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Maves RC, Cawcutt KA. A practical approach to preparing your ICU for epidemics and pandemics. Curr Opin Crit Care 2024; 30:414-419. [PMID: 38841920 DOI: 10.1097/mcc.0000000000001174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Major outbreaks of infectious diseases, including epidemics and pandemics, are increasing in scope and frequency, threatening public health and straining the capacity of health systems worldwide. High-consequence infectious diseases (HCIDs), including highly pathogenic respiratory viruses and viral hemorrhagic fevers, are both contagious and virulent, and these pathogens thus are topics of special concern for pandemic planning. RECENT FINDINGS The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated how a major disease outbreak can negatively impact all aspects of hospital functioning. Identification of patients with HCIDs needs careful clinical evaluation and coordination with public health authorities. Staff safety and patient care require appropriate infection prevention precautions, including personal protective equipment. Surges of ill patients may lead to significant strain, with increased ICU patient mortality. Strategies to reduce the impact of surge appear to reduce mortality, such as tiered staffing models and load-leveling across health systems. SUMMARY Pandemics and HCIDs are a significant threat to global health, and ICUs play a major role in the care of affected patients. Critical care professionals must work to ensure that our hospitals are prepared to identify and care for these patients in advance of the next emergency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Maves
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine
- Center for Bioethics, Health, and Society, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Kelly A Cawcutt
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases & Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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2
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Le Bert N, Samandari T. Silent battles: immune responses in asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:159-170. [PMID: 38221577 PMCID: PMC10805869 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infections manifest with a broad spectrum of presentations, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe pneumonia and fatal outcomes. This review centers on asymptomatic infections, a widely reported phenomenon that has substantially contributed to the rapid spread of the pandemic. In such asymptomatic infections, we focus on the role of innate, humoral, and cellular immunity. Notably, asymptomatic infections are characterized by an early and robust innate immune response, particularly a swift type 1 IFN reaction, alongside a rapid and broad induction of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells. Often, antibody levels tend to be lower or undetectable after asymptomatic infections, suggesting that the rapid control of viral replication by innate and cellular responses might impede the full triggering of humoral immunity. Even if antibody levels are present in the early convalescent phase, they wane rapidly below serological detection limits, particularly following asymptomatic infection. Consequently, prevalence studies reliant solely on serological assays likely underestimate the extent of community exposure to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Le Bert
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Taraz Samandari
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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Haddadin S, Wilhelm D, Wahrmann D, Tenebruso F, Sadeghian H, Naceri A, Haddadin S. Autonomous swab robot for naso- and oropharyngeal COVID-19 screening. Sci Rep 2024; 14:142. [PMID: 38167977 PMCID: PMC10762007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak has triggered a global health and economic crisis, necessitating widespread testing to control viral spread amidst rising cases and fatalities. The recommended testing method, a combined naso- and oropharyngeal swab, poses risks and demands limited protective gear. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we developed and tested the first autonomous swab robot station for Naso- and Oropharyngeal Coronavirus Screening (SR-NOCS). A force-sensitive robot running under a Cartesian impedance controller is employed to drive the swab to the sampling area. This groundbreaking device underwent two clinical studies-one conducted during the initial pandemic lockdown in Europe (early 2021) and the other, more recently, in a public place after the pandemic had subsided earlier in the year 2023. In total, 52 patients suspected of COVID-19 infection were included in these clinical studies. The results revealed a complete positive correlation between autonomous and manual sampling. The test subjects exhibited a high acceptance rate, all expressing a willingness to undergo future tests with SR-NOCS. Based on our findings, such systems could enhance testing capabilities, potentially conducting up to 300 tests per robot per day with consistent precision. The tests can be carried out with minimal supervision, reducing infection risks and effectively safeguarding patients and healthcare workers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dirk Wilhelm
- School for Medicine and Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Surgery, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Hamid Sadeghian
- Chair of Robotics and Systems Intelligence, School of Computation, Information and Technologies, Munich Institute of Robotics and Machine Intelligence, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Abdeldjallil Naceri
- Chair of Robotics and Systems Intelligence, School of Computation, Information and Technologies, Munich Institute of Robotics and Machine Intelligence, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sami Haddadin
- Chair of Robotics and Systems Intelligence, School of Computation, Information and Technologies, Munich Institute of Robotics and Machine Intelligence, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Daba TM, Mokonon M, Niguse E, Getahun M. The Potential Mechanisms Behind Adverse Effect of Coronavirus Disease-19 on Heart and Liver Damage: A Review. Ethiop J Health Sci 2024; 34:85-100. [PMID: 38957334 PMCID: PMC11217793 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v34i1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Coronaviruses (CoVs) belong to the RNA viruses family. The viruses in this family are known to cause mild respiratory disease in humans. The origin of the novel SARS-COV2 virus that caused the coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) is the Wuhan city in China from where it disseminated to cause a global pandemic. Although lungs are the predominant target organ for Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19), since its outbreak, the disease is known to affect heart, blood vessels, kidney, intestine, liver and brain. This review aimed to summarize the catastrophic impacts of Coronavirus disease-19 on heart and liver along with its mechanisms of pathogenesis. Methods The information used in this review was obtained from relevant articles published on PubMed, Google Scholar, Google, WHO website, CDC and other sources. Key searching statements and phrases related to COVID-19 were used to retrieve information. Original research articles, review papers, research letters and case reports were used as a source of information. Results Besides causing severe lung injury, COVID-19 has also been reported to affect and cause dysfunction of many other organs. COVID-19 infection can affect people by downregulating membrane-bound active angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). People who have deficient ACE2 expression are more vulnerable to COVID-19 infection. The patients' pre-existing co-morbidities are major risk factors that predispose individuals to severe COVID-19. Conclusion The disease severity and its broad spectrum phenotype is a result of combined direct and indirect pathogenic factors. Therefore, protocols that harmonize many therapeutic preferences should be the best alternatives to de-escalate the disease and obviate deaths caused as a result of multiple organ damage and dysfunction induced by the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolessa Muleta Daba
- Deparment of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Huye Campus, Rwanda
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Mulatu Mokonon
- Department of Biology, School of Applied Natural Sciences, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Elsa Niguse
- Department of Biology, School of Applied Natural Sciences, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Meron Getahun
- Department of Biology, School of Applied Natural Sciences, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
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5
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Roggero PF, Calistri A, Palù G. The chaos law is a principal driver of natural selection: A proposition on the evolution of recently emerged coronaviruses. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290453. [PMID: 37616261 PMCID: PMC10449193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we propose that viruses emerging in the human population undergo an evolution that is conditioned by the rules of chaos. Our data support the notion that the initial growth rate "r" affects the chances of the virus to establish a long-lasting relationship with the new host. Indeed, an emerging virus is able to spread and adapt only when it displays an initial r falling in a range frankly associated with chaotic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arianna Calistri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, via A. Gabelli, Padua, Italy
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, via A. Gabelli, Padua, Italy
- Italian Medicines Agency, Via del Tritone, Rome, Italy
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Battaglini D, Iavarone IG, Al-Husinat L, Ball L, Robba C, Silva PL, Cruz FF, Rocco PR. Anti-inflammatory therapies for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:1143-1155. [PMID: 37996088 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2288080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Treatments for the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are mainly supportive, and ventilatory management represents a key approach in these patients. Despite progress in pharmacotherapy, anti-inflammatory strategies for the treatment of ARDS have shown controversial results. Positive outcomes with pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments have been found in two different biological subphenotypes of ARDS, suggesting that, with a personalized medicine approach, pharmacotherapy for ARDS can be effective. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the literature concerning anti-inflammatory therapies for ARDS, focusing on pharmacological and stem-cell therapies, including extracellular vesicles. EXPERT OPINION Despite advances, ARDS treatments remain primarily supportive. Ventilatory and fluid management are important strategies in these patients that have demonstrated significant impacts on outcome. Anti-inflammatory drugs have shown some benefits, primarily in preclinical research and in specific clinical scenarios, but no recommendations are available from guidelines to support their use in patients with ARDS, except in particular settings such as different subphenotypes, specific etiologies, or clinical trials. Personalized medicine seems promising insofar as it may identify specific subgroups of patients with ARDS who may benefit from anti-inflammatory treatment. However, additional efforts are needed to move subphenotype characterization from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Battaglini
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ida Giorgia Iavarone
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lou'i Al-Husinat
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Lorenzo Ball
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Robba
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pedro Leme Silva
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Cruz
