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Zhang Y, Yan R, Zhang X, Ma J. Disease-Associated Q159X Mutant Prion Protein Is Sufficient to Cause Fatal Degenerative Disease in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04224-2. [PMID: 38743210 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
PRNP Q160X is one of the five dominantly inheritable nonsense mutations causing familial prion diseases. Till now, it remains unclear how this type of nonsense mutations causes familial prion diseases with unique clinical and pathological characteristics. Human prion protein (PrP) Q160X mutation is equivalent to Q159X in mouse PrP, which produces the mutant fragment PrP1-158. Through intracerebroventricular injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus in newborn mice, we successfully overexpressed mouse PrP1-158-FLAG in the central nervous system. Interestingly, high level PrP1-158-FLAG expression in the brain caused death in these mice with an average survival time of 60 ± 9.1 days. Toxicity correlated with levels of PrP1-158-FLAG but was independent of endogenous PrP. Histopathological analyses showed microgliosis and astrogliosis in mouse brains expressing PrP1-158-FLAG and most of PrP1-158-FLAG staining appeared intracellular. Biochemical characterization revealed that the majority of PrP1-158-FLAG were insoluble and a significant part of PrP1-158-FLAG appeared to contain an un-cleaved signal peptide that may contribute to its cytoplasmic localization. Importantly, an ~10-kDa proteinase K-resistant PrP fragment was detected, which was the same as those observed in patients suffering from this type of prion diseases. To our knowledge, this is the first animal study of familial prion disease caused by Q159X that recapitulates key features of human disease. It will be a valuable tool for investigating the pathogenic mechanisms underlying familial prion diseases caused by nonsense mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Runchuan Yan
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiangyi Zhang
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jiyan Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China.
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2
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Firdaus Z, Li X. Unraveling the Genetic Landscape of Neurological Disorders: Insights into Pathogenesis, Techniques for Variant Identification, and Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2320. [PMID: 38396996 PMCID: PMC10889342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic abnormalities play a crucial role in the development of neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). Genetic exploration has indeed contributed to unraveling the molecular complexities responsible for the etiology and progression of various NDDs. The intricate nature of rare and common variants in NDDs contributes to a limited understanding of the genetic risk factors associated with them. Advancements in next-generation sequencing have made whole-genome sequencing and whole-exome sequencing possible, allowing the identification of rare variants with substantial effects, and improving the understanding of both Mendelian and complex neurological conditions. The resurgence of gene therapy holds the promise of targeting the etiology of diseases and ensuring a sustained correction. This approach is particularly enticing for neurodegenerative diseases, where traditional pharmacological methods have fallen short. In the context of our exploration of the genetic epidemiology of the three most prevalent NDDs-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease, our primary goal is to underscore the progress made in the development of next-generation sequencing. This progress aims to enhance our understanding of the disease mechanisms and explore gene-based therapies for NDDs. Throughout this review, we focus on genetic variations, methodologies for their identification, the associated pathophysiology, and the promising potential of gene therapy. Ultimately, our objective is to provide a comprehensive and forward-looking perspective on the emerging research arena of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeba Firdaus
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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3
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Karachanak-Yankova S, Serbezov D, Mihaylova M, Nikolova D, Balabanski L, Damyanova V, Antonova O, Staneva R, Ganev M, Spasova V, Rukova B, Nesheva D, Josifovska S, Stancheva M, Belejanska D, Petrova M, Mehrabian S, Traykov L, Hadjidekova S, Toncheva D. Detection of pathogenic variants in Alzheimer’s disease related genes in Bulgarian patients by pooled whole-exome sequencing. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2022.2155572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sena Karachanak-Yankova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University ‘St. Kliment Ohridski’, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dimitar Serbezov
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Marta Mihaylova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dragomira Nikolova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Vera Damyanova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Olga Antonova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rada Staneva
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mihail Ganev
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Victoria Spasova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Blaga Rukova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Desislava Nesheva
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Slavica Josifovska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, ‘Ss. Cyril and Methodius’ University, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Mikaela Stancheva
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University ‘St. Kliment Ohridski’, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Diana Belejanska
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital ‘Alexandrovska’, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mariya Petrova
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital ‘Alexandrovska’, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Shima Mehrabian
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital ‘Alexandrovska’, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Latchezar Traykov
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital ‘Alexandrovska’, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Savina Hadjidekova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Draga Toncheva
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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4
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Genetics, Functions, and Clinical Impact of Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810970. [PMID: 36142879 PMCID: PMC9504248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) has been verified as an important causative factor for early onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD). PSEN1 is a part of γ-secretase, and in addition to amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage, it can also affect other processes, such as Notch signaling, β-cadherin processing, and calcium metabolism. Several motifs and residues have been identified in PSEN1, which may play a significant role in γ-secretase mechanisms, such as the WNF, GxGD, and PALP motifs. More than 300 mutations have been described in PSEN1; however, the clinical phenotypes related to these mutations may be diverse. In addition to classical EOAD, patients with PSEN1 mutations regularly present with atypical phenotypic symptoms, such as spasticity, seizures, and visual impairment. In vivo and in vitro studies were performed to verify the effect of PSEN1 mutations on EOAD. The pathogenic nature of PSEN1 mutations can be categorized according to the ACMG-AMP guidelines; however, some mutations could not be categorized because they were detected only in a single case, and their presence could not be confirmed in family members. Genetic modifiers, therefore, may play a critical role in the age of disease onset and clinical phenotypes of PSEN1 mutations. This review introduces the role of PSEN1 in γ-secretase, the clinical phenotypes related to its mutations, and possible significant residues of the protein.
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Shi Q, Chen C, Xiao K, Zhou W, Gao LP, Chen DD, Wu YZ, Wang Y, Hu C, Gao C, Dong XP. Genetic Prion Disease: Insight from the Features and Experience of China National Surveillance for Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:1570-1582. [PMID: 34487324 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00764-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human genetic prion diseases (gPrDs) are directly associated with mutations and insertions in the PRNP (Prion Protein) gene. We collected and analyzed the data of 218 Chinese gPrD patients identified between Jan 2006 and June 2020. Nineteen different subtypes were identified and gPrDs accounted for 10.9% of all diagnosed PrDs within the same period. Some subtypes of gPrDs showed a degree of geographic association. The age at onset of Chinese gPrDs peaked in the 50-59 year group. Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) and fatal familial insomnia (FFI) cases usually displayed clinical symptoms earlier than genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (gCJD) patients with point mutations. A family history was more frequently recalled in P105L GSS and D178N FFI patients than T188K and E200K patients. None of the E196A gCJD patients reported a family history. The gCJD cases with point mutations always developed clinical manifestations typical of sporadic CJD (sCJD). EEG examination was not sensitive for gPrDs. sCJD-associated abnormalities on MRI were found in high proportions of GSS and gCJD patients. CSF 14-3-3 positivity was frequently detected in gCJD patients. Increased CSF tau was found in more than half of FFI and T188K gCJD cases, and an even higher proportion of E196A and E200K gCJD patients. 63.6% of P105L GSS cases showed a positive reaction in cerebrospinal fluid RT-QuIC. GSS and FFI cases had longer durations than most subtypes of gCJD. This is one of the largest studies of gPrDs in East Asians, and the illness profile of Chinese gPrDs is clearly distinct. Extremely high proportions of T188K and E196A occur among Chinese gPrDs; these mutations are rarely reported in Caucasians and Japanese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China. .,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Cao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Li-Ping Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Dong-Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yue-Zhang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Chao Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Chen Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China. .,Center for Global Public Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China. .,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, China. .,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Li XY, Cui Y, Jing D, Xie K, Zhong X, Kong Y, Wang Y, Chu M, Wang C, Wu L. Novel PSEN1 and PSEN2 Mutations Identified in Sporadic Early-onset Alzheimer Disease and Posterior Cortical Atrophy. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2021; 35:208-213. [PMID: 33973882 PMCID: PMC8386585 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Sporadic early-onset Alzheimer disease (sEOAD) and its visual variant, posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), have a disease onset at less than 65 years of age with no familial aggregation. The etiology and genetic basis of these diseases remain poorly understood. Our study aimed to identify additional mutations or variants associated with sEOAD and PCA and to further examine their genetic and phenotypic spectrums. METHODS We performed whole-exome sequencing and analyzed the clinical and neuroimaging features of mutation carriers with 29 patients having sEOAD and 25 having PCA. RESULTS Nine rare damaging variants were identified in 4 patients with sEOAD and 3 with PCA. A novel mutation (p.A136V) in PSEN1 was identified in a patient with sEOAD and a likely pathogenic variant (p.M239T) was identified for PSEN2 in a patient with PCA. In addition, 7 rare damaging variants were detected in other genes related to neurodegenerative diseases. The patient carrying the PSEN1 p.A136V mutation presented with typical clinical and imaging features of sEOAD, and the PCA patient with the PSEN2 p.M239T mutation presented with visuospatial impairment as the initial symptom. CONCLUSION Our study expands the PSEN1 mutation spectrum of sEOAD and highlights the importance of screening PSEN1 and/or PSEN2 mutations in PCA patients.
