1
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Peeples ES, Mirnics K, Korade Z. Chemical Inhibition of Sterol Biosynthesis. Biomolecules 2024; 14:410. [PMID: 38672427 PMCID: PMC11048061 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential molecule of life, and its synthesis can be inhibited by both genetic and nongenetic mechanisms. Hundreds of chemicals that we are exposed to in our daily lives can alter sterol biosynthesis. These also encompass various classes of FDA-approved medications, including (but not limited to) commonly used antipsychotic, antidepressant, antifungal, and cardiovascular medications. These medications can interfere with various enzymes of the post-lanosterol biosynthetic pathway, giving rise to complex biochemical changes throughout the body. The consequences of these short- and long-term homeostatic disruptions are mostly unknown. We performed a comprehensive review of the literature and built a catalogue of chemical agents capable of inhibiting post-lanosterol biosynthesis. This process identified significant gaps in existing knowledge, which fall into two main areas: mechanisms by which sterol biosynthesis is altered and consequences that arise from the inhibitions of the different steps in the sterol biosynthesis pathway. The outcome of our review also reinforced that sterol inhibition is an often-overlooked mechanism that can result in adverse consequences and that there is a need to develop new safety guidelines for the use of (novel and already approved) medications with sterol biosynthesis inhibiting side effects, especially during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Peeples
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Division of Neonatology, Children’s Nebraska, Omaha, NE 68114, USA
| | - Karoly Mirnics
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Zeljka Korade
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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2
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Larsen LA, Hitz MP. Human Genetics of Atrial Septal Defect. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:467-480. [PMID: 38884726 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Although atrial septal defects (ASD) can be subdivided based on their anatomical location, an essential aspect of human genetics and genetic counseling is distinguishing between isolated and familiar cases without extracardiac features and syndromic cases with the co-occurrence of extracardiac abnormalities, such as developmental delay. Isolated or familial cases tend to show genetic alterations in genes related to important cardiac transcription factors and genes encoding for sarcomeric proteins. By contrast, the spectrum of genes with genetic alterations observed in syndromic cases is diverse. Currently, it points to different pathways and gene networks relevant to the dysregulation of cardiomyogenesis and ASD pathogenesis. Therefore, this chapter reflects the current knowledge and highlights stable associations observed in human genetics studies. It gives an overview of the different types of genetic alterations in these subtypes, including common associations based on genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and it highlights the most frequently observed syndromes associated with ASD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars A Larsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc-Phillip Hitz
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Medicine Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
- Department for Paediatric Cardiology, University Hospital Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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3
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Li A, Tomita H, Xu L. Temporal gene expression changes and affected pathways in neurodevelopment of a mouse model of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.21.568116. [PMID: 38045361 PMCID: PMC10690207 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.21.568116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder that arises from mutations in the gene DHCR7, which encodes the terminal enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis, leading to decreased production of cholesterol and accumulation of the cholesterol precursor, 7-dehydrocholesterol, and its oxysterol metabolites. The disorder displays a wide range of neurodevelopmental defects, intellectual disability, and behavioral problems. However, an in-depth study on the temporal changes of gene expression in the developing brains of SLOS mice has not been done before. In this work, we carried out the transcriptomic analysis of whole brains from WT and Dhcr7-KO mice at four-time points through postnatal day 0. First, we observed the expected downregulation of the Dhcr7 gene in the Dhcr7-KO mouse model, as well as gene expression changes of several other genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis throughout all time points. Pathway and GO term enrichment analyses revealed affected signaling pathways and biological processes that were shared amongst time points and unique to individual time points. Specifically, the pathways important for embryonic development, including Hippo, Wnt, and TGF-β signaling pathways are the most significantly affected at the earliest time point, E12.5. Additionally, neurogenesis-related GO terms were enriched in earlier time points, consistent with the timing of development. Conversely, pathways related to synaptogenesis, which occurs later in development compared to neurogenesis, are significantly affected at the later time points, E16.5 and PND0, including the cholinergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic synapses. The impact of these transcriptomic changes and enriched pathways is discussed in the context of known biological phenotypes of SLOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Hideaki Tomita
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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4
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Benachenhou S, Laroui A, Dionne O, Rojas D, Toupin A, Çaku A. Cholesterol alterations in fragile X syndrome, autism spectrum disorders and other neurodevelopmental disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 173:115-139. [PMID: 37993175 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a group of etiologically diverse diseases primarily associated with abnormal brain development, impaired cognition, and various behavioral problems. The majority of NDDs present a wide range of clinical phenotypes while sharing distinct cellular and biochemical alterations. Low plasma cholesterol levels have been reported in a subset of NNDs including, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and fragile X syndrome (FXS). The present review focuses on cholesterol metabolism and discusses the current evidence of lipid disruption in ASD, FXS, and other genetically related NDDs. The characterization of these common deficits might provide valuable insights into their underlying physiopathology and help identify potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérine Benachenhou
- Biochemistry and Functional Genomic Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Asma Laroui
- Biochemistry and Functional Genomic Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Dionne
- Biochemistry and Functional Genomic Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Daniela Rojas
- Biochemistry and Functional Genomic Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Amanda Toupin
- Biochemistry and Functional Genomic Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Artuela Çaku
- Biochemistry and Functional Genomic Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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5
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Xu J, Iyyanar PPR, Lan Y, Jiang R. Sonic hedgehog signaling in craniofacial development. Differentiation 2023; 133:60-76. [PMID: 37481904 PMCID: PMC10529669 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in SHH and several other genes encoding components of the Hedgehog signaling pathway have been associated with holoprosencephaly syndromes, with craniofacial anomalies ranging in severity from cyclopia to facial cleft to midfacial and mandibular hypoplasia. Studies in animal models have revealed that SHH signaling plays crucial roles at multiple stages of craniofacial morphogenesis, from cranial neural crest cell survival to growth and patterning of the facial primordia to organogenesis of the palate, mandible, tongue, tooth, and taste bud formation and homeostasis. This article provides a summary of the major findings in studies of the roles of SHH signaling in craniofacial development, with emphasis on recent advances in the understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating the SHH signaling pathway activity and those involving SHH signaling in the formation and patterning of craniofacial structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Xu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - Paul P R Iyyanar
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Yu Lan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Rulang Jiang
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
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6
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Chattopadhyay A, Sharma A. Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome: A pathophysiological manifestation of the Bloch hypothesis. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1120373. [PMID: 36714259 PMCID: PMC9878332 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1120373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of cholesterol, an essential component of higher eukaryotic membranes, was worked out by Konrad Bloch (and Feodor Lynen) in the 1960s and they received the Nobel Prize around that time in recognition of their pioneering contributions. An elegant consequence of this was a hypothesis proposed by Konrad Bloch (the Bloch hypothesis) which suggests that each subsequent intermediate in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway is superior in supporting membrane function in higher eukaryotes relative to its precursor. In this review, we discuss an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder, known as Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), associated with a defect in the Kandutsch-Russell pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis that results in accumulation of the immediate precursor of cholesterol in its biosynthetic pathway (7-dehydrocholesterol) and an altered cholesterol to total sterol ratio. Patients suffering from SLOS have several developmental, behavioral and cognitive abnormalities for which no drug is available yet. We characterize SLOS as a manifestation of the Bloch hypothesis and review its molecular etiology and current treatment. We further discuss defective Hedgehog signaling in SLOS and focus on the role of the serotonin1A receptor, a representative neurotransmitter receptor belonging to the GPCR family, in SLOS. Notably, ligand binding activity and cellular signaling of serotonin1A receptors are impaired in SLOS-like condition. Importantly, cellular localization and intracellular trafficking of the serotonin1A receptor (which constitute an important determinant of a GPCR cellular function) are compromised in SLOS. We highlight some of the recent developments and emerging concepts in SLOS pathobiology and suggest that novel therapies based on trafficking defects of target receptors could provide new insight into treatment of SLOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitabha Chattopadhyay
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India,*Correspondence: Amitabha Chattopadhyay,
| | - Ashwani Sharma
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
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7
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Wang H, Cui B, Yan H, Wu S, Wang K, Yang G, Jiang J, Li Y. Targeting 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase against EV-A71 replication by upregulating interferon response. Antiviral Res 2023; 209:105497. [PMID: 36528172 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown a close link between viral infections and cholesterol metabolism. Here, we reported that 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7), a terminal enzyme for catalyzing cholesterol synthesis in the Kandutsch-Russell pathway, is harnessed by enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) benefitting for its replication. Overexpression of DHCR7 resulted in upregulating of EV-A71 replication, while the S14A mutation, which reduces DHCR7 enzyme activity, has no effect on EV-A71 replication. Knockdown of DHCR7 expression with small interfering RNA (siRNA) or enzyme activity inhibition with pharmacological inhibitor AY9944 could significantly inhibit EV-A71 replication. Adding cholesterol to DHCR7 knockdown cells or AY9944-treated cells could rescue EV-A71 replication. More importantly, prophylactic administration of AY9944 effectively protected mice from lethal EV-A71 infection. In addition, the natural cholesterol precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), which is converted to cholesterol by DHCR7, has a similar effect against EV-A71 infection. Mechanistically, AY9944 or 7-DHC treatment can specifically promote IRF3 phosphorylation to activate interferon response. Moreover, AY9944 effectively cleared coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) infections in vitro. In conclusion, pharmacological modulation of DHCR7 might provide a chance for treatment of enterovirus infection, including EV-A71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiang Wang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Boming Cui
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Yan
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Wu
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Wang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ge Yang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuhuan Li
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China.