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Rm Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Konje JC, Al Beloushi M, Ahmed B. Immunisation against COVID-19 in Pregnancy and of Women Planning Pregnancy. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030621. [PMID: 36992330 PMCID: PMC10059008 DOI: 10.3390/v15030621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Following reports of the first human SARS-CoV2 infection in December 2019 from Wuhan Province, China, there was such rapid spread that by March 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) had declared a pandemic. Over 6.5 million people have died from this infection worldwide, although this is most likely an underestimate. Until vaccines became available, mortality and severe morbidity were costly in terms of life lost as well as the cost of supporting the severely and acutely ill. Vaccination changed the landscape, and following worldwide adoption, life has gradually been returning to normal. The speed of production of the vaccines was unprecedented and undoubtedly ushered in a new era in the science of fighting infections. The developed vaccines were on the already known platforms for vaccine delivery: inactivated virus, virus vector, virus-like particles (VLP) subunit, DNA and mRNA. The mRNA platform was used for the first time to deliver vaccines to humans. An understanding of these platforms and the pros and cons of each are important for clinicians who are often challenged by the recipients on the advantages and risks of these vaccines. These vaccines have so far and reassuringly been shown to be safe in reproduction (with no effect on gametes) and pregnancy (not associated with congenital malformations). However, safety remains paramount and continuing vigilance is critical, especially against rare fatal complications such as vaccine-induced thrombocytopenia and myocarditis. Finally, the waning immunity months after vaccination means repeated immunisation is likely to be ongoing, but just how often and how many such revaccinations should be recommended remains uncertain. Research into other vaccines and alternate delivery methods should continue as this infection is likely to be around for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C. Konje
- Feto-Maternal Centre Al Markhiya, Doha P.O. Box 34181, Qatar
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +974-7777-8375
| | - Mariam Al Beloushi
- Women’s Wellness and Research Centre, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Badreldeen Ahmed
- Feto-Maternal Centre Al Markhiya, Doha P.O. Box 34181, Qatar
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
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Semple SL, Alkie TN, Jenik K, Warner BM, Tailor N, Kobasa D, DeWitte-Orr SJ. More tools for our toolkit: The application of HEL-299 cells and dsRNA-nanoparticles to study human coronaviruses in vitro. Virus Res 2022; 321:198925. [PMID: 36115551 PMCID: PMC9474404 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are important human pathogens, as exemplified by the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. While the ability of type I interferons (IFNs) to limit coronavirus replication has been established, the ability of double-stranded (ds)RNA, a potent IFN inducer, to inhibit coronavirus replication when conjugated to a nanoparticle is largely unexplored. Additionally, the number of IFN competent cell lines that can be used to study coronaviruses in vitro are limited. In the present study, we show that poly inosinic: poly cytidylic acid (pIC), when conjugated to a phytoglycogen nanoparticle (pIC+NDX) is able to protect IFN-competent human lung fibroblasts (HEL-299 cells) from infection with different HCoV species. HEL-299 was found to be permissive to HCoV-229E, -OC43 and MERS-CoV-GFP but not to HCoV-NL63 or SARS-CoV-2. Further investigation revealed that HEL-299 does not contain the required ACE2 receptor to enable propagation of both HCoV-NL63 and SARS-CoV-2. Following 24h exposure, pIC+NDX was observed to stimulate a significant, prolonged increase in antiviral gene expression (IFNβ, CXCL10 and ISG15) when compared to both NDX alone and pIC alone. This antiviral response translated into complete protection against virus production, for 4 days or 7 days post treatment with HCoV-229E or -OC43 when either pre-treated for 6h or 24h respectively. Moreover, the pIC+NDX combination also provided complete protection for 2d post infection when HEL-299 cells were infected with MERS-CoV-GFP following a 24h pretreatment with pIC+NDX. The significance of this study is two-fold. Firstly, it was revealed that HEL-299 cells can effectively be used as an IFN-competent model system for in vitro analysis of MERS-CoV. Secondly, pIC+NDX acts as a powerful inducer of type I IFNs in HEL-299, to levels that provide complete protection against coronavirus replication. This suggests an exciting and novel area of investigation for antiviral therapies that utilize innate immune stimulants. The results of this study will help to expand the range of available tools scientists have to investigate, and thus further understand, human coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna L Semple
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Tamiru N Alkie
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Kristof Jenik
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Bryce M Warner
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Nikesh Tailor
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Ghosh AK, Mishevich JL, Mesecar A, Mitsuya H. Recent Drug Development and Medicinal Chemistry Approaches for the Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200440. [PMID: 36165855 PMCID: PMC9538661 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, continues to be a major public health crisis around the globe. Development of vaccines and the first cluster of antiviral drugs has brought promise and hope for prevention and treatment of severe coronavirus disease. However, continued development of newer, safer, and more effective antiviral drugs are critically important to combat COVID-19 and counter the looming pathogenic variants. Studies of the coronavirus life cycle revealed several important biochemical targets for drug development. In the present review, we focus on recent drug design and medicinal chemistry efforts in small molecule drug discovery, including the development of nirmatrelvir that targets viral protein synthesis and remdesivir and molnupiravir that target viral RdRp. These are recent FDA approved drugs for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Purdue UniversityDepartments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry560 Oval Drive47907West LafayetteUNITED STATES
| | | | - Andrew Mesecar
- Purdue University College of ScienceBiochemistryUNITED STATES
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- National Cancer InstituteHIV and AIDS Malignancy BranchUNITED STATES
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Tahir ul Qamar M, Zhu XT, Chen LL, Alhussain L, Alshiekheid MA, Theyab A, Algahtani M. Target-Specific Machine Learning Scoring Function Improved Structure-Based Virtual Screening Performance for SARS-CoV-2 Drugs Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911003. [PMID: 36232307 PMCID: PMC9570399 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Leveraging machine learning has been shown to improve the accuracy of structure-based virtual screening. Furthermore, a tremendous amount of empirical data is publicly available, which further enhances the performance of the machine learning approach. In this proof-of-concept study, the 3CLpro enzyme of SARS-CoV-2 was used. Structure-based virtual screening relies heavily on scoring functions. It is widely accepted that target-specific scoring functions may perform more effectively than universal scoring functions in real-world drug research and development processes. It would be beneficial to drug discovery to develop a method that can effectively build target-specific scoring functions. In the current study, the bindingDB database was used to retrieve experimental data. Smina was utilized to generate protein-ligand complexes for the extraction of InteractionFingerPrint (IFP) and SimpleInteractionFingerPrint SIFP fingerprints via the open drug discovery tool (oddt). The present study found that randomforestClassifier and randomforestRegressor performed well when used with the above fingerprints along the Molecular ACCess System (MACCS), Extended Connectivity Fingerprint (ECFP4), and ECFP6. It was found that the area under the precision-recall curve was 0.80, which is considered a satisfactory level of accuracy. In addition, our enrichment factor analysis indicated that our trained scoring function ranked molecules correctly compared to smina’s generic scoring function. Further molecular dynamics simulations indicated that the top-ranked molecules identified by our developed scoring function were highly stable in the active site, supporting the validity of our developed process. This research may provide a template for developing target-specific scoring functions against specific enzyme targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tahir ul Qamar
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xi-Tong Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ling-Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Laila Alhussain
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha A. Alshiekheid
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Theyab
- Department of Laboratory & Blood Bank, Security Forces Hospital, P.O. Box 14799, Mecca 21955, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Al-Faisal University, P.O. Box 50927, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Algahtani
- Department of Laboratory & Blood Bank, Security Forces Hospital, P.O. Box 14799, Mecca 21955, Saudi Arabia
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Interferon-β regulates proresolving lipids to promote the resolution of acute airway inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201146119. [PMID: 35878041 PMCID: PMC9351544 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201146119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome is characterized by aberrant inflammatory responses, including polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocyte dysfunction and hyperactive Toll-like receptor signaling. Timely resolution of bacterial infections depends on efficient removal of neutrophils from the inflamed tissue. Here we show that the antiviral cytokine interferon-β is essential for the resolution of neutrophil-driven airway inflammation by countering Toll-like receptor 9–mediated suppression of phagocytosis, neutrophil apoptosis, and uptake by macrophages. We also report that the beneficial effects of interferon-β are, in part, mediated by production of proresolving lipid mediators, such as 15-epi-lipoxin A4 and resolvin D1, which act through the lipoxin receptor ALX/FPR2. These findings uncover an interferon-β–initiated ALX/FPR2-centered resolution program as a potential target for facilitating the resolution of airway inflammation. Aberrant immune responses, including hyperresponsiveness to Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, underlie acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Type I interferons confer antiviral activities and could also regulate the inflammatory response, whereas little is known about their actions to resolve aberrant inflammation. Here we report that interferon-β (IFN-β) exerts partially overlapping, but also cooperative actions with aspirin-triggered 15-epi-lipoxin A4 (15-epi-LXA4) and 17-epi-resolvin D1 to counter TLR9-generated cues to regulate neutrophil apoptosis and phagocytosis in human neutrophils. In mice, TLR9 activation impairs bacterial clearance, prolongs Escherichia coli–evoked lung injury, and suppresses production of IFN-β and the proresolving lipid mediators 15-epi-LXA4 and resolvin D1 (RvD1) in the lung. Neutralization of endogenous IFN-β delays pulmonary clearance of E. coli and aggravates mucosal injury. Conversely, treatment of mice with IFN-β accelerates clearance of bacteria, restores neutrophil phagocytosis, promotes neutrophil apoptosis and efferocytosis, and accelerates resolution of airway inflammation with concomitant increases in 15-epi-LXA4 and RvD1 production in the lungs. Pharmacological blockade of the lipoxin receptor ALX/FPR2 partially prevents IFN-β–mediated resolution. These findings point to a pivotal role of IFN-β in orchestrating timely resolution of neutrophil and TLR9 activation–driven airway inflammation and uncover an IFN-β–initiated resolution program, activation of an ALX/FPR2-centered, proresolving lipids-mediated circuit, for ARDS.
