1
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Lattuca ME, Vanella FA, Malanga G, Rubel MD, Manríquez PH, Torres R, Alter K, Marras S, Peck MA, Domenici P, Fernández DA. Ocean acidification and seasonal temperature extremes combine to impair the thermal physiology of a sub-Antarctic fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159284. [PMID: 36209875 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To predict the potential impacts of climate change on marine organisms, it is critical to understand how multiple stressors constrain the physiology and distribution of species. We evaluated the effects of seasonal changes in seawater temperature and near-future ocean acidification (OA) on organismal and sub-organismal traits associated with the thermal performance of Eleginops maclovinus, a sub-Antarctic notothenioid species with economic importance to sport and artisanal fisheries in southern South America. Juveniles were exposed to mean winter and summer sea surface temperatures (4 and 10 °C) at present-day and near-future pCO2 levels (~500 and 1800 μatm). After a month, the Critical Thermal maximum and minimum (CTmax, CTmin) of fish were measured using the Critical Thermal Methodology and the aerobic scope of fish was measured based on the difference between their maximal and standard rates determined from intermittent flow respirometry. Lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant capacity were also quantified to estimate the oxidative damage potentially caused to gill and liver tissue. Although CTmax and CTmin were higher in individuals acclimated to summer versus winter temperatures, the increase in CTmax was minimal in juveniles exposed to the near-future compared to present-day pCO2 levels (there was a significant interaction between temperature and pCO2 on CTmax). The reduction in the thermal tolerance range under summer temperatures and near-future OA conditions was associated with a reduction in the aerobic scope observed at the elevated pCO2 level. Moreover, an oxidative stress condition was detected in the gill and liver tissues. Thus, chronic exposure to OA and the current summer temperatures pose limits to the thermal performance of juvenile E. maclovinus at the organismal and sub-organismal levels, making this species vulnerable to projected climate-driven warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E Lattuca
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Fisiología y Evolución de Organismos Acuáticos, Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Bernardo Houssay 200, V9410BFD Ushuaia, Argentina.
| | - Fabián A Vanella
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Fisiología y Evolución de Organismos Acuáticos, Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Bernardo Houssay 200, V9410BFD Ushuaia, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Malanga
- Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (FFyB - UBA), Junín 956, C1113AAD CABA, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL - CONICET), Junín 956, C1113AAD CABA, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano D Rubel
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Fisiología y Evolución de Organismos Acuáticos, Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Bernardo Houssay 200, V9410BFD Ushuaia, Argentina
| | - Patricio H Manríquez
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Av. Bernardo Ossandón 877, 1781681 Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Larrondo 1281, 1781421 Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), José de Moraleda 16, 5951369 Coyhaique, Chile; Centro de Investigación Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Av. El Bosque 01789, 6200000 Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Katharina Alter
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Department of Coastal Systems (COS), P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, the Netherlands
| | - Stefano Marras
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero (CNR-IAMC), Località Sa Mardini, 09070 Torregrande, Oristano, Italy
| | - Myron A Peck
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Department of Coastal Systems (COS), P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, the Netherlands
| | - Paolo Domenici
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero (CNR-IAMC), Località Sa Mardini, 09070 Torregrande, Oristano, Italy; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biofisica (CNR-IBF), Area di Ricerca San Cataldo, Via G. Moruzzi N°1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniel A Fernández
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Fisiología y Evolución de Organismos Acuáticos, Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Bernardo Houssay 200, V9410BFD Ushuaia, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (UNTDF - ICPA), Fuegia Basket 251, V9410BXE Ushuaia, Argentina
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2
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Zhao D, Guo Y, Gao Y. Natural selection drives the evolution of mitogenomes in Acrossocheilus. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276056. [PMID: 36227932 PMCID: PMC9560497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial genome plays a crucial role in the balance of energy and heat production in organisms and, thus, may be under natural selection due to its potential role in adaptive divergence and speciation. Here, we studied natural selection on the mitogenome of Acrossocheilus (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), a genus of fish that inhabits a broad latitudinal distribution ranging from the tropics and subtropics through temperate regions. Specifically, we used 25 published mitogenome sequences of Acrossocheilus species to investigate phylogenetic relationships in this genus and detected signals of positive selection on 13 protein-coding, mitochondrial genes. We found that relaxed purifying selection and genetic drift were the predominant evolutionary forces acting on the analyzed mitogenomes. However, we also found evidence of diversifying selection on some codons, indicating episodes of positive selection. Additionally, we analyzed the mitogenomic data within an environmental modeling framework and found that the Ka/Ks ratio of ATP6 may correlated with a mean diurnal temperature range (p = 0.0449), while the Ka/Ks ratio of COX2 may correlated with precipitation during the driest month (p = 0.00761). These results suggest that the mitogenomes of Acrossocheilus species may be involved in evolutionary adaptations to different habitats. Based on this, we believe that our study provides a new insight into the role of the mitochondrial genome of Acrossocheilus species in adaptation to different environments. During our study, we also discovered several cases of paraphyly and polyphyly among accessions of species and their putative synonyms. Thus, our study suggests that a careful reassessment of the taxonomy of Acrossocheilus is using high-quality molecular data merited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Fisheries College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yudong Guo
- Fisheries College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Fisheries College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail:
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3
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Noll D, Leon F, Brandt D, Pistorius P, Le Bohec C, Bonadonna F, Trathan PN, Barbosa A, Rey AR, Dantas GPM, Bowie RCK, Poulin E, Vianna JA. Positive selection over the mitochondrial genome and its role in the diversification of gentoo penguins in response to adaptation in isolation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3767. [PMID: 35260629 PMCID: PMC8904570 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07562-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mitochondrial DNA has been widely used in phylogeography, evidence has emerged that factors such as climate, food availability, and environmental pressures that produce high levels of stress can exert a strong influence on mitochondrial genomes, to the point of promoting the persistence of certain genotypes in order to compensate for the metabolic requirements of the local environment. As recently discovered, the gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) comprise four highly divergent lineages across their distribution spanning the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic regions. Gentoo penguins therefore represent a suitable animal model to study adaptive processes across divergent environments. Based on 62 mitogenomes that we obtained from nine locations spanning all four gentoo penguin lineages, we demonstrated lineage-specific nucleotide substitutions for various genes, but only lineage-specific amino acid replacements for the ND1 and ND5 protein-coding genes. Purifying selection (dN/dS < 1) is the main driving force in the protein-coding genes that shape the diversity of mitogenomes in gentoo penguins. Positive selection (dN/dS > 1) was mostly present in codons of the Complex I (NADH genes), supported by two different codon-based methods at the ND1 and ND4 in the most divergent lineages, the eastern gentoo penguin from Crozet and Marion Islands and the southern gentoo penguin from Antarctica respectively. Additionally, ND5 and ATP6 were under selection in the branches of the phylogeny involving all gentoo penguins except the eastern lineage. Our study suggests that local adaptation of gentoo penguins has emerged as a response to environmental variability promoting the fixation of mitochondrial haplotypes in a non-random manner. Mitogenome adaptation is thus likely to have been associated with gentoo penguin diversification across the Southern Ocean and to have promoted their survival in extreme environments such as Antarctica. Such selective processes on the mitochondrial genome may also be responsible for the discordance detected between nuclear- and mitochondrial-based phylogenies of gentoo penguin lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Noll
- Departamento de Ecosistemas y Medio Ambiente, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems (BASE), Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - F Leon
- Departamento de Ecosistemas y Medio Ambiente, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - D Brandt
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3101 Valley Life Science Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - P Pistorius
- Department of Zoology, 11DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute for African Ornithology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - C Le Bohec
- CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France.,Département de Biologie Polaire, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 98000, Monaco City, Monaco
| | - F Bonadonna
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | - A Barbosa
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Raya Rey
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CADIC-CONICET), Ushuaia, Argentina.,Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Ushuaia, Argentina.,Wildlife Conservation Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G P M Dantas
- PPG in Vertebrate Biology, Pontificia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - R C K Bowie
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3101 Valley Life Science Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - E Poulin
- Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems (BASE), Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J A Vianna
- Departamento de Ecosistemas y Medio Ambiente, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile. .,Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems (BASE), Santiago, Chile. .,Fondo de Desarrollo de Áreas Prioritarias (FONDAP), Center for Genome Regulation (CRG), Santiago, Chile.