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8
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Tomita H, Hines KM, Herron JM, Li A, Baggett DW, Xu L. 7-Dehydrocholesterol-derived oxysterols cause neurogenic defects in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. eLife 2022; 11:e67141. [PMID: 36111785 PMCID: PMC9519149 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective 3β-hydroxysterol-Δ7 -reductase (DHCR7) in the developmental disorder, Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), results in a deficiency in cholesterol and accumulation of its precursor, 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC). Here, we show that loss of DHCR7 causes accumulation of 7-DHC-derived oxysterol metabolites, premature neurogenesis from murine or human cortical neural precursors, and depletion of the cortical precursor pool, both in vitro and in vivo. We found that a major oxysterol, 3β,5α-dihydroxycholest-7-en-6-one (DHCEO), mediates these effects by initiating crosstalk between glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and neurotrophin receptor kinase TrkB. Either loss of DHCR7 or direct exposure to DHCEO causes hyperactivation of GR and TrkB and their downstream MEK-ERK-C/EBP signaling pathway in cortical neural precursors. Moreover, direct inhibition of GR activation with an antagonist or inhibition of DHCEO accumulation with antioxidants rescues the premature neurogenesis phenotype caused by the loss of DHCR7. These results suggest that GR could be a new therapeutic target against the neurological defects observed in SLOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Tomita
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Kelly M Hines
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Josi M Herron
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Amy Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - David W Baggett
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
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9
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Zhang N, Wang S, Wong CC. Proteomics research of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 disease. MEDICAL REVIEW (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2022; 2:427-445. [PMID: 37724330 PMCID: PMC10388787 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2022-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Currently, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still spreading in a global scale, exerting a massive health and socioeconomic crisis. Deep insights into the molecular functions of the viral proteins and the pathogenesis of this infectious disease are urgently needed. In this review, we comprehensively describe the proteome of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and summarize their protein interaction map with host cells. In the protein interaction network between the virus and the host, a total of 787 host prey proteins that appeared in at least two studies or were verified by co-immunoprecipitation experiments. Together with 29 viral proteins, a network of 1762 proximal interactions were observed. We also review the proteomics results of COVID-19 patients and proved that SARS-CoV-2 hijacked the host's translation system, post-translation modification system, and energy supply system via viral proteins, resulting in various immune disorders, multiple cardiomyopathies, and cholesterol metabolism diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Cancer Metabolism, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Department of Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Catherine C.L. Wong
- Department of Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
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10
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Nguyen TD, Truong ME, Reiter JF. The Intimate Connection Between Lipids and Hedgehog Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:876815. [PMID: 35757007 PMCID: PMC9222137 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.876815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (HH) signaling is an intercellular communication pathway involved in directing the development and homeostasis of metazoans. HH signaling depends on lipids that covalently modify HH proteins and participate in signal transduction downstream. In many animals, the HH pathway requires the primary cilium, an organelle with a specialized protein and lipid composition. Here, we review the intimate connection between HH signaling and lipids. We highlight how lipids in the primary cilium can create a specialized microenvironment to facilitate signaling, and how HH and components of the HH signal transduction pathway use lipids to communicate between cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi D. Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Melissa E. Truong
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Jeremy F. Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Jeremy F. Reiter,
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11
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Dutta P, Ray K. Ciliary membrane, localised lipid modification and cilia function. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:2613-2631. [PMID: 35661356 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cilium, a tiny microtubule-based cellular appendage critical for cell signalling and physiology, displays a large variety of receptors. The composition and turnover of ciliary lipids and receptors determine cell behaviour. Due to the exclusion of ribosomal machinery and limited membrane area, a cilium needs adaptive logistics to actively reconstitute the lipid and receptor compositions during development and differentiation. How is this dynamicity generated? Here, we examine whether, along with the Intraflagellar-Transport, targeted changes in sector-wise lipid composition could control the receptor localisation and functions in the cilia. We discuss how an interplay between ciliary lipid composition, localised lipid modification, and receptor function could contribute to cilia growth and signalling. We argue that lipid modification at the cell-cilium interface could generate an added thrust for a selective exchange of membrane lipids and the transmembrane and membrane-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Dutta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Krishanu Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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12
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Wang ZY, Pergande MR, Ragsdale CW, Cologna SM. Steroid hormones of the octopus self-destruct system. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2572-2579.e4. [PMID: 35561680 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Among all invertebrates, soft-bodied cephalopods have the largest central nervous systems and the greatest brain-to-body mass ratios, yet unlike other big-brained animals, cephalopods are unusually short lived.1-5 Primates and corvids survive for many decades, but shallow-water octopuses, such as the California two-spot octopus (Octopus bimaculoides), typically live for only 1 year.6,7 Lifespan and reproduction are controlled by the principal neuroendocrine center of the octopus: the optic glands, which are functional analogs to the vertebrate pituitary gland.8-10 After mating, females steadfastly brood their eggs, begin fasting, and undergo rapid physiological decline, featuring repeated self-injury and leading to death.11 Removal of the optic glands completely reverses this life history trajectory,10 but the signaling factors underlying this major life transition are unknown. Here, we characterize the major secretions and steroidogenic pathways of the female optic gland using mass spectrometry techniques. We find that at least three pathways are mobilized to increase synthesis of select sterol hormones after reproduction. One pathway generates pregnane steroids, known in other animals to support reproduction.12-16 Two other pathways produce 7-dehydrocholesterol and bile acid intermediates, neither of which were previously known to be involved in semelparity. Our results provide insight into invertebrate cholesterol pathways and confirm a remarkable unity of steroid hormone biology in life history processes across Bilateria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Yan Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Melissa R Pergande
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Clifton W Ragsdale
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Stephanie M Cologna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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13
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Li A, Hines KM, Ross DH, MacDonald JW, Xu L. Temporal changes in the brain lipidome during neurodevelopment of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome mice. Analyst 2022; 147:1611-1621. [PMID: 35293916 PMCID: PMC9018458 DOI: 10.1039/d2an00137c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopment is an intricately orchestrated program of cellular events that occurs with tight temporal and spatial regulation. While it is known that the development and proper functioning of the brain, which is the second most lipid rich organ behind adipose tissue, greatly rely on lipid metabolism and signaling, the temporal lipidomic changes that occur throughout the course of neurodevelopment have not been investigated. Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is a metabolic disorder caused by genetic mutations in the DHCR7 gene, leading to defective 3β-hydroxysterol-Δ7-reductase (DHCR7), the enzyme that catalyzes the last step of the Kandutsch-Russell pathway of cholesterol synthesis. Due to the close regulatory relationship between sterol and lipid homeostasis, we hypothesize that altered or dysregulated lipid metabolism beyond the primary defect of cholesterol biosynthesis is present in the pathophysiology of SLOS. Herein, we applied our HILIC-IM-MS method and LiPydomics Python package to streamline an untargeted lipidomics analysis of developing mouse brains in both wild-type and Dhcr7-KO mice, identifying lipids at Level 3 (lipid species level: lipid class/subclass and fatty acid sum composition). We compared relative lipid abundances throughout development, from embryonic day 12.5 to postnatal day 0 and determined differentially expressed brain lipids between wild-type and Dhcr7-KO mice at specific developmental time points, revealing lipid metabolic pathways that are affected in SLOS beyond the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, such as glycerolipid, glycerophospholipid, and sphingolipid metabolism. Implications of the altered lipid metabolic pathways in SLOS pathophysiology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Kelly M Hines
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Dylan H Ross
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - James W MacDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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14
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Kaub PA, Sharp PC, Ranieri E, Fletcher JM. Isolated autism is not an indication for Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome biochemical testing. J Paediatr Child Health 2022; 58:630-635. [PMID: 34773316 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.15795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Several studies have demonstrated a high incidence of autistic spectrum features in individuals with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS). However, do these findings imply a converse relationship that has diagnostic utility? Is SLOS testing implicated when autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is the only clinical indication? AIM To determine if there is any correlation with a clinical indication of ASD and a biochemical diagnosis of SLOS, based on historical test request and assay data. METHODS Six years (2008-2013) of clinical test requests for 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) level were classified and summarised according to indication and final test result. RESULTS From the audit period, 988 valid test results from post-natal samples were identified. In plasma/serum, mean 7-DHC level was 264.7 μmol/L (normal range < 2.0) for confirmed SLOS cases. No tests performed due to an isolated clinical indication of ASD or where no clinical information was supplied were associated with 7-DHC levels diagnostic for SLOS. CONCLUSIONS Historical test data analysis supports the recommendation that autism/ASD as a single clinical feature is not an appropriate indication for SLOS (7-DHC) biochemical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Kaub
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter C Sharp
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Enzo Ranieri
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Janice M Fletcher
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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15
