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Salih MA. The Meryon Lecture at the 24th annual meeting of the Meryon Society, St. Anne's College, Oxford, UK, 15th July 2022: Neuromuscular diseases in the Arab population. Neuromuscul Disord 2023; 33:792-799. [PMID: 37679229 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa A Salih
- Consultant Pediatric Neurologist, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.
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2
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Ma X, Liu X, Duan X, Fan D. Screening for PRX mutations in a large Chinese Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease cohort and literature review. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1148044. [PMID: 37470010 PMCID: PMC10352492 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1148044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Periaxins (encoded by PRX) play an important role in the stabilization of peripheral nerve myelin. Mutations in PRX can lead to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4F (CMT4F). Methods In this study, we screened for PRX mutations using next-generation sequencing and whole-exome sequencing in a large Chinese CMT cohort consisting of 465 unrelated index patients and 650 healthy controls. Sanger sequencing was used for the validation of all identified variants. We also reviewed all previously reported PRX-related CMT cases and summarized the clinical manifestations and genetic features of PRX-related CMTs. Results The hit rate for biallelic PRX variants in our cohort of Chinese CMT patients was 0.43% (2/465). One patient carried a previously unreported splice-site mutation (c.25_27 + 9del) compound heterozygous with a known nonsense variant. Compiling data on CMT4F cases and PRX variants from the medical literature confirmed that early-onset (95.2%), distal amyotrophy or weakness (94.0%), feet deformity (75.0%), sensory impairment or sensory ataxia (65.5%), delayed motor milestones (60.7%), and spinal deformity (59.5%) are typical features for CMT4F. Less frequent features were auditory impairments, respiratory symptoms, late onset, dysarthria or hoarseness, ophthalmic problems, and central nervous system involvement. The two cases with biallelic missense mutations have later onset age than those with nonsense or frameshift mutations. We did not note clear correlations between the type and site of mutations and clinical severity or distinct constellations of symptoms. Conclusion Consistent with observations in other countries and ethnic groups, PRX-related CMT is rare in China. The clinical spectrum is wider than previously anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Ma
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, National Health Commission/Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, National Health Commission/Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Duan
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dongsheng Fan
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, National Health Commission/Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beijing, China
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3
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Kozina AA, Baryshnikova NV, Ilinskaya AY, Kim AA, Plotnikov NA, Pogodina NA, Surkova EI, Shatalov PA, Ilinsky VV. Novel mutation in the MPZ gene causes early-onset but slow-progressive Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease in a Russian family: a case report. J Int Med Res 2022; 50:3000605221139718. [PMID: 36567457 PMCID: PMC9806381 DOI: 10.1177/03000605221139718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a genetically heterogeneous group of peripheral neuropathies most of which are associated with mutations in four genes including peripheral myelin protein-22 (PMP22), myelin protein zero (MPZ), gap junction protein beta1 (GJB1) and mitofusin2 (MFN2). This current case report describes the clinical and genetic characteristics of a 6-year-old male proband. A physical examination revealed muscular hypotonia. He started walking on his own at 18 months. A nerve conduction study with needle electromyography revealed conduction block. A novel MPZ mutation (c.398C > T, p.Pro133Leu) was revealed in the proband. This mutation was also found in the 32-year-old father of the proband. The father had had deformity of the feet and distal muscle weakness since childhood. The novel p.Pro133Leu pathogenic mutation was responsible for early onset but slowly progressive CMT1B. We assume that this site is an intolerant to change region in the MPZ gene. This variant in the MPZ gene is an important contributor to hereditary neuropathy with reduced nerve conduction velocity in the Russian population. This case highlights the importance of whole exome sequencing for a proper clinical diagnosis of CMT associated with a mutation in the MPZ gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya Aleksandrovna Kozina
- Department of Medical Genomics Group, Institute of Biomedical
Chemistry, Moscow, Russia,Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Pirogov Russian
National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Vladimirovna Baryshnikova
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Pirogov Russian
National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia,Department of Science, Genotek Limited, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | - Ekaterina Ivanovna Surkova
- Department of Science, Genotek Limited, Moscow, Russia,Ekaterina Ivanovna Surkova, Department of
Science, Genotek Limited, Nastavnicheskiipereulok 17/1, Moscow, 105120, Russia.
| | - Peter Alekseevich Shatalov
- Department of Science, Genotek Limited, Moscow, Russia,Department of Molecular Genetic Service, National Medical
Research Centre of Radiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian
Federation, Obninsk, Russia
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4
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Citrigno L, Zoccolella S, Lastella P, Simone IL, Muglia M. A 71-nucleotide deletion in the periaxin gene in an Italian patient with late-onset slowly progressive demyelinating Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Eur J Neurol 2021; 27:2109-2110. [PMID: 32460404 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) constitutes a group of heterogeneous hereditary motor and sensor neuropathies. Mutations in the periaxin (PRX) gene cause CMT4F with an autosomal recessive early-onset demyelinating neuropathy and are extremely rare in a non-Romani white population. METHODS We report on a 66-year-old Italian man presenting with slowly progressive and late-onset demyelinating CMT. The molecular analysis was performed using a custom panel containing 39 genes associated with the CMT phenotype. RESULTS The patient harbored a homozygous PRX 71-nucleotide deletion (c.3286_3356del71, I1096fsX17). CONCLUSIONS This is the first report that describes such a genetic mutation in a population of non-Romani origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Citrigno
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), Mangone (CS), Italy
| | - S Zoccolella
- Neurology Unit, Ospedale San Paolo, ASL Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - P Lastella
- Centro Sovraziendale di Assistenza e Ricerca per le Malattie Rare, Internal Medicine Unit 'C. Frugoni', Ospedale Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - I L Simone
- Department of Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - M Muglia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), Mangone (CS), Italy
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5
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Chen YH, Zhang H, Meng LB, Tang XY, Gong T, Yin J. Novel mutation in the periaxin gene causal to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4F. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060519862064. [PMID: 31426691 PMCID: PMC7581982 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519862064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) disease is the most common hereditary neuropathy. Mutations in the periaxin gene (PRX) can cause CMT type 4F, an autosomal recessive neuropathy, which is clinically characterized by slowly progressive distal muscle atrophy and weakness, with pes cavus deformity of the foot, and the absence of deep tendon reflexes. To date, dozens of reports of PRX mutations have been published worldwide, but none have been reported in Chinese patients. Here, we describe a 14-year-old Chinese boy with neuropathy characterized by slowly progressive limb weakness and atrophy, as well as sensory ataxia, whose cerebrospinal protein levels were 1627 mg/L. Genetic analysis identified a novel homozygous mutation, c.1174C>T (p.R392X), in exon 6 of PRX, which is the first case of its kind recorded in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hui Chen
- Neurology Department, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P. R. China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Neurology Department, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P. R. China
| | - Ling-Bing Meng
- Neurology Department, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yan Tang
- Clinical Laboratory of Zhongke, Beijing 102200, P. R. China
| | - Tao Gong
- Neurology Department, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P. R. China
| | - Jian Yin
- Neurology Department, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P. R. China
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6
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Datta S, Kataria S, Govindarajan R. A Case Report on Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease with a Novel Periaxin Gene Mutation. Cureus 2019; 11:e5111. [PMID: 31523542 PMCID: PMC6741374 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.5111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is one of the most common primary hereditary neuropathies causing peripheral neuropathies. More than 60 different gene mutations are causing this disease. The PRX gene codes for Periaxin proteins that are expressed by Schwann cells and are necessary for the formation and maintenance of myelination of peripheral nerves. Dejerine-Sottas neuropathy and Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 4F (CMT4F) are the two different clinical phenotypes observed in association with PRX gene mutation. This article describes a case of an elderly male with a novel mutation involving the PRX gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorabh Datta
- Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA
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7
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Duchesne M, Mathis S, Richard L, Magdelaine C, Corcia P, Nouioua S, Tazir M, Magy L, Vallat JM. Nerve Biopsy Is Still Useful in Some Inherited Neuropathies. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 77:88-99. [DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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8
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Yang Y, Shi Y. Retracted Article: Spectrin-like domain 2 of DRP2 serves as a novel binding region for the NLS2 and 3 sub-domains of L-periaxin. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12703c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The NLS1 domain of L-periaxin involved in nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling, NLS2 and 3 participated in interaction with spectrin-like domain 2 of DRP2. The binding model of DRP2 and L-periaxin is crucial for understanding the role of L-periaxin in PNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education