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4
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Moreira MO, Qu YF, Wiens JJ. Large-scale evolution of body temperatures in land vertebrates. Evol Lett 2021; 5:484-494. [PMID: 34621535 PMCID: PMC8484719 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Body temperature is a crucial variable in animals that affects nearly every aspect of their lives. Here we analyze for the first time largescale patterns in the evolution of body temperatures across terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods: including amphibians, mammals, birds and other reptiles). Despite the traditional view that endotherms (birds and mammals) have higher body temperatures than ectotherms, we find they are not significantly different. However, rates of body-temperature evolution are significantly different, with lower rates in endotherms than ectotherms, and the highest rates in amphibians. We find that body temperatures show strong phylogenetic signal and conservatism over 350 million years of evolutionary history in tetrapods, and some lineages appear to have retained similar body temperatures over time for hundreds of millions of years. Although body temperatures are often unrelated to climate in tetrapods, we find that body temperatures are significantly related to day-night activity patterns. Specifically, body temperatures are generally higher in diurnal species than nocturnal species, both across ectotherms and, surprisingly, across endotherms also. Overall, our results suggest that body temperatures are significantly linked to phylogeny and diel-activity patterns within and among tetrapod groups, rather than just climate and the endotherm-ectotherm divide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew O Moreira
- Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Yan-Fu Qu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences Nanjing Normal University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
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5
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Pickens BA, Carroll R, Schirripa MJ, Forrestal F, Friedland KD, Taylor JC. A systematic review of spatial habitat associations and modeling of marine fish distribution: A guide to predictors, methods, and knowledge gaps. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251818. [PMID: 33989361 PMCID: PMC8121303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As species distribution models, and similar techniques, have emerged in marine ecology, a vast array of predictor variables have been created and diverse methodologies have been applied. Marine fish are vital food resources worldwide, yet identifying the most suitable methodology and predictors to characterize spatial habitat associations, and the subsequent distributions, often remains ambiguous. Our objectives were to identify knowledge gaps in fish guilds, identify research themes, and to determine how data sources, statistics, and predictor variables differ among fish guilds. Data were obtained from an international literature search of peer-reviewed articles (2007-2018; n = 225) and research themes were determined based on abstracts. We tested for differences in data sources and modeling techniques using multinomial regressions and used a linear discriminant analysis to distinguish differences in predictors among fish guilds. Our results show predictive studies increased over time, but studies of forage fish, sharks, coral reef fish, and other fish guilds remain sparse. Research themes emphasized habitat suitability and distribution shifts, but also addressed abundance, occurrence, stock assessment, and biomass. Methodologies differed by fish guilds based on data limitations and research theme. The most frequent predictors overall were depth and temperature, but most fish guilds were distinguished by their own set of predictors that focused on their specific life history and ecology. A one-size-fits-all approach is not suitable for predicting marine fish distributions. However, given the paucity of studies for some fish guilds, researchers would benefit from utilizing predictors and methods derived from more commonly studied fish when similar habitat requirements are expected. Overall, the findings provide a guide for determining predictor variables to test and identifies novel opportunities to apply non-spatial knowledge and mechanisms to models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A. Pickens
- CSS-Inc., Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
- NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Rachel Carroll
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Schirripa
- Sustainable Fisheries Division, NOAA Fisheries SEFSC, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Francesca Forrestal
- Sustainable Fisheries Division, NOAA Fisheries SEFSC, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kevin D. Friedland
- National Marine Fisheries Service, Narragansett, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - J. Christopher Taylor
- NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
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6