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Miyamoto T, Hosoba K, Akutsu SN, Matsuura S. Imaging of the Ciliary Cholesterol Underlying the Sonic Hedgehog Signal Transduction. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2374:49-57. [PMID: 34562242 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1701-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are antenna-like structures that develop on the surface of quiescent G0-phase cells and receive extracellular signals including sonic hedgehog (Shh) for embryogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis. In mammalian cells, cholesterol activates the seven-transmembrane protein Smoothened to transduce the Shh signal. Germline mutations of the DHCR7 gene encoding the cholesterol biogenesis enzyme 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase cause Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome with ciliopathy-related symptoms such as polycystic kidney and polydactyly, implying that cholesterol is indeed involved in ciliary functions. Notably, it has been reported that the cholesterol in ciliary membranes is significantly more abundant than that in the rest of the plasma membrane. However, several studies have failed to image the enriched ciliary cholesterol. Here, we propose a set of protocols for the sensitive imaging of ciliary cholesterol using the fluorescent small compound Filipin III and the green fluorescent protein tagged Domain 4 of the exotoxin Perfringolysin O derived from the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium perfringens. These cholesterol probes should be powerful tools for understanding the physiological and pathological roles of ciliary cholesterol in the context of Shh signaling in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Miyamoto
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Hosoba
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Silvia Natsuko Akutsu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinya Matsuura
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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16
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Korade Z, Heffer M, Mirnics K. Medication effects on developmental sterol biosynthesis. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:490-501. [PMID: 33820938 PMCID: PMC8490477 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is essential for normal brain function and development. Genetic disruptions of sterol biosynthesis result in intellectual and developmental disabilities. Developing neurons synthesize their own cholesterol, and disruption of this process can occur by both genetic and chemical mechanisms. Many commonly prescribed medications interfere with sterol biosynthesis, including haloperidol, aripiprazole, cariprazine, fluoxetine, trazodone and amiodarone. When used during pregnancy, these compounds might have detrimental effects on the developing brain of the offspring. In particular, inhibition of dehydrocholesterol-reductase 7 (DHCR7), the last enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway, results in accumulation of the immediate cholesterol precursor, 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC). 7-DHC is highly unstable, giving rise to toxic oxysterols; this is particularly pronounced in a mouse model when both the mother and the offspring carry the Dhcr7+/- genotype. Studies of human dermal fibroblasts from individuals who carry DCHR7+/- single allele mutations suggest that the same gene*medication interaction also occurs in humans. The public health relevance of these findings is high, as DHCR7-inhibitors can be considered teratogens, and are commonly used by pregnant women. In addition, sterol biosynthesis inhibiting medications should be used with caution in individuals with mutations in sterol biosynthesis genes. In an age of precision medicine, further research in this area could open opportunities to improve patient and fetal/infant safety by tailoring medication prescriptions according to patient genotype and life stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeljka Korade
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA, 68198.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA, 68198
| | - Marija Heffer
- J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Károly Mirnics
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA. .,Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA.
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17
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Kreienkamp HJ, Wagner M, Weigand H, McConkie-Rossell A, McDonald M, Keren B, Mignot C, Gauthier J, Soucy JF, Michaud JL, Dumas M, Smith R, Löbel U, Hempel M, Kubisch C, Denecke J, Campeau PM, Bain JM, Lessel D. Variant-specific effects define the phenotypic spectrum of HNRNPH2-associated neurodevelopmental disorders in males. Hum Genet 2021; 141:257-272. [PMID: 34907471 PMCID: PMC8807443 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-021-02412-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bain type of X-linked syndromic intellectual developmental disorder, caused by pathogenic missense variants in HRNRPH2, was initially described in six female individuals affected by moderate-to-severe neurodevelopmental delay. Although it was initially postulated that the condition would not be compatible with life in males, several affected male individuals harboring pathogenic variants in HNRNPH2 have since been documented. However, functional in-vitro analyses of identified variants have not been performed and, therefore, possible genotype–phenotype correlations remain elusive. Here, we present eight male individuals, including a pair of monozygotic twins, harboring pathogenic or likely pathogenic HNRNPH2 variants. Notably, we present the first individuals harboring nonsense or frameshift variants who, similarly to an individual harboring a de novo p.(Arg29Cys) variant within the first quasi-RNA-recognition motif (qRRM), displayed mild developmental delay, and developed mostly autistic features and/or psychiatric co-morbidities. Additionally, we present two individuals harboring a recurrent de novo p.(Arg114Trp), within the second qRRM, who had a severe neurodevelopmental delay with seizures. Functional characterization of the three most common HNRNPH2 missense variants revealed dysfunctional nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of proteins harboring the p.(Arg206Gln) and p.(Pro209Leu) variants, located within the nuclear localization signal, whereas proteins with p.(Arg114Trp) showed reduced interaction with members of the large assembly of splicing regulators (LASR). Moreover, RNA-sequencing of primary fibroblasts of the individual harboring the p.(Arg114Trp) revealed substantial alterations in the regulation of alternative splicing along with global transcriptome changes. Thus, we further expand the clinical and variant spectrum in HNRNPH2-associated disease in males and provide novel molecular insights suggesting the disorder to be a spliceopathy on the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Jürgen Kreienkamp
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matias Wagner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Heike Weigand
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Developmental Medicine and Social Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner's Children's Hospital, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Marie McDonald
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - Boris Keren
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Mignot
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Julie Gauthier
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-François Soucy
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jacques L Michaud
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Meghan Dumas
- Division of Genetic, Department of Pediatrics, The Barbara Bush Children's Hospital, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Rosemarie Smith
- Division of Genetic, Department of Pediatrics, The Barbara Bush Children's Hospital, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Ulrike Löbel
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maja Hempel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Kubisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Denecke
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philippe M Campeau
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jennifer M Bain
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Davor Lessel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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18
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Anderson RH, Sochacki KA, Vuppula H, Scott BL, Bailey EM, Schultz MM, Kerkvliet JG, Taraska JW, Hoppe AD, Francis KR. Sterols lower energetic barriers of membrane bending and fission necessary for efficient clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110008. [PMID: 34788623 PMCID: PMC8620193 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is critical for cellular signal transduction, receptor recycling, and membrane homeostasis in mammalian cells. Acute depletion of cholesterol disrupts CME, motivating analysis of CME dynamics in the context of human disorders of cholesterol metabolism. We report that inhibition of post-squalene cholesterol biosynthesis impairs CME. Imaging of membrane bending dynamics and the CME pit ultrastructure reveals prolonged clathrin pit lifetimes and shallow clathrin-coated structures, suggesting progressive impairment of curvature generation correlates with diminishing sterol abundance. Sterol structural requirements for efficient CME include 3′ polar head group and B-ring conformation, resembling the sterol structural prerequisites for tight lipid packing and polarity. Furthermore, Smith-Lemli-Opitz fibroblasts with low cholesterol abundance exhibit deficits in CME-mediated transferrin internalization. We conclude that sterols lower the energetic costs of membrane bending during pit formation and vesicular scission during CME and suggest that reduced CME activity may contribute to cellular phenotypes observed within disorders of cholesterol metabolism. Anderson et al. demonstrate that sterol abundance and identity play a dominant role in facilitating clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Detailed analyses of clathrin-coated pits under sterol depletion support a requirement for sterol-mediated membrane bending during multiple stages of endocytosis, implicating endocytic dysfunction within the pathogenesis of disorders of cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruthellen H Anderson
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA; Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Kem A Sochacki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Harika Vuppula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; BioSystems Networks and Translational Research Center, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Brandon L Scott
- Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Bailey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; BioSystems Networks and Translational Research Center, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Maycie M Schultz
- Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Jason G Kerkvliet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; BioSystems Networks and Translational Research Center, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Justin W Taraska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Adam D Hoppe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; BioSystems Networks and Translational Research Center, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Kevin R Francis
- Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA.
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19
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Sterol and lipid analyses identifies hypolipidemia and apolipoprotein disorders in autism associated with adaptive functioning deficits. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:471. [PMID: 34504056 PMCID: PMC8429516 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01580-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An improved understanding of sterol and lipid abnormalities in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) could lead to personalized treatment approaches. Toward this end, in blood, we identified reduced synthesis of cholesterol in families with ≥2 children with ASD participating with the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE), as well as reduced amounts of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) and apolipoprotein B (ApoB), with 19.9% of the subjects presenting with apolipoprotein patterns similar to hypolipidemic clinical syndromes and 30% with either or both ApoA1 and ApoB less than the fifth centile. Subjects with levels less than the fifth centile of HDL or ApoA1 or ApoA1 + ApoB had lower adaptive functioning than other individuals with ASD, and hypocholesterolemic subjects had apolipoprotein deficits significantly divergent from either typically developing individuals participating in National Institutes of Health or the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III.
