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Vikramdeo KS, Sudan SK, Singh AP, Singh S, Dasgupta S. Mitochondrial respiratory complexes: Significance in human mitochondrial disorders and cancers. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:4049-4078. [PMID: 36074903 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are pivotal organelles that govern cellular energy production through the oxidative phosphorylation system utilizing five respiratory complexes. In addition, mitochondria also contribute to various critical signaling pathways including apoptosis, damage-associated molecular patterns, calcium homeostasis, lipid, and amino acid biosynthesis. Among these diverse functions, the energy generation program oversee by mitochondria represents an immaculate orchestration and functional coordination between the mitochondria and nuclear encoded molecules. Perturbation in this program through respiratory complexes' alteration results in the manifestation of various mitochondrial disorders and malignancy, which is alarmingly becoming evident in the recent literature. Considering the clinical relevance and importance of this emerging medical problem, this review sheds light on the timing and nature of molecular alterations in various respiratory complexes and their functional consequences observed in various mitochondrial disorders and human cancers. Finally, we discussed how this wealth of information could be exploited and tailored to develop respiratory complex targeted personalized therapeutics and biomarkers for better management of various incurable human mitochondrial disorders and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunwar Somesh Vikramdeo
- Department of Pathology, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Sarabjeet Kour Sudan
- Department of Pathology, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Ajay P Singh
- Department of Pathology, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Seema Singh
- Department of Pathology, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Santanu Dasgupta
- Department of Pathology, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
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2
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Andreeva TV, Manakhov AD, Gusev FE, Patrikeev AD, Golovanova LV, Doronichev VB, Shirobokov IG, Rogaev EI. Genomic analysis of a novel Neanderthal from Mezmaiskaya Cave provides insights into the genetic relationships of Middle Palaeolithic populations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13016. [PMID: 35906446 PMCID: PMC9338269 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mezmaiskaya cave is located on the North Caucasus near the border that divides Europe and Asia. Previously, fossil remains for two Neanderthals were reported from Mezmaiskaya Cave. A tooth from the third archaic hominin specimen (Mezmaiskaya 3) was retrieved from layer 3 in Mezmaiskaya Cave. We performed genome sequencing of Mezmaiskaya 3. Analysis of partial nuclear genome sequence revealed that it belongs to a Homo sapiens neanderthalensis female. Based on a high-coverage mitochondrial genome sequence, we demonstrated that the relationships of Mezmaiskaya 3 to Mezmaiskaya 1 and Stajnia S5000 individuals were closer than those to other Neanderthals. Our data demonstrate the close genetic connections between the early Middle Palaeolithic Neanderthals that were replaced by genetically distant later group in the same geographic areas. Based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) data, we suggest that Mezmaiskaya 3 was the latest Neanderthal individual from the early Neanderthal’s branches. We proposed a hierarchical nomenclature for the mtDNA haplogroups of Neanderthals. In addition, we retrieved ancestral mtDNA mutations in presumably functional sites fixed in the Neanderthal clades, and also provided the first data showing mtDNA heteroplasmy in Neanderthal specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V Andreeva
- Center for Genetics and Life Science, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia, 354340. .,Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119333. .,Faculty of Biology, Centre for Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 119192.
| | - Andrey D Manakhov
- Center for Genetics and Life Science, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia, 354340.,Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119333.,Faculty of Biology, Centre for Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 119192
| | - Fedor E Gusev
- Center for Genetics and Life Science, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia, 354340.,Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119333.,Faculty of Biology, Centre for Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 119192
| | - Anton D Patrikeev
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119333
| | | | | | - Ivan G Shirobokov
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia, 199034
| | - Evgeny I Rogaev
- Center for Genetics and Life Science, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia, 354340. .,Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119333. .,Faculty of Biology, Centre for Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 119192. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01604, USA.