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12
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Cui D, Wang Y, Huang L, Gu X, Huang Z, Mu S, Wang C, Cao B. Rheumatic symptoms following COVID-19: a chronic post COVID-19 condition. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac170. [PMID: 35611349 PMCID: PMC8992351 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Detailed characteristics of rheumatic symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were still unknown. We aim to investigate the proportions, characteristics, and risk factors of this condition. Methods In this prospective, longitudinal cohort study, discharged patients with COVID-19 were interviewed face-to-face at 12 months after symptom onset. Rheumatic symptoms following COVID-19 included newly occurring joint pain and/or joint swelling. The risk factors of developing rheumatic symptoms were identified by multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results In total, 1296 of 2469 discharged patients with COVID-19 were enrolled in this study. Among them, 160 (12.3% [95% confidence interval {CI}, 10.6%–14.3%]) suffered from rheumatic symptoms following COVID-19 at 12-month follow-up. The most frequently involved joints were the knee joints (38%), followed by hand (25%) and shoulder (19%). Rheumatic symptoms were independent of the severity of illness and corticosteroid treatment during the acute phase, while elderly age (odds ratio [OR], 1.22 [95% CI, 1.06–1.40]) and female sex (OR, 1.58 [95% CI, 1.12–2.23]) were identified as the risk factors for this condition. Conclusions Our investigation showed a considerable proportion of rheumatic symptoms following COVID-19 in discharged patients, which highlights the need for continuing attention. Notably, rheumatic symptoms following COVID-19 were independent of the severity of illness and corticosteroid treatment during the acute phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Cui
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yeming Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lixue Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Gu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhisheng Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shengrui Mu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Cao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Giraud-Gatineau A, Kaba L, Boschi C, Devaux C, Casalta JP, Gautret P, Chaudet H, Colson P, Raoult D. Control of common viral epidemics but not of SARS-CoV-2 through the application of hygiene and distancing measures. J Clin Virol 2022; 150-151:105163. [PMID: 35472752 PMCID: PMC9013017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background We systematically survey respiratory and gastrointestinal infections of viral origin in samples sent to our university hospital institute in Marseille, southern France. Here, we evaluated whether the measures implemented to fight COVID-19 had an effect on the dynamics of viral respiratory or gastrointestinal infections. Methods We analysed PCR performed and positive for the diagnoses of viral respiratory and gastrointestinal infections over five years (January 2017-February 2021). Data were collected from our epidemiological surveillance system (MIDaS). Dates and contents of French measures against SARS-CoV-2 were collected from: https://www.gouvernement.fr/info-coronavirus/les-actions-du-gouvernement. Results Over the 2017-2021 period, 990,364 analyses were carried out for respiratory infections not including SARS-CoV-2, 510,671 for SARS-CoV-2 and 27,719 for gastrointestinal infections. During winter 2020–2021, when the most restrictive lockdown measures were in place in France, a marked decrease of infections with influenza viruses (one case versus 1,839-1,850 cases during 2017-2020 cold seasons) and with the RSV (56 cases versus 988-1,196 cases during 2017-2020 cold seasons) was observed, demonstrating the relative effectiveness of these measures on their occurrence. SARS-CoV-2 incidence seemed far less affected. Rhinoviruses, parainfluenza 3 virus, and the coronavirus NL63 remained at comparable levels. Also, the norovirus winter season positivity rates decreased continuously and significantly over time from 9.3% in 2017–2018 to 2.0% in 2020–2021. Conclusion The measures taken to control COVID-19 were effective against lower respiratory tract infections viruses and gastroenteritis agents, but not on the agents of the common winter cold and SARS-CoV-2. This suggests that more specific measures to prevent COVID-19 and upper respiratory tract infections need to be discovered to limit the spread of this epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Giraud-Gatineau
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France;; French Armed Forces Center for Epidemiology and Public Health (CESPA), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), camp de Sainte Marthe, BP 40026, Marseille, France; Assistance Publique- Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), 264 rue Saint-Pierre, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Lancei Kaba
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France;; Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Céline Boschi
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France; Assistance Publique- Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), 264 rue Saint-Pierre, 13005, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Christian Devaux
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Paul Casalta
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France; Assistance Publique- Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), 264 rue Saint-Pierre, 13005, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Gautret
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France;; Assistance Publique- Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), 264 rue Saint-Pierre, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Chaudet
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France;; French Armed Forces Center for Epidemiology and Public Health (CESPA), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), camp de Sainte Marthe, BP 40026, Marseille, France; Assistance Publique- Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), 264 rue Saint-Pierre, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Colson
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France; Assistance Publique- Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), 264 rue Saint-Pierre, 13005, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
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14
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Antiviral effects of azithromycin: A narrative review. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 147:112682. [PMID: 35131658 PMCID: PMC8813546 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections have a great impact on human health. The urgent need to find a cure against different viruses led us to investigations in a vast range of drugs. Azithromycin (AZT), classified as a macrolide, showed various effects on different known viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Zika, Ebola, Enterovirus (EVs) and Rhinoviruses (RVs), and Influenza A previously; namely, these viruses, which caused global concerns, are considered as targets for AZT different actions. Due to AZT background in the treatment of known viral infections mentioned above (which is described in this study), in the early stages of COVID-19 (a new zoonotic disease caused by a novel coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)) development, AZT drew attention to itself due to its antiviral and immunomodulatory effects as a valuable candidate for COVID-19 treatment. AZT usage instructions for treating different viral infections have always been under observation, and COVID-19 is no exception. There are still debates about the use of AZT in COVID-19 treatment. However, eventually, novel researches convinced WHO to announce the discontinuation of AZT use (alone or in combination with hydroxychloroquine) in treating SARS-CoV-2 infection. This research aims to study the structure of all of the viruses mentioned above and the molecular and clinical effects of AZT against the virus.
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15
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Yang C, Qiu X, Fan H, Jiang M, Lao X, Zeng Y, Zhang Z. Coronavirus disease 2019: reassembly attack of coronavirus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:243-251. [PMID: 32316751 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2020.1747602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There have been three major global outbreaks of acute respiratory disease caused by coronavirus in the last two decades. The ongoing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) first emerged in Wuhan, China, is the most dangerous, which spread to 163 countries and 6 continents and caused a major public health emergency worldwide. The outbreak is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) originated from bats, which spreads rapidly from human to human. As of 17 March 2020, there have been 179,112 confirmed cases and 7426 deaths worldwide, with a mortality rate of 4.1%. There is currently no effective treatment or approved vaccine, so isolating the source of infection and blocking the routes of transmission is important. In this article, we summarized the worldwide epidemic trend of COVID-19 and discussed its epidemiological characteristics, prevention and control measures. We hope this article could provide experience and help for global epidemic prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglei Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Province, PR China
| | - Xue Qiu
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, PR China
| | - Haoran Fan
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, PR China
| | - Mei Jiang
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, PR China
| | - Xiaojie Lao
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi MedicalUniversity, Nanning, Guangxi Province, PR China
| | - Yukeng Zeng
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, PR China
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Province, PR China
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16
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The Hybrid Incidence Susceptible-Transmissible-Removed Model for Pandemics : Scaling Time to Predict an Epidemic's Population Density Dependent Temporal Propagation. Acta Biotheor 2022; 70:10. [PMID: 35092515 PMCID: PMC8800439 DOI: 10.1007/s10441-021-09431-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The susceptible-transmissible-removed (STR) model is a deterministic compartment model, based on the susceptible-infected-removed (SIR) prototype. The STR replaces 2 SIR assumptions. SIR assumes that the emigration rate (due to death or recovery) is directly proportional to the infected compartment’s size. The STR replaces this assumption with the biologically appropriate assumption that the emigration rate is the same as the immigration rate one infected period ago. This results in a unique delay differential equation epidemic model with the delay equal to the infected period. Hamer’s mass action law for epidemiology is modified to resemble its chemistry precursor—the law of mass action. Constructing the model for an isolated population that exists on a surface bounded by the extent of the population’s movements permits compartment density to replace compartment size. The STR reduces to a SIR model in a timescale that negates the delay—the transmissible timescale. This establishes that the SIR model applies to an isolated population in the disease’s transmissible timescale. Cyclical social interactions will define a rhythmic timescale. It is demonstrated that the geometric mean maps transmissible timescale properties to their rhythmic timescale equivalents. This mapping defines the hybrid incidence (HI). The model validation demonstrates that the HI-STR can be constructed directly from the disease’s transmission dynamics. The basic reproduction number (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\mathcal{R}}_0$$\end{document}R0) is an epidemic impact property. The HI-STR model predicts that \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\mathcal{R}}_0 \propto \root \mathfrak{B} \of {\rho_n}$$\end{document}R0∝ρnB where \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\rho_n$$\end{document}ρn is the population density, and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\mathfrak{B}}$$\end{document}B is the ratio of time increments in the transmissible- and rhythmic timescales. The model is validated by experimentally verifying the relationship. \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\mathcal{R}}_0$$\end{document}R0’s dependence on \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\rho_n$$\end{document}ρn is demonstrated for droplet-spread SARS in Asian cities, aerosol-spread measles in Europe and non-airborne Ebola in Africa.
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17
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Feng Y, Tang K, Lai Q, Liang J, Feng M, Zhou ZW, Cui H, Du X, Zhang H, Sun L. The Landscape of Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases Involved in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection. Front Physiol 2022; 12:818297. [PMID: 35153822 PMCID: PMC8826553 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.818297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are essential enzymes in translation by linking amino acids onto their cognate tRNAs during protein synthesis. During evolution, aaRSs develop numerous non-canonical functions that expand the roles of aaRSs in eukaryotic organisms. Although aaRSs have been implicated in viral infection, the function of aaRSs during infections with coronaviruses (CoVs) remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the data from transcriptomic and proteomic database on human cytoplasmic (cyto) and mitochondrial (mt) aaRSs across infections with three highly pathogenic human CoVs, with a particular focus on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We found an overall downregulation of aaRSs at mRNA levels, while the protein levels of some mt-aaRSs and the phosphorylation of certain aaRSs were increased in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Strikingly, interaction network between SARS-CoV-2 and human aaRSs displayed a strong involvement of mt-aaRSs. Further co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) experiments confirmed the physical interaction between SARS-CoV-2 M protein and TARS2. In addition, we identified the intermediate nodes and potential pathways involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study provides an unbiased, overarching perspective on the correlation between aaRSs and SARS-CoV-2. More importantly, this work identifies TARS2, HARS2, and EARS2 as potential key factors involved in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Feng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kang Tang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi Lai
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingxian Liang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Feng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Zhou
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haissi Cui
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Xiangjun Du
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Han Zhang,
| | - Litao Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Litao Sun,
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18
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Davis G, Li K, Thankam FG, Wilson DR, Agrawal DK. Ocular transmissibility of COVID-19: possibilities and perspectives. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:849-864. [PMID: 35066705 PMCID: PMC8783769 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the initial outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), extensive research has emerged from across the globe to understand the pathophysiology of this novel coronavirus. Transmission of this virus is a subject of particular interest as researchers work to understand which protective and preventative measures are most effective. Despite the well understood model of aerosol-respiratory mediated transmission, the exact mechanism underlying the inoculation, infection and spread of COVID-19 is currently unknown. Given anatomical positioning and near constant exposure to aerosolized pathogens, the eye may be a possible gateway for COVID-19 infection. This critical review explores the possibility of an ocular-systemic or ocular-nasal-pulmonic pathway of COVID-19 infection and includes novel insights into the possible immunological mechanisms leading to cytokine surge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Davis
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Kin Li
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Finosh G Thankam
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Daniel R Wilson
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA.