- Institute of Biotechnology
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - YaWei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education
- Institute of Biotechnology
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
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9
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Nakouzi G, Kreidieh K, Yazbek S. A review of the diverse genetic disorders in the Lebanese population: highlighting the urgency for community genetic services. J Community Genet 2014; 6:83-105. [PMID: 25261319 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-014-0203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The review lists the genetic diseases reported in Lebanese individuals, surveys genetic programs and services, and highlights the absence of basic genetic health services at the individual and community level. The incidence of individual diseases is not determined, yet the variety of genetic diseases reported is tremendous, most of which follow autosomal recessive inheritance reflecting the social norms in the population, including high rates of consanguinity, which favor the increase in incidence of these diseases. Genetic services including all activities for the diagnosis, care, and prevention of genetic diseases at community level are extremely inadequate. Services are limited to some clinical and laboratory diagnostic services with no genetic counseling. These services are localized within the capital thus preventing their accessibility to high-risk communities. Screening programs, which are at the core of public health prevention services, are minimal and not nationally mandated. The absence of adequate genetic services is attributed to many factors undermining the importance of genetic diseases and their burden on society, the most important of which is genetic illiteracy at all levels of the population, including high-risk families, the general public, and most importantly health care providers and public health officials. Thus, a country like Lebanon, where genetic diseases are expected to be highly prevalent, is in utmost need for community genetics services. Strategies need to be developed to familiarize public health officials and medical professionals with medical genetics leading to a public health infrastructure that delivers community genetics services for the prevention and care of genetic disorders at community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghunwa Nakouzi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Cleveland Clinic Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
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10
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[Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease associated with periaxin mutations (CMT4F): Clinical, electrophysiological and genetic analysis of 24 patients]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2013; 169:603-12. [PMID: 24011642 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (AR-CMT) is often characterized by onset in early childhood and severe phenotype compared to the dominant forms. CMT disease associated with periaxin gene (PRX) is rare and characterized by demyelination limited to the major peripheral nerves. Following the discovery of a high frequency of a specific periaxin gene mutation (E1085fsX4 homozygote) in the Reunion Island, we examined all French patients known as carriers of the periaxin gene mutation. There were 24 patients. Eighteen were from the Reunion Island (6 families and 10 sporadic cases). The six remaining patients were in two families, each with two affected individuals, and two sporadic cases. The series included 17 female and seven male patients. Walking was acquired late, on average at 3.4±1.6 years. One patient never learned to walk. The Charcot Marie Tooth Neuropathy Score (CMTNS) averaged 24.5±8.1. Seven patients had been wheelchair-bound since the age of 24±22. Other symptoms were: scoliosis most often observed after the age of 12 years and sometimes complicated by a restrictive respiratory syndrome; foot deformity in 24 patients; strabismus; glaucoma; myopia. When conduction recordings are available, median nerve motor conduction was slow (<10m/s), associated with a major lengthening of distal latencies. Study of the periaxin gene should be considered in patients with severe demyelinating neuropathy associated with early infantile scoliosis. This disease leads to major disability (29% of patients in this series were wheelchair-bound) and to respiratory insufficiency. Genetic counselling is highly recommended for consanguineous families.
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11
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Tazir M, Bellatache M, Nouioua S, Vallat JM. Autosomal recessive Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: from genes to phenotypes. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2013; 18:113-29. [DOI: 10.1111/jns5.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Tazir
- Service de Neurologie; University Hospital Mustapha Bacha; Alger Algeria
- Laboratoire de NeuroSciences; Université d'Alger 1; Alger Algeria
| | - Mounia Bellatache
- Service de Neurologie; University Hospital Mustapha Bacha; Alger Algeria
- Laboratoire de NeuroSciences; Université d'Alger 1; Alger Algeria
| | - Sonia Nouioua
- Service de Neurologie; University Hospital Mustapha Bacha; Alger Algeria
- Laboratoire de NeuroSciences; Université d'Alger 1; Alger Algeria
| | - Jean-Michel Vallat
- Centre de Référence ⟨Neuropathies Périphériques Rares⟩, Service et Laboratoire de Neurologie; University Hospital; Limoges France
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13
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Abstract
The prenatal and infantile neuropathies are an uncommon and complex group of conditions, most of which are genetic. Despite advances in diagnostic techniques, approximately half of children presenting in infancy remain without a specific diagnosis. This review focuses on inherited demyelinating neuropathies presenting in the first year of life. We clarify the nomenclature used in these disorders, review the clinical features of demyelinating forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease with early onset, and discuss the demyelinating infantile neuropathies associated with central nervous system involvement. Useful clinical, neurophysiologic, and neuropathologic features in the diagnostic work-up of these conditions are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eppie M Yiu
- Children's Neuroscience Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Tokunaga S, Hashiguchi A, Yoshimura A, Maeda K, Suzuki T, Haruki H, Nakamura T, Okamoto Y, Takashima H. Late-onset Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 4F caused by periaxin gene mutation. Neurogenetics 2012; 13:359-65. [PMID: 22847150 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-012-0338-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We identified the main features of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, type 4F, caused by a periaxin gene (PRX) mutation in Japanese patients. Periaxin is known as one of the key myelination molecules, forming tight junction between myelin loop and axon. We collected 427 DNA samples from individuals with CMT or CMT-related neuropathy, negative for PMP22 duplication. We investigated PRX mutations using a purpose-built resequencing array screen during the period 2006-2012. We detected two types of PRX mutations in three patients; one patient showed a novel homozygous p.D651N mutation and the other two showed homozygous p.R1070X mutation. All PRX mutations reported so far have been of nonsense or frameshift type. In this study, we found homozygous missense mutation p.D651N. Aspartate 651 is located in a repeat domain; its position might indicate an important function. PRX mutations usually lead to early-onset, autosomal-recessive demyelinating CMT neuropathy 4F (CMT4F) or Dejerine-Sottas disease; their clinical phenotypes are severe. In our three patients, the onset of the disease was at the age of 27 years or later, and their clinical phenotypes were milder compared with those reported in previous studies. We showed a variation of clinical phenotypes for CMT4F caused by a novel, nonsense PRX mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Tokunaga
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima, Japan
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15
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Nouioua S, Hamadouche T, Funalot B, Bernard R, Bellatache N, Bouderba R, Grid D, Assami S, Benhassine T, Levy N, Vallat JM, Tazir M. Novel mutations in the PRX and the MTMR2 genes are responsible for unusual Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease phenotypes. Neuromuscul Disord 2011; 21:543-50. [PMID: 21741241 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive Charcot-Marie-Tooth diseases, relatively common in Algeria due to high prevalence of consanguineous marriages, are clinically and genetically heterogeneous. We report on two consanguineous families with demyelinating autosomal recessive Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT4) associated with novel homozygous mutations in the MTMR2 gene, c.331dupA (p.Arg111LysfsX24) and PRX gene, c.1090C>T (p.Arg364X) respectively, and peculiar clinical phenotypes. The three patients with MTMR2 mutations (CMT4B1 family) had a typical phenotype of severe early onset motor and sensory neuropathy with typical focally folded myelin on nerve biopsy. Associated clinical features included vocal cord paresis, prominent chest deformities and claw hands. Contrasting with the classical presentation of CMT4F (early-onset Dejerine-Sottas phenotype), the four patients with PRX mutations (CMT4F family) had essentially a late age of onset and a protracted and relatively benign evolution, although they presented marked spine deformities. These observations broaden the spectrum of clinical phenotypes associated with these two CMT4 forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Nouioua
- Service de Neurologie, CHU Mustapha Bacha, Algiers, Algeria
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Biological role of dystroglycan in Schwann cell function and its implications in peripheral nervous system diseases. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:740403. [PMID: 20625412 PMCID: PMC2896880 DOI: 10.1155/2010/740403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystroglycan is a central component of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) that links extracellular matrix with cytoskeleton, expressed in a variety of fetal and adult tissues. Dystroglycan plays diverse roles in development and homeostasis including basement membrane formation, epithelial morphogenesis, membrane stability, cell polarization, and cell migration. In this paper, we will focus on biological role of dystroglycan in Schwann cell function, especially myelination. First, we review the molecular architecture of DGC in Schwann cell abaxonal membrane. Then, we will review the loss-of-function studies using targeted mutagenesis, which have revealed biological functions of each component of DGC in Schwann cells. Based on these findings, roles of dystroglycan in Schwann cell function, in myelination in particular, and its implications in diseases will be discussed in detail. Finally, in view of the fact that understanding the role of dystroglycan in Schwann cells is just beginning, future perspectives will be discussed.
