1
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Abela IA, Hauser A, Schwarzmüller M, Pasin C, Kusejko K, Epp S, Cavassini M, Battegay M, Rauch A, Calmy A, Notter J, Bernasconi E, Fux CA, Leuzinger K, Perreau M, Ramette A, Gottschalk J, Schindler E, Wepf A, Marconato M, Manz MG, Frey BM, Braun DL, Huber M, Günthard HF, Trkola A, Kouyos RD. Deciphering Factors Linked With Reduced Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Susceptibility in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. J Infect Dis 2024; 230:e292-e304. [PMID: 38227786 PMCID: PMC11326820 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Factors influencing susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remain to be resolved. Using data from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study on 6270 people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and serologic assessment for SARS-CoV-2 and circulating human coronavirus (HCoV) antibodies, we investigated the association of HIV-related and general parameters with SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS We analyzed SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction test results, COVID-19-related hospitalizations, and deaths reported to the Swiss HIV Cohort Study between 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2021. Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and HCoVs were determined in prepandemic (2019) and pandemic (2020) biobanked plasma samples and compared with findings in HIV-negative individuals. We applied logistic regression, conditional logistic regression, and bayesian multivariate regression to identify determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infection and antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in people with HIV. RESULTS No HIV-1-related factors were associated with SARS-CoV-2 acquisition. High prepandemic HCoV antibodies were associated with a lower risk of subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection and with higher SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses on infection. We observed a robust protective effect of smoking on SARS-CoV-2 infection risk (adjusted odds ratio, 0.46 [95% confidence interval, .38-.56]; P < .001), which occurred even in previous smokers and was highest for heavy smokers. CONCLUSIONS Our findings of 2 independent protective factors, smoking and HCoV antibodies, both affecting the respiratory environment, underscore the importance of the local immune milieu in regulating susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene A Abela
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Hauser
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Chloé Pasin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Collegium Helveticum, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Kusejko
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Selina Epp
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Cavassini
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Battegay
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andri Rauch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Calmy
- Laboratory of Virology and Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospital, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julia Notter
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Enos Bernasconi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale Lugano, University of Geneva and University of Southern Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Christoph A Fux
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | | | - Matthieu Perreau
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alban Ramette
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Alexander Wepf
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Maddalena Marconato
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus G Manz
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat M Frey
- Blood Transfusion Service Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominique L Braun
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Huber
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F Günthard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger D Kouyos
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Maliqi L, Friedrich N, Glögl M, Schmutz S, Schmidt D, Rusert P, Schanz M, Zaheri M, Pasin C, Niklaus C, Foulkes C, Reinberg T, Dreier B, Abela I, Peterhoff D, Hauser A, Kouyos RD, Günthard HF, van Gils MJ, Sanders RW, Wagner R, Plückthun A, Trkola A. Assessing immunogenicity barriers of the HIV-1 envelope trimer. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:148. [PMID: 37777519 PMCID: PMC10542815 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00746-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the balance between epitope shielding and accessibility on HIV-1 envelope (Env) trimers is essential to guide immunogen selection for broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) based vaccines. To investigate the antigenic space of Env immunogens, we created a strategy based on synthetic, high diversity, Designed Ankyrin Repeat Protein (DARPin) libraries. We show that DARPin Antigenicity Analysis (DANA), a purely in vitro screening tool, has the capability to extrapolate relevant information of antigenic properties of Env immunogens. DANA screens of stabilized, soluble Env trimers revealed that stronger trimer stabilization led to the selection of highly mutated DARPins with length variations and framework mutations mirroring observations made for bnAbs. By mimicking heterotypic prime-boost immunization regimens, DANA may be used to select immunogen combinations that favor the selection of trimer-reactive binders. This positions DANA as a versatile strategy for distilling fundamental antigenic features of immunogens, complementary to preclinical immunogenicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liridona Maliqi
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nikolas Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Glögl
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Schmutz
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Schmidt
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Rusert
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Merle Schanz
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maryam Zaheri
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chloé Pasin
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cyrille Niklaus
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caio Foulkes
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Reinberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Dreier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irene Abela
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Peterhoff
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Hauser
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Roger D Kouyos
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F Günthard
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland.
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3
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Glögl M, Friedrich N, Cerutti G, Lemmin T, Kwon YD, Gorman J, Maliqi L, Mittl PRE, Hesselman MC, Schmidt D, Weber J, Foulkes C, Dingens AS, Bylund T, Olia AS, Verardi R, Reinberg T, Baumann NS, Rusert P, Dreier B, Shapiro L, Kwong PD, Plückthun A, Trkola A. Trapping the HIV-1 V3 loop in a helical conformation enables broad neutralization. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:1323-1336. [PMID: 37605043 PMCID: PMC10497408 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The third variable (V3) loop on the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein trimer is indispensable for virus cell entry. Conformational masking of V3 within the trimer allows efficient neutralization via V3 only by rare, broadly neutralizing glycan-dependent antibodies targeting the closed prefusion trimer but not by abundant antibodies that access the V3 crown on open trimers after CD4 attachment. Here, we report on a distinct category of V3-specific inhibitors based on designed ankyrin repeat protein (DARPin) technology that reinstitute the CD4-bound state as a key neutralization target with up to >90% breadth. Broadly neutralizing DARPins (bnDs) bound V3 solely on open envelope and recognized a four-turn amphipathic α-helix in the carboxy-terminal half of V3 (amino acids 314-324), which we termed 'αV3C'. The bnD contact surface on αV3C was as conserved as the CD4 binding site. Molecular dynamics and escape mutation analyses underscored the functional relevance of αV3C, highlighting the potential of αV3C-based inhibitors and, more generally, of postattachment inhibition of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Glögl
- Institute for Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nikolas Friedrich
- Institute for Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Cerutti
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Lemmin
- Institute for Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Young D Kwon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Liridona Maliqi
- Institute for Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peer R E Mittl
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria C Hesselman
- Institute for Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Schmidt
- Institute for Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline Weber
- Institute for Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caio Foulkes
- Institute for Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adam S Dingens
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tatsiana Bylund
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adam S Olia
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raffaello Verardi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Reinberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas S Baumann
- Institute for Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Rusert
- Institute for Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Dreier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute for Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland.