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Pörtner HO. Climate impacts on organisms, ecosystems and human societies: integrating OCLTT into a wider context. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:224/Suppl_1/jeb238360. [PMID: 33627467 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.238360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Physiological studies contribute to a cause and effect understanding of ecological patterns under climate change and identify the scope and limits of adaptation. Across most habitats, this requires analyzing organism responses to warming, which can be modified by other drivers such as acidification and oxygen loss in aquatic environments or excess humidity or drought on land. Experimental findings support the hypothesis that the width and temperature range of thermal performance curves relate to biogeographical range. Current warming causes range shifts, hypothesized to include constraints in aerobic power budget which in turn are elicited by limitations in oxygen supply capacity in relation to demand. Different metabolic scopes involved may set the borders of both the fundamental niche (at standard metabolic rate) and the realized niche (at routine rate). Relative scopes for aerobic performance also set the capacity of species to interact with others at the ecosystem level. Niche limits and widths are shifting and probably interdependent across life stages, with young adults being least thermally vulnerable. The principles of thermal tolerance and performance may also apply to endotherms including humans, their habitat and human society. Overall, phylogenetically based comparisons would need to consider the life cycle of species as well as organism functional properties across climate zones and time scales. This Review concludes with a perspective on how mechanism-based understanding allows scrutinizing often simplified modeling approaches projecting future climate impacts and risks for aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. It also emphasizes the usefulness of a consensus-building process among experimentalists for better recognition in the climate debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-O Pörtner
- Integrative Ecophysiology section, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Marine and Polar Research, 27570 Bremetrhaven, Germany
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7
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Craig MC, Silva LO, Swoap SJ. Behavioral thermoregulation in the fasted C57BL/6 mouse. J Therm Biol 2021; 96:102821. [PMID: 33627261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Under relatively cool ambient temperatures and a caloric deficit, mice will undergo daily torpor - a short-term regulated reduction in metabolic rate with a concomitant drop in body temperature. Mice can alternatively achieve metabolic savings by utilizing behavioral changes, such as seeking a warmer environment. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the behavioral interaction between torpor utilization and thermotaxis. That is, if a fasted mouse is faced with a choice between a warm environment not conducive for torpor, and a cool environment that will induce torpor, which scenario will the fasting mouse choose? Here, the temperature preferences of fasted mice were studied using a temperature gradient device that allows a mouse to freely move along a gradient of temperatures. C57BL/6 mice were implanted with temperature telemeters that recorded location, core temperature (Tb), and activity concurrently over a 23-h period in the thermal gradient. When the gradient was on, mice preferred the warm end of the gradient when fed (71 ± 4% of the time) and even more so when fasted (84 ± 2%). When the gradient was on, the fasted minimum Tb was significantly higher (34.4 ± 0.3 °C) than when the gradient was off (27.7 ± 1.6 °C). Further, fasted mice lost significantly more weight when the gradient was off despite maintenance of a metabolically favorable lower minimum Tb in this condition. These results indicate that fasted mice not only prefer warm ambient temperatures when given the choice, but that it is also the pathway with more favorable metabolic outcomes in a period of reduced caloric intake.
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8
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Bastías-Pérez M, Zagmutt S, Soler-Vázquez MC, Serra D, Mera P, Herrero L. Impact of Adaptive Thermogenesis in Mice on the Treatment of Obesity. Cells 2020; 9:E316. [PMID: 32012991 PMCID: PMC7072509 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and associated metabolic diseases have become a priority area of study due to the exponential increase in their prevalence and the corresponding health and economic impact. In the last decade, brown adipose tissue has become an attractive target to treat obesity. However, environmental variables such as temperature and the dynamics of energy expenditure could influence brown adipose tissue activity. Currently, most metabolic studies are carried out at a room temperature of 21 °C, which is considered a thermoneutral zone for adult humans. However, in mice this chronic cold temperature triggers an increase in their adaptive thermogenesis. In this review, we aim to cover important aspects related to the adaptation of animals to room temperature, the influence of housing and temperature on the development of metabolic phenotypes in experimental mice and their translation to human physiology. Mice studies performed in chronic cold or thermoneutral conditions allow us to better understand underlying physiological mechanisms for successful, reproducible translation into humans in the fight against obesity and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela Bastías-Pérez
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastián Zagmutt
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Carmen Soler-Vázquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolors Serra
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Mera
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Herrero
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
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9