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20
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Latypova X, Creadore SG, Dahan-Oliel N, Gustafson AG, Wei-Hung Hwang S, Bedard T, Shazand K, van Bosse HJP, Giampietro PF, Dieterich K. A Genomic Approach to Delineating the Occurrence of Scoliosis in Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071052. [PMID: 34356068 PMCID: PMC8305424 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) describes a group of conditions characterized by the presence of non-progressive congenital contractures in multiple body areas. Scoliosis, defined as a coronal plane spine curvature of ≥10 degrees as measured radiographically, has been reported to occur in approximately 20% of children with AMC. To identify genes that are associated with both scoliosis as a clinical outcome and AMC, we first queried the DECIPHER database for copy number variations (CNVs). Upon query, we identified only two patients with both AMC and scoliosis (AMC-SC). The first patient contained CNVs in three genes (FBN2, MGF10, and PITX1), while the second case had a CNV in ZC4H2. Looking into small variants, using a combination of Human Phenotype Ontogeny and literature searching, 908 genes linked with scoliosis and 444 genes linked with AMC were identified. From these lists, 227 genes were associated with AMC-SC. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was performed on the final gene list to gain insight into the functional interactions of genes and various categories. To summarize, this group of genes encompasses a diverse group of cellular functions including transcription regulation, transmembrane receptor, growth factor, and ion channels. These results provide a focal point for further research using genomics and animal models to facilitate the identification of prognostic factors and therapeutic targets for AMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Latypova
- Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | | | - Noémi Dahan-Oliel
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada;
- School of Physical & Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 2M1, Canada
| | | | - Steven Wei-Hung Hwang
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (S.W.-H.H.); (H.J.P.v.B.)
| | - Tanya Bedard
- Alberta Congenital Anomalies Surveillance System, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB T5J 3E4, Canada;
| | - Kamran Shazand
- Shriners Hospitals for Children Headquarters, Tampa, FL 33607, USA; (S.G.C.); (A.G.G.); (K.S.)
| | | | - Philip F. Giampietro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
- Correspondence: (P.F.G.); (K.D.)
| | - Klaus Dieterich
- Institut of Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1209, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Correspondence: (P.F.G.); (K.D.)
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21
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Lee J, Won Woo H, Kim J, Shin MH, Koh I, Youl Choi B, Kyung Kim M. Independent and interactive associations of season, dietary vitamin D, and vitamin D-related genetic variants with serum 25(OH)D in Korean adults aged 40 years or older. Endocr J 2021; 68:701-711. [PMID: 33642417 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej20-0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Only limited information is available on the inter-relationships between genetic and non-genetic factors such as diet and sunlight exposure with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the independent and interactive associations of season, dietary vitamin D intake, and SNPs of 11 vitamin D-related candidate genes with serum 25(OH)D concentration among 2,721 adults aged ≥40 years at baseline from the Yangpyeong cohort, a part of the Korean Genome Epidemiology Study (KoGES). The interactions between season or dietary vitamin D and 556 SNPs were evaluated using 2-degree of freedom joint tests. Season was strongly (pdifference = 1.00 × 10-12) and dietary vitamin D intake was slightly but significantly associated with serum 25(OH)D concentration (pdifference = 0.0119). Among five SNPs (rs11723621-GC, rs7041-GC, rs10500804-CYP2R1, rs7129781-CYP2R1, and rs2852853-DHCR7) identified in the screening steps, only one, rs10500804-CYP2R1, significantly interacted with season (pinteraction = 8.01 × 10-5). The inverse association between number of minor alleles of rs10500804-CYP2R1 and concentration of 25(OH)D was significant only in summer/fall. Conversely, dietary vitamin D intake was positively associated only in winter/spring. In conclusion, season, dietary vitamin D intake, and four SNPs in GC, CYP2R1, and DHCR7 are independently and rs10500804-CYP2R1 is interactively associated with serum 25(OH)D concentration. Serum 25(OH)D is influenced by genotype of rs10500804-CYP2R1 in summer/fall when sunlight exposure is high, while dietary vitamin D intake is an important determinant of serum 25(OH)D during the seasons with low cutaneous vitamin D synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiseon Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Health and Society, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Won Woo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Health and Society, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Health and Society, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Shin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - InSong Koh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Youl Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Health and Society, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Health and Society, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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22
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mTOR Driven Gene Transcription Is Required for Cholesterol Production in Neurons of the Developing Cerebral Cortex. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116034. [PMID: 34204880 PMCID: PMC8199781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity is associated with various neurodevelopmental disorders ranging from idiopathic autism spectrum disorders (ASD) to syndromes caused by single gene defects. This suggests that maintaining mTOR activity levels in a physiological range is essential for brain development and functioning. Upon activation, mTOR regulates a variety of cellular processes such as cell growth, autophagy, and metabolism. On a molecular level, however, the consequences of mTOR activation in the brain are not well understood. Low levels of cholesterol are associated with a wide variety of neurodevelopmental disorders. We here describe numerous genes of the sterol/cholesterol biosynthesis pathway to be transcriptionally regulated by mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling in vitro in primary neurons and in vivo in the developing cerebral cortex of the mouse. We find that these genes are shared targets of the transcription factors SREBP, SP1, and NF-Y. Prenatal as well as postnatal mTORC1 inhibition downregulated expression of these genes which directly translated into reduced cholesterol levels, pointing towards a substantial metabolic function of the mTORC1 signaling cascade. Altogether, our results indicate that mTORC1 is an essential transcriptional regulator of the expression of sterol/cholesterol biosynthesis genes in the developing brain. Altered expression of these genes may be an important factor contributing to the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders associated with dysregulated mTOR signaling.
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23
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Zalewski CK, Sydlowski SA, King KA, Bianconi S, Dang Do A, Porter FD, Brewer CC. Auditory phenotype of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:1131-1141. [PMID: 33529473 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is an autosomal recessive multiple congenital malformation and intellectual disability syndrome resulting from variants in DHCR7. Auditory characteristics of persons with SLOS have been described in limited case reports but have not been systematically evaluated. The objective of this study is to describe the auditory phenotype in SLOS. Age- and ability-appropriate hearing evaluations were conducted on 32 patients with SLOS. A subset of 21 had auditory brainstem response testing, from which an auditory neural phenotype is described. Peripheral or retrocochlear auditory dysfunction was observed in at least one ear of 65.6% (21) of the patients in our SLOS cohort. The audiometric phenotype was heterogeneous and included conductive, mixed, and sensorineural hearing loss. The most common presentation was a slight to mild conductive hearing loss, although profound sensorineural hearing loss was also observed. Abnormal auditory brainstem responses indicative of retrocochlear dysfunction were identified in 21.9% of the patients. Many were difficult to test behaviorally and required objective assessment methods to estimate hearing sensitivity. Individuals with SLOS are likely to have hearing loss that may impact communication, including speech and language development. Routine audiologic surveillance should be conducted to ensure prompt management of hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah A Sydlowski
- NIDCD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Cleveland Clinic Head & Neck Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kelly A King
- NIDCD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Simona Bianconi
- NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - An Dang Do
- NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Forbes D Porter
- NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carmen C Brewer
- NIDCD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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24
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Azar C, Valentine MC, Trausch‐Azar J, Rois L, Mahjoub M, Nelson DM, Schwartz AL. RNA-Seq identifies genes whose proteins are upregulated during syncytia development in murine C2C12 myoblasts and human BeWo trophoblasts. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14671. [PMID: 33403800 PMCID: PMC7786548 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fusion of villous cytotrophoblasts into the multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast is critical for the essential functions of the mammalian placenta. Using RNA-Seq gene expression, quantitative protein expression, and siRNA knockdown we identified genes and their cognate proteins which are similarly upregulated in two cellular models of mammalian syncytia development (human BeWo cytotrophoblast to syncytiotrophoblast and murine C2C12 myoblast to myotube). These include DYSF, PDE4DIP, SPIRE2, NDRG1, PLEC, GPR146, HSPB8, DHCR7, and HDAC5. These findings provide avenues for further understanding of the mechanisms underlying mammalian placental syncytiotrophoblast development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Azar
- Department of PediatricsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Mark C. Valentine
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Julie Trausch‐Azar
- Department of PediatricsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Lisa Rois
- Department of PediatricsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Moe Mahjoub
- Department of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - D. Michael Nelson
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Alan L. Schwartz
- Department of PediatricsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
- Department of Developmental BiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
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25
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Wangeline MA, Hampton RY. An autonomous, but INSIG-modulated, role for the sterol sensing domain in mallostery-regulated ERAD of yeast HMG-CoA reductase. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100063. [PMID: 33184059 PMCID: PMC7948459 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) undergoes feedback-regulated degradation as part of sterol pathway control. Degradation of the yeast HMGR isozyme Hmg2 is controlled by the sterol pathway intermediate GGPP, which causes misfolding of Hmg2, leading to degradation by the HRD pathway; we call this process mallostery. We evaluated the role of the Hmg2 sterol sensing domain (SSD) in mallostery, as well as the involvement of the highly conserved INSIG proteins. We show that the Hmg2 SSD is critical for regulated degradation of Hmg2 and required for mallosteric misfolding of GGPP as studied by in vitro limited proteolysis. The Hmg2 SSD functions independently of conserved yeast INSIG proteins, but its function was modulated by INSIG, thus imposing a second layer of control on Hmg2 regulation. Mutant analyses indicated that SSD-mediated mallostery occurred prior to and independent of HRD-dependent ubiquitination. GGPP-dependent misfolding was still extant but occurred at a much slower rate in the absence of a functional SSD, indicating that the SSD facilitates a physiologically useful rate of GGPP response and implying that the SSD is not a binding site for GGPP. Nonfunctional SSD mutants allowed us to test the importance of Hmg2 quaternary structure in mallostery: a nonresponsive Hmg2 SSD mutant strongly suppressed regulation of a coexpressed, normal Hmg2. Finally, we have found that GGPP-regulated misfolding occurred in detergent-solubilized Hmg2, a feature that will allow next-level analysis of the mechanism of this novel tactic of ligand-regulated misfolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Wangeline
- Division of Biological Sciences, the Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Randolph Y Hampton
- Division of Biological Sciences, the Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA.