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Sahin-Calapoglu N, Soyoz M, Calapoglu M, Ozcelik N. Genetic study of demyelinating form of autosomal-recessive Charcot-Marie-tooth diseases in a Turkish family. Int J Neurosci 2010; 119:1179-89. [PMID: 19922348 DOI: 10.1080/00207450902869906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of inherited peripheral motor and sensory neuropathies characterized by distal muscle weakness atrophy predominantly in the lower extremities, diminished or absent deep tendon reflexes, distal sensory loss and skeletal deformities. Mode of inheritance could be either autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked. The autosomal-recessive subgroup of CMT (AR-CMT) neuropathies is heterogeneous as well. To date, nine demyelinating loci have been implicated in CMT4 and seven genes have been identified. It has been screened in this study for the presence of mutations in the coding region of GDAP1 and genetic linkage analyses of CMT4B1, CMT4B2, CMT4C, CMT4D, CMT4E, and CMT4F loci were tested in a Turkish family presenting recessively inherited form of CMT disease characterized by severe motor weakness. We did not find any mutations in GDAP1 and genetic linkage excluded for the six demyelinating genes loci (CMT4B1, CMT4B2, CMT4C, CMT4D, CMT4E, and CMT4F). Our findings indicate that another locus may be associated with AR-CMT disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilufer Sahin-Calapoglu
- Department of Medical Biology, Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey.
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18
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Birouk N. [Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease]. Presse Med 2009; 38:200-9. [PMID: 19135335 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2008.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, also known as peroneal muscular atrophy or hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy, is among the most frequent hereditary disorders of the nervous system. The relatively homogeneous clinical phenotype involves mainly progressive weakness and wasting of distal muscles; it starts and predominates in the peroneal muscles. Electrophysiological and pathology data distinguish two principal forms of CMT: demyelinating and axonal. More than 20 distinct genetic subtypes have been identified to date and other new loci and genes remain to be discovered, thus demonstrating wide genetic heterogeneity and a number of different pathophysiological mechanisms. The classification of these different forms is based on both the mode of inheritance--autosomal dominant, recessive or X-linked--and the neuropathy type--demyelinating or axonal or "intermediate". The principal dominant forms are CMT1A, due to a duplication or point mutation in the PMP22 gene, and CMTX, due to mutations in the connexin 32 gene. Autosomal recessive forms are more frequent in North Africa. The most common involve mutations of GDAP1 or lamin A/C and generally lead to more severe phenotypes than the dominant forms. The great genetic heterogeneity necessitates a strategy for genetic diagnosis. It is based in part on the classification of the different genetic forms and in part on the phenotypic particularities and the frequency of the responsible genes in the population under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazha Birouk
- Service de Neurophysiologie Clinique, Hôpital des Spécialités, Rabat-Instituts, Maroc.
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A novel locus for autosomal recessive primary torsion dystonia (DYT17) maps to 20p11.22–q13.12. Neurogenetics 2008; 9:287-93. [PMID: 18688663 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-008-0142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Mégarbané A, Chouery E, Ghanem I. A multiplex family with possible metaphyseal Spahr‐type dysplasia and exclusion ofRMRPandCOL10A1as candidate genes. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 146A:1865-70. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Baránková L, Šišková D, Hühne K, Vyhnálková E, Sakmaryová I, Bojar M, Rautenstrauss B, Seeman P. A 71-nucleotide deletion in the periaxin gene in a Romani patient with early-onset slowly progressive demyelinating CMT. Eur J Neurol 2008; 15:548-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Barisic N, Claeys KG, Sirotković-Skerlev M, Löfgren A, Nelis E, De Jonghe P, Timmerman V. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: a clinico-genetic confrontation. Ann Hum Genet 2008; 72:416-41. [PMID: 18215208 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is the most common neuromuscular disorder. It represents a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous inherited neuropathies. Here, we review the results of molecular genetic investigations and the clinical and neurophysiological features of the different CMT subtypes. The products of genes associated with CMT phenotypes are important for the neuronal structure maintenance, axonal transport, nerve signal transduction and functions related to the cellular integrity. Identifying the molecular basis of CMT and studying the relevant genes and their functions is important to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of these neurodegenerative disorders, and the processes involved in the normal development and function of the peripheral nervous system. The results of molecular genetic investigations have impact on the appropriate diagnosis, genetic counselling and possible new therapeutic options for CMT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Barisic
- Department of Pediatrics, Zagreb University Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia.
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23
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Adaimy L, Chouery E, Megarbane H, Mroueh S, Delague V, Nicolas E, Belguith H, de Mazancourt P, Megarbane A. Mutation in WNT10A is associated with an autosomal recessive ectodermal dysplasia: the odonto-onycho-dermal dysplasia. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 81:821-8. [PMID: 17847007 PMCID: PMC1973944 DOI: 10.1086/520064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Odonto-onycho-dermal dysplasia is a rare autosomal recessive syndrome in which the presenting phenotype is dry hair, severe hypodontia, smooth tongue with marked reduction of fungiform and filiform papillae, onychodysplasia, keratoderma and hyperhidrosis of palms and soles, and hyperkeratosis of the skin. We studied three consanguineous Lebanese Muslim Shiite families that included six individuals affected with odonto-onycho-dermal dysplasia. Using a homozygosity-mapping strategy, we assigned the disease locus to an ~9-cM region at chromosome 2q35-q36.2, located between markers rs16853834 and D2S353, with a maximum multipoint LOD score of 5.7. Screening of candidate genes in this region led us to identify the same c.697G-->T (p.Glu233X) homozygous nonsense mutation in exon 3 of the WNT10A gene in all patients. At the protein level, the mutation is predicted to result in a premature truncated protein of 232 aa instead of 417 aa. This is the first report to our knowledge of a human phenotype resulting from a mutation in WNT10A, and it is the first demonstration of an ectodermal dysplasia caused by an altered WNT signaling pathway, expanding the list of WNT-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Adaimy
- Unite de Genetique Medicale, Faculte de Medecine, Universite Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Paris, France
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24
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Delague V, Jacquier A, Hamadouche T, Poitelon Y, Baudot C, Boccaccio I, Chouery E, Chaouch M, Kassouri N, Jabbour R, Grid D, Mégarbané A, Haase G, Lévy N. Mutations in FGD4 encoding the Rho GDP/GTP exchange factor FRABIN cause autosomal recessive Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 4H. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 81:1-16. [PMID: 17564959 PMCID: PMC1950914 DOI: 10.1086/518428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disorders are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies characterized by muscle weakness and wasting, foot and hand deformities, and electrophysiological changes. The CMT4H subtype is an autosomal recessive demyelinating form of CMT that was recently mapped to a 15.8-Mb region at chromosome 12p11.21-q13.11, in two consanguineous families of Mediterranean origin, by homozygosity mapping. We report here the identification of mutations in FGD4, encoding FGD4 or FRABIN (FGD1-related F-actin binding protein), in both families. FRABIN is a GDP/GTP nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), specific to Cdc42, a member of the Rho family of small guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins (Rho GTPases). Rho GTPases play a key role in regulating signal-transduction pathways in eukaryotes. In particular, they have a pivotal role in mediating actin cytoskeleton changes during cell migration, morphogenesis, polarization, and division. Consistent with these reported functions, expression of truncated FRABIN mutants in rat primary motoneurons and rat Schwann cells induced significantly fewer microspikes than expression of wild-type FRABIN. To our knowledge, this is the first report of mutations in a Rho GEF protein being involved in CMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Delague
- INSERM U491, Génétique Médicale et Développement, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Marseille, France.