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Guven G, Samanci B, Gulec C, Hanagasi H, Gurvit H, Gokalp EE, Tepgec F, Guler S, Uyguner O, Bilgic B. A novel PSEN2 p.Ser175Phe variant in a family with Alzheimer's disease. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:2497-2504. [PMID: 33855622 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05243-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) can be either sporadic or familial, and familial forms of AD accounts for only 5% of the cases. So far, autosomal dominantly inherited mutations in "Presenilin 1" (PSEN1), "Presenilin 2" (PSEN2), and "Amyloid precursor protein" (APP) genes were associated with familial AD. Amid the others, pathogenic mutations in the PSEN2 gene are less common. In this study, we describe a novel heterozygous PSEN2 (c.524C>T, p.Ser175Phe) alteration identified in a 58-year-old Turkish patient from a family with multiple dementia cases. This variant was further present in the patient's clinically affected maternal cousin as well as in the asymptomatic mother and two maternal aunts who were carriers of the APOE ε2/ε3 genotype. The variant is located in the conserved residue of transmembrane domain III encoded by exon 6 of the major transcript. In silico protein structure analyses predicted that this variant might change the architecture of interaction between the two alpha helixes of PSEN2. We propose that p.Ser175Phe may have a pathogenic effect on protein function and may play a significant role in the molecular pathways leading to Alzheimer's disease in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Guven
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Bedia Samanci
- Behavioral Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cagri Gulec
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasmet Hanagasi
- Behavioral Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Gurvit
- Behavioral Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Erzurumluoglu Gokalp
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Fatih Tepgec
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Guler
- Neurology Clinic, Mehmet Akif Inan Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Oya Uyguner
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Basar Bilgic
- Behavioral Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Latimer CS, Lucot KL, Keene CD, Cholerton B, Montine TJ. Genetic Insights into Alzheimer's Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 16:351-376. [PMID: 33497263 PMCID: PMC8664069 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012419-032551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a pervasive, relentlessly progressive neurodegenerative disorder that includes both hereditary and sporadic forms linked by common underlying neuropathologic changes and neuropsychological manifestations. While a clinical diagnosis is often made on the basis of initial memory dysfunction that progresses to involve multiple cognitive domains, definitive diagnosis requires autopsy examination of the brain to identify amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary degeneration. Over the past 100 years, there has been remarkable progress in our understanding of the underlying pathophysiologic processes, pathologic changes, and clinical phenotypes of AD, largely because genetic pathways that include but expand beyond amyloid processing have been uncovered. This review discusses the current state of understanding of the genetics of AD with a focus on how these advances are both shaping our understanding of the disease and informing novel avenues and approaches for development of potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin S Latimer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA
| | - Katherine L Lucot
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94304, USA;
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA
| | - Brenna Cholerton
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94304, USA;
| | - Thomas J Montine
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94304, USA;
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Abbatemarco JR, Jones SE, Larvie M, Bekris LM, Khrestian ME, Krishnan K, Leverenz JB. Amyloid Precursor Protein Variant, E665D, Associated With Unique Clinical and Biomarker Phenotype. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2021; 36:1533317520981225. [PMID: 33445953 PMCID: PMC10580711 DOI: 10.1177/1533317520981225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe a clinical, imaging and biomarker phenotype associated with an amyloid precursor gene (APP) E665D variant in a 45-year-old man with progressive cognitive and behavioral dysfunction. Brain MRI showed bilateral, confluent T2 hyperintensities predominantly in the anterior white matter. Amyloid imaging and CSF testing were consistent with amyloid deposition. 7 Tesla MRI revealed cerebral microhemorrhages suggestive of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Contrary to previous reports, this case raises the possibility that the APP E665D genetic change may be pathogenic, particularly given the abnormal Alzheimer's disease biomarkers observed in the cerebrospinal fluid, positive amyloid imaging and imaging evidence for CAA in a relatively young patient with progressive cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R. Abbatemarco
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Stephen E. Jones
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Imaging Sciences, Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mykol Larvie
- Imaging Sciences, Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lynn M. Bekris
- Lerner Research Institute, Genomics Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Maria E. Khrestian
- Lerner Research Institute, Genomics Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kamini Krishnan
- Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - James B. Leverenz
- Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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10
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Cellular Prion Protein (PrPc): Putative Interacting Partners and Consequences of the Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197058. [PMID: 32992764 PMCID: PMC7583789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrPc) is a small glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored protein most abundantly found in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane (PM) in the central nervous system (CNS). PrPc misfolding causes neurodegenerative prion diseases in the CNS. PrPc interacts with a wide range of protein partners because of the intrinsically disordered nature of the protein’s N-terminus. Numerous studies have attempted to decipher the physiological role of the prion protein by searching for proteins which interact with PrPc. Biochemical characteristics and biological functions both appear to be affected by interacting protein partners. The key challenge in identifying a potential interacting partner is to demonstrate that binding to a specific ligand is necessary for cellular physiological function or malfunction. In this review, we have summarized the intracellular and extracellular interacting partners of PrPc and potential consequences of their binding. We also briefly describe prion disease-related mutations at the end of this review.
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11
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Qiu Q, Shen L, Jia L, Wang Q, Li F, Li Y, Jia J. A Novel PSEN1 M139L Mutation Found in a Chinese Pedigree with Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease Increases Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 69:199-212. [PMID: 30958370 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Presenilin1 (PSEN1) is the most common gene related to familial Alzheimer's disease (AD). Only several mutation types from Chinese have been reported, with less biological function research conducted. OBJECTIVES We explore the pathological function of PSEN1 M139L, a mutation located at α-helix of PSEN1 transmembrane 2, using predictive programs and in vitro study and compare its effects on Aβ production to those of an artificial PSEN1 S141G located at non α-helix mutation face. METHODS APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 genes were screened for mutations using Sanger sequencing in the DNA samples of the proband and additional available family members. Disease-mutation cosegregation analysis and three software programs were performed to predict the mutation's pathogenicity. In vitro, we investigated the impact of these mutations on Aβ production in HEK293-APPswe cells using lentiviral vectors harboring PSEN1 WT, PSEN1 M139L, the positive control (PSEN1 M139V) and the non α-helical mutation (PSEN1 S141G). In addition, we co-transfected PSEN1 and tau into cells to determine the mutations' impact on tau phosphorylation. RESULTS PSEN1 M139L mutation was discovered in the index patient and four affected siblings. Cosegregation analysis and silicon prediction suggested the mutation was probably disease causing. In vitro studies demonstrated that both PSEN1 M139L and PSEN1 S141G caused elevated ratios of Aβ42/Aβ40, but changes of tau phosphorylation were not detected. CONCLUSION The novel PSEN1 M139L mutation found in familial AD increases the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio significantly. Mutations at non α-helical mutation face of PSEN1 TM2 can affect Aβ production and the region may play a key role in PSEN1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongqiong Qiu
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China
| | - Luxi Shen
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China
| | - Longfei Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, P.R. Beijing, China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, P.R. Beijing, China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fangyu Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, P.R. Beijing, China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, P.R. Beijing, China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, P.R. Beijing, China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China
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12
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Kabir MT, Uddin MS, Setu JR, Ashraf GM, Bin-Jumah MN, Abdel-Daim MM. Exploring the Role of PSEN Mutations in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:833-849. [PMID: 32556937 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Mutations of presenilin (PSEN) genes that encode presenilin proteins have been found as the vital causal factors for early-onset familial AD (FAD). AD pathological features such as memory loss, synaptic dysfunction, and formation of plaques have been successfully mimicked in the transgenic mouse models that coexpress FAD-related presenilin and amyloid precursor protein (APP) variants. γ-Secretase (GS) is an enzyme that plays roles in catalyzing intramembranous APP proteolysis to release pathogenic amyloid beta (Aβ). It has been found that presenilins can play a role as the GS's catalytic subunit. FAD-related mutations in presenilins can modify the site of GS cleavage in a way that can elevate the production of longer and highly fibrillogenic Aβ. Presenilins can interact with β-catenin to generate presenilin complexes. Aforesaid interactions have also been studied to observe the mutational and physiological activities in the catenin signal transduction pathway. Along with APP, GS can catalyze intramembrane proteolysis of various substrates that play a vital role in synaptic function. PSEN mutations can cause FAD with autosomal dominant inheritance and early onset of the disease. In this article, we have reviewed the current progress in the analysis of PSENs and the correlation of PSEN mutations and AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. .,Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | | | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - May N Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11474, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
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13