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26
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Visualisation of cholesterol and ganglioside GM1 in zebrafish models of Niemann-Pick type C disease and Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome using light sheet microscopy. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 154:565-578. [PMID: 33079236 PMCID: PMC7609433 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01925-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases are the most common cause of neurodegeneration in children. They are characterised at the cellular level by the accumulation of storage material within lysosomes. There are very limited therapeutic options, and the search for novel therapies has been hampered as few good small animal models are available. Here, we describe the use of light sheet microscopy to assess lipid storage in drug and morpholino induced zebrafish models of two diseases of cholesterol homeostasis with lysosomal dysfunction: First, Niemann–Pick type C disease (NPC), caused by mutations in the lysosomal transmembrane protein NPC1, characterised by intralysosomal accumulation of cholesterol and several other lipids. Second, Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (SLOS), caused by mutations in 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, which catalyses the last step of cholesterol biosynthesis and is characterised by intralysosomal accumulation of dietary cholesterol. This is the first description of a zebrafish SLOS model. We find that zebrafish accurately model lysosomal storage and disease-specific phenotypes in both diseases. Increased cholesterol and ganglioside GM1 were observed in sections taken from NPC model fish, and decreased cholesterol in SLOS model fish, but these are of limited value as resolution is poor, and accurate anatomical comparisons difficult. Using light sheet microscopy, we were able to observe lipid changes in much greater detail and identified an unexpected accumulation of ganglioside GM1 in SLOS model fish. Our data demonstrate, for the first time in zebrafish, the immense potential that light sheet microscopy has in aiding the resolution of studies involving lysosomal and lipid disorders.
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27
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Christodoulou A, Maimaris G, Makrigiorgi A, Charidemou E, Lüchtenborg C, Ververis A, Georgiou R, Lederer CW, Haffner C, Brügger B, Santama N. TMEM147 interacts with lamin B receptor, regulates its localization and levels, and affects cholesterol homeostasis. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs245357. [PMID: 32694168 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.245357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The structurally and functionally complex endoplasmic reticulum (ER) hosts critical processes including lipid synthesis. Here, we focus on the functional characterization of transmembrane protein TMEM147, and report that it localizes at the ER and nuclear envelope in HeLa cells. Silencing of TMEM147 drastically reduces the level of lamin B receptor (LBR) at the inner nuclear membrane and results in mistargeting of LBR to the ER. LBR possesses a modular structure and corresponding bifunctionality, acting in heterochromatin organization via its N-terminus and in cholesterol biosynthesis via its sterol-reductase C-terminal domain. We show that TMEM147 physically interacts with LBR, and that the C-terminus of LBR is essential for their functional interaction. We find that TMEM147 also physically interacts with the key sterol reductase DHCR7, which is involved in cholesterol biosynthesis. Similar to what was seen for LBR, TMEM147 downregulation results in a sharp decline of DHCR protein levels and co-ordinate transcriptional decreases of LBR and DHCR7 expression. Consistent with this, lipidomic analysis upon TMEM147 silencing identified changes in cellular cholesterol levels, cholesteryl ester levels and profile, and in cellular cholesterol uptake, raising the possibility that TMEM147 is an important new regulator of cholesterol homeostasis in cells.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andri Christodoulou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Giannis Maimaris
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Andri Makrigiorgi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Evelina Charidemou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Antonis Ververis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Renos Georgiou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Carsten W Lederer
- Department of Molecular Genetics Thalassaemia and Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 1683 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Christof Haffner
- Institute of Stroke and Dementia Research, University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Britta Brügger
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Niovi Santama
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
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28
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Smet ME, Scott FP, McLennan AC. Discordant fetal sex on NIPT and ultrasound. Prenat Diagn 2020; 40:1353-1365. [PMID: 32125721 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal diagnosis of sex discordance is a relatively new phenomenon. Prior to cell-free DNA testing, the diagnosis of a disorder of sexual differentiation was serendipitous, either through identification of ambiguous genitalia at the midtrimester morphology ultrasound or discovery of genotype-phenotype discordance in cases where preimplantation genetic diagnosis or invasive prenatal testing had occurred. The widespread integration of cfDNA testing into modern antenatal screening has made sex chromosome assessment possible from 10 weeks of gestation, and discordant fetal sex is now more commonly diagnosed prenatally, with a prevalence of approximately 1 in 1500-2000 pregnancies. Early detection of phenotype-genotype sex discordance is important as it may indicate an underlying genetic, chromosomal or biochemical condition and it also allows for time-critical postnatal treatment. The aim of this article is to review cfDNA and ultrasound diagnosis of fetal sex, identify possible causes of phenotype-genotype discordance and provide a systematic approach for clinicians when counseling and managing couples in this circumstance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Elisabeth Smet
- Sydney Ultrasound for Women, Chatswood, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fergus P Scott
- Sydney Ultrasound for Women, Chatswood, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Hospital for Women, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew C McLennan
- Sydney Ultrasound for Women, Chatswood, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Neonatology, The University of Sydney Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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29
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Reynolds K, Zhang S, Sun B, Garland MA, Ji Y, Zhou CJ. Genetics and signaling mechanisms of orofacial clefts. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1588-1634. [PMID: 32666711 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial development involves several complex tissue movements including several fusion processes to form the frontonasal and maxillary structures, including the upper lip and palate. Each of these movements are controlled by many different factors that are tightly regulated by several integral morphogenetic signaling pathways. Subject to both genetic and environmental influences, interruption at nearly any stage can disrupt lip, nasal, or palate fusion and result in a cleft. Here, we discuss many of the genetic risk factors that may contribute to the presentation of orofacial clefts in patients, and several of the key signaling pathways and underlying cellular mechanisms that control lip and palate formation, as identified primarily through investigating equivalent processes in animal models, are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California; University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California; University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California; University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Michael A Garland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California; University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Yu Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California; University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Chengji J Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California; University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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30
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Anderson RA, Schwalbach KT, Mui SR, LeClair EE, Topczewska JM, Topczewski J. Zebrafish models of skeletal dysplasia induced by cholesterol biosynthesis deficiency. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm042549. [PMID: 32430393 PMCID: PMC7328163 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.042549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human disorders of the post-squalene cholesterol biosynthesis pathway frequently result in skeletal abnormalities, yet our understanding of the mechanisms involved is limited. In a forward-genetic approach, we have found that a late-onset skeletal mutant, named kolibernu7 , is the result of a cis-acting regulatory mutation leading to loss of methylsterol monooxygenase 1 (msmo1) expression within pre-hypertrophic chondrocytes. Generated msmo1nu81 knockdown mutation resulted in lethality at larval stage. We demonstrated that this is a result of both cholesterol deprivation and sterol intermediate accumulation by creating a mutation eliminating activity of Lanosterol synthase (Lss). Our results indicate that double lssnu60;msmo1nu81 and single lssnu60 mutants survive significantly longer than msmo1nu81 homozygotes. Liver-specific restoration of either Msmo1 or Lss in corresponding mutant backgrounds suppresses larval lethality. Rescued mutants develop dramatic skeletal abnormalities, with a loss of Msmo1 activity resulting in a more-severe patterning defect of a near-complete loss of hypertrophic chondrocytes marked by col10a1a expression. Our analysis suggests that hypertrophic chondrocytes depend on endogenous cholesterol synthesis, and blocking C4 demethylation exacerbates the cholesterol deficiency phenotype. Our findings offer new insight into the genetic control of bone development and provide new zebrafish models for human disorders of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kevin T Schwalbach
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Stephanie R Mui
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Elizabeth E LeClair
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Jolanta M Topczewska
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jacek Topczewski
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-093, Poland
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31