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4
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Tipoe T, Fidler S, Frater J. An exploration of how broadly neutralizing antibodies might induce HIV remission: the 'vaccinal' effect. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2022; 17:162-170. [PMID: 35439790 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are a potential new therapeutic strategy to treat HIV infection. This review explores possible mechanisms of action of bNAbs and summarizes the current evidence supporting their immunomodulatory properties, which might lead to sustained virological remission - the 'vaccinal effect'. RECENT FINDINGS Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is required to confer lasting HIV suppression; stopping ART almost invariably leads to HIV recrudescence from a persistent pool of virally infected cells - the HIV reservoir. HIV-specific broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) may confer viral control after ART cessation predominantly through blockade of viral entry into uninfected target cells. In some human and animal studies, HIV bNAbs also conferred lasting viral suppression after therapeutic bNAb plasma levels had declined. Immune-modulatory mechanisms have been postulated to underlie this observation - the 'vaccinal effect'. Hypothesized mechanisms include the formation of immune complexes between bNAbs and HIV envelope protein, thereby enhancing antigen presentation and uptake by immune cells, with boosted adaptive immune responses subsequently controlling the HIV reservoir. SUMMARY There is emerging evidence for potent antiviral efficacy of bNAb therapy. Whether bNAbs can induce sustained viral suppression after dropping below therapeutic levels remains controversial. Mechanistic data from on-going and future clinical trials will help answer these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Tipoe
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London
- Department of GU and HIV Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London
- NIHR Imperial College Biomedical Research, UK
| | - John Frater
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford
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5
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Klasse PJ, Moore JP. Reappraising the Value of HIV-1 Vaccine Correlates of Protection Analyses. J Virol 2022; 96:e0003422. [PMID: 35384694 PMCID: PMC9044961 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00034-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
With the much-debated exception of the modestly reduced acquisition reported for the RV144 efficacy trial, HIV-1 vaccines have not protected humans against infection, and a vaccine of similar design to that tested in RV144 was not protective in a later trial, HVTN 702. Similar vaccine regimens have also not consistently protected nonhuman primates (NHPs) against viral acquisition. Conversely, experimental vaccines of different designs have protected macaques from viral challenges but then failed to protect humans, while many other HIV-1 vaccine candidates have not protected NHPs. While efficacy varies more in NHPs than humans, vaccines have failed to protect in the most stringent NHP model. Intense investigations have aimed to identify correlates of protection (CoPs), even in the absence of net protection. Unvaccinated animals and humans vary vastly in their susceptibility to infection and in their innate and adaptive responses to the vaccines; hence, merely statistical associations with factors that do not protect are easily found. Systems biological analyses, including artificial intelligence, have identified numerous candidate CoPs but with no clear consistency within or between species. Proposed CoPs sometimes have only tenuous mechanistic connections to immune protection. In contrast, neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are a central mechanistic CoP for vaccines that succeed against other viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. No HIV-1 vaccine candidate has yet elicited potent and broadly active NAbs in NHPs or humans, but narrow-specificity NAbs against the HIV-1 isolate corresponding to the immunogen do protect against infection by the autologous virus. Here, we analyze why so many HIV-1 vaccines have failed, summarize the outcomes of vaccination in NHPs and humans, and discuss the value and pitfalls of hunting for CoPs other than NAbs. We contrast the failure to find a consistent CoP for HIV-1 vaccines with the identification of NAbs as the principal CoP for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. J. Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - John P. Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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6
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Zhang G, Liu W, Gao Z, Chang Y, Yang S, Peng Q, Ge S, Kang B, Shao J, Chang H. Antigenic and immunogenic properties of recombinant proteins consisting of two immunodominant African swine fever virus proteins fused with bacterial lipoprotein OprI. Virol J 2022; 19:16. [PMID: 35062983 PMCID: PMC8781047 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01747-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly fatal swine disease, which threatens the global pig industry. There is no commercially available vaccine against ASF and effective subunit vaccines would represent a real breakthrough.
Methods
In this study, we expressed and purified two recombinant fusion proteins, OPM (OprI-p30-modified p54) and OPMT (OprI-p30-modified p54-T cell epitope), which combine the bacterial lipoprotein OprI with ASF virus proteins p30 and p54. Purified recombinant p30 and modified p54 expressed alone or fused served as controls. The activation of dendritic cells (DCs) by these proteins was first assessed. Then, humoral and cellular immunity induced by the proteins were evaluated in mice.
Results
Both OPM and OPMT activated DCs with elevated expression of relevant surface molecules and proinflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, OPMT elicited the highest levels of antigen-specific IgG responses, cytokines including interleukin-2, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α, and proliferation of lymphocytes. Importantly, the sera from mice vaccinated with OPM or OPMT neutralized more than 86% of ASF virus in vitro.
Conclusions
Our results suggest that OPMT has good immunostimulatory activities and immunogenicity in mice, and might be an appropriate candidate to elicit immune responses in swine. Our study provides valuable information on further development of a subunit vaccine against ASF.