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Legendre LJ, Davesne D. The evolution of mechanisms involved in vertebrate endothermy. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190136. [PMID: 31928191 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothermy, i.e. the endogenous production of metabolic heat, has evolved multiple times among vertebrates, and several strategies of heat production have been studied extensively by physiologists over the course of the twentieth century. The independent acquisition of endothermy by mammals and birds has been the subject of many hypotheses regarding their origin and associated evolutionary constraints. Many groups of vertebrates, however, are thought to possess other mechanisms of heat production, and alternative ways to regulate thermogenesis that are not always considered in the palaeontological literature. Here, we perform a review of the mechanisms involved in heat production, with a focus on cellular and molecular mechanisms, in a phylogenetic context encompassing the entire vertebrate diversity. We show that endothermy in mammals and birds is not as well defined as commonly assumed by evolutionary biologists and consists of a vast array of physiological strategies, many of which are currently unknown. We also describe strategies found in other vertebrates, which may not always be considered endothermy, but nonetheless correspond to a process of active thermogenesis. We conclude that endothermy is a highly plastic character in vertebrates and provides a guideline on terminology and occurrences of the different types of heat production in vertebrate evolution. This article is part of the theme issue 'Vertebrate palaeophysiology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Legendre
- Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Donald Davesne
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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10
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Soslau G. The role of the red blood cell and platelet in the evolution of mammalian and avian endothermy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2019; 334:113-127. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Soslau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyDrexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia Pennsylvania
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11
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The influence of thermal inputs on brain regulation of exercise: An evolutionary perspective. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2018. [PMID: 30390835 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The relationship between performance, heat load and the ability to withstand serious thermal insult is a key factor in understanding how endurance is regulated. The capacity to withstand high thermal loads is not unique to humans and is typical to all mammals. Thermoregulation is an evolutionary adaptation which is species specific and should be regarded as a survival strategy rather than purely a physiological response. The fact that mammals have selected ~37°C as a set point could be a key factor in understanding our endurance capabilities and strategy. Endurance presents a significant challenge to bodily homeostasis while our thermoregulatory strategy is able to cope exquisitely under the most unfavorable conditions. The ability of the CNS to regulate this strategy is key in athletic performance since the thermoregulatory center is located within the brain and receives input from multiple systems and deploys effector responses as needed. This chapter will discuss the evolution of thermoregulation in humans and propose that the brain is more than sufficiently capable of maintaining thermal-homeostasis because of its evolutionary path. As such, this is connected to our ability to modulate efferent drive during heat strain and in so doing provides us with the capability to pace during endurance events in the heat.
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12
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Cattano C, Claudet J, Domenici P, Milazzo M. Living in a high CO2
world: a global meta-analysis shows multiple trait-mediated fish responses to ocean acidification. ECOL MONOGR 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Cattano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DiSTeM); Università di Palermo; Via Archirafi 20 Palermo I-90123 Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa); Piazzale Flaminio 9 Roma I-00196 Italy
| | - Joachim Claudet
- National Center for Scientific Research; PSL Université Paris; CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD; Maison des Océans; 195 rue Saint-Jacques Paris 75005 France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL; Perpignan 66860 France
| | - Paolo Domenici
- IAMC-CNR Istituto Ambiente Marino Costiero Sezione di Oristano; Località Sa Mardini Torregrande (Oristano) 09072 Italy
| | - Marco Milazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DiSTeM); Università di Palermo; Via Archirafi 20 Palermo I-90123 Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa); Piazzale Flaminio 9 Roma I-00196 Italy
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13
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Pereira JA, Veronez AC, Coppo GC, Duca C, Chippari-Gomes AR, Gomes LC. Temperature affects the hypoxia tolerance of neotropical Cichlid Geophagus brasiliensis. NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Oxygen and temperature are the most limiting factors in aquatic environments. Several species are exposed to variations of these factors in water because of physical, chemical and biological processes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the metabolic profile and the tolerance to the hypoxia of Geophagus brasiliensis exposed to changes in temperature and oxygen availability. The fish were exposed to 20 and 90% of oxygen saturation combined with different temperatures (20°, 24° and 28° C) for 8 h. Hepatic and muscular glycogen, as well as the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), citrate synthase (CS) and their ratios were evaluated. Both glycogen and MDH activity showed a significant difference in the liver. While CS showed increased activity only in the heart. The increase in LDH activity in the white muscle shows the importance of the anaerobic pathway as energy source in this tissue. The MDH / LDH ratio increased in all tissues, while CS / LDH increased in the liver and decreased in the heart. Based on the results of the present study it may be concluded that this species used the anaerobic metabolism as the main strategy for hypoxia tolerance.