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25
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Delague V, Jacquier A, Hamadouche T, Poitelon Y, Baudot C, Boccaccio I, Chouery E, Chaouch M, Kassouri N, Jabbour R, Grid D, Mégarbané A, Haase G, Lévy N. Mutations in FGD4 encoding the Rho GDP/GTP exchange factor FRABIN cause autosomal recessive Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 4H. Am J Hum Genet 2007. [PMID: 17564959 DOI: 10.1086/518428/s0002-9297(07)62812-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disorders are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies characterized by muscle weakness and wasting, foot and hand deformities, and electrophysiological changes. The CMT4H subtype is an autosomal recessive demyelinating form of CMT that was recently mapped to a 15.8-Mb region at chromosome 12p11.21-q13.11, in two consanguineous families of Mediterranean origin, by homozygosity mapping. We report here the identification of mutations in FGD4, encoding FGD4 or FRABIN (FGD1-related F-actin binding protein), in both families. FRABIN is a GDP/GTP nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), specific to Cdc42, a member of the Rho family of small guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins (Rho GTPases). Rho GTPases play a key role in regulating signal-transduction pathways in eukaryotes. In particular, they have a pivotal role in mediating actin cytoskeleton changes during cell migration, morphogenesis, polarization, and division. Consistent with these reported functions, expression of truncated FRABIN mutants in rat primary motoneurons and rat Schwann cells induced significantly fewer microspikes than expression of wild-type FRABIN. To our knowledge, this is the first report of mutations in a Rho GEF protein being involved in CMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Delague
- INSERM U491, Génétique Médicale et Développement, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Marseille, France.
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26
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Georgiou DM, Nicolaou P, Chitayat D, Koutsou P, Babul-Hirji R, Vajsar J, Murphy J, Christodoulou K. A novel GDAP1 mutation 439delA is associated with autosomal recessive CMT disease. Can J Neurol Sci 2007; 33:311-6. [PMID: 17001820 DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100005199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is the most common form of inherited motor and sensory neuropathy. Based on neurophysiological and neuropathological criteria CMT has been sub-classified into two main types: demyelinating and axonal. Furthermore, it is genetically heterogeneous with autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive (AR) and X-linked modes of inheritance. Thus far, seven genes have been identified in association with the demyelinating AR-CMT disease. We hereby report our clinical and molecular genetic findings in a consanguineous family with AR-CMT. METHODS Two young sisters with AR-CMT and other non-affected family members were clinically and electrophysiologically evaluated and then molecular genetic investigation was carried out in order to identify the pathogenic mutation. RESULTS Following an initial indication for linkage of the family to the CMT4A locus on chromosome 8, we sequenced the Ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated protein 1 (GDAP1) gene and identified a single nucleotide deletion in exon 3 that is associated with AR-CMT in the family. CONCLUSIONS We identified a novel GDAP1 439delA mutation that is associated with AR-CMT in a consanguineous family of Iranian descent with two affected young girls and a history in other members of the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domna-Maria Georgiou
- Molecular Genetics Department D, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
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27
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Dubourg O, Azzedine H, Verny C, Durosier G, Birouk N, Gouider R, Salih M, Bouhouche A, Thiam A, Grid D, Mayer M, Ruberg M, Tazir M, Brice A, LeGuern E. Autosomal-recessive forms of demyelinating Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Neuromolecular Med 2007; 8:75-86. [PMID: 16775368 DOI: 10.1385/nmm:8:1-2:75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2005] [Revised: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal-recessive forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (ARCMT) account for less than 10% of the families in the European CMT population but are more frequent in the Mediterranean basin and the Middle East because of more widespread consanguinity. Until now, demyelinating ARCMT was more extensively studied at the genetic level than the axonal form. Since 1999, the number of localized or identified genes responsible for demyelinating ARCMT has greatly increased. Eight genes, EGR2, GDAP1, KIAA1985, MTMR2, MTMR13, NDRG1, PRX, and CTDP1, have been identified and two new loci mapped to chromosomes 10q23 and 12p11-q13. In this review, we will focus on the particular clinical and/or neuropathological features of the phenotype caused by mutations in each of these genes, which might guide molecular diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Dubourg
- INSERM U679 (ex U289), la Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
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28
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Bernard R, De Sandre-Giovannoli A, Delague V, Lévy N. Molecular genetics of autosomal-recessive axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathies. Neuromolecular Med 2007; 8:87-106. [PMID: 16775369 DOI: 10.1385/nmm:8:1-2:87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2005] [Revised: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal-recessive forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (ARCMT) account for less than 10% of the families with CMT. On the other hand, in countries with a high prevalence of consanguinity this mode of inheritance accounts, likely, for the vast majority of CMT phenotypes. Like dominant forms, autosomal-recessive forms are generally subdivided into demyelinating forms (autosomal-recessive CMT1: ARCMT1 or CMT4) and axonal forms (ARCMT2). Until now, demyelinating ARCMT were more extensively studied at the genetic level than the axonal forms. Although the latter are undoubtedly the rarest forms among the heterogeneous group of CMT, three distinct forms have been genetically mapped and recent studies in the past 4 yr provided evidence that their respective causing genes have been characterized. Indeed, gene defects in encoding A-type lamins (LMNA), encoding Ganglioside-induced Differentiation-Associated Protein-1 (GDAP1) and encoding the mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription, subunit 25 homolog (MED25) have been identified in ARCMT2 subtypes. Given the clinical, electrophysiological and histological heterogeneity of CMT2, it is likely that unreported forms of ARCMT2, related to novel genes, remain to be discovered, leading to an even more complex classification. However, our goal in this review is to provide the reader with a clear view on the known genes and mechanisms involved in ARCMT2 and their associated phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaëlle Bernard
- Departement de Genetique Medicale Hopital d'enfants de la Timone, Marseille, France
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29
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Abstract
Neuropathy is one of the most common referrals to neurologic clinics. Patients often undergo extensive testing for acquired etiologies; inherited causes are common. Increasingly, genetic causes are becoming known and commercial testing available. The rate of recent discovery has been rapid and relates to the extent of single gene disorders of nerve, the ease of peripheral nervous system functional examination, and readily accessible pathologic tissue. Foremost in the rate of recent discoveries is the work and tools of the human genome project. the rapidity of the ongoing discovery requires clinicians to be familiar with molecular biologic discoveries and consider wisely which testing should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Klein
- Department of Neurology, Division of Peripheral Nerve Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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30
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Bertorini T, Narayanaswami P, Rashed H. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (hereditary motor sensory neuropathies) and hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies. Neurologist 2005; 10:327-37. [PMID: 15518599 DOI: 10.1097/01.nrl.0000145596.38640.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the description of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease over a century ago. it has now been recognized that these conditions are not caused by generalized metabolic defects but rather have various discrete genetic origins. These disorders can also have variable phenotypes due to dysfunction of peripheral nerve axons or their myelin due to the genetic defects that affect the formation of specific nerve proteins. REVIEW SUMMARY This article summarizes the clinical presentation of various phenotypes of the hereditary motor sensory neuropathies and the hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies, genetic mutations, and their relevant protein products. Proper identification of the genetic defects provides the opportunity for better genetic counseling and hopefully therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulio Bertorini
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Wesley Neurology Clinic, 1211 Union Avenue #400, Memphis, TN 38104, USA.