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Zarrouk Mahjoub S, Mehri S, Ourda F, Boussaada R, Mechmeche R, Ben Arab S, Finsterer J. Pathogenicity of the transition m.3308T>C in left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction. Cardiology 2012; 122:116-8. [PMID: 22777278 DOI: 10.1159/000339351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Salas A, Elson JL. Raising doubts about the pathogenicity of mitochondrial DNA mutation m.3308T>C in left ventricular hypertraveculation/noncompaction. Cardiology 2012; 122:113-5. [PMID: 22777272 DOI: 10.1159/000339348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Ding Y, Zhu H. The mitochondrial ND1 3308T>C mutation may not be associated with left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction. Cardiology 2011; 119:183; author reply 184-5. [PMID: 21968326 DOI: 10.1159/000332575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Zarrouk Mahjoub S, Mehri S, Ourda F, Boussaada R, Mechmeche R, Arab SB, Finsterer J. Transition m.3308T>C in the ND1 gene is associated with left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction. Cardiology 2011; 118:153-8. [PMID: 21625124 DOI: 10.1159/000328002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Though left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction (LVNC) is frequently associated with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations, it has not been reported in association with the transition m.3308T>C of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) gene. The index patient is a 16-year-old Tunisian female who was investigated for a systolic murmur and cardiomegaly. Echocardiography revealed tricuspid insufficiency, moderate left ventricular dilatation, Ebstein's anomaly, a superior caval vein draining into the coronary sinus and, surprisingly, LVNC of the apex and the lateral wall. LVNC was absent in all other cardiologically investigated siblings. RNA and mtDNA sequence analysis revealed the known homoplasmic mutation m.3308T>C resulting in the replacement of the first amino acid methionine by threonine in the ND1 subunit of respiratory chain complex I. The m.3308T>C mutation was also present in the patient's mother and several other family members but absent in 350 controls. Additionally, the index patient carried the polymorphisms m.8248A>G in the COX2 gene and m.8468C>T in the ATP8 gene. It is concluded that LVNC may be associated with the known homoplasmic m.3308T>C mutation in the ND1 gene. However, the pathogenetic role of this mutation in the development of LVNC remains elusive.
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Zarrouk Mahjoub S, Mehri S, Ourda F, Boussaada R, Mechmeche R, Arab SB, Finsterer J. Reply. Cardiology 2011. [DOI: 10.1159/000332578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Achilli A, Perego UA, Bravi CM, Coble MD, Kong QP, Woodward SR, Salas A, Torroni A, Bandelt HJ. The phylogeny of the four pan-American MtDNA haplogroups: implications for evolutionary and disease studies. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1764. [PMID: 18335039 PMCID: PMC2258150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 02/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Only a limited number of complete mitochondrial genome sequences belonging to Native American haplogroups were available until recently, which left America as the continent with the least amount of information about sequence variation of entire mitochondrial DNAs. In this study, a comprehensive overview of all available complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomes of the four pan-American haplogroups A2, B2, C1, and D1 is provided by revising the information scattered throughout GenBank and the literature, and adding 14 novel mtDNA sequences. The phylogenies of haplogroups A2, B2, C1, and D1 reveal a large number of sub-haplogroups but suggest that the ancestral Beringian population(s) contributed only six (successful) founder haplotypes to these haplogroups. The derived clades are overall starlike with coalescence times ranging from 18,000 to 21,000 years (with one exception) using the conventional calibration. The average of about 19,000 years somewhat contrasts with the corresponding lower age of about 13,500 years that was recently proposed by employing a different calibration and estimation approach. Our estimate indicates a human entry and spread of the pan-American haplogroups into the Americas right after the peak of the Last Glacial Maximum and comfortably agrees with the undisputed ages of the earliest Paleoindians in South America. In addition, the phylogenetic approach also indicates that the pathogenic status proposed for various mtDNA mutations, which actually define branches of Native American haplogroups, was based on insufficient grounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Achilli
- Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ugo A. Perego
- Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Claudio M. Bravi
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular Poblacional, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Michael D. Coble
- Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Qing-Peng Kong
