on MHC class I molecules. The antitumor activity was T cell dependent and completely abrogated in immunodeficient mouse models. On the basis of these encouraging results, we translated this treatment combination to patients with glioblastoma. The clinical translation is ongoing but already shows objective responses in three of five patients in the first recurrent glioblastoma patient cohort treated with L19TNF in combination with CCNU (NCT04573192).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Look
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | | | - Marcel Bühler
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Kirschenbaum
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | - Patrick Roth
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | | | - Assaf Weiner
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Lukas Rindlisbacher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Ido Amit
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Tobias Weiss
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
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13
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Liu F, Zhou Q, Jiang HF, Zhang TT, Miao C, Xu XH, Wu JX, Yin SL, Xu SJ, Peng JY, Gao PP, Cao X, Pan F, He X, Chen XQ. Piperlongumine conquers temozolomide chemoradiotherapy resistance to achieve immune cure in refractory glioblastoma via boosting oxidative stress-inflamation-CD8 +-T cell immunity. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:118. [PMID: 37161450 PMCID: PMC10170830 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02686-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The failure of novel therapies effective in preclinical animal models largely reflects the fact that current models do not really mimic the pathological/therapeutic features of glioblastoma (GBM), in which the most effective temozolomide chemoradiotherapy (RT/TMZ) regimen can only slightly extend survival. How to improve RT/TMZ efficacy remains a major challenge in clinic. METHODS Syngeneic G422TN-GBM model mice were subject to RT/TMZ, surgery, piperlongumine (PL), αPD1, glutathione. Metabolomics or transcriptomics data from G422TN-GBM and human GBM were used for gene enrichment analysis and estimation of ROS generation/scavenging balance, oxidative stress damage, inflammation and immune cell infiltration. Overall survival, bioluminescent imaging, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence staining were used to examine therapeutic efficacy and mechanisms of action. RESULTS Here we identified that glutathione metabolism was most significantly altered in metabolomics analysis upon RT/TMZ therapies in a truly refractory and reliable mouse triple-negative GBM (G422TN) preclinical model. Consistently, ROS generators/scavengers were highly dysregulated in both G422TN-tumor and human GBM. The ROS-inducer PL synergized surgery/TMZ, surgery/RT/TMZ or RT/TMZ to achieve long-term survival (LTS) in G422TN-mice, but only one LTS-mouse from RT/TMZ/PL therapy passed the rechallenging phase (immune cure). Furthermore, the immunotherapy of RT/TMZ/PL plus anti-PD-1 antibody (αPD1) doubled LTS (50%) and immune-cured (25%) mice. Glutathione completely abolished PL-synergistic effects. Mechanistically, ROS reduction was associated with RT/TMZ-resistance. PL restored ROS level (mainly via reversing Duox2/Gpx2), activated oxidative stress/inflammation/immune responses signature genes, reduced cancer cell proliferation/invasion, increased apoptosis and CD3+/CD4+/CD8+ T-lymphocytes in G422TN-tumor on the basis of RT/TMZ regimen. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that PL reverses RT/TMZ-reduced ROS and synergistically resets tumor microenvironment to cure GBM. RT/TMZ/PL or RT/TMZ/PL/αPD1 exacts effective immune cure in refractory GBM, deserving a priority for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hai-Feng Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Cheng Miao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jia-Xing Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Song-Lin Yin
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shi-Jie Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jing-Yi Peng
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Pan-Pan Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xuan Cao
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Medical College, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China.
| | - Feng Pan
- Department of Urology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Ximiao He
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Xiao Qian Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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14
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Recent Developments in Glioblastoma Therapy: Oncolytic Viruses and Emerging Future Strategies. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020547. [PMID: 36851761 PMCID: PMC9958853 DOI: 10.3390/v15020547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive form of malignant brain tumor. Standard treatment protocols and traditional immunotherapy are poorly effective as they do not significantly increase the long-term survival of glioblastoma patients. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) may be an effective alternative approach. Combining OVs with some modern treatment options may also provide significant benefits for glioblastoma patients. Here we review virotherapy for glioblastomas and describe several OVs and their combination with other therapies. The personalized use of OVs and their combination with other treatment options would become a significant area of research aiming to develop the most effective treatment regimens for glioblastomas.
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15
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Turco V, Pfleiderer K, Hunger J, Horvat NK, Karimian-Jazi K, Schregel K, Fischer M, Brugnara G, Jähne K, Sturm V, Streibel Y, Nguyen D, Altamura S, Agardy DA, Soni SS, Alsasa A, Bunse T, Schlesner M, Muckenthaler MU, Weissleder R, Wick W, Heiland S, Vollmuth P, Bendszus M, Rodell CB, Breckwoldt MO, Platten M. T cell-independent eradication of experimental glioma by intravenous TLR7/8-agonist-loaded nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:771. [PMID: 36774352 PMCID: PMC9922247 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36321-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor type, is considered an immunologically "cold" tumor with sparse infiltration by adaptive immune cells. Immunosuppressive tumor-associated myeloid cells are drivers of tumor progression. Therefore, targeting and reprogramming intratumoral myeloid cells is an appealing therapeutic strategy. Here, we investigate a β-cyclodextrin nanoparticle (CDNP) formulation encapsulating the Toll-like receptor 7 and 8 (TLR7/8) agonist R848 (CDNP-R848) to reprogram myeloid cells in the glioma microenvironment. We show that intravenous monotherapy with CDNP-R848 induces regression of established syngeneic experimental glioma, resulting in increased survival rates compared with unloaded CDNP controls. Mechanistically, CDNP-R848 treatment reshapes the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and orchestrates tumor clearing by pro-inflammatory tumor-associated myeloid cells, independently of T cells and NK cells. Using serial magnetic resonance imaging, we identify a radiomic signature in response to CDNP-R848 treatment and ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) imaging reveals that immunosuppressive macrophage recruitment is reduced by CDNP-R848. In conclusion, CDNP-R848 induces tumor regression in experimental glioma by targeting blood-borne macrophages without requiring adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Turco
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, Mannheim, Germany.,Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kira Pfleiderer
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jessica Hunger
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalie K Horvat
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg University, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kianush Karimian-Jazi
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Schregel
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Fischer
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gianluca Brugnara
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristine Jähne
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Volker Sturm
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yannik Streibel
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Duy Nguyen
- Junior Research Group Bioinformatics and Omics Data Analytics, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandro Altamura
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg University, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dennis A Agardy
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, Mannheim, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shreya S Soni
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Abdulrahman Alsasa
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Theresa Bunse
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Matthias Schlesner
- Junior Research Group Bioinformatics and Omics Data Analytics, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,Biomedical Informatics, Data Mining and Data Analytics, Faculty of Applied Computer Science and Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Martina U Muckenthaler
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg University, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Wolfgang Wick
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, DKTK within DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Heiland
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Vollmuth
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Bendszus
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher B Rodell
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Michael O Breckwoldt
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Michael Platten
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, Mannheim, Germany.
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16
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The Role of Cellular Immunity and Adaptive Immunity in Pathophysiology of Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1394:51-72. [PMID: 36587381 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-14732-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Major advances have been made in our understanding of CNS tumors, especially glioma, however, the survival of patients with malignant glioma remains poor. While radiation and chemotherapy have increased overall survival, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) still has one of the worst 5-year survival rates of all human cancers. Here, in this chapter, the authors review the abrogation of the immune system in the tumor setting, revealing many plausible targets for therapy and the current immunotherapy treatment strategies employed. Notably, glioma has also been characterized as a subset of primary spinal cord tumor and current treatment recommendations are outlined here.