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31
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Vallat JM, Grid D, Magdelaine C, Sturtz F, Tazir M. Autosomal recessive forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2004; 4:413-9. [PMID: 15324608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
In some countries with a high prevalence of consanguineous marriages, autosomal recessive inheritance is likely to account for the great majority of all forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease. As with the dominant forms, it is usual to differentiate the demyelinating forms (autosomal recessive -CMT1 or AR-CMT4) from the axonal forms (AR-CMT2). Genetic analysis of large families with recessive transmission has proved to be an efficient mean of discovering novel CMT genotypes (eg, the genes GDAP1, MTMR2, MTMR13, KIAA1985, NDGR1, periaxin, and lamin). Because of the clinical, electrophysiologic, and histologic heterogeneity of these patients, it is likely that there are numerous genes that remain to be discovered, which will probably make classification even more complex. Clinical, and especially histologic, phenotypes often lead to a suspicion that a specific gene is implicated. There is, therefore, an indication for nerve biopsy to orient diagnostic research in molecular biology, which is presently very time consuming and can only be performed in highly specialized laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Vallat
- Service de Neurologie, CHU Dupuytren, 2 Avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges Cedex, France.
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Chance PF. Chapter 24 Genetic evaluation of inherited motor/sensory neuropathy. ADVANCES IN CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY, PROCEEDINGS OF THE 27TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY, AAEM 50TH ANNIVERSARY AND 57TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ACNS JOINT MEETING 2004; 57:228-42. [PMID: 16106622 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-424x(09)70360-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Inherited disorders of peripheral nerves represent a common group of neurologic diseases. Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 1 (CMT1) is a genetically heterogeneous group of chronic demyelinating polyneuropathies with loci mapping to chromosome 17 (CMT1A), chromosome 1 (CMT1B), chromosome 16 (CMT1C) and chromosome 10 (CMT1D). CMT1A is most often associated with a tandem 1.5-megabase (Mb) duplication in chromosome 17p11.2-p12. In rare patients it may result from a point mutation in the peripheral myelin protein-22 (PMP22) gene. CMT1B is associated with point mutations in the myelin protein zero (Po or MPZ) gene. Mutations in the SIMPLE gene cause CMT1C, and CMT1D is the result of mutations in the early response 2 (ERG2 or Krox-20) gene. An X-linked form of CMT1 (CMT1X) maps to Xq13 and is associated with mutations in the connexin32 (Cx32) gene. Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 2 (CMT2) is an axonal neuropathy that maps to chromosome 1p35-p36 (CMT2A), chromosome 3q13-q22 (CMT2B), chromosome 7p14 (CMT2D), chromosome 8p21 (CMT2E), chromosome 1q22-q23 (CMT2F) or chromosome 3q13 (CMT2G). Two X-linked forms of CMT2 have been reported (CMT2XA and CMT2XB), but the genes remain unidentified. An area that has recently expanded is the identification of autosomal recessive forms of CMT type 1 and 2. Of the eight recessive forms of CMT1 that have been identified to date, only two have been fully characterized at the molecular level (CMT1 AR B 1 and CMT1 AR D). Point mutations were found in the myotubularin-related protein-2 (MTM2) gene for CMT1 AR B1. CMT1 AR D is the result of point mutations in the N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1). Dejerine-Sottas disease (DSD), also called hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type III (HMSNIII), is a severe, infantile-onset demyelinating polyneuropathy syndrome that may be associated with point mutations in either the PMP22 gene, PO gene, EGR2 gene or the PRX gene (for the recessive form). It shares considerable clinical and pathological features with CMT1. Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) is an autosomal dominant disorder that results in a recurrent, episodic demyelinating neuropathy. HNPP is associated with a 1.5-Mb deletion in chromosome 17p11.2-p12 that results in reduced expression of the PMP22 gene. CMT1A and HNPP are reciprocal duplication/deletion syndromes that originate from unequal crossover during germ cell meiosis. Other rare forms of demyelinating peripheral neuropathies map to chromosome 8q, 10q and 11q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip F Chance
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Genetics and Developmental Medicine, Box 356320, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Focal lysolecithin-induced demyelination of peripheral afferents results in neuropathic pain behavior that is attenuated by cannabinoids. J Neurosci 2003. [PMID: 12716929 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.23-08-03221.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Demyelinating diseases can be associated with painful sensory phenomena such as tactile allodynia and hyperalgesia. To study the mechanisms underlying demyelination-induced pain, we have characterized a novel model of demyelination of the sciatic or saphenous nerve. Topical lysolecithin application causes focal demyelination of afferent nerve A-fibers without axonal loss, as assessed either by electron and light microscopy or by immunohistochemical analysis of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) for a neuronal injury marker, activating transcription factor 3. Focal demyelination is accompanied by spontaneous action potentials in afferents and increased expression of neuropeptide Y and Na(v)1.3 sodium channels specifically in DRG neurons that coexpress a specific marker of myelinated afferents. In contrast, expression of tetrodotoxin-resistant, Na(v)1.8 sodium channels is specifically decreased in the same subgroup of DRG cells. Central sensitization of somatosensory processing is also induced, with increased behavioral reflex responsiveness to thermal and mechanical stimuli. These changes are reversed by intrathecal administration of an NMDA receptor antagonist or cannabinoid (CB) receptor agonist, but not by a mu-opioid receptor agonist. Recovery of behavioral reflexes occurred approximately 3 weeks after lysolecithin treatment. This is the first time that demyelination of afferent A-fibers has been shown to specifically induce neuropathic pain and indicates that axonal damage is not a prerequisite for development of the pain state. The profile of phenotypic changes in DRG is distinct from other pain models and displays a sensitivity to NMDA and CB receptor agents that may be exploitable therapeutically.
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36
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Azzedine H, Bolino A, Taïeb T, Birouk N, Di Duca M, Bouhouche A, Benamou S, Mrabet A, Hammadouche T, Chkili T, Gouider R, Ravazzolo R, Brice A, Laporte J, LeGuern E. Mutations in MTMR13, a new pseudophosphatase homologue of MTMR2 and Sbf1, in two families with an autosomal recessive demyelinating form of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease associated with early-onset glaucoma. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72:1141-53. [PMID: 12687498 PMCID: PMC1180267 DOI: 10.1086/375034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2003] [Accepted: 02/04/2003] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) with autosomal recessive (AR) inheritance is a heterogeneous group of inherited motor and sensory neuropathies. In some families from Japan and Brazil, a demyelinating CMT, mainly characterized by the presence of myelin outfoldings on nerve biopsies, cosegregated as an autosomal recessive trait with early-onset glaucoma. We identified two such large consanguineous families from Tunisia and Morocco with ages at onset ranging from 2 to 15 years. We mapped this syndrome to chromosome 11p15, in a 4.6-cM region overlapping the locus for an isolated demyelinating ARCMT (CMT4B2). In these two families, we identified two different nonsense mutations in the myotubularin-related 13 gene, MTMR13. The MTMR protein family includes proteins with a phosphoinositide phosphatase activity, as well as proteins in which key catalytic residues are missing and that are thus called "pseudophosphatases." MTM1, the first identified member of this family, and MTMR2 are responsible for X-linked myotubular myopathy and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4B1, an isolated peripheral neuropathy with myelin outfoldings, respectively. Both encode active phosphatases. It is striking to note that mutations in MTMR13 also cause peripheral neuropathy with myelin outfoldings, although it belongs to a pseudophosphatase subgroup, since its closest homologue is MTMR5/Sbf1. This is the first human disease caused by mutation in a pseudophosphatase, emphasizing the important function of these putatively inactive enzymes. MTMR13 may be important for the development of both the peripheral nerves and the trabeculum meshwork, which permits the outflow of the aqueous humor. Both of these tissues have the same embryonic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Azzedine
- U289 INSERM, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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37
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Wallace VCJ, Cottrell DF, Brophy PJ, Fleetwood-Walker SM. Focal lysolecithin-induced demyelination of peripheral afferents results in neuropathic pain behavior that is attenuated by cannabinoids. J Neurosci 2003; 23:3221-33. [PMID: 12716929 PMCID: PMC6742302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Demyelinating diseases can be associated with painful sensory phenomena such as tactile allodynia and hyperalgesia. To study the mechanisms underlying demyelination-induced pain, we have characterized a novel model of demyelination of the sciatic or saphenous nerve. Topical lysolecithin application causes focal demyelination of afferent nerve A-fibers without axonal loss, as assessed either by electron and light microscopy or by immunohistochemical analysis of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) for a neuronal injury marker, activating transcription factor 3. Focal demyelination is accompanied by spontaneous action potentials in afferents and increased expression of neuropeptide Y and Na(v)1.3 sodium channels specifically in DRG neurons that coexpress a specific marker of myelinated afferents. In contrast, expression of tetrodotoxin-resistant, Na(v)1.8 sodium channels is specifically decreased in the same subgroup of DRG cells. Central sensitization of somatosensory processing is also induced, with increased behavioral reflex responsiveness to thermal and mechanical stimuli. These changes are reversed by intrathecal administration of an NMDA receptor antagonist or cannabinoid (CB) receptor agonist, but not by a mu-opioid receptor agonist. Recovery of behavioral reflexes occurred approximately 3 weeks after lysolecithin treatment. This is the first time that demyelination of afferent A-fibers has been shown to specifically induce neuropathic pain and indicates that axonal damage is not a prerequisite for development of the pain state. The profile of phenotypic changes in DRG is distinct from other pain models and displays a sensitivity to NMDA and CB receptor agents that may be exploitable therapeutically.