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19
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Kim M, Cho H, Ahn DG, Jung HG, Seo HY, Kim JS, Lee YJ, Choi JY, Park IH, Shin JS, Kim SJ, Oh JW. In Vitro Replication Inhibitory Activity of Xanthorrhizol against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111725. [PMID: 34829954 PMCID: PMC8615586 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the large number of repositioned drugs and direct-acting antivirals in clinical trials for the management of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, there are few cost-effective therapeutic options for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SCoV2) infection. In this paper, we show that xanthorrhizol (XNT), a bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoid compound isolated from the Curcuma xanthorrhizza Roxb., a ginger-line plant of the family Zingiberaceae, displays a potent antiviral efficacy in vitro against SCoV2 and other related coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-1 (SCoV1) and a common cold-causing human coronavirus. XNT reduced infectious SCoV2 titer by ~3-log10 at 20 μM and interfered with the replication of the SCoV1 subgenomic replicon, while it had no significant antiviral effects against hepatitis C virus and noroviruses. Further, XNT exerted similar antiviral functions against SCoV2 variants, such as a GH clade strain and a delta strain currently predominant worldwide. Neither SCoV2 entry into cells nor the enzymatic activity of viral RNA polymerase (Nsp12), RNA helicase (Nsp13), or the 3CL main protease (Nsp5) was inhibited by XNT. While its CoV replication inhibitory mechanism remains elusive, our results demonstrate that the traditional folk medicine XNT could be a promising antiviral candidate that inhibits a broad range of SCoV2 variants of concern and other related CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwoo Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (M.K.); (H.C.); (D.-G.A.); (H.-G.J.); (H.Y.S.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Hee Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (M.K.); (H.C.); (D.-G.A.); (H.-G.J.); (H.Y.S.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Dae-Gyun Ahn
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (M.K.); (H.C.); (D.-G.A.); (H.-G.J.); (H.Y.S.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Hae-Gwang Jung
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (M.K.); (H.C.); (D.-G.A.); (H.-G.J.); (H.Y.S.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Han Young Seo
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (M.K.); (H.C.); (D.-G.A.); (H.-G.J.); (H.Y.S.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Ji-Su Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (M.K.); (H.C.); (D.-G.A.); (H.-G.J.); (H.Y.S.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Youn-Jung Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (Y.-J.L.); (J.Y.C.)
| | - Jun Yong Choi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (Y.-J.L.); (J.Y.C.)
| | - In Ho Park
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (I.H.P.); (J.-S.S.)
| | - Jeon-Soo Shin
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (I.H.P.); (J.-S.S.)
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Seong-Jun Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
| | - Jong-Won Oh
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (M.K.); (H.C.); (D.-G.A.); (H.-G.J.); (H.Y.S.); (J.-S.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2123-2881; Fax: +82-2-362-7265
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20
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Effect of ORF7 of SARS-CoV-2 on the Chemotaxis of Monocytes and Neutrophils In Vitro. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:6803510. [PMID: 34603560 PMCID: PMC8483903 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6803510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently the most significant public health threat worldwide. Patients with severe COVID-19 usually have pneumonia concomitant with local inflammation and sometimes a cytokine storm. Specific components of the SARS-CoV-2 virus trigger lung inflammation, and recruitment of immune cells to the lungs exacerbates this process, although much remains unknown about the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Our study of lung type II pneumocyte cells (A549) demonstrated that ORF7, an open reading frame (ORF) in the genome of SARS-CoV-2, induced the production of CCL2, a chemokine that promotes the chemotaxis of monocytes, and decreased the expression of IL-8, a chemokine that recruits neutrophils. A549 cells also had an increased level of IL-6. The results of our chemotaxis Transwell assay suggested that ORF7 augmented monocyte infiltration and reduced the number of neutrophils. We conclude that the ORF7 of SARS-CoV-2 may have specific effects on the immunological changes in tissues after infection. These results suggest that the functions of other ORFs of SARS-CoV-2 should also be comprehensively examined.
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21
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Raman spectroscopy for virus detection and the implementation of unorthodox food safety. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Cui Y, Dong X, Zhang X, Chen C, Fu D, Li X, Liang X. Deciphering the O-Glycosylation of HKU1 Spike Protein With the Dual-Functional Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography Materials. Front Chem 2021; 9:707235. [PMID: 34485242 PMCID: PMC8414140 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.707235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
HKU1 is a human beta coronavirus and infects host cells via highly glycosylated spike protein (S). The N-glycosylation of HKU1 S has been reported. However, little is known about its O-glycosylation, which hinders the in-depth understanding of its biological functions. Herein, a comprehensive study of O-glycosylation of HKU1 S was carried out based on dual-functional histidine-bonded silica (HBS) materials. The enrichment method for O-glycopeptides with HBS was developed and validated using standard proteins. The application of the developed method to the HKU1 S1 subunit resulted in 46 novel O-glycosylation sites, among which 55.6% were predicted to be exposed on the outer protein surface. Moreover, the O-linked glycans and their abundance on each HKU1 S1 site were analyzed. The obtained O-glycosylation dataset will provide valuable insights into the structure of HKU1 S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Cui
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Xuefang Dong
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Dongmei Fu
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiuling Li
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
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Hammad WAB, Al Beloushi M, Ahmed B, Konje JC. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus-2 infection (COVID-19) in pregnancy - An overview. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2021; 263:106-116. [PMID: 34225131 PMCID: PMC8205284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus-2 which causes COVID-19 disease results in severe morbidity and mortality especially in vulnerable groups. Pregnancy by virtue of its physiological and anatomical adaptations increases the risk of severe infections especially those of the respiratory tract. This single stranded RNA virus is transmitted by droplets as well as soiled fomites. There are various degrees of disease severity- asymptomatic, mild, moderate severe and critical. Most infections in pregnancy are asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic. For these women, the consequences on the mother or pregnancy are minimal unless they have additional risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiorespiratory disease, obesity or are of ethnic minority background. Most women with symptoms will present with fever, unproductive cough, sore throat, myalgia, nasal congestion, loss of smell and taste with associated leukocytosis and lymphopenia. Diagnosis is by RT-PCR on nasopharyngeal flocked swabs or saliva and pathognomonic features of ground-glass appearance and pulmonary infiltrates on chest X-ray or CT scans. Management in pregnancy is same as that for non-pregnant women with COVID-19. It is not an indication for elective delivery but assisted delivery in the second stage for those with moderate, severe or critical disease may be required to shorten this stage. COVID-19 is not an indication for interrupting pregnancy or caesarean section but the latter may be performed to facilitate ventilation support or resuscitation in those with severe disease. Pain relief in labour should not be different but regional analgesia is preferred for operative deliveries. Postpartum thromboprophylaxis should be considered and breast feeding encouraged with appropriate precautions to minimize vertical transmission. Pregnant and lactating women should be encouraged to receive the mRNA based vaccines as there is no evidence of adverse outcomes with these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa Ali Belail Hammad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Nethermayne, Basildon Essex SS16 5NL, United Kingdom
| | - Mariam Al Beloushi
- Women's Wellness Research Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Qatar University, Doha Qata and Weil Cornell Medicine, Qatar
| | - Badreleden Ahmed
- Feto-Maternal Medicine Center, Doha Qatar and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Qatar University Doha Qata and Weil Cornell Medicine, Qatar
| | - Justin C Konje
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
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Wang C, Zheng Y, Niu Z, Jiang X, Sun Q. The virological impacts of SARS-CoV-2 D614G mutation. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 13:712-720. [PMID: 34289053 PMCID: PMC8344946 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in December 2019 has caused more than 140 million infections worldwide by the end of April 2021. As an enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus, SARS-CoV-2 underwent constant evolution that produced novel variants carrying mutation conferring fitness advantages. The current prevalent D614G variant, with glycine substituted for aspartic acid at position 614 in the spike glycoprotein, is one of such variants that became the main circulating strain worldwide in a short period of time. Over the past year, intensive studies from all over the world had defined the epidemiological characteristics of this highly contagious variant and revealed the underlying mechanisms. This review aims at presenting an overall picture of the impacts of D614G mutation on virus transmission, elucidating the underlying mechanisms of D614G in virus pathogenicity, and providing insights into the development of effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Wang
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 2020RU009, Beijing 100071, China
| | - You Zheng
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 2020RU009, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zubiao Niu
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 2020RU009, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiaoyi Jiang
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 2020RU009, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 2020RU009, Beijing 100071, China
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25
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Abstract
Introduction COVID-19 has caused unprecedented hardships in the 21st century with more than 150 million infections. Various immunological phenomena have been described during the course of the infection, and this infection has also triggered autoimmunity. Rheumatological illnesses have been described following resolution of the acute infection; hence we sought to conduct a review of the rheumatological complications of COVID-19. Methods We conducted a literature search for articles relating to sequelae of COVID-19 from Jan 2020 to 30th April 2021. Results We found a number of reports of inflammatory arthritis after SARS-CoV-2 infection. SLE and renal disease have been described, and vasculitis also appears to be a common complication. Rhabdomyolysis and myositis has also been reported in a number of patients. We also found some evidence of large vessel vasculitis in ‘long COVID’ patients. Conclusions This review highlights a number of important complications such as inflammatory arthritis, lupus-like disease, myostis and vasculitis following SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Babarinsa IA, Okunoye GO, Odukoya O. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in pregnancy - An overview. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2021; 263:171-175. [PMID: 34218204 PMCID: PMC8219955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2021.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections, like most other viruses that affect the respiratory tract can cause severe maternal illness and adverse pregnancy outcomes. They are not only highly transmissible (acquired through droplets), but Host reservoirs such as dromedary camels for MERS-CoV and masked palm civet for SARS-CoV-1 are critical links in the onset of outbreaks. Clinically they present with flu-like symptoms and therefore a high index of suspicion is required to ensure timely diagnosis and tailored management. Although there are not many reported series on these infections in pregnancy they seem to be associated with an increased risk of preterm delivery and maternal mortality. Diagnosis is made by PCR from nasopharyngeal swabs. There are currently no effective anti-viral agents for these viruses but following infections various agents have been administered to patients. The most important aspect of management should be early identification of deterioration and intensive support and prevention of transmission. Our understanding of the evidence of the impact of both infections on pregnancies suggests the potential for future repeat outbreaks, hence the importance of maintaining vigilance across healthcare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac A Babarinsa
- Women Wellness and Research Centre, Hamad Medial Corporation, Qatar; Qatar University College of Medicine, Qatar.