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17
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Meister H, Look T, Roth P, Pascolo S, Sahin U, Lee S, Hale BD, Snijder B, Regli L, Ravi VM, Heiland DH, Sentman CL, Weller M, Weiss T. Multifunctional mRNA-Based CAR T Cells Display Promising Antitumor Activity Against Glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:4747-4756. [PMID: 36037304 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-4384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Most chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell strategies against glioblastoma have demonstrated only modest therapeutic activity and are based on persistent gene modification strategies that have limited transgene capacity, long manufacturing processes, and the risk for uncontrollable off-tumor toxicities. mRNA-based T-cell modifications are an emerging safe, rapid, and cost-effective alternative to overcome these challenges, but are underexplored against glioblastoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We generated mouse and human mRNA-based multifunctional T cells coexpressing a multitargeting CAR based on the natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) receptor and the proinflammatory cytokines IL12 and IFNα2 and assessed their antiglioma activity in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Compared with T cells that either expressed the CAR or cytokines alone, multifunctional CAR T cells demonstrated increased antiglioma activity in vitro and in vivo in three orthotopic immunocompetent mouse glioma models without signs of toxicity. Mechanistically, the coexpression of IL12 and IFNα2 in addition to the CAR promoted a proinflammatory tumor microenvironment and reduced T-cell exhaustion as demonstrated by ex vivo immune phenotyping, cytokine profiling, and RNA sequencing. The translational potential was demonstrated by image-based single-cell analyses of mRNA-modified T cells in patient glioblastoma samples with a complex cellular microenvironment. This revealed strong antiglioma activity of human mRNA-based multifunctional NKG2D CAR T cells coexpressing IL12 and IFNα2 whereas T cells that expressed either the CAR or cytokines alone did not demonstrate comparable antiglioma activity. CONCLUSIONS These data provide a robust rationale for future clinical studies with mRNA-based multifunctional CAR T cells to treat malignant brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Meister
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Look
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Roth
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Steve Pascolo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ugur Sahin
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sohyon Lee
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin D Hale
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Berend Snijder
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Regli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vidhya M Ravi
- Microenvironment and Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Breisgau, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Henrik Heiland
- Microenvironment and Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Breisgau, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Charles L Sentman
- Center for Synthetic Immunity and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, New Hampshire
| | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Weiss
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Fathi M, Razavi SM, Sojoodi M, Ahmadi A, Ebrahimi F, Namdar A, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Gholamin S, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Targeting the CTLA-4/B7 axes in glioblastoma: preclinical evidence and clinical interventions. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:949-961. [PMID: 36527817 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2160703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is one of the fatal cancers of the Central Nervous System (CNS). A variety of reasons exist for why previous immunotherapy strategies, especially Immune Checkpoint Blockers (ICBs), did not work in treating GBM patients. The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) is a key immune checkpoint receptor. Its overexpression in cancer and immune cells causes tumor cell progression. CTLA-4 suppresses anti-tumor responses inside the GBM tumor-immune microenvironment. AREAS COVERED It has been attempted to explain the immunobiology of CTLA-4 as well as its interaction with different immune cells and cancer cells that lead to GBM progression. Additionally, CTLA-4 targeting studies have been reviewed and CTLA-4 combination therapy, as a promising therapeutic target and strategy for GBM immunotherapy, is recommended. EXPERT OPINION CTLA-4 could be a possible supplement for future cancer immunotherapies of GBM. However, many challenges remain such as the high toxicity of CTLA-4 blockers, and the unresponsiveness of most patients to immunotherapy. For the future clinical success of CTLA-4 blocker therapy, combination approaches with other targeted treatments would be a potentially effective strategy. Going forward, predictive biomarkers can be used to reduce trial timelines and increase the chance of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Fathi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed-Mostafa Razavi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mozhdeh Sojoodi
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Armin Ahmadi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Farbod Ebrahimi
- Nanoparticle Process Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Afshin Namdar
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Sharareh Gholamin
- Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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19
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Optimal timing of PD-1 blockade in combination with oncolytic virus therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:971-980. [PMID: 34033895 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Anti-PD-1 and oncolytic viruses (OVs) have non-overlapping anti-tumor mechanisms, since each agent works at different steps of the cancer-immunity cycle. Evidence suggests that OVs improve therapeutic responses to anti-PD-1 therapy by reversing immunosuppressive factors, increasing the number and diversity of infiltrating lymphocytes, and promoting PD-L1 expression in both injected and non-injected tumors. Many studies in preclinical models suggest that the timing of anti-PD-1 administration influences the therapeutic success of the combination therapy (anti-PD-1 + OV). Therefore, determining the appropriate sequencing of agents is of critical importance to designing a rationale OV-based combinational clinical trial. Currently, the combination of anti-PD-1 and OVs are being delivered using various schedules, and we have classified the timing of administration of anti-PD-1 and OVs into five categories: (i) anti-PD-1 lead-in → OV; (ii) concurrent administration; (iii) OV lead-in → anti-PD-1; (iv) concurrent therapy lead-in → anti-PD-1; and (v) OV lead-in → concurrent therapy. Based on the reported preclinical and clinical literature, the most promising treatment strategy to date is hypothesized to be OV lead-in → concurrent therapy. In the OV lead-in → concurrent therapy approach, initial OV treatment results in T cell priming and infiltration into tumors and an immunologically hot tumor microenvironment (TME), which can be counterbalanced by engagement of PD-L1 to PD-1 receptor on immune cells, leading to T cell exhaustion. Therefore, after initial OV therapy, concurrent use of both OV and anti-PD-1 is critical through which OV maintains T cell priming and an immunologically hot TME, whereas PD-1 blockade helps to overcome PD-L1/PD-1-mediated T cell exhaustion. It is important to note that the hypothetical conclusion drawn in this review is based on thorough literature review on current understanding of OV + anti-PD-1 combination therapies and rhythm of treatment-induced cancer-immunity cycle. A variety of confounding factors such as tumor types, OV types, presence or absence of cytokine transgenes carried by an OV, timing of treatment initiation, varying dosages and treatment frequencies/duration of OV and anti-PD-1, etc. may affect the validity of our conclusion that will need to be further examined by future research (such as side-by-side comparative studies using all five treatment schedules in a given tumor model).
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20
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Li R, Wang YY, Wang SL, Li XP, Chen Y, Li ZA, He JH, Zhou ZH, Li JY, Guo XL, Wang XG, Wu YQ, Ren YQ, Zhang WJ, Wang XM, Guo G. GBP2 as a potential prognostic predictor with immune-related characteristics in glioma. Front Genet 2022; 13:956632. [PMID: 36186425 PMCID: PMC9523311 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.956632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanylate binding protein 2 (GBP2) is a member of the guanine binding protein family, and its relationship with prognostic outcomes and tumor immune microenvironments in glioma remains elusive. We found GBP2 were increased in glioma tissues at both mRNA and protein levels. Kaplan-Meier curves revealed that high GBP2 expression was linked with worse survival of glioma patients, and multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that high GBP2 expression was an independent prognostic factor for glioma. Combined analysis in immune database revealed that the expression of GBP2 was significantly related to the level of immune infiltration and immunomodulators. Single-cell analysis illustrated the high expression of GBP2 in malignant glioma cells showed the high antigen presentation capability, which were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) data. Additionally, the hsa-mir-26b-5p and hsa-mir-335-5p were predicted as GBP2 regulators and were validated in U87 and U251 cells. Our results first decipher immune-related characteristics and noncoding regulators of GBP2 in glioma, which may provide insights into associated immunotherapies and prognostic predictor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shu-Le Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xue-Peng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zi-Ao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jian-Hang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zi-Han Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jia-Yu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Long Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Gang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ye-Qing Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Wen-Ju Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Man Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Geng Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- *Correspondence: Geng Guo,
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21
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Karami Fath M, Babakhaniyan K, Anjomrooz M, Jalalifar M, Alizadeh SD, Pourghasem Z, Abbasi Oshagh P, Azargoonjahromi A, Almasi F, Manzoor HZ, Khalesi B, Pourzardosht N, Khalili S, Payandeh Z. Recent Advances in Glioma Cancer Treatment: Conventional and Epigenetic Realms. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091448. [PMID: 36146527 PMCID: PMC9501259 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most typical and aggressive form of primary brain tumor in adults, with a poor prognosis. Successful glioma treatment is hampered by ineffective medication distribution across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the emergence of drug resistance. Although a few FDA-approved multimodal treatments are available for glioblastoma, most patients still have poor prognoses. Targeting epigenetic variables, immunotherapy, gene therapy, and different vaccine- and peptide-based treatments are some innovative approaches to improve anti-glioma treatment efficacy. Following the identification of lymphatics in the central nervous system, immunotherapy offers a potential method with the potency to permeate the blood-brain barrier. This review will discuss the rationale, tactics, benefits, and drawbacks of current glioma therapy options in clinical and preclinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Karami Fath
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 1571914911, Iran
| | - Kimiya Babakhaniyan
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1996713883, Iran
| | - Mehran Anjomrooz
- Department of Radiology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411713135, Iran
| | | | | | - Zeinab Pourghasem
- Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University of Lahijan, Gilan 4416939515, Iran
| | - Parisa Abbasi Oshagh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Malayer University, Malayer 6571995863, Iran
| | - Ali Azargoonjahromi
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7417773539, Iran
| | - Faezeh Almasi
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 1411734115, Iran
| | - Hafza Zahira Manzoor
- Experimental and Translational Medicine, University of Insubria, Via jean Henry Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Bahman Khalesi
- Department of Research and Production of Poultry Viral Vaccine, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj 3197619751, Iran
| | - Navid Pourzardosht
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht 4193713111, Iran
| | - Saeed Khalili
- Department of Biology Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran 1678815811, Iran
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (Z.P.)