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14
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Ramos B, González-Acuña D, Loyola DE, Johnson WE, Parker PG, Massaro M, Dantas GPM, Miranda MD, Vianna JA. Landscape genomics: natural selection drives the evolution of mitogenome in penguins. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:53. [PMID: 29338715 PMCID: PMC5771141 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondria play a key role in the balance of energy and heat production, and therefore the mitochondrial genome is under natural selection by environmental temperature and food availability, since starvation can generate more efficient coupling of energy production. However, selection over mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes has usually been evaluated at the population level. We sequenced by NGS 12 mitogenomes and with four published genomes, assessed genetic variation in ten penguin species distributed from the equator to Antarctica. Signatures of selection of 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes were evaluated by comparing among species within and among genera (Spheniscus, Pygoscelis, Eudyptula, Eudyptes and Aptenodytes). The genetic data were correlated with environmental data obtained through remote sensing (sea surface temperature [SST], chlorophyll levels [Chl] and a combination of SST and Chl [COM]) through the distribution of these species. Results We identified the complete mtDNA genomes of several penguin species, including ND6 and 8 tRNAs on the light strand and 12 protein coding genes, 14 tRNAs and two rRNAs positioned on the heavy strand. The highest diversity was found in NADH dehydrogenase genes and the lowest in COX genes. The lowest evolutionary divergence among species was between Humboldt (Spheniscus humboldti) and Galapagos (S. mendiculus) penguins (0.004), while the highest was observed between little penguin (Eudyptula minor) and Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) (0.097). We identified a signature of purifying selection (Ka/Ks < 1) across the mitochondrial genome, which is consistent with the hypothesis that purifying selection is constraining mitogenome evolution to maintain Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) proteins and functionality. Pairwise species maximum-likelihood analyses of selection at codon sites suggest positive selection has occurred on ATP8 (Fixed-Effects Likelihood, FEL) and ND4 (Single Likelihood Ancestral Counting, SLAC) in all penguins. In contrast, COX1 had a signature of strong negative selection. ND4 Ka/Ks ratios were highly correlated with SST (Mantel, p-value: 0.0001; GLM, p-value: 0.00001) and thus may be related to climate adaptation throughout penguin speciation. Conclusions These results identify mtDNA candidate genes under selection which could be involved in broad-scale adaptations of penguins to their environment. Such knowledge may be particularly useful for developing predictive models of how these species may respond to severe climatic changes in the future. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4424-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ramos
- Departamento de Ecosistemas y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna, 4860, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andrés Bello, Republica 252, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel González-Acuña
- Departamento de Ciencias Pecuarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Av. Vicente Méndez 595, 3780000, Chillán, CP, Chile
| | - David E Loyola
- Centro Nacional de Genómica y Bioinformática, Portugal 49, Santiago, Chile.,I+DEA Biotech, Av. Central 3413, Padre Hurtado, Santiago, Chile
| | - Warren E Johnson
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Patricia G Parker
- University of Missouri St Louis and Saint Louis Zoo, One University Blvd., St. Louis, MO, 63121-4400, USA
| | - Melanie Massaro
- School of Environmental Sciences and Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 789, Albury, NSW, Australia
| | - Gisele P M Dantas
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Av. Dom José Gaspar 500, Coração Eucarístico, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo D Miranda
- Departamento de Ecosistemas y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna, 4860, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juliana A Vianna
- Departamento de Ecosistemas y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna, 4860, Santiago, Chile. .,Centro de Cambio Global UC, Santiago, Chile.
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15
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Rajaei-Sharifabadi H, Ellestad L, Porter T, Donoghue A, Bottje WG, Dridi S. Noni ( Morinda citrifolia) Modulates the Hypothalamic Expression of Stress- and Metabolic-Related Genes in Broilers Exposed to Acute Heat Stress. Front Genet 2017; 8:192. [PMID: 29259622 PMCID: PMC5723331 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) adversely affects growth performance and inflicts heavy economic losses to the poultry industry. There is, therefore, a critical need to identify new alternative strategies to alleviate the negative effects induced by HS. The tropic medicinal plant, Morinda citrifolia (Noni), is being used in livestock nutrition, however the literature is limited and conflicting for its impact on growth performance. The present study aimed to determine the effect of Noni on feeding and drinking behavior as well as on the hypothalamic expression of stress- and metabolic-related genes in broiler chickens exposed to acute HS. A total of 480 1 day-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 12 controlled environmental chambers. Birds were subjected to two environmental conditions (TN, 25°C vs. HS, 35°C for 2 h) and fed two diets (control vs. 0.2% Noni) in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Feed intake and core body temperature (BT) were recorded during HS period. Blood was collected and hypothalamic tissues were harvested for target gene and protein analyses. Acute HS-broilers exhibited higher BT (~1°C), spent less time eating with a significant decrease in feed intake, and spent more time drinking along with higher drinking frequency compared to those maintained under TN conditions. Although Noni supplementation did not improve feed intake, it significantly delayed (~30 min) and reduced the BT-induced by HS. At molecular levels and under HS conditions, Noni supplementation down regulated the hypothalamic expression of HSP90 and its related transcription factors HSF1, 2, and 4, increased orexin mRNA levels, and decreased the phosphorylation levels of AMPKα1/2Thr172 and mTORSer2481. Together, these data indicated that Noni supplementation might modulate HS response in broilers through central orexin-AMPK-mTOR pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Ellestad