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution, and Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Scott R. Woodward
- Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Antonio Salas
- Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Medicina Legal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Antonio Torroni
- Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Liu Y, Li Z, Yang L, Wang S, Guan MX. The mitochondrial ND1 T3308C mutation in a Chinese family with the secondary hypertension. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 368:18-22. [PMID: 18194667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.12.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in mitochondrial DNA have been associated with hypertension. We report here the clinical, genetic, and molecular characterization of one four-generation Han Chinese family with hypertension. Two matrilineal relatives in this family exhibited the variable degree of a secondary hypertension (renal hypertension) at the age-at-onset of 42 and 56years old, respectively. Sequence analysis of the complete mitochondrial DNA in this pedigree revealed the presence of the known hypertension-associated ND1 T3308C mutation and 42 other variants, belonging to the Asian haplogroup D4h. The T3308C mutation resulted in the replacement of the first amino acid, translation-initiating methionine with a threonine in ND1. Furthermore, the ND3 T3308C mutation also locates in two nucleotides adjacent to the 3' end of mitochondrial tRNA(Leu(UUR)). Thus, this T3308C mutation caused an alteration on the processing of the H-strand polycistronic RNA precursors or the destabilization of ND1 mRNA. The occurrence of the T3308C mutation in these genetically unrelated pedigrees affected by diseases but absence of 242 Chinese controls as well as the mitochondrial dysfunctions detected in cells carrying this mutation indicate that this mutation is involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. However, the mild biochemical defects, the lower penetrance of hypertension in this Chinese family and the presence of some control populations suggested the involvement of other modifier factors in the pathogenesis of hypertension associated with this ND1 T3308C mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Liu
- Institute of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Abstract
More than 200 disease-related mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) point mutations have been reported in the Mitomap (http://www.mitomap.org) database. These mutations can be divided into two groups: mutations affecting mitochondrial protein synthesis, including mutations in tRNA and rRNA genes; and mutations in protein-encoding genes (mRNAs). This review focuses on mutations in mitochondrial genes that encode proteins. These mutations are involved in a broad spectrum of human diseases, including a variety of multisystem disorders as well as more tissue-specific diseases such as isolated myopathy and Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). Because the mitochondrial genome contains a large number of apparently neutral polymorphisms that have little pathogenic significance, along with secondary homoplasmic mutations that do not have primary disease-causing effect, the pathogenic role of all newly discovered mutations must be rigorously established. A scoring system has been applied to evaluate the pathogenicity of the mutations in mtDNA protein-encoding genes and to review the predominant clinical features and the molecular characteristics of mutations in each mtDNA-encoded respiratory chain complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Jun C Wong
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, NAB2015, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Yao YG, Salas A, Bravi CM, Bandelt HJ. A reappraisal of complete mtDNA variation in East Asian families with hearing impairment. Hum Genet 2006; 119:505-15. [PMID: 16528519 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-006-0154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2005] [Accepted: 02/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In a number of recent studies, we summarized the obvious errors and shortcomings that can be spotted in many (if not most) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) data sets published in medical genetics. We have reanalyzed here the complete mtDNA genome data published in various recent reports of East Asian families with hearing impairment, using a phylogenetic approach, in order to demonstrate the persistence of lab-specific mistakes in mtDNA genome sequencing in cases where those caveats were (deliberately) neglected. A phylogenetic reappraisal of complete mtDNAs with mutation A1555G (or G11778A) indeed supports the suggested lack of association between haplogroup background and phenotypic presentation of these mutations in East Asians. In contrast, the claimed pathogenicity of mutation T1095C in Chinese families with hearing impairment seems unsupported, basically because this mutation is rather basal in the mtDNA phylogeny, being specific to haplogroup M11 in East Asia. The roles of other haplogroup specific or associated variants, such as A827G, T961C, T1005C, in East Asian subjects with aminoglycoside-induced and non-syndromic