| | - Zahra Payandeh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division Medical Inflammation Research, Karolinska Institute, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (Z.P.)
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22
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Sansone G, Vivori N, Vivori C, Di Stefano AL, Picca A. Basic premises: searching for new targets and strategies in diffuse gliomas. Clin Transl Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40336-022-00507-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia promotes an immune suppressive microenvironment that can be overcome by IL-12. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11870. [PMID: 35831470 PMCID: PMC9279427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies have revolutionized the treatment of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), but the duration of responses is still sub-optimal. We sought to identify mechanisms of immune suppression in B-ALL and strategies to overcome them. Plasma collected from children with B-ALL with measurable residual disease after induction chemotherapy showed differential cytokine expression, particularly IL-7, while single-cell RNA-sequencing revealed the expression of genes associated with immune exhaustion in immune cell subsets. We also found that the supernatant of leukemia cells suppressed T-cell function ex vivo. Modeling B-ALL in mice, we observed an altered tumor immune microenvironment, including compromised activation of T-cells and dendritic cells (DC). However, recombinant IL-12 (rIL-12) treatment of mice with B-ALL restored the levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the bone marrow and increased the number of splenic and bone marrow resident T-cells and DCs. RNA-sequencing of T-cells isolated from vehicle and rIL-12 treated mice with B-ALL revealed that the leukemia-induced increase in genes associated with exhaustion, including Lag3, Tigit, and Il10, was abrogated with rIL-12 treatment. In addition, the cytolytic capacity of T-cells co-cultured with B-ALL cells was enhanced when IL-12 and blinatumomab treatments were combined. Overall, these results demonstrate that the leukemia immune suppressive microenvironment can be restored with rIL-12 treatment which has direct therapeutic implications.
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24
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Li L, Yang Z, Zheng Y, Chen Z, Yue X, Bian E, Zhao B. Identification of an endoplasmic reticulum stress-related signature associated with clinical prognosis and immune therapy in glioma. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:192. [PMID: 35614390 PMCID: PMC9131635 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02709-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioma is the most common brain tumor in adults and is characterized by a short survival time and high resistance to chemotherapy. It is imperative to determine the prognosis and therapy-related targets for glioma. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), as an adaptive protective mechanism, indicates the unfolded protein response (UPR) to determine cell survival and affects chemotherapy sensitivity, which is related to the prognosis of glioma. Methods Our research used the TCGA database as the training group and the CGGA database as the testing group. Lasso regression and Cox analysis were performed to construct an ERS signature-based risk score model in glioma. Three methods (time-dependent receiver operating characteristic analysis and multivariate and univariate Cox regression analysis) were applied to assess the independent prognostic effect of texture parameters. Consensus clustering was used to classify the two clusters. In addition, functional and immune analyses were performed to assess the malignant process and immune microenvironment. Immunotherapy and anticancer drug response prediction were adopted to evaluate immune checkpoint and chemotherapy sensitivity. Results The results revealed that the 7-gene signature strongly predicts glioma prognosis. The two clusters have markedly distinct molecular and prognostic features. The validation group result revealed that the signature has exceptional repeatability and certainty. Functional analysis showed that the ERS-related gene signature was closely associated with the malignant process and prognosis of tumors. Immune analysis indicated that the ERS-related gene signature is strongly related to immune infiltration. Immunotherapy and anticancer drug response prediction indicated that the ERS-related gene signature is positively correlated with immune checkpoint and chemotherapy sensitivity. Conclusions Collectively, the ERS-related risk model can provide a novel signature to predict glioma prognosis and treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12883-022-02709-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianxin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Zhihao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yinfei Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.,Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, 678 Fu Rong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.,Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, 678 Fu Rong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yue
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.,Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, 678 Fu Rong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Erbao Bian
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China. .,Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, 678 Fu Rong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Bing Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China. .,Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, 678 Fu Rong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, China.
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25
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Rong L, Li N, Zhang Z. Emerging therapies for glioblastoma: current state and future directions. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:142. [PMID: 35428347 PMCID: PMC9013078 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common high-grade primary malignant brain tumor with an extremely poor prognosis. Given the poor survival with currently approved treatments for GBM, new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Advances in decades of investment in basic science of glioblastoma are rapidly translated into innovative clinical trials, utilizing improved genetic and epigenetic profiling of glioblastoma as well as the brain microenvironment and immune system interactions. Following these encouraging findings, immunotherapy including immune checkpoint blockade, chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cell therapy, oncolytic virotherapy, and vaccine therapy have offered new hope for improving GBM outcomes; ongoing studies are using combinatorial therapies with the aim of minimizing adverse side-effects and augmenting antitumor immune responses. In addition, techniques to overcome the blood-brain barrier (BBB) for targeted delivery are being tested in clinical trials in patients with recurrent GBM. Here, we set forth the rationales for these promising therapies in treating GBM, review the potential novel agents, the current status of preclinical and clinical trials, and discuss the challenges and future perspectives in glioblastoma immuno-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Rong
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ni Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Science, Ministry of Education, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
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HLA-G and Other Immune Checkpoint Molecules as Targets for Novel Combined Immunotherapies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062925. [PMID: 35328349 PMCID: PMC8948858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA-G is an HLA-class Ib molecule that is involved in the establishment of tolerance at the maternal/fetal interface during pregnancy. The expression of HLA-G is highly restricted in adults, but the de novo expression of this molecule may be observed in different hematological and solid tumors and is related to cancer progression. Indeed, tumor cells expressing high levels of HLA-G are able to suppress anti-tumor responses, thus escaping from the control of the immune system. HLA-G has been proposed as an immune checkpoint (IC) molecule due to its crucial role in tumor progression, immune escape, and metastatic spread. We here review data available in the literature in which the interaction between HLA-G and other IC molecules is reported, in particular PD-1, CTLA-4, and TIM-3, but also IDO and TIGIT. Clinical trials using monoclonal antibodies against HLA-G and other IC are currently ongoing with cancer patients where antibodies and inhibitors of PD-1 and CTLA-4 showed encouraging results. With this background, we may envisage that combined therapies using antibodies targeting HLA-G and another IC may be successful for clinical purposes. Indeed, such immunotherapeutic protocols may achieve a better rescue of effective anti-tumor immune response, thus improving the clinical outcome of patients.