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, AR, United States
| | - Tom Porter
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, AR, United States
| | - Annie Donoghue
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Walter G Bottje
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Sami Dridi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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16
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Pörtner HO, Gutt J. Impacts of Climate Variability and Change on (Marine) Animals: Physiological Underpinnings and Evolutionary Consequences. Integr Comp Biol 2017; 56:31-44. [PMID: 27371560 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding thermal ranges and limits of organisms becomes important in light of climate change and observed effects on ecosystems as reported by the IPCC (2014). Evolutionary adaptation to temperature is presently unable to keep animals and other organisms in place; if they can these rather follow the moving isotherms. These effects of climate change on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems have brought into focus the mechanisms by which temperature and its oscillations shape the biogeography and survival of species. For animals, the integrative concept of oxygen and capacity limited thermal tolerance (OCLTT) has successfully characterized the sublethal limits to performance and the consequences of such limits for ecosystems. Recent models illustrate how routine energy demand defines the realized niche. Steady state temperature-dependent performance profiles thus trace the thermal window and indicate a key role for aerobic metabolism, and the resulting budget of available energy (power), in defining performance under routine conditions, from growth to exercise and reproduction. Differences in the performance and productivity of marine species across latitudes relate to changes in mitochondrial density, capacity, and other features of cellular design. Comparative studies indicate how and why such mechanisms underpinning OCLTT may have developed on evolutionary timescales in different climatic zones and contributed to shaping the functional characteristics and species richness of the respective fauna. A cause-and-effect understanding emerges from considering the relationships between fluctuations in body temperature, cellular design, and performance. Such principles may also have been involved in shaping the functional characteristics of survivors in mass extinction events during earth's history; furthermore, they may provide access to understanding the evolution of endothermy in mammals and birds. Accordingly, an understanding is emerging how climate changes and variability throughout earth's history have influenced animal evolution and co-defined their success or failure from a bio-energetic point of view. Deepening such understanding may further reduce uncertainty about projected impacts of anthropogenic climate variability and change on the distribution, productivity and last not least, survival of aquatic and terrestrial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans O Pörtner
- *Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Integrative Ökophysiologie, Bremerhaven, D-27515 Bremerhaven, F.R.G
| | - Julian Gutt
- *Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Integrative Ökophysiologie, Bremerhaven, D-27515 Bremerhaven, F.R.G
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17
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Werner J, Griebeler EM. Was endothermy in amniotes induced by an early stop in growth during ontogeny? Naturwissenschaften 2017; 104:90. [PMID: 29022052 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-017-1513-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Endothermy and its evolution are still an unresolved issue. Here, we present a model which transforms an ectothermic amniote (ancestor) into a derived amniote (descendant) showing many characteristics seen in extant endothermic birds and mammals. Consistent with the fossil record within the ancestral lineages of birds and mammals, the model assumes that mutations in genes which get active during ontogeny and affect body growth resulted in a reduced asymptotic body size and an early growth stop of the descendant. We show that such a postulated early growth stop in the descendant simultaneously increases the growth rate and metabolic rate, and also changes six life history traits (offspring mass, annual clutch/litter mass, number of offspring per year, age and mass at which sexual maturity is reached, age at which the individual is fully grown) of the descendant compared to a similar-sized ancestor. All these changes coincide with known differences between recent ectothermic and endothermic amniotes. We also elaborate many other differences and similarities in biological characteristics supporting the early growth stop. An early stop in growth during ontogeny thus could have played a key role in the evolution of endothermy within the reptilia and therapsids. It generated variability in characteristics of ancestral ectotherms, which was subject to natural selection in the past and resulted in many adaptations linked to endothermy in today's birds and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Werner
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Evolutionary Ecology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, P.O. Box 3980, 55099, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Eva Maria Griebeler