hearing loss are also unclear in view of the known mtDNA phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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Salas A, Yao YG, Macaulay V, Vega A, Carracedo A, Bandelt HJ. A critical reassessment of the role of mitochondria in tumorigenesis. PLoS Med 2005; 2:e296. [PMID: 16187796 PMCID: PMC1240051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is being analyzed by an increasing number of laboratories in order to investigate its potential role as an active marker of tumorigenesis in various types of cancer. Here we question the conclusions drawn in most of these investigations, especially those published in high-rank cancer research journals, under the evidence that a significant number of these medical mtDNA studies are based on obviously flawed sequencing results. METHODS AND FINDINGS In our analyses, we take a phylogenetic approach and employ thorough database searches, which together have proven successful for detecting erroneous sequences in the fields of human population genetics and forensics. Apart from conceptual problems concerning the interpretation of mtDNA variation in tumorigenesis, in most cases, blocks of seemingly somatic mutations clearly point to contamination or sample mix-up and, therefore, have nothing to do with tumorigenesis. CONCLUSION The role of mitochondria in tumorigenesis remains unclarified. Our findings of laboratory errors in many contributions would represent only the tip of the iceberg since most published studies do not provide the raw sequence data for inspection, thus hindering a posteriori evaluation of the results. There is no precedent for such a concatenation of errors and misconceptions affecting a whole subfield of medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Salas
- Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Medicina Legal, Facultade de Medicina, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
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Boneh A, Korman SH, Sato K, Kanno J, Matsubara Y, Lerer I, Ben-Neriah Z, Kure S. A single nucleotide substitution that abolishes the initiator methionine codon of the GLDC gene is prevalent among patients with glycine encephalopathy in Jerusalem. J Hum Genet 2005; 50:230-234. [PMID: 15864413 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-005-0243-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2005] [Accepted: 02/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycine encephalopathy (GE) (non-ketotic hyperglycinemia) is an autosomal recessive neurometabolic disease caused by defective activity of the glycine cleavage system. Clinically, patients present usually in the neonatal period with hypotonia, encephalopathy, hiccups and breath arrests with or without overt seizures. GE is considered rare, but its incidence is relatively high in several geographical areas around the world. We report a novel mutation causing GE in six extended Arab families, all from a small suburban village (population 5,000). A methionine to threonine change in the initiation codon of the glycine decarboxylase gene led to markedly reduced glycine decarboxylase mRNA levels and abolished glycine cleavage system activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avihu Boneh
- Department of Human Genetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel.
- Metabolic Service, Genetic Health Services Victoria, The Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
| | - Stanley H Korman
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kenichi Sato
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Junko Kanno
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsubara
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Israela Lerer
- Department of Human Genetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ziva Ben-Neriah
- Department of Human Genetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shigeo Kure
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Palanichamy MG, Sun C, Agrawal S, Bandelt HJ, Kong QP, Khan F, Wang CY, Chaudhuri TK, Palla V, Zhang YP. Phylogeny of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup N in India, based on complete sequencing: implications for the peopling of South Asia. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 75:966-78. [PMID: 15467980 PMCID: PMC1182158 DOI: 10.1086/425871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2004] [Accepted: 09/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To resolve the phylogeny of the autochthonous mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups of India and determine the relationship between the Indian and western Eurasian mtDNA pools more precisely, a diverse subset of 75 macrohaplogroup N lineages was chosen for complete sequencing from a collection of >800 control-region sequences sampled across India. We identified five new autochthonous haplogroups (R7, R8, R30, R31, and N5) and fully characterized the autochthonous haplogroups (R5, R6, N1d, U2a, U2b, and U2c) that were previously described only by first hypervariable segment (HVS-I) sequencing and coding-region restriction-fragment-length polymorphism analysis. Our findings demonstrate that the Indian mtDNA pool, even when restricted to macrohaplogroup N, harbors at least as many deepest-branching lineages as the western Eurasian mtDNA pool. Moreover, the distribution of the earliest branches within haplogroups M, N, and R across Eurasia and Oceania provides additional evidence for a three-founder-mtDNA scenario and a single migration route out of Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malliya gounder Palanichamy