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27
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Holder PG, Lim SA, Huang CS, Sharma P, Dagdas YS, Bulutoglu B, Sockolosky JT. Engineering interferons and interleukins for cancer immunotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 182:114112. [PMID: 35085624 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are a class of potent immunoregulatory proteins that are secreted in response to various stimuli and act locally to regulate many aspects of human physiology and disease. Cytokines play important roles in cancer initiation, progression, and elimination, and thus, there is a long clinical history associated with the use of recombinant cytokines to treat cancer. However, the use of cytokines as therapeutics has been limited by cytokine pleiotropy, complex biology, poor drug-like properties, and severe dose-limiting toxicities. Nevertheless, cytokines are crucial mediators of innate and adaptive antitumor immunity and have the potential to enhance immunotherapeutic approaches to treat cancer. Development of immune checkpoint inhibitors and combination immunotherapies has reinvigorated interest in cytokines as therapeutics, and a variety of engineering approaches are emerging to improve the safety and effectiveness of cytokine immunotherapy. In this review we highlight recent advances in cytokine biology and engineering for cancer immunotherapy.
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28
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Li Z, Fu WJ, Chen XQ, Wang S, Deng RS, Tang XP, Yang KD, Niu Q, Zhou H, Li QR, Lin Y, Liang M, Li SS, Ping YF, Liu XD, Bian XW, Yao XH. Autophagy-based unconventional secretion of HMGB1 in glioblastoma promotes chemosensitivity to temozolomide through macrophage M1-like polarization. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:74. [PMID: 35193644 PMCID: PMC8862393 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GB) is the most common and highly malignant brain tumor characterized by aggressive growth and resistance to alkylating chemotherapy. Autophagy induction is one of the hallmark effects of anti-GB therapies with temozolomide (TMZ). However, the non-classical form of autophagy, autophagy-based unconventional secretion, also called secretory autophagy and its role in regulating the sensitivity of GB to TMZ remains unclear. There is an urgent need to illuminate the mechanism and to develop novel therapeutic targets for GB. Methods Cancer genome databases and paired-GB patient samples with or without TMZ treatment were used to assess the relationship between HMGB1 mRNA levels and overall patient survival. The relationship between HMGB1 protein level and TMZ sensitivity was measured by immunohistochemistry, ELISA, Western blot and qRT-PCR. GB cells were engineered to express a chimeric autophagic flux reporter protein consisting of mCherry, GFP and LC3B. The role of secretory autophagy in tumor microenvironment (TME) was analyzed by intracranial implantation of GL261 cells. Coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and Western blotting were performed to test the RAGE-NFκB-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Results The exocytosis of HMGB1 induced by TMZ in GB is dependent on the secretory autophagy. HMGB1 contributed to M1-like polarization of tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) and enhanced the sensitivity of GB cells to TMZ. Mechanistically, RAGE acted as a receptor for HMGB1 in TAMs and through RAGE-NFκB-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, HMGB1 enhanced M1-like polarization of TAMs. Clinically, the elevated level of HMGB1 in sera may serve as a beneficial therapeutic-predictor for GB patients under TMZ treatment. Conclusions We demonstrated that enhanced secretory autophagy in GB facilitates M1-like polarization of TAMs to enhance TMZ sensitivity of GB cells. HMGB1 acts as a key regulator in the crosstalk between GB cells and tumor-suppressive M1-like TAMs in GB microenvironment and may be considered as an adjuvant for the chemotherapeutic agent TMZ. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-022-02291-8.
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29
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da Silva LHR, Catharino LCC, da Silva VJ, Evangelista GCM, Barbuto JAM. The War Is on: The Immune System against Glioblastoma—How Can NK Cells Drive This Battle? Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020400. [PMID: 35203609 PMCID: PMC8962431 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that play an important role in immunosurveillance, acting alongside other immune cells in the response against various types of malignant tumors and the prevention of metastasis. Since their discovery in the 1970s, they have been thoroughly studied for their capacity to kill neoplastic cells without the need for previous sensitization, executing rapid and robust cytotoxic activity, but also helper functions. In agreement with this, NK cells are being exploited in many ways to treat cancer. The broad arsenal of NK-based therapies includes adoptive transfer of in vitro expanded and activated cells, genetically engineered cells to contain chimeric antigen receptors (CAR-NKs), in vivo stimulation of NK cells (by cytokine therapy, checkpoint blockade therapies, etc.), and tumor-specific antibody-guided NK cells, among others. In this article, we review pivotal aspects of NK cells’ biology and their contribution to immune responses against tumors, as well as providing a wide perspective on the many antineoplastic strategies using NK cells. Finally, we also discuss those approaches that have the potential to control glioblastoma—a disease that, currently, causes inevitable death, usually in a short time after diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Henrique Rodrigues da Silva
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (L.H.R.d.S.); (L.C.C.C.); (V.J.d.S.); (G.C.M.E.)
| | - Luana Correia Croda Catharino
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (L.H.R.d.S.); (L.C.C.C.); (V.J.d.S.); (G.C.M.E.)
| | - Viviane Jennifer da Silva
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (L.H.R.d.S.); (L.C.C.C.); (V.J.d.S.); (G.C.M.E.)
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Pathogenesis and Targeted Therapy in Onco-Immuno-Hematology (LIM-31), Departamento de Hematologia, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 0124690, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Coeli Menezes Evangelista
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (L.H.R.d.S.); (L.C.C.C.); (V.J.d.S.); (G.C.M.E.)
| | - José Alexandre Marzagão Barbuto
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (L.H.R.d.S.); (L.C.C.C.); (V.J.d.S.); (G.C.M.E.)
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Pathogenesis and Targeted Therapy in Onco-Immuno-Hematology (LIM-31), Departamento de Hematologia, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 0124690, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3091-7375
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30
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Yang K, Wu Z, Zhang H, Zhang N, Wu W, Wang Z, Dai Z, Zhang X, Zhang L, Peng Y, Ye W, Zeng W, Liu Z, Cheng Q. Glioma targeted therapy: insight into future of molecular approaches. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:39. [PMID: 35135556 PMCID: PMC8822752 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01513-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the common type of brain tumors originating from glial cells. Epidemiologically, gliomas occur among all ages, more often seen in adults, which males are more susceptible than females. According to the fifth edition of the WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System (WHO CNS5), standard of care and prognosis of gliomas can be dramatically different. Generally, circumscribed gliomas are usually benign and recommended to early complete resection, with chemotherapy if necessary. Diffuse gliomas and other high-grade gliomas according to their molecule subtype are slightly intractable, with necessity of chemotherapy. However, for glioblastoma, feasible resection followed by radiotherapy plus temozolomide chemotherapy define the current standard of care. Here, we discuss novel feasible or potential targets for treatment of gliomas, especially IDH-wild type glioblastoma. Classic targets such as the p53 and retinoblastoma (RB) pathway and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene alteration have met failure due to complex regulatory network. There is ever-increasing interest in immunotherapy (immune checkpoint molecule, tumor associated macrophage, dendritic cell vaccine, CAR-T), tumor microenvironment, and combination of several efficacious methods. With many targeted therapy options emerging, biomarkers guiding the prescription of a particular targeted therapy are also attractive. More pre-clinical and clinical trials are urgently needed to explore and evaluate the feasibility of targeted therapy with the corresponding biomarkers for effective personalized treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhijing Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,One-Third Lab, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wantao Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziyu Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yun Peng
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Teaching and Research Section of Clinical Nursing, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weijie Ye
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenjing Zeng
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhixiong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Interleukin-12 as an in situ cancer vaccine component: a review. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 71:2057-2065. [PMID: 35024897 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03144-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a type I cytokine involved in both innate and adaptive immunity that stimulates T and natural killer cell activity and induces interferon gamma production. IL-12 has been identified as a potential immunotherapeutic component for combinatorial cancer treatments. While IL-12 has successfully been used to treat a variety of cancers in mice, it was associated with toxicity when administered systemically in cancer patients. In this review, we discuss the research findings and progress of IL-12 used in combination with other cancer treatment modalities. We describe different methods of IL-12 delivery, both systemic and local, and ultimately highlight the potential of an in situ vaccination approach for minimizing toxicities and providing antitumor efficacy. This review offers a basis for pursuing an in situ vaccine approach that may eventually allow IL-12 to be more readily integrated as an immunotherapy into the clinical treatment of cancers.