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Suresh V. Airborne Infections and Emergency Surgery: The COVID-19 Pandemic Perspective. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 2021; 26:76-88. [PMID: 34083889 PMCID: PMC8152406 DOI: 10.4103/jiaps.jiaps_99_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 which emerged in Wuhan, China has rapidly spread all over the globe and the World Health Organisation has declared it a pandemic. COVID-19 disease severity shows variation depending on demographic characteristics like age, history of chronic illnesses such as cardio-vascular/renal/respiratory disease; pregnancy; immune-suppression; angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor medication use; NSAID use etc but the pattern of disease spread is uniform - human to human through contact, droplets and fomites. Up to 3.5% of health care workers treating COVID-19 contact an infection themselves with 14.8% of these infections severe and 0.3% fatal. The situation has spread panic even among health care professionals and the cry for safe patient care practices are resonated world-wide. Surgeons, anesthesiologists and intensivists who very frequently perform endotracheal intubation, tracheostomy, non-invasive ventilation and manual ventilation before intubation are at a higher odds ratio of 6.6, 4.2, 3.1 and 2.8 respectively of contacting an infection themselves. Elective surgery is almost always deferred in fever/infection scenarios. A surgeon and an anesthesiologist can anytime encounter a situation where in a COVID-19 patient requires an emergency surgery. COVID-19 cases requiring surgery predispose anesthesiologists and surgeons to cross-infection threats. This paper discusses, the COVID-19 precautionary outlines which has to be followed in the operating room; personal protective strategies available at present; methods to raise psychological preparedness of medical professionals during a pandemic; conduct of anesthesia in COVID-19 cases/suspect cases; methods of decontamination after conducting a surgery for COVID-19 case in the operating room; and post-exposure prophylaxis for medical professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Suresh
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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28
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Turgay Yıldırım Ö, Kaya Ş. The atherogenic index of plasma as a predictor of mortality in patients with COVID-19. Heart Lung 2021; 50:329-333. [PMID: 33524862 PMCID: PMC7837614 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2021.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global health threat, and thus, an early and effective set of predictors is needed to manage the course of the disease. OBJECTIVES We aim to determine the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on lipid profile and to evaluate whether the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) could be used to predict in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients. METHODS In this retrospective chart review study, a total of 139 confirmed COVID-19 patients, whose diagnoses are confirmed by PCR and computerized tomography results, are enrolled. The study population is divided into two groups: the deceased patient group and the survivor group. For each patient, fasting total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and the triglyceride values are obtained from the laboratory tests required at the admission to hospital. Finally, the AIP is calculated as the base 10 logarithm of the triglyceride to HDL-C ratio. Distributional normality of the data is checked and depending on the normality of the data, either T test or Mann Whithey U test is employed to compare the two aforementioned study groups. RESULTS Mean age of the study population is 49.2 ± 20.8 and 61.2% (n = 85) is male. Out of the 139 patients 26 have deceased and the remaining 113 patients survived the disease. Mean age of the deceased patients was 71.8*8.9 and mean age of the survivor patients is 44.0*19.2 (p < 0.001). The deceased group had more patients with hypertension (50.0% vs. 23.0, p = 0.006), diabetes mellitus (35.6% vs. 10.6%, p = 0.002), cardiovascular diseases (23.1% vs. 4.4%, p = 0.001), chronic renal insufficiency (11.5% vs. 0.9%, p = 0.003) and atrial fibrillation (7.7% vs 0%, p = 0.003). The AIP values in the deceased group are found to be statistically higher (p < 0.001) than the survivor group. As a measure of mortality, the area under the operating characteristic curve for the AIP is calculated as 0.850 (95% confidence interval: 0.772-0.928) along with the optimal cut-off value of 0.6285 (78.6% sensitivity and 80.5% specificity). Furthermore, the AIP value is observed to be elevated in patients with pneumonia, intubation history, and intensive care admission during hospital stay (p = 0.002, p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Finally, compared to the survivor group, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C values are lower (p = 0.004, p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively) and triglyceride levels are higher (p < 0.001) in deceased patients. CONCLUSION In this study, we show that the AIP levels higher than 0.6285 can predict in-hospital mortality for COVID-19 patients. Moreover, the AIP emerges as a good candidate to be used as an early biomarker to predict pneumonia, intubation and intensive care need. Hence, regular check of the AIP levels in COVID-19 patients can improve management of these patients and prevent deterioration of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Şeyhmus Kaya
- Eskisehir City Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkey
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29
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Ma T, Heywood A, MacIntyre CR. Travel health seeking behaviours, masks, vaccines and outbreak awareness of Australian Chinese travellers visiting friends and relatives - Implications for control of COVID-19. Infect Dis Health 2021; 26:38-47. [PMID: 32868204 PMCID: PMC7430260 DOI: 10.1016/j.idh.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the role of international travel in spreading infections. Travellers visiting friends and relatives (VFR) are at higher risk of acquiring infections than other travellers, therefore improving the travel health behaviour of these travellers is important. Ethnic Chinese are one of the largest migrant groups in many countries, yet there have been no published studies regarding this population as VFR travellers. We present findings of a study of Australian Chinese VFR travellers relevant to the pandemic response. METHODS In 2013, five focus groups were conducted with Australian Chinese VFR travellers, exploring topics such as vaccines, face masks, outbreaks and travel health seeking behaviour. Participants were aged 18 years or older and had travelled to China for VFR purposes in the preceding 18 months. Sessions were recorded and transcribed, and thematic analysis was undertaken. RESULTS Participants viewed VFR travel as low risk, and underestimated the risks associated with travelling during an outbreak. However, they were generally willing to receive pre-travel vaccination specifically for an outbreak, but not otherwise. Attitudes towards face masks and other infection control measures were mixed. Multiple factors influenced their travel health behaviour, including low risk awareness, misconceptions, and cultural barriers to seeking health care. CONCLUSION Our research found that Chinese VFR travellers undertake suboptimal precautions related to VFR travel, associated with an underestimation of risks. While they share many characteristics with other VFR travellers, unique cultural health beliefs should be taken into account when developing risk communication and educational interventions as part of a pandemic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Ma
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
| | - Anita Heywood
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
| | - C Raina MacIntyre
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
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Shahrajabian MH, Sun W, Cheng Q. Product of natural evolution (SARS, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2); deadly diseases, from SARS to SARS-CoV-2. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:62-83. [PMID: 32783700 PMCID: PMC7872062 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1797369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, is a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae, and subfamily Coronavirinae. SARS-CoV-2 entry to cellsis initiated by the binding of the viral spike protein (S) to its cellular receptor. The roles of S protein in receptor binding and membrane fusion makes it a prominent target for vaccine development. SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence analysis has shown that this virus belongs to the beta-coronavirus genus, which includes Bat SARS-like coronavirus, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. A vaccine should induce a balanced immune response to elicit protective immunity. In this review, we compare and contrast these three important CoV diseases and how they inform on vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenli Sun
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Global Alliance of HeBAU-CLS&HeQiS for BioAl-Manufacturing, Baoding, Hebei, China
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Li Z, Li X, Porter D, Zhang J, Jiang Y, Olatosi B, Weissman S. Monitoring the Spatial Spread of COVID-19 and Effectiveness of Control Measures Through Human Movement Data: Proposal for a Predictive Model Using Big Data Analytics. JMIR Res Protoc 2020; 9:e24432. [PMID: 33301418 PMCID: PMC7752182 DOI: 10.2196/24432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human movement is one of the forces that drive the spatial spread of infectious diseases. To date, reducing and tracking human movement during the COVID-19 pandemic has proven effective in limiting the spread of the virus. Existing methods for monitoring and modeling the spatial spread of infectious diseases rely on various data sources as proxies of human movement, such as airline travel data, mobile phone data, and banknote tracking. However, intrinsic limitations of these data sources prevent us from systematic monitoring and analyses of human movement on different spatial scales (from local to global). OBJECTIVE Big data from social media such as geotagged tweets have been widely used in human mobility studies, yet more research is needed to validate the capabilities and limitations of using such data for studying human movement at different geographic scales (eg, from local to global) in the context of global infectious disease transmission. This study aims to develop a novel data-driven public health approach using big data from Twitter coupled with other human mobility data sources and artificial intelligence to monitor and analyze human movement at different spatial scales (from global to regional to local). METHODS We will first develop a database with optimized spatiotemporal indexing to store and manage the multisource data sets collected in this project. This database will be connected to our in-house Hadoop computing cluster for efficient big data computing and analytics. We will then develop innovative data models, predictive models, and computing algorithms to effectively extract and analyze human movement patterns using geotagged big data from Twitter and other human mobility data sources, with the goal of enhancing situational awareness and risk prediction in public health emergency response and disease surveillance systems. RESULTS This project was funded as of May 2020. We have started the data collection, processing, and analysis for the project. CONCLUSIONS Research findings can help government officials, public health managers, emergency responders, and researchers answer critical questions during the pandemic regarding the current and future infectious risk of a state, county, or community and the effectiveness of social/physical distancing practices in curtailing the spread of the virus. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/24432.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlong Li
- Geoinformation and Big Data Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Dwayne Porter
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Yuqin Jiang
- Geoinformation and Big Data Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Bankole Olatosi
- Department of Health Services Policy and Management, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Sharon Weissman
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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32
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Chang PC, Yang CC, Kao KC, Wen MS. Clinical outcomes of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 versus SARS: a meta-analysis. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:24552-24569. [PMID: 33229624 PMCID: PMC7803544 DOI: 10.18632/aging.104139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Estimating the case-fatality rate and clinical outcomes for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is crucial because health care systems must adequately prepare for outbreaks and design appropriate policies. A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Medline+Journal (via OVID) were conducted for relevant journal publications from database inception to May 4, 2020. Articles that reported the fatality rates and clinical outcomes of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 or severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) infection were included. Nine clinical reports (four SARS reports and five COVID-19 reports) with a total of 851 patients (367 and 484 patients with SARS and COVID-19, respectively) were analyzed. A greater proportion of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 had bilateral pneumonia (90.0% [76.3%-96.2%] vs. 35.9% [21.4%-53.6%], p < 0.001) and required ventilators (23.8% [18.8%-29.6%] vs. 15.3% [11.9%-19.4%], p = 0.010) compared with hospitalized patients with SARS. The case-fatality rate was 9.5% (6.5%-13.7%) and 6.1% (3.5%-10.3%) among patients with COVID-19 and SARS, respectively (p = 0.186). The case-fatality rate among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 was comparable to that during the 2003 SARS outbreak. A higher incidence of bilateral pneumonia and increased ventilator usage were noted among patients with COVID-19 compared with patients with SARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Cheng Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou and Chang Gung University, Medical School, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chang Yang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou and Chang Gung University, Medical School, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chin Kao