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7
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Friedrich N, Stiegeler E, Glögl M, Lemmin T, Hansen S, Kadelka C, Wu Y, Ernst P, Maliqi L, Foulkes C, Morin M, Eroglu M, Liechti T, Ivan B, Reinberg T, Schaefer JV, Karakus U, Ursprung S, Mann A, Rusert P, Kouyos RD, Robinson JA, Günthard HF, Plückthun A, Trkola A. Distinct conformations of the HIV-1 V3 loop crown are targetable for broad neutralization. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6705. [PMID: 34795280 PMCID: PMC8602657 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The V3 loop of the HIV-1 envelope (Env) protein elicits a vigorous, but largely non-neutralizing antibody response directed to the V3-crown, whereas rare broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) target the V3-base. Challenging this view, we present V3-crown directed broadly neutralizing Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins (bnDs) matching the breadth of V3-base bnAbs. While most bnAbs target prefusion Env, V3-crown bnDs bind open Env conformations triggered by CD4 engagement. BnDs achieve breadth by focusing on highly conserved residues that are accessible in two distinct V3 conformations, one of which resembles CCR5-bound V3. We further show that these V3-crown conformations can, in principle, be attacked by antibodies. Supporting this conclusion, analysis of antibody binding activity in the Swiss 4.5 K HIV-1 cohort (n = 4,281) revealed a co-evolution of V3-crown reactivities and neutralization breadth. Our results indicate a role of V3-crown responses and its conformational preferences in bnAb development to be considered in preventive and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Friedrich
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emanuel Stiegeler
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.424277.0Present Address: Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Deutschland
| | - Matthias Glögl
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Lemmin
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Department of Computer Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.29078.340000 0001 2203 2861Present Address: Euler Institute, Faculty of Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Simon Hansen
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,Present Address: NGM Bio, 333 Oysterpoint Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Claus Kadelka
- grid.34421.300000 0004 1936 7312Department of Mathematics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
| | - Yufan Wu
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,Present Address: Innovent Biologics Inc, 168 Dongping Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123 China
| | - Patrick Ernst
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Present Address: Office Research and Teaching, Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Liridona Maliqi
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caio Foulkes
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mylène Morin
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,Present Address: BeiGene Switzerland GmbH, Aeschengraben 27, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mustafa Eroglu
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,Present Address: Janssen Vaccines AG, Rehhagstrasse 79, 3018 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Liechti
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Present Address: ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Branislav Ivan
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.410567.1Present Address: Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Reinberg
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas V. Schaefer
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Present Address: Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Chemical Biology & Therapeutics (CBT), Novartis Pharma AG, Virchow 16, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Umut Karakus
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Ursprung
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.5335.00000000121885934Present Address: University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Department of Radiology, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Axel Mann
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,Present Address: Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Peter Rusert
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger D. Kouyos
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.412004.30000 0004 0478 9977Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John A. Robinson
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F. Günthard
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.412004.30000 0004 0478 9977Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland.
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8
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Granger LA, Huettner I, Debeljak F, Kaleebu P, Schechter M, Tambussi G, Weber J, Miro JM, Phillips R, Babiker A, Cooper DA, Fisher M, Ramjee G, Fidler S, Frater J, Fox J, Doores KJ. Broadly neutralizing antibody responses in the longitudinal primary HIV-1 infection Short Pulse Anti-Retroviral Therapy at Seroconversion cohort. AIDS 2021; 35:2073-2084. [PMID: 34127581 PMCID: PMC8505148 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Development of immunogens that elicit an anti-HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) response will be a key step in the development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine. Although HIV-1 bnAb epitopes have been identified and mechanisms of action studied, current HIV-1 envelope-based immunogens do not elicit HIV-1 bnAbs in humans or animal models. A better understanding of how HIV-1 bnAbs arise during infection and the clinical factors associated with bnAb development may be critical for HIV-1 immunogen design efforts. DESIGN AND METHODS Longitudinal plasma samples from the treatment-naive control arm of the Short Pulse Anti-Retroviral Therapy at Seroconversion (SPARTAC) primary HIV-1 infection cohort were used in an HIV-1 pseudotype neutralization assay to measure the neutralization breadth, potency and specificity of bnAb responses over time. RESULTS In the SPARTAC cohort, development of plasma neutralization breadth and potency correlates with duration of HIV infection and high viral loads, and typically takes 3-4 years to arise. bnAb activity was mostly directed to one or two bnAb epitopes per donor and more than 60% of donors with the highest plasma neutralization having bnAbs targeted towards glycan-dependent epitopes. CONCLUSION This study highlights the SPARTAC cohort as an important resource for more in-depth analysis of bnAb developmental pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A. Granger
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London
| | - Isabella Huettner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
| | - Franka Debeljak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
| | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Mauro Schechter
- Projeto Praça Onze, Hospital Escola São Francisco de Assis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Tambussi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Jose M. Miro
- Infectious Diseases Service. Hospital Clinic–Institut d’investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rodney Phillips
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Abdel Babiker
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials & Methodology
| | - David A. Cooper
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research and The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Martin Fisher
- Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals, Brighton, UK
| | - Gita Ramjee
- HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London
- NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London
| | - John Frater
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford
| | - Julie Fox
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
- King's College NIHR Research Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Katie J. Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
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9
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Zhang G, Liu W, Gao Z, Yang S, Zhou G, Chang Y, Ma Y, Liang X, Shao J, Chang H. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of recombinant proteins comprising African swine fever virus proteins p30 and p54 fused to a cell-penetrating peptide. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108251. [PMID: 34715492 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly fatal swine disease threatening the global pig industry. Currently, vaccine is not commercially available for ASF. Hence, it is desirable to develop effective subunit vaccines against ASF. Here, we expressed and purified two recombinant fusion proteins comprising ASFV proteins p30 and p54 fused to a novel cell-penetrating peptide Z12, which were labeled as ZPM (Z12-p30-modified p54) and ZPMT (Z12-p30-modified p54-T cell epitope). Purified recombinant p30 and modified p54 expressed alone or fused served as controls. The transduction capacity of these recombinant proteins was assessed in RAW264.7 cells. Both ZPM and ZPMT exhibited higher transduction efficiency than the other proteins. Subsequently, humoral and cellular immune responses elicited by these proteins were evaluated in mice. ZPMT elicited the highest levels of antigen-specific IgG responses, cytokines (interleukin-2, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α) and lymphocyte proliferation. Importantly, sera from mice immunized with ZPM or ZPMT neutralized greater than 85% of ASFV in vitro. Our results indicate that ZPMT induces potent neutralizing antibody responses and cellular immunity in mice. Therefore, ZPMT may be a suitable candidate to elicit immune responses in swine, providing valuable information for the development of subunit vaccines against ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Zhan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Sicheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Guangqing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yanyan Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yunyun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xiaxia Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Junjun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.
| | - Huiyun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.