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Minikel EV, Karczewski KJ, Martin HC, Cummings BB, Whiffin N, Rhodes D, Alföldi J, Trembath RC, van Heel DA, Daly MJ, Schreiber SL, MacArthur DG. Evaluating drug targets through human loss-of-function genetic variation. Nature 2020; 581:459-464. [PMID: 32461653 PMCID: PMC7272226 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring human genetic variants that are predicted to inactivate protein-coding genes provide an in vivo model of human gene inactivation that complements knockout studies in cells and model organisms. Here we report three key findings regarding the assessment of candidate drug targets using human loss-of-function variants. First, even essential genes, in which loss-of-function variants are not tolerated, can be highly successful as targets of inhibitory drugs. Second, in most genes, loss-of-function variants are sufficiently rare that genotype-based ascertainment of homozygous or compound heterozygous 'knockout' humans will await sample sizes that are approximately 1,000 times those presently available, unless recruitment focuses on consanguineous individuals. Third, automated variant annotation and filtering are powerful, but manual curation remains crucial for removing artefacts, and is a prerequisite for recall-by-genotype efforts. Our results provide a roadmap for human knockout studies and should guide the interpretation of loss-of-function variants in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Vallabh Minikel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Prion Alliance, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Konrad J Karczewski
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Beryl B Cummings
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicola Whiffin
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- National Heart and Lung Institute and MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Rhodes
- Centre for Translational Bioinformatics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jessica Alföldi
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard C Trembath
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David A van Heel
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mark J Daly
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel G MacArthur
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Centre for Population Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- Centre for Population Genomics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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14
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A novel mutation in PSEN1 (p.T119I) in an Argentine family with early- and late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 85:155.e9-155.e12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Jiang H, Jayadev S, Lardelli M, Newman M. A Review of the Familial Alzheimer's Disease Locus PRESENILIN 2 and Its Relationship to PRESENILIN 1. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 66:1323-1339. [PMID: 30412492 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PRESENILIN 1 (PSEN1) and PRESENILIN 2 (PSEN2) genes are loci for mutations causing familial Alzheimer's disease (fAD). However, the function of these genes and how they contribute to fAD pathogenesis has not been fully determined. This review provides a summary of the overlapping and independent functions of the PRESENILINS with a focus on the lesser studied PSEN2. As a core component of the γ-secretase complex, the PSEN2 protein is involved in many γ-secretase-related physiological activities, including innate immunity, Notch signaling, autophagy, and mitochondrial function. These physiological activities have all been associated with AD progression, indicating that PSEN2 plays a particular role in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowei Jiang
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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16
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Barbosa Do Prado L, Han C, Oh SP, Su H. Recent Advances in Basic Research for Brain Arteriovenous Malformation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215324. [PMID: 31731545 PMCID: PMC6862668 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are abnormal connections of vessels that shunt blood directly from arteries into veins. Rupture of brain AVMs (bAVMs) can cause life-threatening intracranial bleeding. Even though the majority of bAVM cases are sporadic without a family history, some cases are familial. Most of the familial cases of bAVMs are associated with a genetic disorder called hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). The mechanism of bAVM formation is not fully understood. The most important advances in bAVM basic science research is the identification of somatic mutations of genes in RAS-MAPK pathways. However, the mechanisms by which mutations of these genes lead to AVM formation are largely unknown. In this review, we summarized the latest advance in bAVM studies and discussed some pathways that play important roles in bAVM pathogenesis. We also discussed the therapeutic implications of these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Barbosa Do Prado
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - Chul Han
- Barrow Aneurysm & AVM Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute/Dignity Health, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (C.H.); (S.P.O.)
| | - S. Paul Oh
- Barrow Aneurysm & AVM Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute/Dignity Health, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (C.H.); (S.P.O.)
| | - Hua Su
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +01-415-206-3162
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17
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Cai T, Morishima K, Takagi-Niidome S, Tominaga A, Tomita T. Conformational Dynamics of Transmembrane Domain 3 of Presenilin 1 Is Associated with the Trimming Activity of γ-Secretase. J Neurosci 2019; 39:8600-8610. [PMID: 31527118 PMCID: PMC6807281 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0838-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase is an intramembrane-cleaving protease that generates the toxic species of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) that is responsible for the pathology of Alzheimer disease. The catalytic subunit of γ-secretase is presenilin 1 (PS1), which is a polytopic membrane protein with a hydrophilic catalytic pore. The length of the C terminus of Aβ is proteolytically determined by its processive trimming by γ-secretase, although the precise mechanism still remains largely unknown. Here, we identified that transmembrane domain (TMD) 3 of human PS1 is involved in the formation of the intramembranous hydrophilic pore. Notably, the water accessibility of TMD3 was greatly altered by point mutations and compounds, which modify γ-secretase activity. The changes in the water accessibility of TMD3 was also correlated with Aβ42 production. Moreover, crosslinking between TMD3 and TMD7 resulted in a loss of sensitivity to a γ-secretase modulator that reduces Aβ42 production. Therefore, our findings indicate that the conformational dynamics of TMD3 is a prerequisite for regulation of the Aβ trimming activity of γ-secretase.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Modulation of γ-secretase activity to reduce the level of toxic amyloid-β species is thought to be a therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer disease. However, the detailed mechanism of the regulation of amyloid-β production, as well as the structure-and-activity relationship of γ-secretase remains unclear. Here we identified that the water accessibility around transmembrane domain 3 in presenilin 1 was increased along with a reduction in toxic amyloid-β production. Our findings demonstrate how the structure of presenilin 1 dynamically changes during amyloid-β production, and provides insights toward the development of treatments against Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Cai
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and
| | - Kanan Morishima
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shizuka Takagi-Niidome
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and
| | - Aya Tominaga
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and
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18
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Dehury B, Tang N, Kepp KP. Insights into membrane-bound presenilin 2 from all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:3196-3210. [PMID: 31405326 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1655481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Presenilins 1 and 2 (PS1 or PS2) are main genetic risk factors of familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) that produce the β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides and also have important stand-alone functions related to, e.g. calcium signaling. Most work so far has focused on PS1, but humans carry both PS1 and PS2, and mutations in both cause AD. Here, we develop a computational model of PS2 in the membrane to address the question how pathogenic PS2 mutations affect the membrane-embedded protein. The models are based on cryo-electron microscopy structures of PS1 translated to PS2, augmented with missing residues and a complete all-atom membrane-water system, and equilibrated using three independent 500-ns simulations of molecular dynamics with a structure-balanced force field. We show that the nine-transmembrane channel structure is substantially controlled by major dynamics in the hydrophilic loop bridging TM6 and TM7, which functions as a 'plug' in the PS2 membrane channel. TM2, TM6, TM7 and TM9 flexibility controls the size of this channel. We find that most pathogenic PS2 mutations significantly reduce stability relative to random mutations, using a statistical ANOVA test with all possible mutations in the affected sites as a control. The associated loss of compactness may also impair calcium affinity. Remarkably, similar properties of the open state are known to impair the binding of substrates to γ-secretase, and we thus argue that the two mechanisms could be functionally related.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Budheswar Dehury
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ning Tang
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kasper P Kepp
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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19
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Bernardi L, Bruni AC. Mutations in Prion Protein Gene: Pathogenic Mechanisms in C-Terminal vs. N-Terminal Domain, a Review. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3606. [PMID: 31340582 PMCID: PMC6678283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited mutations in the Prion protein (PrP), encoded by the PRNP gene, have been associated with autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorders, such as Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD), Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS), and Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI). Notably, PRNP mutations have also been described in clinical pictures resembling other neurodegenerative diseases, such as frontotemporal dementia. Regarding the pathogenesis, it has been observed that these point mutations are located in the C-terminal region of the PRNP gene and, currently, the potential significance of the N-terminal domain has largely been underestimated. The purpose of this report is to review and provide current insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of PRNP mutations, emphasizing the differences between the C- and N-terminal regions and focusing, in particular, on the lesser-known flexible N-terminal, for which recent biophysical evidence has revealed a physical interaction with the globular C-terminal domain of the cellular prion protein (PrPC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Bernardi
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre, ASP Catanzaro, 88046 Lamezia Terme (CZ), Italy
| | - Amalia C Bruni
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre, ASP Catanzaro, 88046 Lamezia Terme (CZ), Italy.