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources, Yunnan University, and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution and Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg; Department of Zoology, North Bengal University, Siliguri West Bengal, India; and Department of Anthropology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India
| | - Chang Sun
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources, Yunnan University, and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution and Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg; Department of Zoology, North Bengal University, Siliguri West Bengal, India; and Department of Anthropology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India
| | - Suraksha Agrawal
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources, Yunnan University, and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution and Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg; Department of Zoology, North Bengal University, Siliguri West Bengal, India; and Department of Anthropology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India
| | - Hans-Jürgen Bandelt
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources, Yunnan University, and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution and Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg; Department of Zoology, North Bengal University, Siliguri West Bengal, India; and Department of Anthropology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India
| | - Qing-Peng Kong
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources, Yunnan University, and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution and Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg; Department of Zoology, North Bengal University, Siliguri West Bengal, India; and Department of Anthropology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India
| | - Faisal Khan
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources, Yunnan University, and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution and Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg; Department of Zoology, North Bengal University, Siliguri West Bengal, India; and Department of Anthropology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India
| | - Cheng-Ye Wang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources, Yunnan University, and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution and Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg; Department of Zoology, North Bengal University, Siliguri West Bengal, India; and Department of Anthropology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Chaudhuri
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources, Yunnan University, and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution and Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg; Department of Zoology, North Bengal University, Siliguri West Bengal, India; and Department of Anthropology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India
| | - Venkatramana Palla
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources, Yunnan University, and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution and Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg; Department of Zoology, North Bengal University, Siliguri West Bengal, India; and Department of Anthropology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources, Yunnan University, and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution and Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg; Department of Zoology, North Bengal University, Siliguri West Bengal, India; and Department of Anthropology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India
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16
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Kong QP, Yao YG, Sun C, Zhu CL, Zhong L, Wang CY, Cai WW, Xu XM, Xu AL, Zhang YP. Phylogeographic analysis of mitochondrial DNA haplogroup F2 in China reveals T12338C in the initiation codon of the ND5 gene not to be pathogenic. J Hum Genet 2004; 49:414-423. [PMID: 15278763 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-004-0170-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2004] [Accepted: 05/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we studied on a homoplasmic T12338C change in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which substituted methionine in the translational initiation codon of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 gene ( ND5) with threonine. This nucleotide change was originally identified in two mtDNAs belonging to haplogroup F2 by our previous complete sequencing of 48 mtDNAs. Since then, a total of 76 F2 mtDNAs have been identified by the variations occurring in the hypervariable segments and coding regions among more than 3,000 individuals across China. As the T12338C change was detected in 32 samples representing various sub-clades of the F2 haplogroup while not in 14 non-F2 controls, we believe that the T12338C change is specific to the F2 haplogroup. As F2 and its sub-clades were widely distributed in normal individuals of various Chinese populations, we conclude that T12338C is not pathogenic. In addition, based on the average distribution frequency, haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity of haplogroup F2 in the populations across China, the T12338C nucleotide substitution seems to have been occurred in north China about 42,000 years ago. Our results provided a good paradigm for distinguishing a polymorphic change from a pathogenic mutation based on mtDNA phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Peng Kong