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10
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Scherrer AU, Traytel A, Braun DL, Calmy A, Battegay M, Cavassini M, Furrer H, Schmid P, Bernasconi E, Stoeckle M, Kahlert C, Trkola A, Kouyos RD, Tarr P, Marzolini C, Wandeler G, Fellay J, Bucher H, Yerly S, Suter F, Hirsch H, Huber M, Dollenmaier G, Perreau M, Martinetti G, Rauch A, Günthard HF. Cohort Profile Update: The Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS). Int J Epidemiol 2021; 51:33-34j. [PMID: 34363666 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyab141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra U Scherrer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Traytel
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominique L Braun
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Calmy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Battegay
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Cavassini
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hansjakob Furrer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Schmid
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Enos Bernasconi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Regional Hospital Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Stoeckle
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Kahlert
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger D Kouyos
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philip Tarr
- University Department of Medicine, Kantonsspital Bruderholz, University of Basel, Bruderholz, Switzerland
| | - Catia Marzolini
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Wandeler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Fellay
- Precision Medicine Unit, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Heiner Bucher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Yerly
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Suter
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans Hirsch
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Huber
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Matthieu Perreau
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gladys Martinetti
- Department of Microbiology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Andri Rauch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F Günthard
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Pastori C, Galli L, Siracusano G, Spagnuolo V, Muccini C, Mastrangelo A, Bruzzesi E, Ranzenigo M, Chiurlo M, Castagna A, Lopalco L. Serum IgG1 and IgG4 could contribute to partial control of viral rebound in chronically HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS 2021; 35:1549-1559. [PMID: 33993130 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Few studies have investigated chronically infected individuals after antiretroviral therapy (ART) interruption (ATI, analytical therapy interruption); thus, we investigated the association between some HIV-specific antibodies and viral control. DESIGN All enrolled patients were previously described in the APACHE study. Briefly, the study was conducted on HIV-1 chronically infected patients, with HIV-RNA less than 50 copies/ml for at least 10 years, CD4+ cell count greater than 500 cells/μl and HIV-DNA less than 100 copies/106 PBMC. The ART regimen in use at the time of ATI was resumed at confirmed viral rebound (CVR, defined as two consecutive HIV-RNA >50 copies/ml). METHODS Collection of sera and analysis of both binding antibodies (BAbs) and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) was performed at three different time points: ATI, CVR and time of viral re-suppression after ART resumption. RESULTS IgG subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4) from the four patients with highest levels of neutralization were found to block viral infection. All patients had CVR after ATI at a median time of 21 days (14-56). After ART resumption, all the enrolled patients achieved HIV-RNA less than 50 copies/ml in 42 days (21-98). We observed a strong increase of either BAbs and NAbs titers from ATI to viral re-suppression in one patient, who showed the longest period of virus undetectability during ATI. In this patient, BAbs and NAbs specifically belonged to both IgG1 and IgG4 subclasses, directed to env antigen. CONCLUSION env-specific NAbs and BAbs belonging to IgG1, IgG4 subclasses could be helpful to monitor long-term responses able to control virus replication and eradicate HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pastori
- Immunobiology of HIV, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute
| | - Laura Galli
- Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute
| | - Gabriel Siracusano
- Immunobiology of HIV, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Antonella Castagna
- Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Lopalco
- Immunobiology of HIV, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute
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12
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Marcelino R, Gramacho F, Martin F, Brogueira P, Janeiro N, Afonso C, Badura R, Valadas E, Mansinho K, Caldeira L, Taveira N, Marcelino JM. Antibody response against selected epitopes in the HIV-1 envelope gp41 ectodomain contributes to reduce viral burden in HIV-1 infected patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8993. [PMID: 33903642 PMCID: PMC8076315 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The ectodomain of gp41 is the target of potent binding and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and is being explored in new strategies for antibody-based HIV vaccines. Previous studies have suggested that the W164A-3S (3S) and EC26-2A4 (EC26) peptides located in the gp41 ectodomain may be potential HIV vaccine candidates. We assessed 3S- and EC26-specific binding antibody responses and related neutralizing activity in a large panel of chronic HIV-1-infected Portuguese individuals on ART. A similar proportion of participants had antibodies binding to 3S (9.6%) and EC26 (9.9%) peptides but the level of reactivity against 3S was significantly higher compared to EC26, except in the rare patients with double peptide reactivity. The higher antigenicity of 3S was unrelated with disease stage, as assessed by CD4+ T cell counts, but it was directly related with plasma viral load. Most patients that were tested (89.9%, N = 268) showed tier 1 neutralizing activity, the potency being inversely associated with plasma viral load. In the subset of patients that were tested for neutralization of tier 2 isolates, neutralization breadth was inversely correlated with plasma viral load and directly correlated with CD4+ T cell counts. These results are consistent with a role for neutralizing antibodies in controlling viral replication and preventing the decline of CD4+ T lymphocytes. Importantly, in patients with 3S-specific antibodies, neutralizing titers were inversely correlated with viral RNA levels and proviral DNA levels. Moreover, patients with 3S and/or EC26-specific antibodies showed a 1.9-fold higher tier 2 neutralization score than patients without antibodies suggesting that 3S and/or EC26-specific antibodies contribute to neutralization breadth and potency in HIV-1 infected patients. Overall, these results suggest that antibodies targeting the S3 and EC26 epitopes may contribute to reduce viral burden and provide further support for the inclusion of 3S and EC26 epitopes in HIV-1 vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute Marcelino
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine-GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical-IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa-UNL, 1349-008, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal.,Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Filipa Gramacho
- Hospital de Santa Maria-HSM, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte-CHLN, E.P.E., Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco Martin
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Brogueira
- Serviço de Doenças Infeciosas, Hospital Egas Moniz-HEM, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental-CHLO, E.P.E., Lisboa, 1349-019, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Janeiro
- Hospital de Santa Maria-HSM, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte-CHLN, E.P.E., Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal.,Clínica Universitária de Doenças Infeciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Claudia Afonso
- Hospital de Santa Maria-HSM, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte-CHLN, E.P.E., Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal.,Clínica Universitária de Doenças Infeciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Robert Badura
- Hospital de Santa Maria-HSM, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte-CHLN, E.P.E., Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal.,Clínica Universitária de Doenças Infeciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Emília Valadas
- Hospital de Santa Maria-HSM, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte-CHLN, E.P.E., Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal.,Clínica Universitária de Doenças Infeciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Kamal Mansinho
- Serviço de Doenças Infeciosas, Hospital Egas Moniz-HEM, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental-CHLO, E.P.E., Lisboa, 1349-019, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Caldeira
- Hospital de Santa Maria-HSM, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte-CHLN, E.P.E., Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal.,Clínica Universitária de Doenças Infeciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Taveira
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal.,Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - José M Marcelino
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine-GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical-IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa-UNL, 1349-008, Lisboa, Portugal. .,Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal. .,Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511, Monte de Caparica, Portugal.