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20
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Jo H, Kim M, Park S, Park JE, Cho SH, Kim SJ, Jang H, Jung YH, Kim J, Na DL, Seo SW, Cho JW, Kim HJ. Dopa Responsive Parkinsonism in an Early Onset Alzheimer's Disease Patient with a Presenilin 1 Mutation (A434T). J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 71:7-13. [PMID: 31322578 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease patients with presenilin 1 (PSEN1) mutations commonly show parkinsonism in addition to dementia. Yet, whether these patients show dopaminergic deficit and response to L-dopa is largely unknown. We report a 43-year-old woman with a PSEN1 mutation (A434T) who showed right side dominant parkinsonism. As disease progressed, she developed bilateral parkinsonism which was markedly relieved by L-dopa. Amyloid (Florbetaben) positron-emission tomography (PET) showed cortical florbetaben uptake, relatively sparing the striatum. Initial dopamine transporter (FP-CIT) PET showed asymmetrically decreased FP-CIT uptake in the left striatum. We suggest that in Alzheimer's disease patients with PSEN1 mutation, parkinsonism may be relieved by L-dopa when it is associated with presynaptic dopaminergic deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Jo
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minkyeong Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seongbeom Park
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Eun Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Cho
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seung Joo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Hyemin Jang
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Hee Jung
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junpyo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Duk L Na
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Won Seo
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Whan Cho
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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21
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Bi C, Bi S, Li B. Processing of Mutant β-Amyloid Precursor Protein and the Clinicopathological Features of Familial Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2019; 10:383-403. [PMID: 31011484 PMCID: PMC6457050 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex, multifactorial disease involving many pathological mechanisms. Nonetheless, single pathogenic mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP) or presenilin 1 or 2 can cause AD with almost all of the clinical and neuropathological features, and therefore, we believe an important mechanism of pathogenesis in AD could be revealed from examining pathogenic APP missense mutations. A comprehensive review of the literature, including clinical, neuropathological, cellular and animal model data, was conducted through PubMed and the databases of Alzforum mutations, HGMD, UniProt, and AD&FTDMDB. Pearson correlation analysis combining the clinical and neuropathological data and aspects of mutant APP processing in cellular models was performed. We find that an increase in Aβ42 has a significant positive correlation with the appearance of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and tends to cause an earlier age of AD onset, while an increase in Aβ40 significantly increases the age at death. The increase in the α-carboxyl terminal fragment (CTF) has a significantly negative correlation with the age of AD onset, and β-CTF has a similar effect without statistical significance. Animal models show that intracellular Aβ is critical for memory defects. Based on these results and the fact that amyloid plaque burden correlates much less well with cognitive impairment than do NFT counts, we propose a "snowball hypothesis": the accumulation of intraneuronal NFTs caused by extracellular Aβ42 and the increase in intraneuronal APP proteolytic products (CTFs and Aβs) could cause cellular organelle stress that leads to neurodegeneration in AD, which then resembles the formation of abnormal protein "snowballs" both inside and outside of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bi
- Washington Institute for Health Sciences, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | - Stephanie Bi
- Washington Institute for Health Sciences, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Washington Institute for Health Sciences, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20057, USA
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22
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Nikolac Perkovic M, Pivac N. Genetic Markers of Alzheimer's Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1192:27-52. [PMID: 31705489 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9721-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a complex and heterogeneous, severe neurodegenerative disorder and the predominant form of dementia, characterized by cognitive disturbances, behavioral and psychotic symptoms, progressive cognitive decline, disorientation, behavioral changes, and death. Genetic background of Alzheimer's disease differs between early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease, other cases of early-onset Alzheimer's disease, and late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Rare cases of early-onset familial Alzheimer's diseases are caused by high-penetrant mutations in genes coding for amyloid precursor protein, presenilin 1, and presenilin 2. Late-onset Alzheimer's disease is multifactorial and associated with many different genetic risk loci (>20), with the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele being a major genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Genetic and genomic studies offer insight into many additional genetic risk loci involved in the genetically complex nature of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. This review highlights the contributions of individual loci to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and suggests that their exact contribution is still not clear. Therefore, the use of genetic markers of Alzheimer's disease, for monitoring development, time course, treatment response, and prognosis of Alzheimer's disease, is still far away from the clinical application, because the contribution of genetic variations to the relative risk of developing Alzheimer's disease is limited. In the light of prediction and prevention of Alzheimer's disease, a novel approach could be found in the form of additive genetic risk scores, which combine additive effects of numerous susceptibility loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matea Nikolac Perkovic
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Nela Pivac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia.
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23
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Karch CM, Hernández D, Wang JC, Marsh J, Hewitt AW, Hsu S, Norton J, Levitch D, Donahue T, Sigurdson W, Ghetti B, Farlow M, Chhatwal J, Berman S, Cruchaga C, Morris JC, Bateman RJ, Pébay A, Goate AM. Human fibroblast and stem cell resource from the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network. Alzheimers Res Ther 2018; 10:69. [PMID: 30045758 PMCID: PMC6060509 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-018-0400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1) and presenilin 2 (PSEN2) cause autosomal dominant forms of Alzheimer disease (ADAD). More than 280 pathogenic mutations have been reported in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2. However, understanding of the basic biological mechanisms that drive the disease are limited. The Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN) is an international observational study of APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 mutation carriers with the goal of determining the sequence of changes in presymptomatic mutation carriers who are destined to develop Alzheimer disease. RESULTS We generated a library of 98 dermal fibroblast lines from 42 ADAD families enrolled in DIAN. We have reprogrammed a subset of the DIAN fibroblast lines into patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines. These cells were thoroughly characterized for pluripotency markers. CONCLUSIONS This library represents a comprehensive resource that can be used for disease modeling and the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste M. Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8134, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Damián Hernández
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Jen-Chyong Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Jacob Marsh
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8134, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Alex W. Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- School of Medicine, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Simon Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8134, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Joanne Norton
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8134, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Denise Levitch
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Tamara Donahue
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Wendy Sigurdson
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS A 142, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Martin Farlow
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS A 142, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Jasmeer Chhatwal
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Sarah Berman
- Alzheimer Disease Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4-West Montefiore University Hospital, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8134, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - John C. Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Randall J. Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN)
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8134, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029 USA
- School of Medicine, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS A 142, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS A 142, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
- Alzheimer Disease Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4-West Montefiore University Hospital, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Alice Pébay
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Alison M. Goate
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029 USA
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24
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Ren Y, Reddy JS, Pottier C, Sarangi V, Tian S, Sinnwell JP, McDonnell SK, Biernacka JM, Carrasquillo MM, Ross OA, Ertekin-Taner N, Rademakers R, Hudson M, Mainzer LS, Asmann YW. Identification of missing variants by combining multiple analytic pipelines. BMC Bioinformatics 2018; 19:139. [PMID: 29661148 PMCID: PMC5902939 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-018-2151-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background After decades of identifying risk factors using array-based genome-wide association studies (GWAS), genetic research of complex diseases has shifted to sequencing-based rare variants discovery. This requires large sample sizes for statistical power and has brought up questions about whether the current variant calling practices are adequate for large cohorts. It is well-known that there are discrepancies between variants called by different pipelines, and that using a single pipeline always misses true variants exclusively identifiable by other pipelines. Nonetheless, it is common practice today to call variants by one pipeline due to computational cost and assume that false negative calls are a small percent of total. Results We analyzed 10,000 exomes from the Alzheimer’s Disease Sequencing Project (ADSP) using multiple analytic pipelines consisting of different read aligners and variant calling strategies. We compared variants identified by using two aligners in 50,100, 200, 500, 1000, and 1952 samples; and compared variants identified by adding single-sample genotyping to the default multi-sample joint genotyping in 50,100, 500, 2000, 5000 and 10,000 samples. We found that using a single pipeline missed increasing numbers of high-quality variants correlated with sample sizes. By combining two read aligners and two variant calling strategies, we rescued 30% of pass-QC variants at sample size of 2000, and 56% at 10,000 samples. The rescued variants had higher proportions of low frequency (minor allele frequency [MAF] 1–5%) and rare (MAF < 1%) variants, which are the very type of variants of interest. In 660 Alzheimer’s disease cases with earlier onset ages of ≤65, 4 out of 13 (31%) previously-published rare pathogenic and protective mutations in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 genes were undetected by the default one-pipeline approach but recovered by the multi-pipeline approach. Conclusions Identification of the complete variant set from sequencing data is the prerequisite of genetic association analyses. The current analytic practice of calling genetic variants from sequencing data using a single bioinformatics pipeline is no longer adequate with the increasingly large projects. The number and percentage of quality variants that passed quality filters but are missed by the one-pipeline approach rapidly increased with sample size. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12859-018-2151-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Ren
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Joseph S Reddy
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Cyril Pottier
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Vivekananda Sarangi
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Shulan Tian
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jason P Sinnwell
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Shannon K McDonnell