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Leleux JA, Albershardt TC, Reeves R, James R, Krull J, Parsons AJ, ter Meulen J, Berglund P. Intratumoral expression of IL-12 from lentiviral or RNA vectors acts synergistically with TLR4 agonist (GLA) to generate anti-tumor immunological memory. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259301. [PMID: 34855754 PMCID: PMC8638928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic interleukin-12 (IL12) anti-tumor therapy is highly potent but has had limited utility in the clinic due to severe toxicity. Here, we present two IL12-expressing vector platforms, both of which can overcome the deficiencies of previous systemic IL12 therapies: 1) an integrating lentiviral vector, and 2) a self-replicating messenger RNA formulated with polyethyleneimine. Intratumoral administration of either IL12 vector platform resulted in recruitment of immune cells, including effector T cells and dendritic cells, and the complete remission of established tumors in multiple murine models. Furthermore, concurrent intratumoral administration of the synthetic TLR4 agonist glucopyranosyl lipid A formulated in a stable emulsion (GLA-SE) induced systemic memory T cell responses that mediated complete protection against tumor rechallenge in all survivor mice (8/8 rechallenged mice), whereas only 2/6 total rechallenged mice treated with intratrumoral IL12 monotherapy rejected the rechallenge. Taken together, expression of vectorized IL12 in combination with a TLR4 agonist represents a varied approach to broaden the applicability of intratumoral immune therapies of solid tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/pharmacology
- Glucosides/pharmacology
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunologic Memory/drug effects
- Immunologic Memory/genetics
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Interferon-gamma/blood
- Interleukin-12/blood
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Interleukin-12/immunology
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Lipid A/pharmacology
- Melanoma, Experimental/genetics
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/agonists
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Jardin A. Leleux
- Immune Design Corp., Seattle, WA, A wholly owned subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, United States of America
| | - Tina C. Albershardt
- Immune Design Corp., Seattle, WA, A wholly owned subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Reeves
- Immune Design Corp., Seattle, WA, A wholly owned subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, United States of America
| | - Reice James
- Immune Design Corp., Seattle, WA, A wholly owned subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, United States of America
| | - Jordan Krull
- Immune Design Corp., Seattle, WA, A wholly owned subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, United States of America
| | - Andrea J. Parsons
- Immune Design Corp., Seattle, WA, A wholly owned subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, United States of America
| | - Jan ter Meulen
- Immune Design Corp., Seattle, WA, A wholly owned subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, United States of America
| | - Peter Berglund
- Immune Design Corp., Seattle, WA, A wholly owned subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, United States of America
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33
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Zhan L, Zhang J, Zhu S, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang W, Fan Y, Sun S, Wei B, Cao Y. N 6-Methyladenosine RNA Modification: An Emerging Immunotherapeutic Approach to Turning Up Cold Tumors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:736298. [PMID: 34616742 PMCID: PMC8488118 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.736298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a novel clinical approach that has shown clinical efficacy in multiple cancers. However, only a fraction of patients respond well to immunotherapy. Immuno-oncological studies have identified the type of tumors that are sensitive to immunotherapy, the so-called hot tumors, while unresponsive tumors, known as “cold tumors,” have the potential to turn into hot ones. Therefore, the mechanisms underlying cold tumor formation must be elucidated, and efforts should be made to turn cold tumors into hot tumors. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification affects the maturation and function of immune cells by controlling mRNA immunogenicity and innate immune components in the tumor microenvironment (TME), suggesting its predominant role in the development of tumors and its potential use as a target to improve cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we first describe the TME, cold and hot tumors, and m6A RNA modification. Then, we focus on the role of m6A RNA modification in cold tumor formation and regulation. Finally, we discuss the potential clinical implications and immunotherapeutic approaches of m6A RNA modification in cancer patients. In conclusion, m6A RNA modification is involved in cold tumor formation by regulating immunity, tumor-cell-intrinsic pathways, soluble inhibitory mediators in the TME, increasing metabolic competition, and affecting the tumor mutational burden. Furthermore, m6A RNA modification regulators may potentially be used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for different types of cancer. In addition, targeting m6A RNA modification may sensitize cancers to immunotherapy, making it a promising immunotherapeutic approach for turning cold tumors into hot ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Junhui Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Suding Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenyan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yijun Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shiying Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bing Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yunxia Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Schneider MA, Heeb L, Beffinger MM, Pantelyushin S, Linecker M, Roth L, Lehmann K, Ungethüm U, Kobold S, Graf R, van den Broek M, Vom Berg J, Gupta A, Clavien PA. Attenuation of peripheral serotonin inhibits tumor growth and enhances immune checkpoint blockade therapy in murine tumor models. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabc8188. [PMID: 34524861 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abc8188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel André Schneider
- Laboratory of the Swiss Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary (HPB) and Transplantation Centre, Department of Surgery, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Heeb
- Laboratory of the Swiss Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary (HPB) and Transplantation Centre, Department of Surgery, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michal Mateusz Beffinger
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Stanislav Pantelyushin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Michael Linecker
- Laboratory of the Swiss Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary (HPB) and Transplantation Centre, Department of Surgery, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lilian Roth
- Laboratory of the Swiss Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary (HPB) and Transplantation Centre, Department of Surgery, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland.,Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kuno Lehmann
- Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Udo Ungethüm
- Laboratory of the Swiss Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary (HPB) and Transplantation Centre, Department of Surgery, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Lindwurmstrasse 2a, D-80337 Munich, Germany.,German Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), partner site Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 8a, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Rolf Graf
- Laboratory of the Swiss Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary (HPB) and Transplantation Centre, Department of Surgery, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maries van den Broek
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Vom Berg
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Anurag Gupta
- Laboratory of the Swiss Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary (HPB) and Transplantation Centre, Department of Surgery, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Alain Clavien
- Laboratory of the Swiss Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary (HPB) and Transplantation Centre, Department of Surgery, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
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35
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Melero I, Castanon E, Alvarez M, Champiat S, Marabelle A. Intratumoural administration and tumour tissue targeting of cancer immunotherapies. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2021; 18:558-576. [PMID: 34006998 PMCID: PMC8130796 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-021-00507-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Immune-checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are revolutionizing oncology and haematology practice. With these and other immunotherapies, however, systemic biodistribution raises safety issues, potentially requiring the use of suboptimal doses or even precluding their clinical development. Delivering or attracting immune cells or immunomodulatory factors directly to the tumour and/or draining lymph nodes might overcome these problems. Hence, intratumoural delivery and tumour tissue-targeted compounds are attractive options to increase the in situ bioavailability and, thus, the efficacy of immunotherapies. In mouse models, intratumoural administration of immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies, pattern recognition receptor agonists, genetically engineered viruses, bacteria, cytokines or immune cells can exert powerful effects not only against the injected tumours but also often against uninjected lesions (abscopal or anenestic effects). Alternatively, or additionally, biotechnology strategies are being used to achieve higher functional concentrations of immune mediators in tumour tissues, either by targeting locally overexpressed moieties or engineering 'unmaskable' agents to be activated by elements enriched within tumour tissues. Clinical trials evaluating these strategies are ongoing, but their development faces issues relating to the administration methodology, pharmacokinetic parameters, pharmacodynamic end points, and immunobiological and clinical response assessments. Herein, we discuss these approaches in the context of their historical development and describe the current landscape of intratumoural or tumour tissue-targeted immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Melero
- Department of Immunology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
- Program for Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Castanon
- Department of Immunology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Alvarez
- Program for Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephane Champiat
- Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (DITEP), Université Paris Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Biotherapies for In Situ Antitumor Immunization (BIOTHERIS), Centre d'Investigation Clinique INSERM CICBT1428, Villejuif, France
| | - Aurelien Marabelle
- Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (DITEP), Université Paris Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
- Biotherapies for In Situ Antitumor Immunization (BIOTHERIS), Centre d'Investigation Clinique INSERM CICBT1428, Villejuif, France.