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Miyamoto T, Hosoba K, Itabashi T, Iwane AH, Akutsu SN, Ochiai H, Saito Y, Yamamoto T, Matsuura S. Insufficiency of ciliary cholesterol in hereditary Zellweger syndrome. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103499. [PMID: 32368833 PMCID: PMC7298307 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are antenna‐like organelles on the surface of most mammalian cells that receive sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling in embryogenesis and carcinogenesis. Cellular cholesterol functions as a direct activator of a seven‐transmembrane oncoprotein called Smoothened (Smo) and thereby induces Smo accumulation on the ciliary membrane where it transduces the Shh signal. However, how cholesterol is supplied to the ciliary membrane remains unclear. Here, we report that peroxisomes are essential for the transport of cholesterol into the ciliary membrane. Zellweger syndrome (ZS) is a peroxisome‐deficient hereditary disorder with several ciliopathy‐related features and cells from these patients showed a reduced cholesterol level in the ciliary membrane. Reverse genetics approaches revealed that the GTP exchange factor Rabin8, the Rab GTPase Rab10, and the microtubule minus‐end‐directed kinesin KIFC3 form a peroxisome‐associated complex to control the movement of peroxisomes along microtubules, enabling communication between peroxisomes and ciliary pocket membranes. Our findings suggest that insufficient ciliary cholesterol levels may underlie ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Miyamoto
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hosoba
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Itabashi
- Laboratory for Cell Field Structure, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Atsuko H Iwane
- Laboratory for Cell Field Structure, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Silvia Natsuko Akutsu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ochiai
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saito
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.,Program of Life and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.,Program of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinya Matsuura
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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32
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Schoner K, Witsch-Baumgartner M, Behunova J, Petrovic R, Bald R, Kircher SG, Ramaswamy A, Kluge B, Meyer-Wittkopf M, Schmitz R, Fritz B, Zschocke J, Laccone F, Rehder H. Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome - Fetal phenotypes with special reference to the syndrome-specific internal malformation pattern. Birth Defects Res 2019; 112:175-185. [PMID: 31840946 PMCID: PMC7432161 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Autosomal‐recessive SLOS is caused by mutations in the DHCR7 gene. It is defined as a highly variable complex of microcephaly with intellectual disability, characteristic facies, hypospadias, and polysyndactyly. Syndrome diagnosis is often missed at prenatal ultrasound and fetal autopsy Methods We performed autopsies and DHCR7 gene analyses in eight fetuses suspected of having SLOS and measured cholesterol values in long‐term formalin‐fixed tissues of an additional museum exhibit Results Five of the nine fetuses presented classical features of SLOS, including four cases with atrial/atrioventricular septal defects and renal anomalies, and one with additional bilateral renal agenesis and a Dandy‐Walker cyst. These cases allowed for diagnosis at autopsy and subsequent SLOS diagnosis in two siblings. Two fetuses were mildly affected and two fetuses showed additional holoprosencephaly. These four cases and the exhibit had escaped diagnosis at autopsy. The case with bilateral renal agenesis presented a novel combination of a null allele and a putative C‐terminus missense mutation in the DHCR7 gene Conclusions In view of the discrepancy between the prevalence of SLOS among newborns and the carrier frequency of a heterozygous DHCR7 gene mutation, the syndrome‐specific internal malformation pattern may be helpful not to miss SLOS diagnosis in fetuses at prenatal ultrasound and fetal autopsy
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schoner
- Institute of Pathology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Jana Behunova
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Petrovic
- Institute of Medical Biology, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Rainer Bald
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum Leverkusen, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Susanne G Kircher
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annette Ramaswamy
- Institute of Pathology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Britta Kluge
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ralf Schmitz
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Clinic Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Barbara Fritz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Zschocke
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Franco Laccone
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helga Rehder
- Institute of Pathology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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33
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Chen L, Chen XW, Huang X, Song BL, Wang Y, Wang Y. Regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in health and disease. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 62:1420-1458. [PMID: 31686320 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-1563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucose and fatty acids are the major sources of energy for human body. Cholesterol, the most abundant sterol in mammals, is a key component of cell membranes although it does not generate ATP. The metabolisms of glucose, fatty acids and cholesterol are often intertwined and regulated. For example, glucose can be converted to fatty acids and cholesterol through de novo lipid biosynthesis pathways. Excessive lipids are secreted in lipoproteins or stored in lipid droplets. The metabolites of glucose and lipids are dynamically transported intercellularly and intracellularly, and then converted to other molecules in specific compartments. The disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism result in severe diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes and fatty liver. This review summarizes the major metabolic aspects of glucose and lipid, and their regulations in the context of physiology and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Xiao-Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Xun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Yiguo Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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34
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Ohuchi H, Sato K, Habuta M, Fujita H, Bando T. Congenital eye anomalies: More mosaic than thought? Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2019; 59:56-73. [PMID: 30039880 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The eye is a sensory organ that primarily captures light and provides the sense of sight, as well as delivering non-visual light information involving biological rhythms and neurophysiological activities to the brain. Since the early 1990s, rapid advances in molecular biology have enabled the identification of developmental genes, genes responsible for human congenital diseases, and relevant genes of mutant animals with various anomalies. In this review, we first look at the development of the eye, and we highlight seminal reports regarding archetypal gene defects underlying three developmental ocular disorders in humans: (1) holoprosencephaly (HPE), with cyclopia being exhibited in the most severe cases; (2) microphthalmia, anophthalmia, and coloboma (MAC) phenotypes; and (3) anterior segment dysgenesis (ASDG), known as Peters anomaly and its related disorders. The recently developed methods, such as next-generation sequencing and genome editing techniques, have aided the discovery of gene mutations in congenital eye diseases and gene functions in normal eye development. Finally, we discuss Pax6-genome edited mosaic eyes and propose that somatic mosaicism in developmental gene mutations should be considered a causal factor for variable phenotypes, sporadic cases, and de novo mutations in human developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyo Ohuchi
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Keita Sato
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Munenori Habuta
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Fujita
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Bando
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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35
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Abramyan J. Hedgehog Signaling and Embryonic Craniofacial Disorders. J Dev Biol 2019; 7:E9. [PMID: 31022843 PMCID: PMC6631594 DOI: 10.3390/jdb7020009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its initial discovery in a Drosophila mutagenesis screen, the Hedgehog pathway has been revealed to be instrumental in the proper development of the vertebrate face. Vertebrates possess three hedgehog paralogs: Sonic hedgehog (Shh), Indian hedgehog (Ihh), and Desert hedgehog (Dhh). Of the three, Shh has the broadest range of functions both in the face and elsewhere in the embryo, while Ihh and Dhh play more limited roles. The Hedgehog pathway is instrumental from the period of prechordal plate formation early in the embryo, until the fusion of the lip and secondary palate, which complete the major patterning events of the face. Disruption of Hedgehog signaling results in an array of developmental disorders in the face, ranging from minor alterations in the distance between the eyes to more serious conditions such as severe clefting of the lip and palate. Despite its critical role, Hedgehog signaling seems to be disrupted through a number of mechanisms that may either be direct, as in mutation of a downstream target of the Hedgehog ligand, or indirect, such as mutation in a ciliary protein that is otherwise seemingly unrelated to the Hedgehog pathway. A number of teratogens such as alcohol, statins and steroidal alkaloids also disrupt key aspects of Hedgehog signal transduction, leading to developmental defects that are similar, if not identical, to those of Hedgehog pathway mutations. The aim of this review is to highlight the variety of roles that Hedgehog signaling plays in developmental disorders of the vertebrate face.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Abramyan
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA.
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Parivesh A, Barseghyan H, Délot E, Vilain E. Translating genomics to the clinical diagnosis of disorders/differences of sex development. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 134:317-375. [PMID: 30999980 PMCID: PMC7382024 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The medical and psychosocial challenges faced by patients living with Disorders/Differences of Sex Development (DSD) and their families can be alleviated by a rapid and accurate diagnostic process. Clinical diagnosis of DSD is limited by a lack of standardization of anatomical and endocrine phenotyping and genetic testing, as well as poor genotype/phenotype correlation. Historically, DSD genes have been identified through positional cloning of disease-associated variants segregating in families and validation of candidates in animal and in vitro modeling of variant pathogenicity. Owing to the complexity of conditions grouped under DSD, genome-wide scanning methods are better suited for identifying disease causing gene variant(s) and providing a clinical diagnosis. Here, we review a number of established genomic tools (karyotyping, chromosomal microarrays and exome sequencing) used in clinic for DSD diagnosis, as well as emerging genomic technologies such as whole-genome (short-read) sequencing, long-read sequencing, and optical mapping used for novel DSD gene discovery. These, together with gene expression and epigenetic studies can potentiate the clinical diagnosis of DSD diagnostic rates and enhance the outcomes for patients and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Parivesh
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Hayk Barseghyan
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Emmanuèle Délot
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - Eric Vilain
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.