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13
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Bontempo A, Garcia MM, Rivera N, Cayabyab MJ. A Systematic Approach to HIV-1 Vaccine Immunogen Selection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2020; 36:762-770. [PMID: 32056466 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A tremendous loss of financial and human resources from seven large-scale HIV vaccine efficacy trials suggest a need for a systematic approach to vaccine selection. We conducted a systematic analysis of three important envelope glycoprotein (Env) vaccine candidates: BG505 SOSIP.664, 1086.C gp140, and 1086.C gp120 to determine the most promising by comparing their structure and antigenicity. We found that the BG505 SOSIP trimer and 1086.C gp140 clearly outperformed the 1086.C gp120 monomer. BG505 SOSIP.664 bound the strongest to the most potent and broadest broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) PG9, PGT145, VRC01, and PGT121. Of interest, although BG505 SOSIP.664 did not bind to the CH58 mAb, 1086.C gp140 bound strongly to this mAb, which belongs to a class of non-neutralizing antibodies that may be protective based on correlates of protection studies of the RV144 HIV vaccine trial. The 1086.C gp120 monomer was the least antigenic of the three vaccine immunogens, binding the weakest to bnAbs and CH58 mAb. Taken together, the evidence provided here combined with previous preclinical immunogenicity and efficacy data strongly argue that the BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer and 1086.C gp140 are likely to be better vaccine immunogens than the monomeric 1086.C gp120, which was just recently tested and shown to be nonefficacious in a phase IIb/III trial. Thus, to best utilize our financial and valuable human resources, we propose a systematic approach by not only comparing structure and antigenicity, but also immunogenicity and efficacy of Env vaccine candidates in the preclinical phase to the selection of only the most promising vaccine candidates for clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bontempo
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria M. Garcia
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Naylene Rivera
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark J. Cayabyab
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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14
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Burn Aschner C, Loh LN, Galen B, Delwel I, Jangra RK, Garforth SJ, Chandran K, Almo S, Jacobs WR, Ware CF, Herold BC. HVEM signaling promotes protective antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) vaccine responses to herpes simplex viruses. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:eaax2454. [PMID: 32817296 PMCID: PMC7673108 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aax2454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoprotein D (gD) not only is required for virus entry and cell-to-cell spread but also binds the host immunomodulatory molecule, HVEM, blocking interactions with its ligands. Natural infection primarily elicits neutralizing antibodies targeting gD, but subunit protein vaccines designed to induce this response have failed clinically. In contrast, preclinical studies demonstrate that an HSV-2 single-cycle strain deleted in gD, ΔgD-2, induces primarily non-neutralizing antibodies that activate Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). These studies were designed to test the hypothesis that gD interferes with ADCC through engagement of HVEM. Immunization of Hvem-/- mice with ΔgD-2 resulted in significant reduction in HSV-specific IgG2 antibodies, the subclass associated with FcγR activation and ADCC, compared with wild-type controls. This translated into a parallel reduction in active and passive vaccine protection. A similar decrease in ADCC titers was observed in Hvem-/- mice vaccinated with an alternative HSV vaccine candidate (dl5-29) or an unrelated vesicular stomatitis virus-vectored vaccine. Unexpectedly, not only did passive transfer of immune serum from ΔgD-2-vaccinated Hvem-/- mice fail to protect wild-type mice but transfer of immune serum from ΔgD-2-vaccinated wild-type mice failed to protect Hvem-/- mice. Immune cells isolated from Hvem-/- mice were impaired in FcγR activation, and, conversely, addition of gD protein or anti-HVEM antibodies to in vitro murine or human FcγR activation assays inhibited the response. These findings uncover a previously unrecognized role for HVEM signaling in generating and mediating ADCC and an additional HSV immune evasion strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Burn Aschner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Lip Nam Loh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Benjamin Galen
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Isabel Delwel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Rohit K Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Scott J Garforth
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Steven Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - William R Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Carl F Ware
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Betsy C Herold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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15
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Napodano C, Marino M, Stefanile A, Pocino K, Scatena R, Gulli F, Rapaccini GL, Delli Noci S, Capozio G, Rigante D, Basile U. Immunological Role of IgG Subclasses. Immunol Invest 2020; 50:427-444. [PMID: 32522062 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2020.1775643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The loss of tolerance to self-antigens is the unequivocal "red line" of autoimmunity: both development of autoreactive T and B cells and production of polyclonal autoantibodies represent seminal keys to the pathogenesis of protean autoimmune diseases. Most of these autoantibodies are immunoglobulins G (IgG), functionally distinguished in four subclasses named IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4, due to structural differences in the hinge and heavy chain constant regions. Different studies analyzed serum levels of IgG subclasses in the course of different disorders, showing that they might have a pathogenic role by regulating interactions among immunoglobulins, Fc-gamma receptors, and complement. To date, the mechanisms promoting different IgG subclasses distribution during the natural history of most autoimmune diseases remain somewhat unclear. Evidence from the medical literature shows that the serum IgG profile is peculiar for many autoimmune diseases, suggesting that different subclasses could be specific for the underlying driving autoantigens. A better knowledge of IgG subsets may probably help to elucidate their pathological task, but also to define their relevance for diagnostic purposes, patients' personalized management, and prognosis assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Napodano
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - MariaPaola Marino
- Institute of General Pathology, Dipartimento Di Medicina E Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Annunziata Stefanile
- Area Diagnostica di Laboratorio, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli", Rome, Italy
| | - Krizia Pocino
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Scatena
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Di Laboratorio, Ospedale Madre Giuseppina Vannini, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Gulli
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Di Laboratorio, Ospedale Madre Giuseppina Vannini, Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Lodovico Rapaccini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Delli Noci
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Capozio
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Donato Rigante
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Basile
- Area Diagnostica di Laboratorio, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli", Rome, Italy.,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although the goal of preventive HIV vaccine design is primarily the induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), recent evidence suggests that a protective response will also benefit from Fc effector functions. Here, we provide an update on the antibody response to HIV infection, including both Fab and Fc-mediated antibody responses. We also highlight recent studies showing the interplay between these functions, focusing primarily on studies published in the last year. RECENT FINDINGS Identification and characterization of bNAb donors continues to provide insights into viral factors that are potentially translatable to vaccine design. Improved and more diverse measures of Fc effector function, and modulators thereof, are enabling a deeper understanding of their role in infection. New data providing mechanistic links between the innate and adaptive humoral immune responses are creating exciting opportunities for vaccine strategies, with the aim of eliciting a polyfunctional protective response. SUMMARY New insights into the overall humoral response to HIV infection are defining diverse and synergistic mechanisms required for antibody protection from HIV through vaccination.