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36
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Kelly WJ, Giles AJ, Gilbert M. T lymphocyte-targeted immune checkpoint modulation in glioma. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2019-000379. [PMID: 32051289 PMCID: PMC7057419 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulatory therapies targeting inhibitory checkpoint molecules have revolutionized the treatment of solid tumor malignancies. Concerns about whether systemic administration of an immune checkpoint inhibitor could impact primary brain tumors were answered with the observation of definitive responses in pediatric patients harboring hypermutated gliomas. Although initial clinical results in patients with glioblastoma (GBM) were disappointing, recently published results have demonstrated a potential survival benefit in patients with recurrent GBM treated with neoadjuvant programmed cell death protein 1 blockade. While these findings necessitate verification in subsequent studies, they support the possibility of achieving clinical meaningful immune responses in malignant primary brain tumors including GBM, a disease in dire need of additional therapeutic options. There are several challenges involved in treating glioma with immune checkpoint modulators including the immunosuppressive nature of GBM itself with high inhibitory checkpoint expression, the immunoselective blood brain barrier impairing the ability for peripheral lymphocytes to traffic to the tumor microenvironment and the high prevalence of corticosteroid use which suppress lymphocyte activation. However, by simultaneously targeting multiple costimulatory and inhibitory pathways, it may be possible to achieve an effective antitumoral immune response. To this end, there are now several novel agents targeting more recently uncovered “second generation” checkpoint molecules. Given the multiplicity of drugs being considered for combination regimens, an increased understanding of the mechanisms of action and resistance combined with more robust preclinical and early clinical testing will be needed to be able to adequately test these agents. This review summarizes our current understanding of T lymphocyte-modulating checkpoint molecules as it pertains to glioma with the hope for a renewed focus on the most promising therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amber Jin Giles
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Gilbert
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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37
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Sabbagh A, Beccaria K, Ling X, Marisetty A, Ott M, Caruso H, Barton E, Kong LY, Fang D, Latha K, Zhang DY, Wei J, DeGroot J, Curran MA, Rao G, Hu J, Desseaux C, Bouchoux G, Canney M, Carpentier A, Heimberger AB. Opening of the Blood-Brain Barrier Using Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Enhances Responses to Immunotherapy in Preclinical Glioma Models. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:4325-4337. [PMID: 34031054 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-3760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The blood-brain barrier (BBB) inhibits adequate dosing/penetration of therapeutic agents to malignancies in the brain. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPU) is a safe therapeutic method of temporary BBB disruption (BBBD) to enhance chemotherapeutic delivery to the tumor and surrounding brain parenchyma for treatment of glioblastoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We investigated if LIPU could enhance therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD-1 in C57BL/6 mice bearing intracranial GL261 gliomas, epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in NSG mice with EGFRvIII-U87 gliomas, and a genetically engineered antigen-presenting cell (APC)-based therapy producing the T-cell attracting chemokine CXCL10 in the GL261-bearing mice. RESULTS Mice treated with anti-PD-1 and LIPU-induced BBBD had a median survival duration of 58 days compared with 39 days for mice treated with anti-PD-1, and long-term survivors all remained alive after contralateral hemisphere rechallenge. CAR T-cell administration with LIPU-induced BBBD resulted in significant increases in CAR T-cell delivery to the CNS after 24 (P < 0.005) and 72 (P < 0.001) hours and increased median survival by greater than 129%, in comparison with CAR T cells alone. Local deposition of CXCL10-secreting APCs in the glioma microenvironment with LIPU enhanced T-cell glioma infiltration during the therapeutic window (P = 0.004) and markedly enhanced survival (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS LIPU increases immune therapeutic delivery to the tumor microenvironment with an associated increase in survival and is an emerging technique for enhancing novel therapies in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aria Sabbagh
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kevin Beccaria
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Xiaoyang Ling
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Anantha Marisetty
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Martina Ott
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hillary Caruso
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Emily Barton
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, St. Edward's University, Austin, Texas
| | - Ling-Yuan Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Dexing Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Khatri Latha
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Daniel Yang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jun Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John DeGroot
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael A Curran
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ganesh Rao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jian Hu
- Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Carole Desseaux
- CarThera, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Guillaume Bouchoux
- CarThera, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Michael Canney
- CarThera, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Alexandre Carpentier
- AP-HP, Neurosurgery Department, Pitie Salpetriere Hospital, F-75013 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universite, GRC23, Interface Neuro Machine team, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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IL-7 coupled with IL-12 increases intratumoral T cell clonality, leading to complete regression of non-immunogenic tumors. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:3557-3571. [PMID: 33909103 PMCID: PMC8571137 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02947-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors against PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4 have altered the treatment paradigm for various types of cancers in the past decade. However, they offer clinical benefits to only a subset of patients. Evaluation and identification of an appropriate therapeutic approach to improve intratumoral immune status are needed for better treatment outcomes. We previously demonstrated that intratumoral expression of IL-7 and IL-12 increased tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in poorly immunogenic tumors, resulting in a higher tumor regression rate than IL-12 alone. However, the mechanism underlying the difference in efficacy with and without IL-7 remains unclear. Here, we identified a previously unknown effect of IL-7 on the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of intratumoral CD8+ T cells, which is induced in the presence of IL-12. While IL-7 alone increased the diversity of intratumoral CD8+ T cells, IL-7 with IL-12 increased a limited number of high-frequency clones, conversely augmenting IL-12 function to increase the clonality. The proportion of mice with multiple high-frequency clones in tumors correlated with that achieving complete tumor regression in efficacy studies. These findings provide a scientific rationale for combining IL-7 and IL-12 in anticancer immunotherapy and unveil a novel IL-7 function on intratumoral TCR repertoire.