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Ertugrul G, Yankol Y, Mecit N, Kirimlioglu H, Kanmaz T, Acarli K, Kalayoglu M. Liver Transplant and Improvements in Cholesterol Biosynthesis Defects: A Case Report of Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome. EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2019; 20:104-107. [PMID: 30674241 DOI: 10.6002/ect.2018.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is an autosomal recessive metabolic disease characterized by mental retardation and multiple congenital anomalies. The main pathology is the lack of the enzyme 3β-hydroxysterol Δ7-reductase, which is the last enzymatic step in cholesterol synthesis, ending with a low cholesterol level. Cholesterol is vitally important in cell membranes and myelination of the nervous system. The cholesterol level affects many systems of the body, especially the nervous system. The cause of liver involvement in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is unclear, and many hypotheses have been suggested. Here, we present the early results of a patient with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome who underwent living-donor liver transplant due to cirrhosis. As a result of liver transplant, normal cholesterol levels were shown, as well as improvements in the patient's neurodevelopment and behavior. Early liver transplant may be considered for patients with a defect of cholesterol biosynthesis, even in the absence of cirrhosis, and may be a future treatment option to prevent risks of neurologic deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Ertugrul
- The Organ Transplantation Center, Memorial Sisli Hospital, Istanbul
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Cavodeassi F, Creuzet S, Etchevers HC. The hedgehog pathway and ocular developmental anomalies. Hum Genet 2018; 138:917-936. [PMID: 30073412 PMCID: PMC6710239 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-1918-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in effectors of the hedgehog signaling pathway are responsible for a wide variety of ocular developmental anomalies. These range from massive malformations of the brain and ocular primordia, not always compatible with postnatal life, to subtle but damaging functional effects on specific eye components. This review will concentrate on the effects and effectors of the major vertebrate hedgehog ligand for eye and brain formation, Sonic hedgehog (SHH), in tissues that constitute the eye directly and also in those tissues that exert indirect influence on eye formation. After a brief overview of human eye development, the many roles of the SHH signaling pathway during both early and later morphogenetic processes in the brain and then eye and periocular primordia will be evoked. Some of the unique molecular biology of this pathway in vertebrates, particularly ciliary signal transduction, will also be broached within this developmental cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Cavodeassi
- Institute for Medical and Biomedical Education, St. George´s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Sophie Creuzet
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (Neuro-PSI), UMR 9197, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Heather C Etchevers
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), INSERM, Faculté de Médecine, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
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Wangeline MA, Vashistha N, Hampton RY. Proteostatic Tactics in the Strategy of Sterol Regulation. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2018; 33:467-489. [PMID: 28992438 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111315-125036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, the synthesis and uptake of sterols undergo stringent multivalent regulation. Both individual enzymes and transcriptional networks are controlled to meet changing needs of the many sterol pathway products. Regulation is tailored by evolution to match regulatory constraints, which can be very different in distinct species. Nevertheless, a broadly conserved feature of many aspects of sterol regulation is employment of proteostasis mechanisms to bring about control of individual proteins. Proteostasis is the set of processes that maintain homeostasis of a dynamic proteome. Proteostasis includes protein quality control pathways for the detection, and then the correction or destruction, of the many misfolded proteins that arise as an unavoidable feature of protein-based life. Protein quality control displays not only the remarkable breadth needed to manage the wide variety of client molecules, but also extreme specificity toward the misfolded variants of a given protein. These features are amenable to evolutionary usurpation as a means to regulate proteins, and this approach has been used in sterol regulation. We describe both well-trod and less familiar versions of the interface between proteostasis and sterol regulation and suggest some underlying ideas with broad biological and clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Wangeline
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
| | - Nidhi Vashistha
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
| | - Randolph Y Hampton
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
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Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome in a newborn infant with developmental abnormalities and low endogenous cholesterol. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 479:208-211. [PMID: 29355488 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome (SLOS) have defective endogenous cholesterol synthesis, and present with decreased cholesterol levels and multiple developmental dysmorphologies. CASE DESCRIPTION A newborn infant with normal XY karyotype and normal microarray was born with multiple developmental defects and ambiguous genitalia. The patient was diagnosed with SLOS, following biochemical genetic analysis of serum 7-DHC concentrations. The clinical course of the patient was further complicated by the comorbidities associated with SLOS and the bacterial infections. CONCLUSION We provide a detailed biochemical profile of the SLOS patient. The report can help us further understand the pathological impacts of cholesterol synthesis deficiency and provide relevant clinical management with outcome of this rare genetic disorder.
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Movassaghi M, Bianconi S, Feinn R, Wassif CA, Porter FD. Vitamin D levels in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:2577-2583. [PMID: 28796426 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is an autosomal recessive congenital malformation syndrome caused by mutations in the 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase gene. This inborn error of cholesterol synthesis leads to elevated concentrations of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC). 7-DHC also serves as the precursor for vitamin D synthesis. Limited data is available on vitamin D levels in individuals with SLOS. Due to elevated concentrations of 7-DHC, we hypothesized that vitamin D status would be abnormal and possibly reach toxic levels in patients with SLOS. Through a retrospective analysis of medical records between 1998 and 2006, we assessed markers of vitamin D and calcium metabolism from 53 pediatric SLOS patients and 867 pediatric patients who were admitted to the NIH Clinical Center (NIHCC) during the same time period. SLOS patients had significantly higher levels of 25(OH)D (48.06 ± 19.53 ng/ml, p < 0.01) across all seasons in comparison to the NIHCC pediatric patients (30.51 ± 16.14 ng/ml). Controlling for season and age of blood draw, 25(OH)D levels were, on average, 15.96 ng/ml (95%CI 13.95-17.90) higher in SLOS patients. Although, mean calcium values for both patient cohorts never exceeded the normal clinical reference range (8.6-10.2 mg/dl), the levels were higher in the SLOS cohort (9.49 ± 0.56 mg/dl, p < 0.01) compared to the NIHCC patients (9.25 ± 0.68 mg/dl). Overall, in comparison to the control cohort, individuals with SLOS have significantly higher concentrations of 25(OH)D that may be explained by elevated concentrations of serum 7-DHC. Despite the elevated vitamin D levels, there was no laboratory or clinical evidence of vitamin D toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyad Movassaghi
- Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University, North Haven, Connecticut.,Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Simona Bianconi
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Richard Feinn
- Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University, North Haven, Connecticut
| | - Christopher A Wassif
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Forbes D Porter
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Eroglu Y, Nguyen-Driver M, Steiner RD, Merkens L, Merkens M, Roullet JB, Elias E, Sarphare G, Porter FD, Li C, Tierney E, Nowaczyk MJ, Freeman KA. Normal IQ is possible in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:2097-2100. [PMID: 28349652 PMCID: PMC6016830 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Children with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) are typically reported to have moderate to severe intellectual disability. This study aims to determine whether normal cognitive function is possible in this population and to describe clinical, biochemical and molecular characteristics of children with SLOS and normal intelligent quotient (IQ). The study included children with SLOS who underwent cognitive testing in four centers. All children with at least one IQ composite score above 80 were included in the study. Six girls, three boys with SLOS were found to have normal or low-normal IQ in a cohort of 145 children with SLOS. Major/multiple organ anomalies and low serum cholesterol levels were uncommon. No correlation with IQ and genotype was evident and no specific developmental profile were observed. Thus, normal or low-normal cognitive function is possible in SLOS. Further studies are needed to elucidate factors contributing to normal or low-normal cognitive function in children with SLOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemen Eroglu
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Mina Nguyen-Driver
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Institute on Development and Disability, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Robert D Steiner
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Institute on Development and Disability, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Institute on Development and Disability, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Portland, Oregon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Louise Merkens
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Mark Merkens
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jean-Baptiste Roullet
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Department of Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Ellen Elias
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Forbes D Porter
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institution of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chumei Li
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, and Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Małgorzata J Nowaczyk
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, and Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kurt A Freeman
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Institute on Development and Disability, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Gillberg C, Fernell E, Kočovská E, Minnis H, Bourgeron T, Thompson L, Allely CS. The role of cholesterol metabolism and various steroid abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders: A hypothesis paper. Autism Res 2017; 10:1022-1044. [PMID: 28401679 PMCID: PMC5485071 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Based on evidence from the relevant research literature, we present a hypothesis that there may be a link between cholesterol, vitamin D, and steroid hormones which subsequently impacts on the development of at least some of the "autisms" [Coleman & Gillberg]. Our hypothesis, driven by the peer reviewed literature, posits that there may be links between cholesterol metabolism, which we will refer to as "steroid metabolism" and findings of steroid abnormalities of various kinds (cortisol, testosterone, estrogens, progesterone, vitamin D) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Further research investigating these potential links is warranted to further our understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying ASD. Autism Res 2017. © 2017 The Authors Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Autism Research. Autism Res 2017, 10: 1022-1044. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Gillberg
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Elisabeth Fernell
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Eva Kočovská
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute58 Turner StreetE1 2ABLondon
| | - Helen Minnis
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, RHSC YorkhillGlasgowScotlandG3 8SJUnited Kingdom
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions UnitParisFrance
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut PasteurParisFrance
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris CitéHuman Genetics and Cognitive FunctionsParisFrance
- FondaMental FoundationCréteilFrance
| | - Lucy Thompson
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, RHSC YorkhillGlasgowScotlandG3 8SJUnited Kingdom
| | - Clare S. Allely
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- School of Health SciencesUniversity of SalfordManchesterEngland
- Honorary Research Fellow in the College of MedicalVeterinary and Life Sciences affiliated to the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Glasgow
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Modulated DISP3/PTCHD2 expression influences neural stem cell fate decisions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41597. [PMID: 28134287 PMCID: PMC5278513 DOI: 10.1038/srep41597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are defined by their dual ability to self-renew through mitotic cell division or differentiate into the varied neural cell types of the CNS. DISP3/PTCHD2 is a sterol-sensing domain-containing protein, highly expressed in neural tissues, whose expression is regulated by thyroid hormone. In the present study, we used a mouse NSC line to investigate what effect DISP3 may have on the self-renewal and/or differentiation potential of the cells. We demonstrated that NSC differentiation triggered significant reduction in DISP3 expression in the resulting astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes. Moreover, when DISP3 expression was disrupted, the NSC "stemness" was suppressed, leading to a larger population of cells undergoing spontaneous neuronal differentiation. Conversely, overexpression of DISP3 resulted in increased NSC proliferation. When NSCs were cultured under differentiation conditions, we observed that the lack of DISP3 augmented the number of NSCs differentiating into each of the neural cell lineages and that neuronal morphology was altered. In contrast, DISP3 overexpression resulted in impaired cell differentiation. Taken together, our findings imply that DISP3 may help dictate the NSC cell fate to either undergo self-renewal or switch to the terminal differentiation cell program.