- Division of Thoracic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou and Chang Gung University, Medical School, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shien Wen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou and Chang Gung University, Medical School, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Wong CKH, Wong JYH, Tang EHM, Au CH, Wai AKC. Clinical presentations, laboratory and radiological findings, and treatments for 11,028 COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19765. [PMID: 33188232 PMCID: PMC7666204 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74988-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the comorbidities, symptoms, clinical characteristics and treatment of COVID-19 patients. Epidemiological studies published in 2020 (from January-March) on the clinical presentation, laboratory findings and treatments of COVID-19 patients were identified from PubMed/MEDLINE and Embase databases. Studies published in English by 27th March, 2020 with original data were included. Primary outcomes included comorbidities of COVID-19 patients, their symptoms presented on hospital admission, laboratory results, radiological outcomes, and pharmacological and in-patient treatments. 76 studies were included in this meta-analysis, accounting for a total of 11,028 COVID-19 patients in multiple countries. A random-effects model was used to aggregate estimates across eligible studies and produce meta-analytic estimates. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (18.1%, 95% CI 15.4-20.8%). The most frequently identified symptoms were fever (72.4%, 95% CI 67.2-77.7%) and cough (55.5%, 95% CI 50.7-60.3%). For pharmacological treatment, 63.9% (95% CI 52.5-75.3%), 62.4% (95% CI 47.9-76.8%) and 29.7% (95% CI 21.8-37.6%) of patients were given antibiotics, antiviral, and corticosteroid, respectively. Notably, 62.6% (95% CI 39.9-85.4%) and 20.2% (95% CI 14.6-25.9%) of in-patients received oxygen therapy and non-invasive mechanical ventilation, respectively. This meta-analysis informed healthcare providers about the timely status of characteristics and treatments of COVID-19 patients across different countries.PROSPERO Registration Number: CRD42020176589.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos K H Wong
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Janet Y H Wong
- School of Nursing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eric H M Tang
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - C H Au
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Abraham K C Wai
- Emergency Medicine Unit, Li Ka Shing, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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McBane RD, Torres Roldan VD, Niven AS, Pruthi RK, Franco PM, Linderbaum JA, Casanegra AI, Oyen LJ, Houghton DE, Marshall AL, Ou NN, Siegel JL, Wysokinski WE, Padrnos LJ, Rivera CE, Flo GL, Shamoun FE, Silvers SM, Nayfeh T, Urtecho M, Shah S, Benkhadra R, Saadi SM, Firwana M, Jawaid T, Amin M, Prokop LJ, Murad MH. Anticoagulation in COVID-19: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Rapid Guidance From Mayo Clinic. Mayo Clin Proc 2020; 95:2467-2486. [PMID: 33153635 PMCID: PMC7458092 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A higher risk of thrombosis has been described as a prominent feature of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This systematic review synthesizes current data on thrombosis risk, prognostic implications, and anticoagulation effects in COVID-19. We included 37 studies from 4070 unique citations. Meta-analysis was performed when feasible. Coagulopathy and thrombotic events were frequent among patients with COVID-19 and further increased in those with more severe forms of the disease. We also present guidance on the prevention and management of thrombosis from a multidisciplinary panel of specialists from Mayo Clinic. The current certainty of evidence is generally very low and continues to evolve.
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Key Words
- aptt, activated thromboplastin time
- covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- dic, disseminated intravascular coagulation
- doac, direct oral anticoagulant
- dvt, deep venous thrombosis
- icu, intensive care unit
- lmwh, low-molecular-weight heparin
- or, odds ratio
- pe, pulmonary embolism
- pt, prothrombin time
- sars-cov, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- sc, subcutaneously
- vte, venous thromboembolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D McBane
- Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Victor D Torres Roldan
- Evidence-based Practice Center and Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Alexander S Niven
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Center for Sleep Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Rajiv K Pruthi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | - Ana I Casanegra
- Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Lance J Oyen
- Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Damon E Houghton
- Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Ariela L Marshall
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Narith N Ou
- Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Waldemar E Wysokinski
- Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Candido E Rivera
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Gayle L Flo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Fadi E Shamoun
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Scott M Silvers
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Tarek Nayfeh
- Evidence-based Practice Center and Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Meritxell Urtecho
- Evidence-based Practice Center and Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Sahrish Shah
- Evidence-based Practice Center and Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Raed Benkhadra
- Evidence-based Practice Center and Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Samer Mohir Saadi
- Evidence-based Practice Center and Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Mohammed Firwana
- Evidence-based Practice Center and Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Tabinda Jawaid
- Evidence-based Practice Center and Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Mustapha Amin
- Evidence-based Practice Center and Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - M Hassan Murad
- Evidence-based Practice Center and Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
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Patra S, Kerry RG, Maurya GK, Panigrahi B, Kumari S, Rout JR. Emerging Molecular Prospective of SARS-CoV-2: Feasible Nanotechnology Based Detection and Inhibition. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2098. [PMID: 33193115 PMCID: PMC7606273 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 demonstrates how vulnerable it can make communities and is why it has attained the status of global pandemic. According to the estimation from Worldometer, the SARS-CoV-2 affected cases and deaths are exponentially increasing worldwide, marking the mortality rate as ∼3.8% with no probability of its cessation till now. Despite massive attempts and races among scientific communities in search of proper therapeutic options, the termination of this breakneck outbreak of COVID-19 has still not been made possible. Therefore, this review highlights the diverse molecular events induced by a viral infection, such as autophagy, unfolded protein response (UPR), and inflammasome, illustrating the intracellular cascades regulating viral replication inside the host cell. The SARS-CoV-2-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis are also emphasized in the review. Additionally, host's immune response associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as the genetic and epigenetic changes, have been demonstrated, which altogether impart a better understanding of its epidemiology. Considering the drawbacks of available diagnostics and medications, herein we have presented the most sensitive nano-based biosensors for the rapid detection of viral components. Moreover, conceptualizing the viral-induced molecular changes inside its target cells, nano-based antiviral systems have also been proposed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Patra
- Department of Biotechnology, North Orissa University, Baripada, India
| | | | - Ganesh Kumar Maurya
- Zoology Section, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Bijayananda Panigrahi
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Swati Kumari
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
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Williams N, Idriss R, Dodge J, Barasch S. Progression/remission of COVID-19: data-driven recommendations for repeating SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid amplification tests. J Clin Pathol 2020; 74:804-807. [PMID: 33060117 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2020-206866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This short study was performed to better understand the time frame associated with changes in SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid testing and provide recommendations for repeat testing. Recommendations are useful as little guidance is available for repeat testing in patients being followed expectantly for changes in disease. METHODS A review of laboratory data of tests for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid was performed selecting patients who had changing results. Time between changes in test results was determined to provide guidance for repeat testing. RESULTS The Interquartile Range (IQR) of data for patients who had a negative to positive change in laboratory testing (progression) was 6-16 days (median=9 days). The IQR of data for patients who had a positive to negative change in test results (remission) was 9-21 days (median=14 days). CONCLUSION Because sampling of the nares or nasopharynx can be variable, repeat testing should be performed swiftly when symptomatic patients are negative. The data in this short study vary widely, so authors recommend repeat testing during a period of time associated with the IQR or median (see results above).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Williams
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Danbury Hospital, Danbury, Connecticut, USA
| | - Reed Idriss
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Danbury Hospital, Danbury, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jessica Dodge
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Danbury Hospital, Danbury, Connecticut, USA
| | - Samuel Barasch
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Danbury Hospital, Danbury, Connecticut, USA
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Flanagan KL, Best E, Crawford NW, Giles M, Koirala A, Macartney K, Russell F, Teh BW, Wen SCH. Progress and Pitfalls in the Quest for Effective SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Vaccines. Front Immunol 2020; 11:579250. [PMID: 33123165 PMCID: PMC7566192 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There are currently around 200 SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccines in preclinical and clinical trials throughout the world. The various candidates employ a range of vaccine strategies including some novel approaches. Currently, the goal is to prove that they are safe and immunogenic in humans (phase 1/2 studies) with several now advancing into phase 2 and 3 trials to demonstrate efficacy and gather comprehensive data on safety. It is highly likely that many vaccines will be shown to stimulate antibody and T cell responses in healthy individuals and have an acceptable safety profile, but the key will be to confirm that they protect against COVID-19. There is much hope that SARS-CoV-2 vaccines will be rolled out to the entire world to contain the pandemic and avert its most damaging impacts. However, in all likelihood this will initially require a targeted approach toward key vulnerable groups. Collaborative efforts are underway to ensure manufacturing can occur at the unprecedented scale and speed required to immunize billions of people. Ensuring deployment also occurs equitably across the globe will be critical. Careful evaluation and ongoing surveillance for safety will be required to address theoretical concerns regarding immune enhancement seen in previous contexts. Herein, we review the current knowledge about the immune response to this novel virus as it pertains to the design of effective and safe SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the range of novel and established approaches to vaccine development being taken. We provide details of some of the frontrunner vaccines and discuss potential issues including adverse effects, scale-up and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L. Flanagan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences and School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Emma Best
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nigel W. Crawford