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Joanna M Biernacka
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | | | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.,Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Matthew Hudson
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Carver Biotechnology Center and Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Liudmila Sergeevna Mainzer
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yan W Asmann
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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25
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Fong JC, Rojas JC, Bang J, Legati A, Rankin KP, Forner S, Miller ZA, Karydas AM, Coppola G, Grouse CK, Ralph J, Miller BL, Geschwind MD. Genetic Prion Disease Caused by PRNP Q160X Mutation Presenting with an Orbitofrontal Syndrome, Cyclic Diarrhea, and Peripheral Neuropathy. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 55:249-258. [PMID: 27716661 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Patients with pathogenic truncating mutations in the prion gene (PRNP) usually present with prolonged disease courses with severe neurofibrillary tangle and cerebral amyloidosis pathology, but more atypical phenotypes also occur, including those with dysautonomia and peripheral neuropathy. We describe the neurological, cognitive, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological features of a 31-year-old man presenting with an orbitofrontal syndrome, gastrointestinal symptoms, and peripheral neuropathy associated with PRNP Q160X nonsense mutation, with symptom onset at age 27. The mutation was also detected in his asymptomatic father and a symptomatic paternal cousin; several members of prior generations died from early onset dementia. This is the first report of a family affected with the nonsense PRNP mutation Q160X displaying clear autosomal dominant disease in multiple family members and reduced penetrance. This case strengthens the evidence suggesting an association between PRNP truncating mutations and prion systemic amyloidosis. PRNP gene testing should be considered in any patient with atypical dementia, especially with early onset and neuropathy, even in the absence of a family history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie C Fong
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julio C Rojas
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jee Bang
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Legati
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katherine P Rankin
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sven Forner
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zachary A Miller
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anna M Karydas
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carrie K Grouse
- Department of Neurology, Spine & Nerve EMG Unit, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Ralph
- Department of Neurology, Spine & Nerve EMG Unit, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael D Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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26
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Molinuevo JL, Minguillon C, Rami L, Gispert JD. The Rationale Behind the New Alzheimer's Disease Conceptualization: Lessons Learned During the Last Decades. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 62:1067-1077. [PMID: 29562531 PMCID: PMC5869992 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, progress in neuroimaging techniques and cerebrospinal fluid assays has enabled the characterization of several Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers. This knowledge has shifted the conceptualization of AD from a clinical-pathological construct, where its diagnosis required the presence of dementia with distinct pathologic features, toward a clinical-biological one that recognizes AD as a pathological continuum with a clinical picture that ranges from normal cognition to a dementia stage. Specifically, AD is now divided into three stages: preclinical (abnormal biomarkers and no or only subtle cognitive impairment), mild cognitive impairment or prodromal AD (abnormal pathophysiological biomarkers and episodic memory impairment), and dementia (abnormal biomarkers and clear cognitive and functional impairment). The possibility of assessing AD pathophysiology in vivo before the onset of clinical symptoms in the preclinical stage provides the unprecedented opportunity to intervene at earlier stages of the continuum in secondary prevention trials. Currently, large cohort studies of cognitively healthy participants are undergoing with the main aim of disentangling the natural history of AD to identify individuals with an increased risk of developing AD in the near future to be recruited in these clinical trials. In this paper, we review how the concept of AD has changed over the years as well as discuss the implications of this conceptual change.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Molinuevo
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Minguillon
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Rami
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Domingo Gispert
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
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27
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Bagyinszky E, Giau VV, Youn YC, An SSA, Kim S. Characterization of mutations in PRNP (prion) gene and their possible roles in neurodegenerative diseases. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:2067-2085. [PMID: 30147320 PMCID: PMC6097508 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s165445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal prion proteins are responsible for several fatal neurodegenerative diseases in humans and in animals, including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease, and fatal familial insomnia. Genetics is important in prion diseases, but in the most cases, cause of diseases remained unknown. Several mutations were found to be causative for prion disorders, and the effect of mutations may be heterogeneous. In addition, different prion mutations were suggested to play a possible role in additional phenotypes, such as Alzheimer's type pathology, spongiform encephalopathy, or frontotemporal dementia. Pathogenic nature of several prion mutations remained unclear, such as M129V and E219K. These two polymorphic sites were suggested as either risk factors for different disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), variant CJD, or protease-sensitive prionopathy, and they can also be disease-modifying factors. Pathological overlap may also be possible with AD or progressive dementia, and several patients with prion mutations were initially diagnosed with AD. This review also introduces briefly the diagnosis of prion diseases and the issues with their diagnosis. Since prion diseases have quite heterogeneous phenotypes, a complex analysis, a combination of genetic screening, cerebrospinal fluid biomarker analysis and imaging technologies could improve the early disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea,
| | - Vo Van Giau
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea,
| | - Young Chul Youn
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea,
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine & Neurocognitive Behavior Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
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28
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Shi Q, Zhou W, Chen C, Xiao K, Wang Y, Gao C, Dong XP. Rare genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with T188K mutation: analysis of clinical, genetic and laboratory features of30 Chinese patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2017; 88:889-890. [PMID: 28314738 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2016-314868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shi
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou), Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou), Beijing, China
| | - Cao Chen
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou), Beijing, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou), Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou), Beijing, China
| | - Chen Gao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou), Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou), Beijing, China
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29
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Lanoiselée HM, Nicolas G, Wallon D, Rovelet-Lecrux A, Lacour M, Rousseau S, Richard AC, Pasquier F, Rollin-Sillaire A, Martinaud O, Quillard-Muraine M, de la Sayette V, Boutoleau-Bretonniere C, Etcharry-Bouyx F, Chauviré V, Sarazin M, le Ber I, Epelbaum S, Jonveaux T, Rouaud O, Ceccaldi M, Félician O, Godefroy O, Formaglio M, Croisile B, Auriacombe S, Chamard L, Vincent JL, Sauvée M, Marelli-Tosi C, Gabelle A, Ozsancak C, Pariente J, Paquet C, Hannequin D, Campion D. APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 mutations in early-onset Alzheimer disease: A genetic screening study of familial and sporadic cases. PLoS Med 2017; 14:e1002270. [PMID: 28350801 PMCID: PMC5370101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloid protein precursor (APP), presenilin-1 (PSEN1), and presenilin-2 (PSEN2) mutations cause autosomal dominant forms of early-onset Alzheimer disease (AD-EOAD). Although these genes were identified in the 1990s, variant classification remains a challenge, highlighting the need to colligate mutations from large series. METHODS AND FINDINGS We report here a novel update (2012-2016) of the genetic screening of the large AD-EOAD series ascertained across 28 French hospitals from 1993 onwards, bringing the total number of families with identified mutations to n = 170. Families were included when at least two first-degree relatives suffered from early-onset Alzheimer disease (EOAD) with an age of onset (AOO) ≤65 y in two generations. Furthermore, we also screened 129 sporadic cases of Alzheimer disease with an AOO below age 51 (44% males, mean AOO = 45 ± 2 y). APP, PSEN1, or PSEN2 mutations were identified in 53 novel AD-EOAD families. Of the 129 sporadic cases screened, 17 carried a PSEN1 mutation and 1 carried an APP duplication (13%). Parental DNA was available for 10 sporadic mutation carriers, allowing us to show that the mutation had occurred de novo in each case. Thirteen mutations (12 in PSEN1 and 1 in PSEN2) identified either in familial or in sporadic cases were previously unreported. Of the 53 mutation carriers with available cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, 46 (87%) had all three CSF biomarkers-total tau protein (Tau), phospho-tau protein (P-Tau), and amyloid β (Aβ)42-in abnormal ranges. No mutation carrier had the three biomarkers in normal ranges. One limitation of this study is the absence of functional assessment of the possibly and probably pathogenic variants, which should help their classification. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that a nonnegligible fraction of PSEN1 mutations occurs de novo, which is of high importance for genetic counseling, as PSEN1 mutational screening is currently performed in familial cases only. Among the 90 distinct mutations found in the whole sample of families and isolated cases, definite pathogenicity is currently established for only 77%, emphasizing the need to pursue the effort to classify variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène-Marie Lanoiselée
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
- Department of Neurology, Orleans Regional Hospital, Orleans, France
| | - Gaël Nicolas
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - David Wallon
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Anne Rovelet-Lecrux
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Morgane Lacour
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Stéphane Rousseau
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Anne-Claire Richard
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Florence Pasquier
- Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
- Inserm UMR-S 1171, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Adeline Rollin-Sillaire
- Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
- Inserm UMR-S 1171, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Olivier Martinaud
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Valérie Chauviré
- Department of Neurology, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Marie Sarazin
- Department of Neurology, Saint Anne University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle le Ber
- CNR-MAJ, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; and ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC-P6 UMR S 1127 - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Epelbaum
- CNR-MAJ, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; and ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC-P6 UMR S 1127 - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Thérèse Jonveaux
- Department of Neurology, Nancy University Hospital, Nancy, France
| | - Olivier Rouaud
- Department of Neurology, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Mathieu Ceccaldi
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France; AP-HM, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, CHU Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Félician
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France; AP-HM, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, CHU Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Godefroy
- Department of Neurology, Amiens University Hospital Center, Amiens, France
| | - Maite Formaglio
- Department of Neurology and CMRR Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Bernard Croisile
- Department of Neurology and CMRR Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Auriacombe
- Department of Neurology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ludivine Chamard