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MESH Headings
- Action Potentials/drug effects
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Cannabinoids/pharmacology
- Demyelinating Diseases/chemically induced
- Demyelinating Diseases/complications
- Demyelinating Diseases/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Administration Routes
- Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Ganglia, Spinal/pathology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lysophosphatidylcholines/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mononeuropathies/chemically induced
- Mononeuropathies/complications
- Mononeuropathies/pathology
- Mononeuropathies/physiopathology
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/drug effects
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/pathology
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/pathology
- Neurons, Afferent/physiology
- Neuropeptide Y/metabolism
- Pain/drug therapy
- Pain/physiopathology
- Peripheral Nerves/drug effects
- Peripheral Nerves/pathology
- Peripheral Nerves/physiopathology
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Reflex/drug effects
- Sciatic Nerve/drug effects
- Sciatic Nerve/pathology
- Sciatic Nerve/physiopathology
- Sodium Channels/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C J Wallace
- Centre for Neuroscience Research, Division of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, United Kingdom
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38
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Azzedine H, Bolino A, Taïeb T, Birouk N, Di Duca M, Bouhouche A, Benamou S, Mrabet A, Hammadouche T, Chkili T, Gouider R, Ravazzolo R, Brice A, Laporte J, LeGuern E. Mutations in MTMR13, a new pseudophosphatase homologue of MTMR2 and Sbf1, in two families with an autosomal recessive demyelinating form of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease associated with early-onset glaucoma. Am J Hum Genet 2003. [PMID: 12687498 DOI: 10.1086/375034/s0002-9297(07)60642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) with autosomal recessive (AR) inheritance is a heterogeneous group of inherited motor and sensory neuropathies. In some families from Japan and Brazil, a demyelinating CMT, mainly characterized by the presence of myelin outfoldings on nerve biopsies, cosegregated as an autosomal recessive trait with early-onset glaucoma. We identified two such large consanguineous families from Tunisia and Morocco with ages at onset ranging from 2 to 15 years. We mapped this syndrome to chromosome 11p15, in a 4.6-cM region overlapping the locus for an isolated demyelinating ARCMT (CMT4B2). In these two families, we identified two different nonsense mutations in the myotubularin-related 13 gene, MTMR13. The MTMR protein family includes proteins with a phosphoinositide phosphatase activity, as well as proteins in which key catalytic residues are missing and that are thus called "pseudophosphatases." MTM1, the first identified member of this family, and MTMR2 are responsible for X-linked myotubular myopathy and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4B1, an isolated peripheral neuropathy with myelin outfoldings, respectively. Both encode active phosphatases. It is striking to note that mutations in MTMR13 also cause peripheral neuropathy with myelin outfoldings, although it belongs to a pseudophosphatase subgroup, since its closest homologue is MTMR5/Sbf1. This is the first human disease caused by mutation in a pseudophosphatase, emphasizing the important function of these putatively inactive enzymes. MTMR13 may be important for the development of both the peripheral nerves and the trabeculum meshwork, which permits the outflow of the aqueous humor. Both of these tissues have the same embryonic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Azzedine
- U289 INSERM, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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39
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Plante-Bordeneuve V, Said G. Dejerine-Sottas disease and hereditary demyelinating polyneuropathy of infancy. Muscle Nerve 2002; 26:608-21. [PMID: 12402282 DOI: 10.1002/mus.10197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dejerine-Sottas disease (DSD) was originally described as a hypertrophic polyneuropathy characterized by onset in infancy or early childhood in patients born to unaffected parents. The clinical features included distal sensory changes with ataxia; pes cavus, at times with kyphoscoliosis; motor deficit and atrophy predominating in the distal lower limbs and progressing toward the proximal limbs following a length-dependent pattern; palpable nerve hypertrophy; and Argyll-Robertson pupils. The morphological hallmark was the extensive nerve and root hypertrophy associated with demyelination-remyelination of surviving, originally myelinated axons and profuse Schwann-cell proliferation forming onion bulbs. Wide variations in clinical manifestations of chronic demyelinating polyneuropathies of early onset in children born to unaffected parents have now been reported, with only some of the characteristics required in the original study, and at least seven genes encoding the myelin proteins P0, PMP22, the transcriptional factor EGR2, and others have been implicated. Thus, DSD is now a component of the hereditary demyelinating polyneuropathies of infancy that also include subsets of the recently individualized CMT4 neuropathies. The presumed recessive transmission of patients with DSD should be confirmed by molecular genetic analysis, which is still negative in a significant proportion of patients. The nerve biopsy can be useful in patients in whom genealogical or DNA abnormalities in favor of a genetic disorder are missing, because in a few patients with a progressive or relapsing course the diagnosis of early-onset chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violaine Plante-Bordeneuve
- Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bicêtre, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
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40
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Abstract
Inherited neuropathies are common and are usually caused by mutations in genes that are expressed by myelinating Schwann cells or neurons, which is the biological basis for long-standing distinction between primary demyelinating and axonal neuropathies. Neuropathies can be isolated, the primary manifestation of a more complex syndrome, or overshadowed by other aspects of the inherited disease. Increasing knowledge of the molecular-genetic causes of inherited neuropathies facilitates faster, more accurate diagnosis, and sets the stage for development of specific therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleopas A Kleopa
- University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, 3400 Spruce Street, 3 West Gates, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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41
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Nagarajan R, Le N, Mahoney H, Araki T, Milbrandt J. Deciphering peripheral nerve myelination by using Schwann cell expression profiling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:8998-9003. [PMID: 12084938 PMCID: PMC124412 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.132080999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mutations in multiple genes are associated with inherited demyelinating neuropathies, the molecular components and pathways crucial for myelination remain largely unknown. To approach this question, we performed genome-wide expression analysis in several paradigms where the status of peripheral nerve myelination is dynamically changing. Anchor gene correlation analysis, a form of microarray analysis that integrates functional information, using correlation-based clustering, with a statistically rigorous test, the Westfall and Young step-down algorithm, was applied to this data set. Biological pathways active in myelination, genes encoding proteins involved in myelin synthesis, and genes whose mutation results in myelination defects were identified. Many known genes and previously uncharacterized ESTs not heretofore associated with myelination were also identified. One of these ESTs, MASR (myelin-associated SUR4 protein), encodes a member of the SUR4 family of fatty acid desaturases, enzymes involved in elongation of very long chain fatty acids. Its specific localization in myelinating Schwann cells indicates a crucial role for MASR in normal myelin lipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Nagarajan
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8118, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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42
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Takashima H, Boerkoel CF, De Jonghe P, Ceuterick C, Martin JJ, Voit T, Schröder JM, Williams A, Brophy PJ, Timmerman V, Lupski JR. Periaxin mutations cause a broad spectrum of demyelinating neuropathies. Ann Neurol 2002; 51:709-15. [PMID: 12112076 DOI: 10.1002/ana.10213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that apparent loss-of-function mutations in the periaxin gene cause autosomal recessive Dejerine-Sottas neuropathy or severe demyelinating Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. In this report, we extend the associated phenotypes with the identification of two additional families with novel periaxin gene mutations (C715X and R82fsX96) and provide detailed neuropathology. Each patient had marked sensory involvement; two siblings with a homozygous C715X mutation had much worse sensory impairment than motor impairment. Despite early disease onset, these siblings with the C715X mutation had relatively slow disease progression and adult motor impairment typical of classic demyelinating Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy. In contrast, a patient with the homozygous R82fsX96 mutation had a disease course consistent with Dejerine-Sottas neuropathy. The neuropathology of patients in both families was remarkable for demyelination, onion bulb and occasional tomacula formation with focal myelin thickening, abnormalities of the paranodal myelin loops, and focal absence of paranodal septate-like junctions between the terminal loops and axon. Our study indicates a prominent sensory neuropathy resulting from periaxin gene mutations and suggests a role for the carboxyl terminal domain of the periaxin protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takashima