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution, and Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution, and Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Chang Sun
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution, and Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Chun-Ling Zhu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution, and Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Li Zhong
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Cheng-Ye Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution, and Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Wang-Wei Cai
- Department of Biochemistry, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Xiang-Min Xu
- Department of Medical Genetics, First Military Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - An-Long Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution, and Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
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17
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Dubot A, Godinot C, Dumur V, Sablonnière B, Stojkovic T, Cuisset JM, Vojtiskova A, Pecina P, Jesina P, Houstek J. GUG is an efficient initiation codon to translate the human mitochondrial ATP6 gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 313:687-93. [PMID: 14697245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A maternally inherited and practically homoplasmic mitochondrial (mtDNA) mutation, 8527A>G, changing the initiation codon AUG into GUG, normally coding for a valine, was observed in the ATP6 gene encoding the ATPase subunit a. No alternate Met codon could replace the normal translational initiator. The patient harboring this mutation exhibited clinical symptoms suggesting a mitochondrial disease but his mother who carried the same mtDNA mutation was healthy. The mutation was absent from 100 controls and occurred once amongst 44 patients suspected of Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) but devoid of typical LHON mutations. In patient fibroblasts, no effect of 8527A>G mutation could be demonstrated on the biosynthesis of mtDNA-encoded proteins, on size and the content of ATPase subunit a, on ATP hydrolysis and on mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, ATP synthesis was barely decreased. Therefore, GUG is a functional initiation codon for the human ATP6 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dubot
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard de Lyon I, 69622 Villeurbanne France
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18
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Li X, Fischel-Ghodsian N, Schwartz F, Yan Q, Friedman RA, Guan MX. Biochemical characterization of the mitochondrial tRNASer(UCN) T7511C mutation associated with nonsyndromic deafness. Nucleic Acids Res 2004; 32:867-77. [PMID: 14960712 PMCID: PMC373379 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkh226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the biochemical characterization of the deafness-associated mitochondrial tRNA(Ser(UCN)) T7511C mutation, in conjunction with homoplasmic ND1 T3308C and tRNA(Ala) T5655C mutations using cybrids constructed by transferring mitochondria from lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from an African family into human mtDNA-less (rho degrees ) cells. Three cybrids derived from an affected matrilineal relative carrying the homoplasmic T7511C mutation, exhibited approximately 75% decrease in the tRNA(Ser(UCN)) level, compared with three control cybrids. This amount of reduction in the tRNA(Ser(UCN)) level is below a proposed threshold to support a normal rate of mitochondrial protein synthesis in lymphoblastoid cell lines. This defect is likely a primary contributor to approximately 52% reduction in the rate of mitochondrial protein synthesis and marked defects in respiration and growth properties in galactose-containing medium. Interestingly, the T5655C mutation produces approximately 50% reduction in the tRNA(Ala) level in mutant cells. Strikingly, the T3308C mutation causes a significant decrease both in the amount of ND1 mRNA and co-transcribed tRNA(Leu(UUR)) in mutant cells. Thus, mitochondrial dysfunctions caused by the T5655C and T3308C mutations may modulate the phenotypic manifestation of the T7511C mutation. These observations imply that a combination of the T7511C mutation with two mtDNA mutations accounts for the high penetrance of deafness in this family.