- Department of Neurology, Besançon University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | | | - Mathilde Sauvée
- Department of Neurology, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Audrey Gabelle
- Department of Neurology, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Canan Ozsancak
- Department of Neurology, Orleans Regional Hospital, Orleans, France
| | - Jérémie Pariente
- Department of Neurology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Paquet
- CMRR Paris Nord AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, INSERM, U942, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 942, Paris, France
| | - Didier Hannequin
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Dominique Campion
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
- Department of Research, Centre Hospitalier du Rouvray, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
- * E-mail:
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Cai Y, Bagyinszky E, An SSA, Kim SY. In silico modeling of pathogenic or possibly pathogenic point mutations in PSEN2. Mol Cell Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-016-0050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Yu Y, Yu Z, Zheng Z, Wang H, Wu X, Guo C, Lin D. Distinct effects of mutations on biophysical properties of human prion protein monomers and oligomers. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:1016-1025. [PMID: 27649893 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmw094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are a group of fatal neurodegenerative illnesses, resulting from the conformational conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into a misfolded form (PrPSc). The formation of neurotoxic soluble prion protein oligomer (PrPO) is regarded as a key step in the development of prion diseases. About 10%-15% of human prion diseases are caused by mutations in the prion protein gene; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In the present work, we compared the biophysical properties of wild-type (WT) human prion protein 91-231 (WT HuPrP91-231) and its disease-associated variants (P105L, D178N, V203I, and Q212P) using several biophysical techniques. In comparison with WT HuPrPC, the Q212P and D178N variants possessed greatly increased conversion propensities of PrPC into PrPO, while the V203I variant had dramatically decreased conversion propensity. The P105L variant displayed a similar conversion propensity to WT HuPrPC Guanidine hydrochloride-induced unfolding experiments ranked the thermodynamic stabilities of these proteins as Q212P < D178N < WT ≈ P105L < V203I. It was thus suggested that the conversion propensities of the prion proteins are closely associated with their thermodynamic stabilities. Furthermore, structural comparison illustrated that Q212P, D178N, and V203I variants underwent larger structural changes compared with WT HuPrPC, while the P105L variant adopted a similar structure to the WT HuPrPC The mutation-induced structural perturbations might change the thermodynamic stabilities of the HuPrPC variants, and correspondingly alter the conversion propensities for these prion proteins. Our results extend the mechanistic understanding of prion pathogenesis, and lay the basis for the prevention and treatment of prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhui Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ziyao Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhen Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Huilin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xueji Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chenyun Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Donghai Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Minikel EV, Vallabh SM, Lek M, Estrada K, Samocha KE, Sathirapongsasuti JF, McLean CY, Tung JY, Yu LPC, Gambetti P, Blevins J, Zhang S, Cohen Y, Chen W, Yamada M, Hamaguchi T, Sanjo N, Mizusawa H, Nakamura Y, Kitamoto T, Collins SJ, Boyd A, Will RG, Knight R, Ponto C, Zerr I, Kraus TFJ, Eigenbrod S, Giese A, Calero M, de Pedro-Cuesta J, Haïk S, Laplanche JL, Bouaziz-Amar E, Brandel JP, Capellari S, Parchi P, Poleggi A, Ladogana A, O'Donnell-Luria AH, Karczewski KJ, Marshall JL, Boehnke M, Laakso M, Mohlke KL, Kähler A, Chambert K, McCarroll S, Sullivan PF, Hultman CM, Purcell SM, Sklar P, van der Lee SJ, Rozemuller A, Jansen C, Hofman A, Kraaij R, van Rooij JGJ, Ikram MA, Uitterlinden AG, van Duijn CM, Daly MJ, MacArthur DG. Quantifying prion disease penetrance using large population control cohorts. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:322ra9. [PMID: 26791950 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad5169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
More than 100,000 genetic variants are reported to cause Mendelian disease in humans, but the penetrance-the probability that a carrier of the purported disease-causing genotype will indeed develop the disease-is generally unknown. We assess the impact of variants in the prion protein gene (PRNP) on the risk of prion disease by analyzing 16,025 prion disease cases, 60,706 population control exomes, and 531,575 individuals genotyped by 23andMe Inc. We show that missense variants in PRNP previously reported to be pathogenic are at least 30 times more common in the population than expected on the basis of genetic prion disease prevalence. Although some of this excess can be attributed to benign variants falsely assigned as pathogenic, other variants have genuine effects on disease susceptibility but confer lifetime risks ranging from <0.1 to ~100%. We also show that truncating variants in PRNP have position-dependent effects, with true loss-of-function alleles found in healthy older individuals, a finding that supports the safety of therapeutic suppression of prion protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Vallabh Minikel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Prion Alliance, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Sonia M Vallabh
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Prion Alliance, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Monkol Lek
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Karol Estrada
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kaitlin E Samocha
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Cory Y McLean
- Research, 23andMe Inc., Mountain View, CA 94041, USA
| | - Joyce Y Tung
- Research, 23andMe Inc., Mountain View, CA 94041, USA
| | - Linda P C Yu
- Research, 23andMe Inc., Mountain View, CA 94041, USA
| | - Pierluigi Gambetti
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Janis Blevins
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Shulin Zhang
- University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Yvonne Cohen
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Masahito Yamada
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hamaguchi
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Nobuo Sanjo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Mizusawa
- National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Yosikazu Nakamura
- Department of Public Health, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Steven J Collins
- Australian National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Registry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alison Boyd
- Australian National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Registry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Robert G Will
- National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Research & Surveillance Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Richard Knight
- National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Research & Surveillance Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Claudia Ponto
- National Reference Center for the Surveillance of Human Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Georg-August-University, Goettingen 37073, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- National Reference Center for the Surveillance of Human Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Georg-August-University, Goettingen 37073, Germany
| | - Theo F J Kraus
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research (ZNP), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Sabina Eigenbrod
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research (ZNP), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Armin Giese
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research (ZNP), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Miguel Calero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - Jesús de Pedro-Cuesta
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - Stéphane Haïk
- INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, Pierre and Marie Curie University Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, 75013 Paris, France. Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Laplanche
- AP-HP, Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Elodie Bouaziz-Amar
- AP-HP, Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Brandel
- INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, Pierre and Marie Curie University Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, 75013 Paris, France. Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Sabina Capellari
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna 40123, Italy. Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Piero Parchi
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna 40123, Italy. Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Anna Poleggi
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Anna Ladogana
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Anne H O'Donnell-Luria
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Konrad J Karczewski
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jamie L Marshall
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Anna Kähler
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Kimberly Chambert
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Steven McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | | | - Shaun M Purcell
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sven J van der Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Rozemuller
- Dutch Surveillance Centre for Prion Diseases, Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Utrecht 3584 CX, Netherlands
| | - Casper Jansen
- Dutch Surveillance Centre for Prion Diseases, Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Utrecht 3584 CX, Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands
| | - Robert Kraaij
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands
| | | | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands. Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands
| | | | - Mark J Daly
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniel G MacArthur
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Day GS, Musiek ES, Roe CM, Norton J, Goate AM, Cruchaga C, Cairns NJ, Morris JC. Phenotypic Similarities Between Late-Onset Autosomal Dominant and Sporadic Alzheimer Disease: A Single-Family Case-Control Study. JAMA Neurol 2016; 73:1125-32. [PMID: 27454811 PMCID: PMC5025942 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The amyloid hypothesis posits that disrupted β-amyloid homeostasis initiates the pathological process resulting in Alzheimer disease (AD). Autosomal dominant AD (ADAD) has an early symptomatic onset and is caused by single-gene mutations that result in overproduction of β-amyloid 42. To the extent that sporadic late-onset AD (LOAD) also results from dysregulated β-amyloid 42, the clinical phenotypes of ADAD and LOAD should be similar when controlling for the effects of age. OBJECTIVE To use a family with late-onset ADAD caused by a presenilin 1 (PSEN1) gene mutation to mitigate the potential confound of age when comparing ADAD and LOAD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This case-control study was conducted at the Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center at Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, and other National Institutes of Aging-funded AD centers in the United States. Ten PSEN1 A79V mutation carriers from multiple generations of a family with late-onset ADAD and 12 noncarrier family members were followed up at the Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center (1985-2015) and 1115 individuals with neuropathologically confirmed LOAD were included from the National Alzheimer Coordinating Center database (September 2005-December 2014). Data analysis was completed in January 2016, including Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center patient data collected up until the end of 2015. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Planned comparison of clinical characteristics between cohorts, including age at symptom onset, associated symptoms and signs, rates of progression, and disease duration. RESULTS Of the PSEN1 A79V carriers in the family with late-onset ADAD, 4 were female (57%); among those with LOAD, 529 were female (47%). Seven mutation carriers (70%) developed AD dementia, while 3 were yet asymptomatic in their seventh and eighth decades of life. No differences were observed between mutation carriers and individuals with LOAD concerning age at symptom onset (mutation carriers: mean, 75 years [range, 63-77 years] vs those with LOAD: mean, 74 years [range, 60-101 years]; P = .29), presenting symptoms (memory loss in 7 of 7 mutation carriers [100%] vs 958 of 1063 individuals with LOAD [90.1%]; P ≥ .99) and duration (mutation carriers: mean, 9.9 years [range, 2.3-12.8 years] vs those with LOAD: 9 years [range, 1-27 years]; P = .73), and rate of progression of dementia (median annualized change in Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes score, mutation carriers: 1.2 [range, 0.1-3.3] vs those with LOAD: 1.9 [range, -3.5 to 11.9]; P = .73). Early emergence of comorbid hallucinations and delusions were observed in 57% of individuals with ADAD (4 of 7) vs 19% of individuals with LOAD (137 of 706) (P = .03). Three of 12 noncarriers (25%) from the PSEN1 A79V family are potential phenocopies as they also developed AD dementia (median age at onset, 76.0 years). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this family, the amyloidogenic PSEN1 A79V mutation recapitulates the clinical attributes of LOAD. Previously reported clinical phenotypic differences between individuals with ADAD and LOAD may reflect age- or mutation-dependent effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Day