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17
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are considered a key component of an effective HIV-1 vaccine, but despite intensive efforts, induction of bnAbs by vaccination has thus far not been possible. Potent bnAb activity is rare in natural infection and a deeper understanding of factors that promote or limit bnAb evolution is critical to guide bnAb vaccine development. This review reflects on recent key discoveries on correlates of bnAb development and discusses what further insights are needed to move forward. RECENT FINDINGS An increasing number of parameters have been implicated to influence bnAb development in natural infection. Most recent findings highlight a range of immune factors linked with bnAb evolution. Novel approaches have brought exciting progress in defining signatures of the viral envelope associated with bnAb activity. SUMMARY Focused efforts of recent years have unraveled a multiply layered process of HIV-1 bnAb development. As it is understood today, bnAb evolution can be triggered and influenced by a range of factors and several different pathways may exist how bnAb induction and maturation can occur. To capitalize on the gained knowledge, future research needs to validate factors to identify independent drivers of bnAb induction to advance vaccine design.
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18
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review recalls recent findings regarding the induction of vaccinal effects by HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) and highlights potential therapeutic strategies to exploit such immunomodulatory properties. RECENT FINDINGS Studies in different animal models have shown that mAbs can generate long-lasting protective immunity. Induction of this vaccinal effect by HIV-1 bNAbs has also been more recently reported in animal models of HIV-1 infection. Notably, bNAbs treatment of macaques infected with the chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) improved both humoral and cellular adaptive immune responses that contributed to disease control. Importantly, this concept has been extended to HIV-1-infected patients as enhancement of humoral responses was recently reported in HIV-1 patients treated with bNAbs. Studies aiming at elucidating the mechanisms underlying these immunomodulatory properties of bNAbs have identified a role for immune complexes in shaping immune responses against HIV-1. They also highlight different Fc (fragment crystallizable) region effector functions that might be required for the enhancement of HIV-1 immune responses upon bNAbs treatment. SUMMARY HIV-1 bNAbs can elicit protective adaptive immune responses through mechanisms involving multiple cellular and molecular actors of the immune system. Harnessing these mechanisms will be crucial to achieve protective immunity against HIV-1 infection by bNAbs.
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19
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Klasse PJ, Ozorowski G, Sanders RW, Moore JP. Env Exceptionalism: Why Are HIV-1 Env Glycoproteins Atypical Immunogens? Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:507-518. [PMID: 32272076 PMCID: PMC7187920 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoproteins of ever-increasing sophistication have been evaluated as vaccine candidates for over 30 years. Structurally defined mimics of native trimeric Env glycoproteins (e.g., SOSIP trimers) present multiple epitopes for broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) and their germline precursors, but elicitation of bNAbs remains elusive. Here, we argue that the interactions between Env and the immune system render it exceptional among viral vaccine antigens and hinder its immunogenicity in absolute and comparative terms. In other words, Env binds to CD4 on key immune cells and transduces signals that can compromise their function. Moreover, the extensive array of oligomannose glycans on Env shields peptidic B cell epitopes, impedes the presentation of T helper cell epitopes, and attracts mannose binding proteins, which could affect the antibody response. We suggest lines of research for assessing how to overcome obstacles that the exceptional features of Env impose on the creation of a successful HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Consortium for HIV Vaccine Development, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John P Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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20
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Ringe RP, Colin P, Torres JL, Yasmeen A, Lee WH, Cupo A, Ward AB, Klasse PJ, Moore JP. SOS and IP Modifications Predominantly Affect the Yield but Not Other Properties of SOSIP.664 HIV-1 Env Glycoprotein Trimers. J Virol 2019; 94:e01521-19. [PMID: 31619555 PMCID: PMC6912111 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01521-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble recombinant native-like (NL) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimers of various human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genotypes are being developed as vaccine candidates aimed at the induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). The prototypic design, designated BG505 SOSIP.664, incorporates an intersubunit disulfide bond (SOS) to covalently link the gp120 and gp41 ectodomain (gp41ECTO) subunits and a point substitution, I559P (IP), to further stabilize the gp41ECTO components. Without the SOS and IP changes, proteolytically cleaved trimers tend to disintegrate into their constituent gp120 and gp41ECTO subunits. We show, however, that NL trimers lacking the SOS and/or IP change can be affinity purified in amounts sufficient for analyses of their antigenicity and thermal stability. In general, these trimer variants have properties highly comparable to those of the fully stabilized SOSIP.664 version. We conclude that the major effect of the SOS and IP changes is to substantially increase trimer stability during and after the expression process, thereby allowing useful amounts to be produced. However, once the trimers have been purified, the SOS and IP changes have only subtle impacts on thermostability and the antigenicity of bNAb and other epitopes.IMPORTANCE Recombinant trimeric proteins based on HIV-1 env genes are being developed for vaccine trials in humans. A feature of these proteins is their mimicry of the envelope glycoprotein structure on virus particles that is targeted by neutralizing antibodies, i.e., antibodies that prevent cells from becoming infected. One vaccine concept under exploration is that recombinant trimers may be able to elicit virus-neutralizing antibodies when delivered as immunogens. A commonly used design is designated SOSIP.664, a term reflecting the sequence changes that are used to stabilize the trimers and allow their production in practically useful amounts. Here, we show that these stabilizing changes act to increase trimer yield during the biosynthesis process within the producer cell but have little impact on the properties of purified trimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh P Ringe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Philippe Colin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jonathan L Torres
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Anila Yasmeen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wen-Hsin Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Albert Cupo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center and the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - P J Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - John P Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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21
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22