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39
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Zhang Y, Yang X, Zhu XL, Wang ZZ, Bai H, Zhang JJ, Hao CY, Duan HB. A Novel Immune-Related Prognostic Biomarker and Target Associated With Malignant Progression of Glioma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:643159. [PMID: 33937046 PMCID: PMC8085360 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.643159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioma is one of the most common malignancies in the central nervous system and has limited effective therapeutic options. Therefore, we sought to identify a suitable target for immunotherapy. Materials and Methods We screened prognostic genes for glioma in the CGGA database and GSE43378 dataset using survival analysis, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, independent prognostic analysis, and clinical correlation analysis. The results were intersected with immune genes from the ImmPort database through Venn diagrams to obtain likely target genes. The target genes were validated as prognostically relevant immune genes for glioma using survival, ROC curve, independent prognostic, and clinical correlation analyses in samples from the CGGA database and GSE43378 dataset, respectively. We also constructed a nomogram using statistically significant glioma prognostic factors in the CGGA samples and verified their sensitivity and specificity with ROC curves. The functions, pathways, and co-expression-related genes for the glioma target genes were assessed using PPI networks, enrichment analysis, and correlation analysis. The correlation between target gene expression and immune cell infiltration in glioma and the relationship with the survival of glioma patients were investigated using the TIMER database. Finally, target gene expression in normal brain, low-grade glioma, and high-grade glioma tissues was detected using immunohistochemical staining. Results We identified TNFRSF12A as the target gene. Satisfactory results from survival, ROC curve, independent prognosis, and clinical correlation analyses in the CGGA and GSE43378 samples verified that TNFRSF12A was significantly associated with the prognosis of glioma patients. A nomogram was constructed using glioma prognostic correlates, including TNFRSF12A expression, primary-recurrent-secondary (PRS) type, grade, age, chemotherapy, IDH mutation, and 1p19q co-deletion in CGGA samples with an AUC value of 0.860, which illustrated the accuracy of the prognosis prediction. The results of the TIMER analysis validated the significant correlation of TNFRSF12A with immune cell infiltration and glioma survival. The immunohistochemical staining results verified the progressive up-regulation of TNFRSF12A expression in normal brain, low-grade glioma, and high-grade glioma tissues. Conclusion We concluded that TNFRSF12A was a viable prognostic biomarker and a potential immunotherapeutic target for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhuang-Zhuang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hao Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chun-Yan Hao
- Department of Geriatrics, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hu-Bin Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Lvliang People's Hospital, Lvliang, China
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Cytokine engineering for targeted cancer immunotherapy. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 62:43-52. [PMID: 33684633 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are key modulators of the immune responses and represent promising therapeutics for a variety of cancers. However, successful translation of cytokine-based therapy to the clinic is limited by, among others, severe toxicities and lack of efficacy due to cytokine pleiotropy and off-target activation of cells. Engineering cytokines with enhanced therapeutic properties has emerged as a promising strategy to overcome these challenges. Advances in protein engineering and protein-polymer conjugate technologies have fostered the generation of cytokines with enhanced target cell specificity and longer half-life than the native ones. These novel cytokines exhibit reduced systemic toxicities while focusing the activities at the tumor site, thus, enhancing antitumor immunity. The growing toolbox of cytokine engineering strategies will further stimulate the development of smart cytokine-based immunotherapies with enhanced efficacy and safety profiles.
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Grzywa TM, Justyniarska M, Nowis D, Golab J. Tumor Immune Evasion Induced by Dysregulation of Erythroid Progenitor Cells Development. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:870. [PMID: 33669537 PMCID: PMC7922079 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells harness normal cells to facilitate tumor growth and metastasis. Within this complex network of interactions, the establishment and maintenance of immune evasion mechanisms are crucial for cancer progression. The escape from the immune surveillance results from multiple independent mechanisms. Recent studies revealed that besides well-described myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) or regulatory T-cells (Tregs), erythroid progenitor cells (EPCs) play an important role in the regulation of immune response and tumor progression. EPCs are immature erythroid cells that differentiate into oxygen-transporting red blood cells. They expand in the extramedullary sites, including the spleen, as well as infiltrate tumors. EPCs in cancer produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and express programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and potently suppress T-cells. Thus, EPCs regulate antitumor, antiviral, and antimicrobial immunity, leading to immune suppression. Moreover, EPCs promote tumor growth by the secretion of growth factors, including artemin. The expansion of EPCs in cancer is an effect of the dysregulation of erythropoiesis, leading to the differentiation arrest and enrichment of early-stage EPCs. Therefore, anemia treatment, targeting ineffective erythropoiesis, and the promotion of EPC differentiation are promising strategies to reduce cancer-induced immunosuppression and the tumor-promoting effects of EPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M. Grzywa
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (T.M.G.); (M.J.)
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Justyniarska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (T.M.G.); (M.J.)
| | - Dominika Nowis
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (T.M.G.); (M.J.)
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Nguyen HM, Guz-Montgomery K, Lowe DB, Saha D. Pathogenetic Features and Current Management of Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040856. [PMID: 33670551 PMCID: PMC7922739 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common form of primary malignant brain tumor with a devastatingly poor prognosis. The disease does not discriminate, affecting adults and children of both sexes, and has an average overall survival of 12-15 months, despite advances in diagnosis and rigorous treatment with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgical resection. In addition, most survivors will eventually experience tumor recurrence that only imparts survival of a few months. GBM is highly heterogenous, invasive, vascularized, and almost always inaccessible for treatment. Based on all these outstanding obstacles, there have been tremendous efforts to develop alternative treatment options that allow for more efficient targeting of the tumor including small molecule drugs and immunotherapies. A number of other strategies in development include therapies based on nanoparticles, light, extracellular vesicles, and micro-RNA, and vessel co-option. Advances in these potential approaches shed a promising outlook on the future of GBM treatment. In this review, we briefly discuss the current understanding of adult GBM's pathogenetic features that promote treatment resistance. We also outline novel and promising targeted agents currently under development for GBM patients during the last few years with their current clinical status.
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Agliardi G, Liuzzi AR, Hotblack A, De Feo D, Núñez N, Stowe CL, Friebel E, Nannini F, Rindlisbacher L, Roberts TA, Ramasawmy R, Williams IP, Siow BM, Lythgoe MF, Kalber TL, Quezada SA, Pule MA, Tugues S, Straathof K, Becher B. Intratumoral IL-12 delivery empowers CAR-T cell immunotherapy in a pre-clinical model of glioblastoma. Nat Commun 2021; 12:444. [PMID: 33469002 PMCID: PMC7815781 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20599-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive form of primary brain cancer, for which effective therapies are urgently needed. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based immunotherapy represents a promising therapeutic approach, but it is often impeded by highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments (TME). Here, in an immunocompetent, orthotopic GBM mouse model, we show that CAR-T cells targeting tumor-specific epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) alone fail to control fully established tumors but, when combined with a single, locally delivered dose of IL-12, achieve durable anti-tumor responses. IL-12 not only boosts cytotoxicity of CAR-T cells, but also reshapes the TME, driving increased infiltration of proinflammatory CD4+ T cells, decreased numbers of regulatory T cells (Treg), and activation of the myeloid compartment. Importantly, the immunotherapy-enabling benefits of IL-12 are achieved with minimal systemic effects. Our findings thus show that local delivery of IL-12 may be an effective adjuvant for CAR-T cell therapy for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Agliardi
- Research Department of Hematology, Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, WC1E 6DD, London, UK
| | - Anna Rita Liuzzi
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alastair Hotblack
- Research Department of Hematology, Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, WC1E 6DD, London, UK
| | - Donatella De Feo
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolás Núñez
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cassandra L Stowe
- Research Department of Hematology, Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, WC1E 6DD, London, UK
| | - Ekaterina Friebel
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Nannini
- Research Department of Hematology, Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, WC1E 6DD, London, UK
| | - Lukas Rindlisbacher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A Roberts
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (CABI), University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, WC1E 6DD, London, UK
| | - Rajiv Ramasawmy
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (CABI), University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, WC1E 6DD, London, UK
| | - Iwan P Williams
- Research Department of Hematology, Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, WC1E 6DD, London, UK
| | - Bernard M Siow
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (CABI), University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, WC1E 6DD, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT, London, UK
| | - Mark F Lythgoe
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (CABI), University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, WC1E 6DD, London, UK
| | - Tammy L Kalber
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (CABI), University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, WC1E 6DD, London, UK
| | - Sergio A Quezada
- Research Department of Hematology, Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, WC1E 6DD, London, UK
| | - Martin A Pule
- Research Department of Hematology, Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, WC1E 6DD, London, UK
| | - Sonia Tugues
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karin Straathof
- Research Department of Hematology, Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, WC1E 6DD, London, UK.
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, WC1N 1EH, London, UK.