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, St Louis, Missouri2Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Erik S Musiek
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, St Louis, Missouri2Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Catherine M Roe
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, St Louis, Missouri2Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Joanne Norton
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, St Louis, Missouri3Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Alison M Goate
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, St Louis, Missouri2Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri3Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, St Louis, Missouri3Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Nigel J Cairns
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, St Louis, Missouri2Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri4Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - John C Morris
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, St Louis, Missouri2Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
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Schmitz M, Dittmar K, Llorens F, Gelpi E, Ferrer I, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ, Zerr I. Hereditary Human Prion Diseases: an Update. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4138-4149. [PMID: 27324792 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9918-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases in humans are neurodegenerative diseases which are caused by an accumulation of abnormal, misfolded cellular prion protein known as scrapie prion protein (PrPSc). Genetic, acquired, or spontaneous (sporadic) forms are known. Pathogenic mutations in the human prion protein gene (PRNP) have been identified in 10-15 % of CJD patients. These mutations may be single point mutations, STOP codon mutations, or insertions or deletions of octa-peptide repeats. Some non-coding mutations and new mutations in the PrP gene have been identified without clear evidence for their pathogenic significance. In the present review, we provide an updated overview of PRNP mutations, which have been documented in the literature until now, describe the change in the DNA, the family history, the pathogenicity, and the number of described cases, which has not been published in this complexity before. We also provide a description of each genetic prion disease type, present characteristic histopathological features, and the PrPSc isoform expression pattern of various familial/genetic prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany. .,Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Dittmar
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franc Llorens
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ellen Gelpi
- Neurological Tissue Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, CIBERNED, Hospitalet de Llobregat, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Walter J Schulz-Schaeffer
- Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
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Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephathalopathies or prion diseases are a group of neurological disorders characterized by neuronal loss, spongiform degeneration, and activation of astrocytes or microglia. These diseases affect humans and animals with an extremely high prevalence in some species such as deer and elk in North America. Although rare in humans, they result in a devastatingly swift neurological progression with dementia and ataxia. Patients usually die within a year of diagnosis. Prion diseases are familial, sporadic, iatrogenic, or transmissible. Human prion diseases include Kuru, sporadic, iatrogenic, and familial forms of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker disease, and fatal familial insomnia. The causative agent is a misfolded version of the physiological prion protein called PrPSc in the brain. There are a number of therapeutic options currently under investigation. A number of small molecules have had some success in delaying disease progression in animal models and mixed results in clinical trials, including pentosan polysulfate, quinacrine, and amphotericin B. More promisingly, immunotherapy has reported success in vitro and in vivo in animal studies and clinical trials. The three main branches of immunotherapy research are focus on antibody vaccines, dendritic cell vaccines, and adoptive transfer of physiological prion protein-specific CD4+ T-lymphocytes. Vaccines utilizing antibodies generally target disease-specific epitopes that are only exposed in the misfolded PrPSc conformation. Vaccines utilizing antigen-loaded dendritic cell have the ability to bypass immune tolerance and prime CD4+ cells to initiate an immune response. Adoptive transfer of CD4+ T-cells is another promising target as this cell type can orchestrate the adaptive immune response. Although more research into mechanisms and safety is required, these immunotherapies offer novel therapeutic targets for prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Burchell
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Pty Ltd, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter K Panegyres
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Pty Ltd, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Fonseca-Ornelas L, Zweckstetter M. The protonation state of histidine 111 regulates the aggregation of the evolutionary most conserved region of the human prion protein. Protein Sci 2016; 25:1563-7. [PMID: 27184108 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In a group of neurodegenerative diseases, collectively termed transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, the prion protein aggregates into β-sheet rich amyloid-like deposits. Because amyloid structure has been connected to different prion strains and cellular toxicity, it is important to obtain insight into the structural properties of prion fibrils. Using a combination of solution NMR spectroscopy, thioflavin-T fluorescence and electron microscopy we here show that within amyloid fibrils of a peptide containing residues 108-143 of the human prion protein [humPrP (108-143)]-the evolutionary most conserved part of the prion protein - residue H111 and S135 are in close spatial proximity and their interaction is critical for fibrillization. We further show that residues H111 and H140 share the same microenvironment in the unfolded, monomeric state of the peptide, but not in the fibrillar form. While protonation of H140 has little influence on fibrillization of humPrP (108-143), a positive charge at position 111 blocks the conformational change, which is necessary for amyloid formation of humPrP (108-143). Our study thus highlights the importance of protonation of histidine residues for protein aggregation and suggests point mutations to probe the structure of infectious prion particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fonseca-Ornelas
- Department for NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Markus Zweckstetter
- Department for NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, Göttingen, 37077, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von Siebold-Str. 3a, Göttingen, 37075, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Am Waldweg 33, Göttingen, 37073, Germany
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Blauwendraat C, Wilke C, Jansen IE, Schulte C, Simón-Sánchez J, Metzger FG, Bender B, Gasser T, Maetzler W, Rizzu P, Heutink P, Synofzik M. Pilot whole-exome sequencing of a German early-onset Alzheimer's disease cohort reveals a substantial frequency of PSEN2 variants. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 37:208.e11-208.e17. [PMID: 26522186 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) accounts for 1%-2% of all Alzheimer's disease (AD) subjects, with large variation in the reported genetic contribution of known dementia genes. In this pilot study, we genetically characterized a German EOAD cohort (23 subjects) by whole-exome sequencing, capturing variants in all recognized AD and frontotemporal dementia genes. After variant filtering, we identified 7 events of altogether 6 different rare variants in 6 subjects, including 4 novel variants. Four of the 6 variants, observed in 5 different index subjects (5/23 = 22%), were considered to be possibly pathogenic. These included 2 presenilin 2 (PSEN2) variants (p.N141I-previously denoted as a Volga German variant, observed in 2 index subjects; and p.L238P), 1 amyloid precursor protein (p.I716M), and 1 presenilin 1 (ΔE9). Using a control exome data set of 96 ethnically matched neurodegenerative disease controls (Parkinson's disease), we identified only 1 variant (PSEN2 p.T18M) (1%), demonstrating a significantly higher mutational burden in the EOAD group (p > 0.0001). Our findings demonstrate a substantial frequency of variants in dementia genes in EOAD, including several seemingly "sporadic" subjects. This indicates that heritability in EOAD might be higher than assumed. The finding of 3 subjects carrying potential pathogenic PSEN2 variants suggests that, in specific populations PSEN2 variants might be as frequent as (or more frequent than) presenilin 1, for example, in German populations which are influenced by Volga German heritage. Variants in AD genes were also associated with rare phenotypes such as frontal AD or primary progressive aphasia, demonstrating the need to screen AD genes in frontotemporal dementia-like phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Applied Genomics for Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carlo Wilke
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Iris E Jansen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Genome Biology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Schulte
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Javier Simón-Sánchez
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Genome Biology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian G Metzger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Geriatric Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Bender
- Magnetic Resonance Research Group, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University, Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Walter Maetzler
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Patrizia Rizzu
- Applied Genomics for Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Heutink
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Genome Biology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.
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Cai Y, An SSA, Kim S. Mutations in presenilin 2 and its implications in Alzheimer's disease and other dementia-associated disorders. Clin Interv Aging 2015; 10:1163-72. [PMID: 26203236 PMCID: PMC4507455 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s85808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Mutations in the genes encoding presenilin 1 (PSEN1), presenilin 2 (PSEN2), and amyloid precursor protein have been identified as the main genetic causes of familial AD. To date, more than 200 mutations have been described worldwide in PSEN1, which is highly homologous with PSEN2, while mutations in PSEN2 have been rarely reported. We performed a systematic review of studies describing the mutations identified in PSEN2. Most PSEN2 mutations were detected in European and in African populations. Only two were found in Korean populations. Interestingly, PSEN2 mutations appeared not only in AD patients but also in patients with other disorders, including frontotemporal dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, breast cancer, dilated cardiomyopathy, and Parkinson's disease with dementia. Here, we have summarized the PSEN2 mutations and the potential implications of these mutations in dementia-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cai
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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Bohm C, Chen F, Sevalle J, Qamar S, Dodd R, Li Y, Schmitt-Ulms G, Fraser PE, St George-Hyslop PH. Current and future implications of basic and translational research on amyloid-β peptide production and removal pathways. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 66:3-11. [PMID: 25748120 PMCID: PMC4503820 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited variants in multiple different genes are associated with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In many of these genes, the inherited variants alter some aspect of the production or clearance of the neurotoxic amyloid β-peptide (Aβ). Thus missense, splice site or duplication mutants in the presenilin 1 (PS1), presenilin 2 (PS2) or the amyloid precursor protein (APP) genes, which alter the levels or shift the balance of Aβ produced, are associated with rare, highly penetrant autosomal dominant forms of Familial Alzheimer's Disease (FAD). Similarly, the more prevalent late-onset forms of AD are associated with both coding and non-coding variants in genes such as SORL1, PICALM and ABCA7 that affect the production and clearance of Aβ. This review summarises some of the recent molecular and structural work on the role of these genes and the proteins coded by them in the biology of Aβ. We also briefly outline how the emerging knowledge about the pathways involved in Aβ generation and clearance can be potentially targeted therapeutically. This article is part of Special Issue entitled "Neuronal Protein".