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital Immunisation Service, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle Giles
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Archana Koirala
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- National Centre for Immunisation Research & Surveillance (NCIRS), Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristine Macartney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- National Centre for Immunisation Research & Surveillance (NCIRS), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fiona Russell
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital Immunisation Service, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Benjamin W. Teh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sophie CH Wen
- Infection Management Prevention Services, Queensland Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Dos Santos MJ, Martins MS, Santana FLP, Furtado MCSPC, Miname FCBR, Pimentel RRDS, Brito ÁN, Schneider P, Dos Santos ES, da Silva LH. COVID-19: instruments for the allocation of mechanical ventilators-a narrative review. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2020; 24:582. [PMID: 32993736 PMCID: PMC7522926 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
After the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 to be a pandemic, the elaboration of comprehensive and preventive public policies became important in order to stop the spread of the disease. However, insufficient or ineffective measures may have placed health professionals and services in the position of having to allocate mechanical ventilators. This study aimed to identify instruments, analyze their structures, and present the main criteria used in the screening protocols, in order to help the development of guidelines and policies for the allocation of mechanical ventilators in the COVID-19 pandemic. The instruments have a low level of scientific evidence, and, in general, are structured by various clinical, non-clinical, and tiebreaker criteria that contain ethical aspects. Few instruments included public participation in their construction or validation. We believe that the elaboration of these guidelines cannot be restricted to specialists as this question involves ethical considerations which make the participation of the population necessary. Finally, we propose seventeen elements that can support the construction of screening protocols in the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo José Dos Santos
- Research Group "Bioethics and Administration: Teaching and Health Care", Nursing School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Departamento de Orientação Profissional, Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 419, CEP - 05403-000 Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maristela Santini Martins
- Research Group "Bioethics and Administration: Teaching and Health Care", Nursing School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Lopes Pereira Santana
- Research Group "Bioethics and Administration: Teaching and Health Care", Nursing School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rafael Rodrigo da Silva Pimentel
- Research Group "Bioethics and Administration: Teaching and Health Care", Nursing School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ágata Nunes Brito
- Research Group "Bioethics and Administration: Teaching and Health Care", Nursing School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrick Schneider
- Research Group "Bioethics and Administration: Teaching and Health Care", Nursing School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edson Silva Dos Santos
- Research Group "Bioethics and Administration: Teaching and Health Care", Nursing School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciane Hupalo da Silva
- Research Group "Bioethics and Administration: Teaching and Health Care", Nursing School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Wang Y, Grunewald M, Perlman S. Coronaviruses: An Updated Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2203:1-29. [PMID: 32833200 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0900-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs), enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses, are characterized by club-like spikes that project from their surface, an unusually large RNA genome, and a unique replication strategy. CoVs cause a variety of diseases in mammals and birds ranging from enteritis in cows and pigs, and upper respiratory tract and kidney disease in chickens to lethal human respiratory infections. Most recently, the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019, is the cause of a catastrophic pandemic, COVID-19, with more than 8 million infections diagnosed worldwide by mid-June 2020. Here we provide a brief introduction to CoVs discussing their replication, pathogenicity, and current prevention and treatment strategies. We will also discuss the outbreaks of the highly pathogenic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), which are relevant for understanding COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Matthew Grunewald
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Kang Y, Xu S. Comprehensive overview of COVID-19 based on current evidence. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:e13525. [PMID: 32378801 PMCID: PMC7267400 DOI: 10.1111/dth.13525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In December 2019, twenty-seven pneumonia patients with unknown causes originated in South China seafood market in Wuhan. The virus infection spread rapidly and swept through China in less than a month. Subsequently, the virus was proven a novel coronavirus and named SARS-CoV-2. The outbreak of novel coronavirus has been determined as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by WHO on January 31, 2020. Similar to other coronaviruses like the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) CoV and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) CoV, the novel coronavirus was reported to spread via respiratory droplets and close contact from human to human, which means the virus is highly infectious and dangerous. Unfortunately, till now the virus has spread to over 200 countries/territories/areas around the world and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is continuing to grow. Currently, information sharing and transparency are essential for risk assessment and epidemic control in all endemic areas. In this article, we compared SARS-CoV-2 with SARS-CoV and influenza virus, discussed current researching progress of COVID-19, including clinical characteristics, pathological changes, treatment measures, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Kang
- China Pharmaceutical University & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oncogenesis and InterventionNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Silu Xu
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
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Abd El-Aziz TM, Stockand JD. Recent progress and challenges in drug development against COVID-19 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) - an update on the status. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 83:104327. [PMID: 32320825 PMCID: PMC7166307 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses are a large group of viruses known to cause illnesses that vary between the common cold and more severe diseases to include severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). A novel coronavirus was identified in December 2019 in Wuhan city, Hubei province, China. This virus represents a new strain that has not been previously identified in humans. The virus is now known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the resulting disease is called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the novel coronavirus outbreak a global pandemic in March 2020. Despite rigorous global containment and quarantine efforts, the incidence of COVID-19 continues to rise, with more than 1,948,617 laboratory-confirmed cases and over 121,846 deaths worldwide. Currently, no specific medication is recommended to treat COVID-19 patients. However, governments and pharmaceutical companies are struggling to quickly find an effective drug to defeat the coronavirus. In the current review, we summarize the existing state of knowledge about COVID-19, available medications, and treatment options. Favilavir is an antiviral drug that is approved in Japan for common influenza treatment and is now approved to treat symptoms of COVID-19 in China. Moreover, Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, drugs used to treat malaria and arthritis, respectively, were recommended by the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China for treatment of COVID-19. Presently, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are under investigation by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a treatment for COVID-19. The first COVID-19 vaccine is not expected to be ready for clinical trials before the end of the year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA; Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt.
| | - James D Stockand
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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Dai M, Wu Y, Tan H, Deng J, Hou M, Peng W, Chen G, Li Y, Li H, Pan P, Lu J. Cross-infection of adenovirus among medical staff: A warning from the intensive care unit in a tertiary care teaching hospital in China. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 98:390-397. [PMID: 32623086 PMCID: PMC7330577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus-55 in a single patient had strong transmission potential in ICU. This infectious event involved more than 20 medical staff members in adult ICU. Contact with patient, lack of hand hygiene or gloving adherence, were risk factors.
Rationale In 2019, a small HAdV55-associated outbreak of adenovirus infection occurred among the intensive care unit (ICU) staff in Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in Hunan Province, China, during the treatment of a patient. Objective To investigate the characteristics of a nosocomial adenovirus outbreak in an ICU. Methods We evaluated all the patients treated and the medical staff working in the ICU from August 1 to September 4, 2019. We further performed an epidemiological and molecular analysis for this outbreak from patient to healthcare workers and between healthcare workers. After the outbreak, we adopted exposure prevention and droplet prevention measures based on standard precautions. Measurements and main results Between August 1 and August 27, 2019, 27 cases of human adenovirus cross-infection were reported in our institution. Among the cases, eleven were doctors (41%), eleven were nurses (41%), three were respiratory therapists (11%), and two were caregivers (7%). The attack rate was 28.4%, and the fatality rate was 0. The results showed that contact with the index case, lack of hand hygiene or gloving adherence were risk factors for infection after adenovirus exposure. After taking specific precautions, no new cases of infection have appeared since August 27. Conclusions Our results show that HAdV55 in a single patient had strong transmission potential in an intensive care unit with adequate facilities and standardized operation. We provide convincing evidence indicating that attention could be highlighted on the role of standard and specific precautions for controlling the spread of adenovirus in ICUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhui Dai
- Respiratory Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Yanhao Wu
- Respiratory Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Hongyi Tan
- Central Hospital, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jing Deng
- Central South University Xiangya School of Public Health, China
| | - Maodan Hou
- Respiratory Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Wenzhong Peng
- Respiratory Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Guo Chen
- Respiratory Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Yi Li
- Respiratory Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Haitao Li
- Cancer Hospital of Hunan Province, China
| | - Pinhua Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Development, Dongguan 523871, China; Respiratory Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China.
| | - Jingmei Lu
- Respiratory Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China.
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43
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Zhou R, Zeng R, von Brunn A, Lei J. Structural characterization of the C-terminal domain of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2020; 1:2. [PMID: 34765991 PMCID: PMC7406681 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-020-00001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The newly emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in a global human health crisis. The CoV nucleocapsid (N) protein plays essential roles both in the viral genomic RNA packaging and the regulation of host cellular machinery. Here, to contribute to the structural information of the N protein, we describe the 2.0 Å crystal structure of the SARS-CoV-2 N protein C-terminal domain (N-CTD). The structure indicates an extensive interaction dimer in a domain-swapped manner. The interface of this dimer was first thoroughly illustrated. Also, the SARS-CoV-2 N-CTD dimerization form was verified in solution using size-exclusion chromatography. Based on the structural comparison of the N-CTDs from alpha-, beta-, and gamma-CoVs, we demonstrate the common and specific characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 N-CTD. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the SARS-CoV-2 N-CTD possesses the binding ability to single-stranded RNA, single-stranded DNA as well as double-stranded DNA in vitro. In conclusion, this study could potentially accelerate research to understand the complete biological functions of the new CoV N protein.