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Liechti T, Kadelka C, Braun DL, Kuster H, Böni J, Robbiani M, Günthard HF, Trkola A. Widespread B cell perturbations in HIV-1 infection afflict naive and marginal zone B cells. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2071-2090. [PMID: 31221742 PMCID: PMC6719425 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Liechti et al. demonstrate severe B cell perturbations in HIV-1 infection beyond described effects on memory B cells. Naive and marginal zone B cells down-regulate CD21 and display chemokine receptor and activation marker signatures associated with inflammation and diminished response to stimulation. Perturbations in B cells are a hallmark of HIV-1 infection. This is signified by increased numbers of exhausted CD21neg memory B cells, driven by continuous antigen-specific and bystander activation. Using high-dimensional flow cytometry, we demonstrate that this exhausted phenotype is also prevalent among peripheral antigen-inexperienced naive and marginal zone (MZ) B cells in acute and chronic HIV-1 infection. A substantial fraction of naive and MZ B cells exhibit down-regulated CD21 levels and diminished response to B cell receptor (BCR)–dependent stimulation. Compared with CD21pos subsets, the CD21neg naive and MZ B cells differ in the expression of chemokine receptors and activation markers. Effective antiretroviral treatment normalizes peripheral naive and MZ B cell populations. Our results emphasize a more widely spread impairment of B cells in HIV-1 infection than previously appreciated, including antigen-inexperienced cells. This highlights the importance of monitoring functional capacities of naive B cells in HIV-1 infection, as exhausted CD21neg naive B cells may severely impair induction of novel B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Liechti
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claus Kadelka
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominique L Braun
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Herbert Kuster
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Böni
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melissa Robbiani
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY
| | - Huldrych F Günthard
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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An Immunodominant and Conserved B-Cell Epitope in the Envelope of Simian Foamy Virus Recognized by Humans Infected with Zoonotic Strains from Apes. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00068-19. [PMID: 30894477 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00068-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-species transmission of simian foamy viruses (SFVs) from nonhuman primates (NHPs) to humans is currently ongoing. These zoonotic retroviruses establish lifelong persistent infection in their human hosts. SFV are apparently nonpathogenic in vivo, with ubiquitous in vitro tropism. Here, we aimed to identify envelope B-cell epitopes that are recognized following a zoonotic SFV infection. We screened a library of 169 peptides covering the external portion of the envelope from the prototype foamy virus (SFVpsc_huHSRV.13) for recognition by samples from 52 Central African hunters (16 uninfected and 36 infected with chimpanzee, gorilla, or Cercopithecus SFV). We demonstrate the specific recognition of peptide N96-V110 located in the leader peptide, gp18LP Forty-three variant peptides with truncations, alanine substitutions, or amino acid changes found in other SFV species were tested. We mapped the epitope between positions 98 and 108 and defined six amino acids essential for recognition. Most plasma samples from SFV-infected humans cross-reacted with sequences from apes and Old World monkey SFV species. The magnitude of binding to peptide N96-V110 was significantly higher for samples of individuals infected with a chimpanzee or gorilla SFV than those infected with a Cercopithecus SFV. In conclusion, we have been the first to define an immunodominant B-cell epitope recognized by humans following zoonotic SFV infection.IMPORTANCE Foamy viruses are the oldest known retroviruses and have been mostly described to be nonpathogenic in their natural animal hosts. SFVs can be transmitted to humans, in whom they establish persistent infection, like the simian lenti- and deltaviruses that led to the emergence of two major human pathogens, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1. This is the first identification of an SFV-specific B-cell epitope recognized by human plasma samples. The immunodominant epitope lies in gp18LP, probably at the base of the envelope trimers. The NHP species the most genetically related to humans transmitted SFV strains that induced the strongest antibody responses. Importantly, this epitope is well conserved across SFV species that infect African and Asian NHPs.
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24
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Eshleman SH, Laeyendecker O, Kammers K, Chen A, Sivay MV, Kottapalli S, Sie BM, Yuan T, Monaco DR, Mohan D, Wansley D, Kula T, Morrison C, Elledge SJ, Brookmeyer R, Ruczinski I, Larman HB. Comprehensive Profiling of HIV Antibody Evolution. Cell Rep 2019; 27:1422-1433.e4. [PMID: 31042470 PMCID: PMC6519133 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates HIV antibody responses and their evolution during the course of HIV infection. A phage display system is used to characterize antibody binding to >3,300 HIV peptides in 57 adults with early- to late-stage infection. We find that the number of unique epitopes targeted ("antibody breadth") increases early in infection and then stabilizes or declines. A decline in antibody breadth 9 months to 2 years after infection is associated with subsequent antiretroviral treatment (ART) initiation, and a faster decline in antibody breadth is associated with a shorter time to ART initiation. We identify 266 peptides with increasing antibody reactivity over time and 43 peptides with decreasing reactivity over time. These data are used to design a prototype four-peptide "serosignature" to predict duration of HIV infection. We also demonstrate that epitope engineering can be used to optimize peptide binding properties for applications such as cross-sectional HIV incidence estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan H Eshleman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kai Kammers
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Athena Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mariya V Sivay
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sanjay Kottapalli
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brandon M Sie
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tiezheng Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel R Monaco
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Divya Mohan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Wansley
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tomasz Kula
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Stephen J Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ron Brookmeyer
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ingo Ruczinski
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - H Benjamin Larman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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25
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Euler Z, VAN DEN Kerkhof TL, Kouyos RD, Tully DC, Allen TM, Trkola A, Sanders RW, Schuitemaker H, VAN Gils MJ. Lower Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Responses in Female Versus Male HIV-1 Infected Injecting Drug Users. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040384. [PMID: 31027215 PMCID: PMC6521154 DOI: 10.3390/v11040384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the factors involved in the development of broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) responses in natural infection can guide vaccine design aimed at eliciting protective bNAb responses. Most of the studies to identify and study the development of bNAb responses have been performed in individuals who had become infected via homo- or heterosexual HIV-1 transmission; however, the prevalence and characteristics of bNAb responses in injecting drug users (IDUs) have been underrepresented. We retrospectively studied the prevalence of bNAb responses in HIV-1 infected individuals in the Amsterdam Cohort, including 50 male and 35 female participants who reported injecting drug use as the only risk factor. Our study revealed a significantly lower prevalence of bNAb responses in females compared to males. Gender, transmission route and CD4+ count at set point, but not viral load, were independently associated with the development of bNAb responses in IDUs. To further explore the influences of gender in the setting of IDU, we also looked into the Swiss 4.5k Screen. There we observed lower bNAb responses in female IDUs as well. These results reveal that the emergence of bNAbs may be dependent on multiple factors, including gender. Therefore, the effect of gender on the development of bNAb responses is a factor that should be taken into account when designing vaccine efficacy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelda Euler