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Prabhu AV, Luu W, Li D, Sharpe LJ, Brown AJ. DHCR7: A vital enzyme switch between cholesterol and vitamin D production. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 64:138-151. [PMID: 27697512 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol, the final step of cholesterol synthesis in the Kandutsch-Russell pathway, is catalyzed by the enzyme 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7). Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in DHCR7 lead to the developmental disease Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, which can also result in fetal mortality, highlighting the importance of this enzyme in human development and survival. Besides serving as a substrate for DHCR7, 7-dehydrocholesterol is also a precursor of vitamin D via the action of ultraviolet light on the skin. Thus, DHCR7 exerts complex biological effects, involved in both cholesterol and vitamin D production. Indeed, we argue that DHCR7 can act as a switch between cholesterol and vitamin D synthesis. This review summarizes current knowledge about the critical enzyme DHCR7, highlighting recent findings regarding its structure, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, and its links to vitamin D synthesis. Greater understanding about DHCR7 function, regulation and its place within cellular metabolism will provide important insights into its biological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika V Prabhu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Winnie Luu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dianfan Li
- National Center for Protein Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Laura J Sharpe
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J Brown
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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A placebo-controlled trial of simvastatin therapy in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Genet Med 2016; 19:297-305. [PMID: 27513191 PMCID: PMC5303568 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2016.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a multiple malformation/cognitive impairment syndrome characterized by the accumulation of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC), a precursor sterol of cholesterol. Simvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain-barrier, has been proposed for treatment of SLOS based on in vitro and in vivo studies suggesting that simvastatin increases expression of hypomorphic DHCR7 alleles. Methods Safety and efficacy of simvastatin therapy in 23 mild to typical SLOS patients was evaluated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The cross-over trial consisted of two 12 month treatment phases separated by a 2 month wash-out period. Results No safety issues were identified in this study. Plasma dehydrocholesterol levels decreased significantly 8.9 ± 8.4% on placebo to 6.1 ± 5.5% on simvastatin (p<0.005) and we observed a trend toward decreased cerebral spinal fluid dehydrocholesterol levels. A significant improvement (p=0.017, paired t-test) was observed in the Aberrant Behavior Checklist-C Irritability when subjects were on simvastatin. Conclusions This paper reports the first randomized, placebo-controlled trial designed to test the safety and efficacy of simvastatin therapy in SLOS. Simvastatin appears to be relatively safe in SLOS patients, improves the serum dehydrocholesterol/total sterol ratio, and significantly improves irritability symptoms in mild to classical SLOS patients.
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7-dehydrocholesterol efficiently supports Ret signaling in a mouse model of Smith-Opitz-Lemli syndrome. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28534. [PMID: 27334845 PMCID: PMC4917867 DOI: 10.1038/srep28534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a rare disorder of cholesterol synthesis. Affected individuals exhibit growth failure, intellectual disability and a broad spectrum of developmental malformations. Among them, renal agenesis or hypoplasia, decreased innervation of the gut, and ptosis are consistent with impaired Ret signaling. Ret is a receptor tyrosine kinase that achieves full activity when recruited to lipid rafts. Mice mutant for Ret are born with no kidneys and enteric neurons, and display sympathetic nervous system defects causing ptosis. Since cholesterol is a critical component of lipid rafts, here we tested the hypothesis of whether the cause of the above malformations found in SLOS is defective Ret signaling owing to improper lipid raft composition or function. No defects consistent with decreased Ret signaling were found in newborn Dhcr7−/− mice, or in Dhcr7−/− mice lacking one copy of Ret. Although kidneys from Dhcr7−/− mice showed a mild branching defect in vitro, GDNF was able to support survival and downstream signaling of sympathetic neurons. Consistently, GFRα1 correctly partitioned to lipid rafts in brain tissue. Finally, replacement experiments demonstrated that 7-DHC efficiently supports Ret signaling in vitro. Taken together, our findings do not support a role of Ret signaling in the pathogenesis of SLOS.
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48
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Cologna SM, Shieh C, Toth CL, Cougnoux A, Burkert KR, Bianconi SE, Wassif CA, Porter FD. Altered cerebrospinal fluid proteins in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome patients. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:2060-2068. [PMID: 27148958 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is an autosomal recessive, multiple malformation syndrome with neurocognitive impairment. SLOS arises from mutations in the 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase gene which results in impaired enzymatic conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol. In the current work, we sought to measure proteins that were altered in the cerebrospinal fluid from SLOS patients compared to pediatric controls. Using a multi-analyte antibody-based assay, we found that 12 proteins are altered in SLOS patients. Validation studies were carried out and the findings from this study suggest alterations in extracellular matrix remodeling and further evidence of oxidative stress within the disease pathophysiology. The results of this study will be used to explore biological pathways altered in SLOS and identifies a set of CSF proteins that can be evaluated as biomarkers in future therapeutic trials. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Cologna
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Current Location: Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christine Shieh
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia L Toth
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Antony Cougnoux
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kathryn R Burkert
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Simona E Bianconi
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher A Wassif
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Forbes D Porter
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Thurm A, Tierney E, Farmer C, Albert P, Joseph L, Swedo S, Bianconi S, Bukelis I, Wheeler C, Sarphare G, Lanham D, Wassif CA, Porter FD. Development, behavior, and biomarker characterization of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome: an update. J Neurodev Disord 2016; 8:12. [PMID: 27053961 PMCID: PMC4822234 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-016-9145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is an autosomal recessive inborn error of cholesterol metabolism syndrome with neurocognitive manifestations. SLOS is the result of mutations in the gene encoding the 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, which results in the elevation of the cholesterol precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC). Previous reports indicate that intellectual disability, behavioral disturbances, and autism symptoms are frequently part of the SLOS behavioral phenotype. In the current study, we characterize the developmental history and current behavior of 33 individuals with SLOS aged 4 to 23 years and report on biomarkers 7-DHC and 8-DHC in relation to cognition and behavior. METHODS This was an observational case series, wherein participants with SLOS underwent extensive behavioral evaluation of cognitive function, adaptive function, autism symptoms, and problem behaviors, in addition to parent report of developmental milestones. Serum and CSF were contemporaneously obtained from the majority of participants. RESULTS Developmental milestones such as walking, talking, and toileting were uniformly delayed. Overall levels of cognitive and adaptive functioning were low; no participant received adaptive behavior scores in the average range, and the mean level of cognitive functioning in the full sample was in the moderate range of impairment. Aggressive behavior was present in nearly half of participants. Although the majority of participants had elevated scores on the gold standard autism diagnostic instruments, only about half of participants received a clinical diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. Finally, while CSF cholesterol was not found to correlate with cognitive or adaptive functioning, both serum and CSF 7-DHC and 8-DHC (and their ratios with cholesterol) were moderately and negatively correlated with functioning in this group. CONCLUSIONS A history of developmental delay, followed by intellectual disability, is common in individuals with SLOS. Although autism spectrum disorder appears to be a frequent diagnosis in this population, it is apparent that the low level of functioning observed in SLOS may artificially inflate scores on standard autism assessments. Our findings further support that cholesterol precursors 7-DHC and 8-DHC are important biomarkers of the level of functioning in SLOS, especially regarding cognitive abilities, and thus may be to explore as mediators within the context of treatment trials. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00001721, NCT00064792.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Thurm
- Pediatrics and Developmental Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Elaine Tierney
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, 716 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Cristan Farmer
- Pediatrics and Developmental Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Phebe Albert
- Pediatrics and Developmental Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Lisa Joseph
- Pediatrics and Developmental Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Susan Swedo
- Pediatrics and Developmental Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Simona Bianconi
- Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Irena Bukelis
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, 716 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Courtney Wheeler
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, 716 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Geeta Sarphare
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, 716 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Diane Lanham
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, 716 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Christopher A Wassif
- Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Forbes D Porter
- Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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Modeling Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome with induced pluripotent stem cells reveals a causal role for Wnt/β-catenin defects in neuronal cholesterol synthesis phenotypes. Nat Med 2016; 22:388-96. [PMID: 26998835 PMCID: PMC4823163 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a malformation disorder caused by mutations in DHCR7, impairing the reduction of 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol. SLOS results in cognitive impairment, behavioral abnormalities, and nervous system defects, though neither cellular targets nor affected signaling pathways are defined. Whether 7-dehydrocholesterol accumulation or cholesterol loss is primarily responsible for disease pathogenesis is also unclear. Using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from SLOS subjects, we identified cellular defects leading to precocious neuronal specification within SLOS derived neural progenitors. We also demonstrated that 7-dehydrocholesterol accumulation, not cholesterol deficiency, is critical for SLOS-associated defects. We further identified downregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling as a key initiator of aberrant SLOS iPSCs differentiation through the direct inhibitory effects of 7-dehydrocholesterol on the formation of an active Wnt receptor complex. Activation of canonical Wnt signaling prevented the neural phenotypes observed in SLOS iPSCs, suggesting that Wnt signaling may be a promising therapeutic target for SLOS.
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