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Sandrock C, Aziz SR. Travel/Tropical Medicine and Pandemic Considerations for the Global Surgeon. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2020; 32:407-425. [PMID: 32473858 PMCID: PMC7205681 DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
International travel goes hand in hand with medical delivery to underserved communities. The global health care worker can be exposed to a wide range of infectious diseases during their global experiences. A pretravel risk assessment visit and all appropriate vaccinations and education must be performed. Universal practices of water safety, food safety, and insect avoidance will prevent most travel-related infections and complications. Region-specific vaccinations will further reduce illness risk. An understanding of common travel-related illness signs and symptoms is helpful. Emerging pathogens that can cause a pandemic should be understood to avoid health care worker infection and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sandrock
- UC Davis School of Medicine, 4150 V street, Suite 3400, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Shahid R Aziz
- Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, 110 Bergen Street, Room B854, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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45
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Ryu BH, Cho Y, Cho OH, Hong SI, Kim S, Lee S. Environmental contamination of SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 outbreak in South Korea. Am J Infect Control 2020; 48:875-879. [PMID: 32485273 PMCID: PMC7260524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although contact precaution is generally recommended in situations where coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is suspected, there is limited evidence on environmental contamination of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Therefore, we conducted environmental surveillance on SARS-CoV-2 contamination in 2 different healthcare settings. METHODS Viral contamination was investigated on the environment of 2 hospitals that had admitted 13 COVID-19 patients. In hospital A, 5 patients with pneumonia occupied negative pressure rooms. In hospital B, 8 asymptomatic patients shared 2 common 4-bed rooms. Most rooms were poorly cleaned or disinfected. Environmental swab were collected from inside and outside the rooms and were tested using real-time RT-PCR for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS In hospital A, SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 10 of 57 (17.5%) samples from inside the rooms including the Ambu bag and infusion pump. Two samples obtained at more than 2 m from the patients showed positive results. In hospital B, 3 of 22 (13.6%) samples from inside the rooms were positive. Areas outside the rooms, such as the anteroom, corridor, and nursing station, were all negative in both hospitals. CONCLUSIONS Hospital surfaces surrounding patients were contaminated by SARS-CoV-2. Our findings support the value of strict contact precaution, routine cleaning, and disinfection in the management of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Han Ryu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghwa Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Labour Welfare Corporation Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-Hyun Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun In Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunjoo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjun Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea.
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46
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Bertolino L, Vitrone M, Durante-Mangoni E. Does this patient have COVID-19? A practical guide for the internist. Intern Emerg Med 2020; 15:791-800. [PMID: 32445165 PMCID: PMC7244400 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-020-02377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently causing a pandemic and will likely persist in endemic form in the foreseeable future. Physicians need to correctly approach this new disease, often representing a challenge in terms of differential diagnosis. Although COVID-19 lacks specific signs and symptoms, we believe internists should develop specific skills to recognize the disease, learning its 'semeiotic'. In this review article, we summarize the key clinical features that may guide in differentiating a COVID-19 case, requiring specific testing, from upper respiratory and/or influenza-like illnesses of other aetiology. We consider two different clinical settings, where availability of the different diagnostic strategies differs widely: outpatient and inpatient. Our reasoning highlights how challenging a balanced approach to a patient with fever and flu-like symptoms can be. At present, clinical workup of COVID-19 remains a hard task to accomplish. However, knowledge of the natural history of the disease may aid the internist in putting common and unspecific symptoms into the correct clinical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Bertolino
- Department of Precision Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Campania 'L. Vanvitelli', Napoli, Italy
| | - Martina Vitrone
- Department of Precision Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Campania 'L. Vanvitelli', Napoli, Italy
| | - Emanuele Durante-Mangoni
- Department of Precision Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Campania 'L. Vanvitelli', Napoli, Italy.
- Unit of Infectious and Transplant Medicine, AORN Ospedali dei Colli-Monaldi Hospital, Piazzale E. Ruggieri, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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Abstract
The current global pandemic COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has already inflicted insurmountable damage both to the human lives and global economy. There is an immediate need for identification of effective drugs to contain the disastrous virus outbreak. Global efforts are already underway at a war footing to identify the best drug combination to address the disease. In this review, an attempt has been made to understand the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle, and based on this information potential druggable targets against SARS-CoV-2 are summarized. Also, the strategies for ongoing and future drug discovery against the SARS-CoV-2 virus are outlined. Given the urgency to find a definitive cure, ongoing drug repurposing efforts being carried out by various organizations are also described. The unprecedented crisis requires extraordinary efforts from the scientific community to effectively address the issue and prevent further loss of human lives and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambrish Saxena
- Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati, India
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Disser NP, De Micheli AJ, Schonk MM, Konnaris MA, Piacentini AN, Edon DL, Toresdahl BG, Rodeo SA, Casey EK, Mendias CL. Musculoskeletal Consequences of COVID-19. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2020; 102:1197-1204. [PMID: 32675661 PMCID: PMC7508274 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.20.00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging pandemic disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although the majority of patients who become infected with SARS-CoV-2 are asymptomatic or have mild symptoms, some patients develop severe symptoms that can permanently detract from their quality of life. SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to SARS-CoV-1, which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Both viruses infect the respiratory system, and there are direct and indirect effects of this infection on multiple organ systems, including the musculoskeletal system. Epidemiological data from the SARS pandemic of 2002 to 2004 identified myalgias, muscle dysfunction, osteoporosis, and osteonecrosis as common sequelae in patients with moderate and severe forms of this disease. Early studies have indicated that there is also considerable musculoskeletal dysfunction in some patients with COVID-19, although long-term follow-up studies have not yet been conducted. The purpose of this article was to summarize the known musculoskeletal pathologies in patients with SARS or COVID-19 and to combine this with computational modeling and biochemical signaling studies to predict musculoskeletal cellular targets and long-term consequences of the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea J. De Micheli
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christopher L. Mendias
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
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Aziz S, Arabi YM, Alhazzani W, Evans L, Citerio G, Fischkoff K, Salluh J, Meyfroidt G, Alshamsi F, Oczkowski S, Azoulay E, Price A, Burry L, Dzierba A, Benintende A, Morgan J, Grasselli G, Rhodes A, Møller MH, Chu L, Schwedhelm S, Lowe JJ, Bin D, Christian MD. Managing ICU surge during the COVID-19 crisis: rapid guidelines. Intensive Care Med 2020; 46:1303-1325. [PMID: 32514598 PMCID: PMC7276667 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-020-06092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Given the rapidly changing nature of COVID-19, clinicians and policy makers require urgent review and summary of the literature, and synthesis of evidence-based guidelines to inform practice. The WHO advocates for rapid reviews in these circumstances. The purpose of this rapid guideline is to provide recommendations on the organizational management of intensive care units caring for patients with COVID-19 including: planning a crisis surge response; crisis surge response strategies; triage, supporting families, and staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadman Aziz
- London's Air Ambulance, Royal London Hospital, Barts NHS Health Trust, Whitechapel Rd, Whitechapel, London, E1 1FR, England, UK
| | - Yaseen M Arabi
- Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Alhazzani
- Department of Medicine and Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Master University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Evans
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | | | | | - Jorge Salluh
- Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Fayez Alshamsi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Simon Oczkowski
- Department of Medicine and Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Master University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elie Azoulay
- Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Amy Price
- Anaesthesia and Informatics Lab, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Lisa Burry
- Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Amy Dzierba
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Giacomo Grasselli
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrew Rhodes
- St Georges Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Morten H Møller
- Department of Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Larry Chu
- Anaesthesia and Informatics Lab, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | | | - John J Lowe
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Du Bin
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Michael D Christian
- London's Air Ambulance, Royal London Hospital, Barts NHS Health Trust, Whitechapel Rd, Whitechapel, London, E1 1FR, England, UK.
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50
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Siddiqui O, Manchanda V, Yadav A, Sagar T, Tuteja S, Nagi N, Saxena S. Comparison of two real-time polymerase chain reaction assays for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 from combined nasopharyngeal-throat swabs. Indian J Med Microbiol 2020; 38:385-389. [PMID: 33154251 PMCID: PMC7709598 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_20_279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT In the absence of effective treatment or vaccine, the current strategy for the prevention of further transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection is early diagnosis and isolation of cases. The diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 is done by detecting viral RNA in the nasopharyngeal and throat swabs by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Many commercial assays are now available for performing the PCR assay. AIMS The aim was to evaluate the performance of the SD Biosensor nCoV real-time detection kit with the real-time PCR kit provided by the Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology (ICMR-NIV), Pune (NIV Protocol). SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 253 pairs of nasopharyngeal-oropharyngeal swabs combined in a single viral transport medium were tested for viral RNA by both the protocols. The sensitivity and specificity of the SD Biosensor were calculated considering the ICMR-NIV kit as the gold standard. Matched pairs of recorded cycle threshold values (Ct values) were compared by Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS Concordant COVID-19 negative and positive PCR results were reported for 113 and 77 samples, respectively. The SD Biosensor kit additionally detected 62 cases, which were found negative by the NIV protocol. In all discordant positive results by the SD Biosensor kit, the average Ct values were higher than the concordant positive results. A total of forty samples tested positive for E gene by SD Biosensor and having Ct values <25 had 100% concordance with NIV protocol results and 39 samples tested positive for E gene by SD Biosensor having Ct value >32 were all found negative by the NIV protocol. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the need for careful evaluation of commercial kits before being deployed for screening of COVID-19 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oves Siddiqui
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Vikas Manchanda
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhishek Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Tanu Sagar
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanchita Tuteja
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Nazia Nagi
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonal Saxena
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
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