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MESH Headings
- Africa
- Base Sequence
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Cell Respiration
- DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
- Deafness/genetics
- Deafness/metabolism
- Galactose/pharmacology
- Glucose/pharmacology
- Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/genetics
- Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/metabolism
- Humans
- Mitochondrial Proteins/biosynthesis
- Molecular Sequence Data
- NADH Dehydrogenase/biosynthesis
- NADH Dehydrogenase/genetics
- Pedigree
- Point Mutation
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer, Ala/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer, Leu/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer, Ser/genetics
- RNA, Transfer, Ser/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Li
- Division and Program in Human Genetics and Center for Hearing and Deafness Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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19
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Kong QP, Yao YG, Sun C, Bandelt HJ, Zhu CL, Zhang YP. Phylogeny of east Asian mitochondrial DNA lineages inferred from complete sequences. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 73:671-6. [PMID: 12870132 PMCID: PMC1180693 DOI: 10.1086/377718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2003] [Accepted: 06/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The now-emerging mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) population genomics provides information for reconstructing a well-resolved mtDNA phylogeny and for discerning the phylogenetic status of the subcontinentally specific haplogroups. Although several major East Asian mtDNA haplogroups have been identified in studies elsewhere, some of the most basal haplogroups, as well as numerous minor subhaplogroups, were not yet determined or fully characterized. To fill the lacunae, we selected 48 mtDNAs from >2,000 samples across China for complete sequencing that cover virtually all (sub)haplogroups discernible to date in East Asia. This East Asian mtDNA phylogeny can henceforth serve as a solid basis for phylogeographic analyses of mtDNAs, as well as for studies of mitochondrial diseases in East and Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Peng Kong
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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20
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González AM, Brehm A, Pérez JA, Maca-Meyer N, Flores C, Cabrera VM. Mitochondrial DNA affinities at the Atlantic fringe of Europe. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2003; 120:391-404. [PMID: 12627534 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.10168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Atlantic European samples has detected significant latitudinal clines for several clusters with Paleolithic (H) and Neolithic (J, U4, U5a1, and U5a1a) coalescence ages in Europe. These gradients may be explained as the result of Neolithic influence on a rather homogeneous Paleolithic background. There is also evidence that some Neolithic clusters reached this border by a continental route (J, J1, J1a, U5a1, and U5a1a), whereas others (J2) did so through the Mediterranean coast. An important gene flow from Africa was detected in the Atlantic Iberia. Specific sub-Saharan lineages appeared mainly restricted to southern Portugal, and could be attributed to historic Black slave trade in the area and to a probable Saharan Neolithic influence. In fact, U6 haplotypes of specific North African origin have only been detected in the Iberian peninsula northwards from central Portugal. Based on this peculiar distribution and the high diversity pi value (0.014 +/- 0.001) in this area compared to North Africa (0.006 +/- 0.001), we reject the proposal that only historic events such as the Moslem occupation are the main cause of this gene flow, and instead propose a pre-Neolithic origin for it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M González
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de La Laguna, 38271 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
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21
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Abstract
Variation in hypervariable region I (HVR-I) and mutations in coding areas of mtDNA were studied in 257 patients of sudden infant death caused by infections, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and borderline SIDS and in a control group of 102 living infants. Nine different point mutations were detected in the coding areas investigated: T3290C, T3308C, T3308G (three patients), A9299G (two patients), G9300A (two patients), T10034C (nine patients), A10042T, C10043T, and A10044G. An association was found between a high number of HVR-I substitutions and potentially pathogenic mtDNA point mutations in coding areas (P = 0.024, odds ratio = 1.3). The mean number of substitutions in HVR-I was 3.28 in the infectious death group, 2.63 in the borderline SIDS group, 2.58 in the SIDS group, and 2.02 in the control group (P = 0.005). In coding areas, 11.1% of the infectious death patients had a mutation, and the same was true for 9.8% of the borderline SIDS patients, 5.6% of the SIDS patients, and 2.9% of the control subjects (P = 0.21). The results indicate that increased levels of HVR-I substitutions may be an indicator of mtDNA instability. Furthermore, mtDNA mutations may play a role in some patients with sudden unexpected infant death that was unexplained or thought to be caused by infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri H Opdal
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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22
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Vives-Bauza C, Andreu AL, Manfredi G, Beal MF, Janetzky B, Gruenewald TH, Lin MT. Sequence analysis of the entire mitochondrial genome in Parkinson's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 290:1593-601. [PMID: 11820805 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is largely unknown. Indirect evidence suggests that mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) might play a role, but previous studies have not consistently associated any specific mutations with PD. However, these studies have generally been confined to limited areas of the mitochondrial genome. We therefore sequenced the entire mitochondrial genome from substantia nigra of 8 PD and 9 control subjects. Several sequence variants were distributed differently between PD and control subjects, but all were previously reported polymorphisms. Several secondary LHON mutations were found, as well as a number of novel missense mutations, but all were rare and did not differ between PD and control subjects. Finally, PD and control subjects did not differ in the total number of all mutations, nor the total number of missense mutations. Thus, mtDNA involvement in PD, if any, is likely to be complex and should be reconsidered carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristofol Vives-Bauza