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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43
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D'Alfonso S, Mellai M, Giordano M, Pastore A, Malferrari G, Naldi P, Repice A, Liguori M, Cannoni S, Milanese C, Caputo D, Savettieri G, Momigliano-Richiardi P. Identification of single nucleotide variations in the coding and regulatory regions of the myelin-associated glycoprotein gene and study of their association with multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 126:196-204. [PMID: 12020971 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) gene is an appealing candidate in the 19q13 Multiple Sclerosis (MS) candidate region. Using denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC), we identified 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in MAG coding and regulatory regions, and we tested their possible association with MS in Italian patient and control DNA pools. Eight variations had a frequency <0.05, i.e. below the detection limit in the pools. Of these, Arg537Cys was further studied with individually genotyped individuals and was detected in 1/189 patients and 0/85 controls. The frequency of the six remaining SNPs were not significantly different in pools including a total of 1266 patient and 1612 control chromosomes. Considering the statistical power of the experimental design, these results exclude the MAG gene as an MS susceptibility factor with an odds ratio (OR) equal or higher than 1.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra D'Alfonso
- Laboratorio di Genetica Umana, Dipartimento Scienze Mediche, Univ. Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
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44
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Thomas PK, Kalaydjieva L, Youl B, Rogers T, Angelicheva D, King RH, Guergueltcheva V, Colomer J, Lupu C, Corches A, Popa G, Merlini L, Shmarov A, Muddle JR, Nourallah M, Tournev I. Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy-russe: new autosomal recessive neuropathy in Balkan Gypsies. Ann Neurol 2001; 50:452-7. [PMID: 11601496 DOI: 10.1002/ana.1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A novel peripheral neuropathy of autosomal recessive inheritance has been identified in Balkan Gypsies and termed hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy-Russe (HMSN-R). We investigated 21 affected individuals from 10 families. Distal lower limb weakness began between the ages of 8 and 16 years, upper limb involvement beginning between 10 and 43 years, with an average of 22 years. This progressive disorder led to severe weakness of the lower limbs, generalized in the oldest subject (aged 57 years), and marked distal upper limb weakness. Prominent distal sensory loss involved all modalities, resulting in neuropathic joint degeneration in two instances. All patients showed foot deformity, and most showed hand deformity. Motor nerve conduction velocity was moderately reduced in the upper limbs but unobtainable in the legs. Sensory nerve action potentials were absent. There was loss of larger myelinated nerve fibers and profuse regenerative activity in the sural nerve. HMSN-R is a new form of autosomal recessive inherited HMSN caused by a single founder mutation in a 1 Mb interval on chromosome 10q.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Thomas
- Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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45
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Bennett CL, Chance PF. Molecular pathogenesis of hereditary motor, sensory and autonomic neuropathies. Curr Opin Neurol 2001; 14:621-7. [PMID: 11562574 DOI: 10.1097/00019052-200110000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The hereditary motor, sensory and autonomic neuropathies are a heterogeneous group of neurological diseases. The classification of such is presently in a state of change. The original classification system was based on clinical findings whose limitations are being unfurled with increasing insights into the molecular basis of these disorders. In particular, much progress has been achieved in understanding the demyelinating forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (type 1), for which at least a dozen loci have been delineated and six genes identified. As anticipated, these genes play predominant roles in myelin biology. Four separate loci for the axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathies (type 2) have been identified and only now are researchers beginning to tease out the responsible genes and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Similarly, progress is being made with the pure hereditary motor neuropathies. This review presents an updated list of genes responsible for inherited peripheral neuropathies and explores the underlying molecular mechanisms actively being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Bennett
- Division of Genetics and Development, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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46
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Weiss MD, Luciano CA, Quarles RH. Nerve conduction abnormalities in aging mice deficient for myelin-associated glycoprotein. Muscle Nerve 2001; 24:1380-7. [PMID: 11562920 DOI: 10.1002/mus.1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ultrastructural, biochemical, and electrophysiological analyses were done on 12-14-month-old mice deficient for myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) to further characterize the neuropathy that develops as they age. Electron microscopy demonstrated normal myelin compaction and axonal degeneration in a large number of myelinated nerve fibers. Western blots showed that the proteins of compact myelin, P0 glycoprotein, and myelin basic protein were not significantly altered in the mutants; however, the Schwann cell protein, 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase, was reduced to less than half the control level. Also, both total and phosphorylated high-molecular-weight neurofilament proteins (TNFH and PNFH, respectively) were significantly decreased, as was the PNFH:TNFH ratio. Electrophysiological evaluation revealed a mild, but statistically significant, reduction of conduction velocity and a nonsignificant mild decrease in compound muscle action potential amplitudes. This constellation of findings in aging MAG-null mice is consistent with an axonopathy that resembles axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT2) disease in many respects. Thus, mutation of a myelin-associated gene expressed by Schwann cells can induce axonal degeneration and cause a neuropathy with minimal signs of demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Weiss
- Myelin and Brain Development Section, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Building 49, Room 2A28, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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47
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Benstead TJ, Grant IA. Progress in clinical neurosciences: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and related inherited peripheral neuropathies. Can J Neurol Sci 2001; 28:199-214. [PMID: 11513338 DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100001347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The classification of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and related hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies has evolved to incorporate clinical, electrophysiological and burgeoning molecular genetic information that characterize the many disorders. For several inherited neuropathies, the gene product abnormality is known and for others, candidate genes have been identified. Genetic testing can pinpoint a specific inherited neuropathy for many patients. However, clinical and electrophysiological assessments continue to be essential tools for diagnosis and management of this disease group. This article reviews clinical, electrophysiological, pathological and molecular aspects of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Benstead
- Division of Neurology, QEII Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University Medical School, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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48
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Delague V, Bareil C, Bouvagnet P, Salem N, Chouery E, Loiselet J, Mégarbané A, Claustres M. Nonprogressive autosomal recessive ataxia maps to chromosome 9q34-9qter in a large consanguineous lebanese family. Ann Neurol 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.1286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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49
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Boerkoel CF, Takashima H, Stankiewicz P, Garcia CA, Leber SM, Rhee-Morris L, Lupski JR. Periaxin mutations cause recessive Dejerine-Sottas neuropathy. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 68:325-33. [PMID: 11133365 PMCID: PMC1235266 DOI: 10.1086/318208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2000] [Accepted: 12/04/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The periaxin gene (PRX) encodes two PDZ-domain proteins, L- and S-periaxin, that are required for maintenance of peripheral nerve myelin. Prx(-/-) mice develop a severe demyelinating peripheral neuropathy, despite apparently normal initial formation of myelin sheaths. We hypothesized that mutations in PRX could cause human peripheral myelinopathies. In accordance with this, we identified three unrelated Dejerine-Sottas neuropathy patients with recessive PRX mutations-two with compound heterozygous nonsense and frameshift mutations, and one with a homozygous frameshift mutation. We mapped PRX to 19q13.13-13.2, a region recently associated with a severe autosomal recessive demyelinating neuropathy in a Lebanese family (Delague et al. 2000) and syntenic to the location of Prx on murine chromosome 7 (Gillespie et al. 1997).