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Li Q, Li Y, Wang Y, Xu L, Guo Y, Wang Y, Wang L, Guo C. Oral administration of Bifidobacterium breve promotes antitumor efficacy via dendritic cells-derived interleukin 12. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1868122. [PMID: 33537172 PMCID: PMC7833736 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1868122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in immunotherapy, as a part of the multidisciplinary therapy, has gradually gained more attention. However, only a small proportion of patients who sensitive to the therapy could gain benefits. An increasing number of studies indicate that intestinal microbiota could enhance the efficiency of cancer immunotherapy. As one of the main probiotics, Bifidobacterium plays an important role in immune regulation, which has been proved by animal research and human clinical study. But the detailed mechanism was not clearly elucidated. Here we found oral administration of Bifidobacterium breve (B. breve) lw01 could significantly inhibit tumor growth and up-regulate tumor cell apoptosis, which relied on the recruitment of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) in tumor microenvironment, but not Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus) CGMCC 1.3724 or Escherichia coli (E. coli) MG1655. In the in situ ligated intestine loop model, B. breve’s stimulation triggered the upregulated expression of DC-related chemokine CCL20 and recruited more DCs in the intestinal villi. Further study revealed the enhancement of interleukin 12 (IL-12) secretion derived from DCs is essential to B. breve’s antitumor effect, which was counteracted by the treatment of neutralizing antibody for IL-12. Meanwhile, the modulation of intestinal microbiota caused by exogenous B. breve might enhance its antitumor effect. This study provides a simple and easy way to promote antitumor immunity via B. breve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiang Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuke Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Le Xu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxing Guo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yixiang Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanbin Guo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Induction of Durable Antitumor Response by a Novel Oncolytic Herpesvirus Expressing Multiple Immunomodulatory Transgenes. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8110484. [PMID: 33182232 PMCID: PMC7695276 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a promising new tool for cancer treatment, but direct lytic destruction of tumor cells is not sufficient and must be accompanied by strong immune activation to elicit anti-tumor immunity. We report here the creation of a novel replication-competent recombinant oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 (VG161) that carries genes coding for IL-12, IL-15, and IL-15 receptor alpha subunit, along with a peptide fusion protein capable of disrupting PD-1/PD-L1 interactions. The VG161 virus replicates efficiently and exhibits robust cytotoxicity in multiple tumor cell lines. Moreover, the encoded cytokines and the PD-L1 blocking peptide work cooperatively to boost immune cell function. In vivo testing in syngeneic CT26 and A20 tumor models reveals superior efficacy when compared to a backbone virus that does not express exogenous genes. Intratumoral injection of VG161 induces abscopal responses in non-injected distal tumors and grants resistance to tumor re-challenge. The robust anti-tumor effect of VG161 is associated with T cell and NK cell tumor infiltration, expression of Th1 associated genes in the injection site, and increased frequency of splenic tumor-specific T cells. VG161 also displayed a superb safety profile in GLP acute and repeated injection toxicity studies performed using cynomolgus monkeys. Overall, we demonstrate that VG161 can induce robust oncolysis and stimulate a robust anti-tumor immune response without sacrificing safety.
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Wang D, Cong J, Fu B, Zheng X, Sun R, Tian Z, Wei H. Immunogenic chemotherapy effectively inhibits KRAS-Driven lung cancer. Cancer Lett 2020; 492:31-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Nguyen KG, Vrabel MR, Mantooth SM, Hopkins JJ, Wagner ES, Gabaldon TA, Zaharoff DA. Localized Interleukin-12 for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:575597. [PMID: 33178203 PMCID: PMC7593768 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.575597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a potent, pro-inflammatory type 1 cytokine that has long been studied as a potential immunotherapy for cancer. Unfortunately, IL-12's remarkable antitumor efficacy in preclinical models has yet to be replicated in humans. Early clinical trials in the mid-1990's showed that systemic delivery of IL-12 incurred dose-limiting toxicities. Nevertheless, IL-12's pleiotropic activity, i.e., its ability to engage multiple effector mechanisms and reverse tumor-induced immunosuppression, continues to entice cancer researchers. The development of strategies which maximize IL-12 delivery to the tumor microenvironment while minimizing systemic exposure are of increasing interest. Diverse IL-12 delivery systems, from immunocytokine fusions to polymeric nanoparticles, have demonstrated robust antitumor immunity with reduced adverse events in preclinical studies. Several localized IL-12 delivery approaches have recently reached the clinical stage with several more at the precipice of translation. Taken together, localized delivery systems are supporting an IL-12 renaissance which may finally allow this potent cytokine to fulfill its considerable clinical potential. This review begins with a brief historical account of cytokine monotherapies and describes how IL-12 went from promising new cure to ostracized black sheep following multiple on-study deaths. The bulk of this comprehensive review focuses on developments in diverse localized delivery strategies for IL-12-based cancer immunotherapies. Advantages and limitations of different delivery technologies are highlighted. Finally, perspectives on how IL-12-based immunotherapies may be utilized for widespread clinical application in the very near future are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khue G Nguyen
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Maura R Vrabel
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Siena M Mantooth
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Jared J Hopkins
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Ethan S Wagner
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Taylor A Gabaldon
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - David A Zaharoff
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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48
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Young JS. Achieving efficacious immunotherapy for patients with glioblastoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2020; 20:909-911. [PMID: 32852237 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2020.1814747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Young
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California, USA
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Weiss T, Puca E, Silginer M, Hemmerle T, Pazahr S, Bink A, Weller M, Neri D, Roth P. Immunocytokines are a promising immunotherapeutic approach against glioblastoma. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:12/564/eabb2311. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb2311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a poorly immunogenic cancer, and the successes with recent immunotherapies in extracranial malignancies have, so far, not been translated to this devastating disease. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new strategies to convert the immunologically cold glioma microenvironment into a hot one to enable effective antitumor immunity. Using the L19 antibody, which is specific to a tumor-associated epitope of extracellular fibronectin, we developed antibody-cytokine fusions—immunocytokines—with interleukin-2 (IL2), IL12, or tumor necrosis factor (TNF). We showed that L19 accumulated in the tumor microenvironment of two orthotopic immunocompetent mouse glioma models. Furthermore, intravenous administration of L19-mIL12 or L19-mTNF cured a proportion of tumor-bearing mice, whereas L19-IL2 did not. This therapeutic activity was abolished in RAG−/− mice or upon depletion of CD4 or CD8 T cells, suggesting adaptive immunity. Mechanistically, both immunocytokines promoted tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and increased the amounts of proinflammatory cytokines within the tumor microenvironment. In addition, L19-mTNF induced tumor necrosis. Systemic administration of the fully human L19-TNF fusion protein to patients with glioblastoma (NCT03779230) was safe, decreased regional blood perfusion within the tumor, and was associated with increasing tumor necrosis and an increase in tumor-infiltrating CD4 and CD8 T cells. The extensive preclinical characterization and subsequent clinical translation provide a robust basis for future studies with immunocytokines to treat malignant brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Weiss
- Department of Neurology and Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emanuele Puca
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Silginer
- Department of Neurology and Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Shila Pazahr
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Bink
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology and Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Neri
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Roth
- Department of Neurology and Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Youssef G, Dietrich J. Ipilimumab: an investigational immunotherapy for glioblastoma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:1187-1193. [PMID: 32945231 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1826436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant central nervous system tumor and has a poor overall outcome despite an aggressive standard-of-care treatment. Hence, better therapeutic modalities are necessary. Immunotherapy is a novel modality that has an indirect action against the tumor cells through activation of an anti-tumor immune response. AREAS COVERED Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) belongs to a class of molecules called immune checkpoints that are inherently expressed on immune cells and lead to attenuation of the immune response. Inhibition of such molecules has been approved for the treatment of melanoma, and prolonged survival and complete responses have been reported in preclinical GBM mouse models. Ipilimumab inhibits CTLA-4 and is being investigated for the treatment of GBM, alone or in combination with other treatment modalities, in various preclinical and clinical studies, the results of the most relevant of which are discussed in this review. EXPERT OPINION Combining ipilimumab with other immunotherapy modalities and using it in specific conditions may increase the rate of objective responses in patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Youssef
- MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jorg Dietrich
- MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
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