- Centre d' Investigacions en Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Hospital Vall d' Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Fernández-Moreno MA, Bornstein B, Campos Y, Arenas J, Garesse R. The pathogenic role of point mutations affecting the translational initiation codon of mitochondrial genes. Mol Genet Metab 2000; 70:238-40. [PMID: 10924280 DOI: 10.1006/mgme.2000.3005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mutation T3308C results in a Met --> Thr change at the highly conserved amino acid position 1 of the mtDNA ND1 gene (M1T). To study its potential pathogenic effect we have carried out a combination of mitochondrial protein synthesis and Northern and Western analyses. Our data demonstrate that M1T mutation does not affect the efficiency of the synthesis of the ND1 polypeptide and suggest that any codon specifying methionine located close to the 5' end of mitochondrial mRNAs may be used as translational initiator.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Fernández-Moreno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Torroni A, Richards M, Macaulay V, Forster P, Villems R, Nørby S, Savontaus ML, Huoponen K, Scozzari R, Bandelt HJ. mtDNA haplogroups and frequency patterns in Europe. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 66:1173-7. [PMID: 10712231 PMCID: PMC1288155 DOI: 10.1086/302789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Torroni
- Istituto di Chimica Biologica, Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; Dipartimento di Genetica e Biologia Molecolare, Università “La Sapienza,” Rome; Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, University College London, London; Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford; McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia; Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; and Mathematisches Seminar, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg
| | - Martin Richards
- Istituto di Chimica Biologica, Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; Dipartimento di Genetica e Biologia Molecolare, Università “La Sapienza,” Rome; Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, University College London, London; Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford; McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia; Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; and Mathematisches Seminar, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg
| | - Vincent Macaulay
- Istituto di Chimica Biologica, Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; Dipartimento di Genetica e Biologia Molecolare, Università “La Sapienza,” Rome; Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, University College London, London; Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford; McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia; Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; and Mathematisches Seminar, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg
| | - Peter Forster
- Istituto di Chimica Biologica, Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; Dipartimento di Genetica e Biologia Molecolare, Università “La Sapienza,” Rome; Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, University College London, London; Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford; McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia; Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; and Mathematisches Seminar, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg
| | - Richard Villems
- Istituto di Chimica Biologica, Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; Dipartimento di Genetica e Biologia Molecolare, Università “La Sapienza,” Rome; Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, University College London, London; Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford; McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia; Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; and Mathematisches Seminar, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg
| | - Søren Nørby
- Istituto di Chimica Biologica, Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; Dipartimento di Genetica e Biologia Molecolare, Università “La Sapienza,” Rome; Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, University College London, London; Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford; McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia; Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; and Mathematisches Seminar, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg
| | - Marja-Liisa Savontaus
- Istituto di Chimica Biologica, Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; Dipartimento di Genetica e Biologia Molecolare, Università “La Sapienza,” Rome; Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, University College London, London; Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford; McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia; Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; and Mathematisches Seminar, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg
| | - Kirsi Huoponen
- Istituto di Chimica Biologica, Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; Dipartimento di Genetica e Biologia Molecolare, Università “La Sapienza,” Rome; Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, University College London, London; Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford; McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia; Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; and Mathematisches Seminar, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg
| | - Rosaria Scozzari
- Istituto di Chimica Biologica, Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; Dipartimento di Genetica e Biologia Molecolare, Università “La Sapienza,” Rome; Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, University College London, London; Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford; McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia; Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; and Mathematisches Seminar, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg
| | - Hans-Jürgen Bandelt
- Istituto di Chimica Biologica, Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; Dipartimento di Genetica e Biologia Molecolare, Università “La Sapienza,” Rome; Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, University College London, London; Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford; McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia; Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; and Mathematisches Seminar, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg
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