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Child
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19/genetics
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA/genetics
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Family Health
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Genes/genetics
- Genes, Recessive
- Hereditary Sensory and Motor Neuropathy/genetics
- Hereditary Sensory and Motor Neuropathy/pathology
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Mutation, Missense
- Pedigree
- Phenotype
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius F. Boerkoel
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Tulane University, New Orleans; Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor; and Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Davis Health System, Sacramento
| | - Hiroshi Takashima
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Tulane University, New Orleans; Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor; and Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Davis Health System, Sacramento
| | - Pawel Stankiewicz
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Tulane University, New Orleans; Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor; and Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Davis Health System, Sacramento
| | - Carlos A. Garcia
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Tulane University, New Orleans; Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor; and Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Davis Health System, Sacramento
| | - Steven M. Leber
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Tulane University, New Orleans; Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor; and Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Davis Health System, Sacramento
| | - Laila Rhee-Morris
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Tulane University, New Orleans; Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor; and Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Davis Health System, Sacramento
| | - James R. Lupski
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Tulane University, New Orleans; Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor; and Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Davis Health System, Sacramento
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50
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Leal A, Morera B, Del Valle G, Heuss D, Kayser C, Berghoff M, Villegas R, Hernández E, Méndez M, Hennies HC, Neundörfer B, Barrantes R, Reis A, Rautenstrauss B. A second locus for an axonal form of autosomal recessive Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease maps to chromosome 19q13.3. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 68:269-74. [PMID: 11112660 PMCID: PMC1234926 DOI: 10.1086/316934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2000] [Accepted: 11/06/2000] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) represents a heterogeneous group of disorders affecting the peripheral nervous system. The axonal form of the disease is designated as "CMT type 2" (CMT2), and one locus (1q21.2-q21.3) has been reported for the autosomal recessive form. Here we report the results of a genomewide search in an inbred Costa Rican family (CR-1) affected with autosomal recessive CMT2. By analyzing three branches of the family we detected linkage to the 19q13.3 region, and subsequent homozygosity mapping defined shared haplotypes between markers D19S902 and D19S907 in a 5.5-cM range. A maximum two-point LOD score of 9.08 was obtained for marker D19S867, at a recombination fraction of.00, which strongly supports linkage to this locus. The epithelial membrane protein 3 gene, encoding a PMP22 homologous protein and located on 19q13.3, was ruled out as being responsible for this form of CMT. The age at onset of chronic symmetric sensory-motor polyneuropathy was 28-42 years (mean 33.8 years); the electrophysiological data clearly reflect an axonal degenerative process. The phenotype and locus are different from those of demyelinating CMT4F, recently mapped to 19q13.1-13.3; hence, the disease affecting the Costa Rican family constitutes an axonal, autosomal recessive CMT subtype (ARCMT2B).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Leal
- Institute of Human Genetics and Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Institute of Health Research (INISA) and School of Biology, University of Costa Rica, Department of Neurology, San Juan de Dios Hospital, Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social, and Asociación de Genealogía e Historia de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; Gene Mapping Centre, Max-Delbrueck-Centre, Berlin; and Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona
| | - Bernal Morera
- Institute of Human Genetics and Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Institute of Health Research (INISA) and School of Biology, University of Costa Rica, Department of Neurology, San Juan de Dios Hospital, Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social, and Asociación de Genealogía e Historia de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; Gene Mapping Centre, Max-Delbrueck-Centre, Berlin; and Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona
| | - Gerardo Del Valle
- Institute of Human Genetics and Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Institute of Health Research (INISA) and School of Biology, University of Costa Rica, Department of Neurology, San Juan de Dios Hospital, Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social, and Asociación de Genealogía e Historia de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; Gene Mapping Centre, Max-Delbrueck-Centre, Berlin; and Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona
| | - Dieter Heuss
- Institute of Human Genetics and Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Institute of Health Research (INISA) and School of Biology, University of Costa Rica, Department of Neurology, San Juan de Dios Hospital, Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social, and Asociación de Genealogía e Historia de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; Gene Mapping Centre, Max-Delbrueck-Centre, Berlin; and Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona
| | - Corinna Kayser
- Institute of Human Genetics and Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Institute of Health Research (INISA) and School of Biology, University of Costa Rica, Department of Neurology, San Juan de Dios Hospital, Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social, and Asociación de Genealogía e Historia de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; Gene Mapping Centre, Max-Delbrueck-Centre, Berlin; and Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona
| | - Martin Berghoff
- Institute of Human Genetics and Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Institute of Health Research (INISA) and School of Biology, University of Costa Rica, Department of Neurology, San Juan de Dios Hospital, Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social, and Asociación de Genealogía e Historia de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; Gene Mapping Centre, Max-Delbrueck-Centre, Berlin; and Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona
| | - Ramón Villegas
- Institute of Human Genetics and Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Institute of Health Research (INISA) and School of Biology, University of Costa Rica, Department of Neurology, San Juan de Dios Hospital, Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social, and Asociación de Genealogía e Historia de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; Gene Mapping Centre, Max-Delbrueck-Centre, Berlin; and Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona
| | - Erick Hernández
- Institute of Human Genetics and Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Institute of Health Research (INISA) and School of Biology, University of Costa Rica, Department of Neurology, San Juan de Dios Hospital, Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social, and Asociación de Genealogía e Historia de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; Gene Mapping Centre, Max-Delbrueck-Centre, Berlin; and Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona
| | - María Méndez
- Institute of Human Genetics and Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Institute of Health Research (INISA) and School of Biology, University of Costa Rica, Department of Neurology, San Juan de Dios Hospital, Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social, and Asociación de Genealogía e Historia de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; Gene Mapping Centre, Max-Delbrueck-Centre, Berlin; and Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona
| | - Hans Christian Hennies
- Institute of Human Genetics and Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Institute of Health Research (INISA) and School of Biology, University of Costa Rica, Department of Neurology, San Juan de Dios Hospital, Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social, and Asociación de Genealogía e Historia de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; Gene Mapping Centre, Max-Delbrueck-Centre, Berlin; and Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona
| | - Bernhard Neundörfer
- Institute of Human Genetics and Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Institute of Health Research (INISA) and School of Biology, University of Costa Rica, Department of Neurology, San Juan de Dios Hospital, Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social, and Asociación de Genealogía e Historia de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; Gene Mapping Centre, Max-Delbrueck-Centre, Berlin; and Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona
| | - Ramiro Barrantes
- Institute of Human Genetics and Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Institute of Health Research (INISA) and School of Biology, University of Costa Rica, Department of Neurology, San Juan de Dios Hospital, Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social, and Asociación de Genealogía e Historia de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; Gene Mapping Centre, Max-Delbrueck-Centre, Berlin; and Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona
| | - André Reis
- Institute of Human Genetics and Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Institute of Health Research (INISA) and School of Biology, University of Costa Rica, Department of Neurology, San Juan de Dios Hospital, Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social, and Asociación de Genealogía e Historia de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; Gene Mapping Centre, Max-Delbrueck-Centre, Berlin; and Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona
| | - Bernd Rautenstrauss
- Institute of Human Genetics and Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Institute of Health Research (INISA) and School of Biology, University of Costa Rica, Department of Neurology, San Juan de Dios Hospital, Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social, and Asociación de Genealogía e Historia de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; Gene Mapping Centre, Max-Delbrueck-Centre, Berlin; and Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona
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