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Tom L VAN DEN Kerkhof
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, AMC, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Roger D Kouyos
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Damien C Tully
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Todd M Allen
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, AMC, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Hanneke Schuitemaker
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marit J VAN Gils
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, AMC, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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26
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Conformation of the native HIV-1 envelope protein raises questions for vaccine design. Nature 2019; 568:321-322. [DOI: 10.1038/d41586-019-01085-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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27
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Bresk CA, Hofer T, Wilmschen S, Krismer M, Beierfuß A, Effantin G, Weissenhorn W, Hogan MJ, Jordan APO, Gelman RS, Montefiori DC, Liao HX, Schmitz JE, Haynes BF, von Laer D, Kimpel J. Induction of Tier 1 HIV Neutralizing Antibodies by Envelope Trimers Incorporated into a Replication Competent Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vector. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020159. [PMID: 30769947 PMCID: PMC6409518 DOI: 10.3390/v11020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A chimeric vesicular stomatitis virus with the glycoprotein of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, VSV-GP, is a potent viral vaccine vector that overcomes several of the limitations of wild-type VSV. Here, we evaluated the potential of VSV-GP as an HIV vaccine vector. We introduced genes for different variants of the HIV-1 envelope protein Env, i.e., secreted or membrane-anchored, intact or mutated furin cleavage site or different C-termini, into the genome of VSV-GP. We found that the addition of the Env antigen did not attenuate VSV-GP replication. All HIV-1 Env variants were expressed in VSV-GP infected cells and some were incorporated very efficiently into VSV-GP particles. Crucial epitopes for binding of broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 such as MPER (membrane-proximal external region), CD4 binding site, V1V2 and V3 loop were present on the surface of VSV-GP-Env particles. Binding of quaternary antibodies indicated a trimeric structure of VSV-GP incorporated Env. We detected high HIV-1 antibody titers in mice and showed that vectors expressing membrane-anchored Env elicited higher antibody titers than vectors that secreted Envs. In rabbits, Tier 1A HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies were detectable after prime immunization and titers further increased after boosting with a second immunization. Taken together, VSV-GP-Env is a promising vector vaccine against HIV-1 infection since this vector permits incorporation of native monomeric and/or trimeric HIV-1 Env into a viral membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Anika Bresk
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Tamara Hofer
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Sarah Wilmschen
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Marina Krismer
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Anja Beierfuß
- Central Laboratory Animal Facility, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Grégory Effantin
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CNRS, CEA, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38044 Grenoble, France.
| | - Winfried Weissenhorn
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CNRS, CEA, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38044 Grenoble, France.
| | - Michael J Hogan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Andrea P O Jordan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Rebecca S Gelman
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Joern E Schmitz
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Dorothee von Laer
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Tracing HIV-1 strains that imprint broadly neutralizing antibody responses. Nature 2018; 561:406-410. [PMID: 30202088 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0517-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the determinants of broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) evolution is crucial for the development of bNAb-based HIV vaccines1. Despite emerging information on cofactors that promote bNAb evolution in natural HIV-1 infections, in which the induction of bNAbs is genuinely rare2, information on the impact of the infecting virus strain on determining the breadth and specificity of the antibody responses to HIV-1 is lacking. Here we analyse the influence of viral antigens in shaping antibody responses in humans. We call the ability of a virus strain to induce similar antibody responses across different hosts its antibody-imprinting capacity, which from an evolutionary biology perspective corresponds to the viral heritability of the antibody responses. Analysis of 53 measured parameters of HIV-1-binding and neutralizing antibody responses in a cohort of 303 HIV-1 transmission pairs (individuals who harboured highly related HIV-1 strains and were putative direct transmission partners or members of an HIV-1 transmission chain) revealed that the effect of the infecting virus on the outcome of the bNAb response is moderate in magnitude but highly significant. We introduce the concept of bNAb-imprinting viruses and provide evidence for the existence of such viruses in a systematic screening of our cohort. The bNAb-imprinting capacity can be substantial, as indicated by a transmission pair with highly similar HIV-1 antibody responses and strong bNAb activity. Identification of viruses that have bNAb-imprinting capacities and their characterization may thus provide the potential to develop lead immunogens.
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Subbaraman H, Schanz M, Trkola A. Broadly neutralizing antibodies: What is needed to move from a rare event in HIV-1 infection to vaccine efficacy? Retrovirology 2018; 15:52. [PMID: 30055627 PMCID: PMC6064177 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0433-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is considered crucial for an effective, preventive HIV-1 vaccine. Led by the discovery of a new generation of potent bnAbs, the field has significantly advanced over the past decade. There is a wealth of knowledge about the development of bnAbs in natural infection, their specificity, potency, breadth and function. Yet, devising immunogens and vaccination regimens that evoke bnAb responses has not been successful. Where are the roadblocks in their development? What can we learn from natural infection, where bnAb induction is possible but rare? Herein, we will reflect on key discoveries and discuss open questions that may bear crucial insights needed to move towards creating effective bnAb vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Subbaraman
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Merle Schanz
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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