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bohm
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Tower, 6th Floor-6KD417, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - F Chen
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Tower, 6th Floor-6KD417, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - J Sevalle
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Tower, 6th Floor-6KD417, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - S Qamar
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust MRC Building, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - R Dodd
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust MRC Building, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Y Li
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust MRC Building, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - G Schmitt-Ulms
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Tower, 6th Floor-6KD417, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - P E Fraser
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Tower, 6th Floor-6KD417, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - P H St George-Hyslop
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Tower, 6th Floor-6KD417, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust MRC Building, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
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40
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Mead S, Reilly MM. A new prion disease: relationship with central and peripheral amyloidoses. Nat Rev Neurol 2015; 11:90-7. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2014.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ch'ng GS, An SSA, Bae SO, Bagyinszky E, Kim S. Identification of two novel mutations, PSEN1 E280K and PRNP G127S, in a Malaysian family. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015; 11:2315-22. [PMID: 26396515 PMCID: PMC4574885 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s86334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, which can be categorized into two main forms: early onset AD and late onset AD. The genetic background of early onset AD is well understood, and three genes, the APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 have been identified as causative genes. In the current study, we tested three siblings from Malaysia who were diagnosed with early onset dementia, as well as their available family members. The family history was positive as their deceased father was similarly affected. Patients were tested for mutations in APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, and PRNP. A novel variant, E280K, was discovered in exon 8 of PSEN1 in the three siblings. In silico analyses with SIFT, SNAP, and PolyPhen2 prediction tools and three-dimensional modeling were performed, and the results suggested that the mutation is probably a pathogenic variant. Two additional pathogenic mutations were previously been described for codon 280, E280A, and E280G, which could support the importance of the E280 residue in the PS1 protein contributing to the pathogenic nature of E280K. Additional ten family members were screened for the E280K mutation, and all of them were negative. Six of them presented with a variety of neuropsychiatric symptoms, including learning disabilities, epilepsy, and schizophrenia, while four family members were asymptomatic. A novel PRNP G127S mutation was found in a step-niece of the three siblings harboring the PSEN1 E280K mutation. In silico predictions for PRNP G127S mutation suggested that this might be possibly a damaging variant. Additional studies to characterize PRNP G127S would be necessary to further understand the effects of this mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaik-Siew Ch'ng
- Department of Genetics, Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Sun Oh Bae
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea ; Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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Jiao B, Tang B, Liu X, Xu J, Wang Y, Zhou L, Zhang F, Yan X, Zhou Y, Shen L. Mutational analysis in early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease in Mainland China. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:1957.e1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Human prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders that are characterized by spongiform changes, astrogliosis, and the accumulation of an abnormal prion protein (PrP(Sc)). Approximately 10%-15% of human prion diseases are familial variants that are caused by pathogenic mutations in the prion protein gene (PRNP). Point mutations or the insertions of one or more copies of a 24 bp repeat are associated with familial human prion diseases including familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome, and fatal familial insomnia. These mutations vary significantly in frequency between countries. Here, we compare the frequency of PRNP mutations between European countries and East Asians. Associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of several candidate genes including PRNP and CJD have been reported. The SNP of PRNP at codon 129 has been shown to be associated with sporadic, iatrogenic, and variant CJD. The SNPs of several genes other than PRNP have been showed contradictory results. Case-control studies and genome-wide association studies have also been performed to identify candidate genes correlated with variant and/or sporadic CJD. This review provides a general overview of the genetic mutations and polymorphisms that have been analyzed in association with human prion diseases to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Hoon Jeong
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Yong-Sun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Korea
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Familial Alzheimer's disease sustained by presenilin 2 mutations: Systematic review of literature and genotype–phenotype correlation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 42:170-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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45
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Deng B, Lian Y, Wang X, Zeng F, Jiao B, Wang YR, Liang CR, Liu YH, Bu XL, Yao XQ, Zhu C, Shen L, Zhou HD, Zhang T, Wang YJ. Identification of a Novel Mutation in the Presenilin 1 Gene in a Chinese Alzheimer’s Disease Family. Neurotox Res 2014; 26:211-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-014-9462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex and heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder, classified as either early onset (under 65 years of age), or late onset (over 65 years of age). Three main genes are involved in early onset AD: amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1), and presenilin 2 (PSEN2). The apolipoprotein E (APOE) E4 allele has been found to be a main risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Additionally, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified several genes that might be potential risk factors for AD, including clusterin (CLU), complement receptor 1 (CR1), phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM), and sortilin-related receptor (SORL1). Recent studies have discovered additional novel genes that might be involved in late-onset AD, such as triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) and cluster of differentiation 33 (CD33). Identification of new AD-related genes is important for better understanding of the pathomechanisms leading to neurodegeneration. Since the differential diagnoses of neurodegenerative disorders are difficult, especially in the early stages, genetic testing is essential for diagnostic processes. Next-generation sequencing studies have been successfully used for detecting mutations, monitoring the epigenetic changes, and analyzing transcriptomes. These studies may be a promising approach toward understanding the complete genetic mechanisms of diverse genetic disorders such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of BioNano Technology Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Young Chul Youn
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of BioNano Technology Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Budang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a dramatic evolution of genetic methodologies that can be used to identify genes contributing to disease. Initially, the focus was primarily on classical linkage analysis; more recently, genomewide association studies, and high-throughput whole genome and whole exome sequencing have provided efficient approaches to detect common and rare variation contributing to disease risk. Application of these methodologies to dementias has led to the nomination of dozens of causative and susceptibility genes, solidifying the recognition that genetic factors are important contributors to the disease processes. In this review, the authors focus on current knowledge of the genetics of Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. A working understanding of the genes relevant to common dementias will become increasingly critical, as options for genetic testing and eventually gene-specific therapeutics are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice L Farlow
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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48
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Schelzke G, Stoeck K, Eigenbrod S, Grasbon-Frodl E, Raddatz LM, Ponto C, Kretzschmar HA, Zerr I. Report about four novel mutations in the prion protein gene. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2013; 35:229-37. [PMID: 23467330 DOI: 10.1159/000345991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Since detection of the prion protein gene (PRNP) more than 30 mutations have been discovered. Some have only been found in single case reports without known intrafamilial accumulation or neuropathological proof so that the causal connection between mutation and disease could not be proved. Those patients often present atypical clinical phenotypes, and it is not unusual that they are classified as diseases other than Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). METHODS Cases of suspected CJD have been reported to the national reference center for prion diseases. Clinical and diagnostic data were collected, and a classification of definite, possible or probable prion disease was made. Molecular analysis of PRNP was performed by capillary sequencing. RESULTS We have described 4 cases with atypical clinical and diagnostic findings and unknown mutations in PRNP so far. CONCLUSION Three patients fulfilled the criteria of probable CJD, and 1 patient fulfilled the criteria of possible CJD but the clinical picture in none of the patients was typical CJD; hence, it remained questionable whether the mutations were causal of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabi Schelzke
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center, Georg August University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany. epicjd @ med.uni-goettingen.de
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Evidence for prion-like mechanisms in several neurodegenerative diseases: potential implications for immunotherapy. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:473706. [PMID: 24228054 PMCID: PMC3817797 DOI: 10.1155/2013/473706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are fatal, untreatable neurodegenerative diseases. While the impact of TSEs on human health is relatively minor, these diseases are having a major influence on how we view, and potentially treat, other more common neurodegenerative disorders. Until recently, TSEs encapsulated a distinct category of neurodegenerative disorder, exclusive in their defining characteristic of infectivity. It now appears that similar mechanisms of self-propagation may underlie other proteinopathies such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease. This link is of scientific interest and potential therapeutic importance as this route of self-propagation offers conceptual support and guidance for vaccine development efforts. Specifically, the existence of a pathological, self-promoting isoform offers a rational vaccine target. Here, we review the evidence of prion-like mechanisms within a number of common neurodegenerative disorders and speculate on potential implications and opportunities for vaccine development.
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50
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Madampage CA, Määttänen P, Marciniuk K, Brownlie R, Andrievskaia O, Potter A, Cashman NR, Lee JS, Napper S. Binding of bovine T194A PrP(C) by PrP(Sc)-specific antibodies: potential implications for immunotherapy of familial prion diseases. Prion 2013; 7:301-11. [PMID: 23787697 DOI: 10.4161/pri.25148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are fatal neurodegenerative diseases that are based on the misfolding of a cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) into an infectious, pathological conformation (PrP(Sc)). There is proof-of-principle evidence that a prion vaccine is possible but this is tempered with concerns of the potential dangers associated with induction of immune responses to a widely-expressed self-protein. By targeting epitopes that are specifically exposed upon protein misfolding, our group developed a vaccine that induces PrP(Sc)-specific antibody responses. Here we consider the ability of this polyclonal antibody (SN6b) to bind to a mutant of PrP(C) associated with spontaneous prion disease. Polyclonal antibodies were selected to mimic the vaccination outcome and also explore all possible protein conformations of the recombinant bovine prion protein with mutation T194A [bPrP(T194A)]. This mutant is a homolog of the human T183A mutation of PrP(C) that is associated with early onset of familial dementia. With nanopore analysis, under non-denaturing conditions, we observed binding of the SN6b antibody to bPrP(T194A). This interaction was confirmed through ELISAs as well as immunoprecipitation of the recombinant and cellularly expressed forms of bPrP(T194A). This interaction did not promote formation of a protease resistant conformation of PrP in vitro. Collectively, these findings support the disease-specific approach for immunotherapy of prion diseases but also suggest that the concept of conformation-specific immunotherapy may be complicated in individuals who are genetically predisposed to PrP(C) misfolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Madampage
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon, SK Canada; Department of Biochemistry; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon, SK Canada
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