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Evolutionary Ecology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, P.O. Box 3980, 55099, Mainz, Germany
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18
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Pörtner HO, Bock C, Mark FC. Oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance: bridging ecology and physiology. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:2685-2696. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.134585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Observations of climate impacts on ecosystems highlight the need for an understanding of organismal thermal ranges and their implications at the ecosystem level. Where changes in aquatic animal populations have been observed, the integrative concept of oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance (OCLTT) has successfully characterised the onset of thermal limits to performance and field abundance. The OCLTT concept addresses the molecular to whole-animal mechanisms that define thermal constraints on the capacity for oxygen supply to the organism in relation to oxygen demand. The resulting ‘total excess aerobic power budget’ supports an animal's performance (e.g. comprising motor activity, reproduction and growth) within an individual's thermal range. The aerobic power budget is often approximated through measurements of aerobic scope for activity (i.e. the maximum difference between resting and the highest exercise-induced rate of oxygen consumption), whereas most animals in the field rely on lower (i.e. routine) modes of activity. At thermal limits, OCLTT also integrates protective mechanisms that extend time-limited tolerance to temperature extremes – mechanisms such as chaperones, anaerobic metabolism and antioxidative defence. Here, we briefly summarise the OCLTT concept and update it by addressing the role of routine metabolism. We highlight potential pitfalls in applying the concept and discuss the variables measured that led to the development of OCLTT. We propose that OCLTT explains why thermal vulnerability is highest at the whole-animal level and lowest at the molecular level. We also discuss how OCLTT captures the thermal constraints on the evolution of aquatic animal life and supports an understanding of the benefits of transitioning from water to land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-O. Pörtner
- Section of Integrative Ecophysiology, Biosciences, Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Bremerhaven D-27570, Germany
| | - Christian Bock
- Section of Integrative Ecophysiology, Biosciences, Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Bremerhaven D-27570, Germany
| | - Felix C. Mark
- Section of Integrative Ecophysiology, Biosciences, Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Bremerhaven D-27570, Germany
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19
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Abstract
Humans prefer to live within their thermal comfort or neutral zone, which they create by making shelters, wearing clothing and, more recently, by regulating their ambient temperature. These strategies enable humans to maintain a constant core temperature (a trait that is conserved across all endotherms, including mammals and birds) with minimal energy expenditure. Although this primordial drive leads us to seek thermal comfort, we house our experimental animals, laboratory mice (Mus musculus), under conditions of thermal stress. In this Review, we discuss how housing mice below their thermoneutral zone limits our ability to model and study human diseases. Using examples from cardiovascular physiology, metabolic disorders, infections and tumour immunology, we show that certain phenotypes observed under conditions of thermal stress disappear when mice are housed at thermoneutrality, whereas others emerge that are more consistent with human biology. Thus, we propose that warming the mouse might enable more predictive modelling of human diseases and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirthana Ganeshan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Ajay Chawla
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
- Department of Physiology University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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20
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Kim SY, Costa MM, Esteve-Codina A, Velando A. Transcriptional mechanisms underlying life-history responses to climate change in the three-spined stickleback. Evol Appl 2017; 10:718-730. [PMID: 28717391 PMCID: PMC5511362 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity, the ability of an organism to express different phenotypes depending on the environment, provides an important mechanism by which an animal population can persist under rapid climate change. We experimentally tested both life‐history and transcriptional responses of an ecological model species, the three‐spined stickleback, to warm acclimation at the southern edge of its European range. We explored cross‐environment genetic correlations of key life‐history traits in male sticklebacks exposed to long‐term temperature changes to examine whether the plasticity pattern was variable among genotypes by using a character‐state approach. We also studied gene expression plasticity by analysing both whole‐transcriptome and candidate gene expression in brain and liver. Male sticklebacks that developed under warmer conditions during winter were smaller in size and invested less in nuptial coloration at the beginning of the breeding season, showing similar responses across different genotypes. The lack of genetic variation in life‐history responses may limit any future evolution of the thermal reaction norm in the study population. After long‐term exposure to increased winter temperatures, genes responsible for several metabolic and oxidation–reduction processes were upregulated, and some hormone genes involved in growth and reproduction were downregulated in the brain. In the liver, there was no significantly represented gene ontology by the differentially expressed genes. Since a higher temperature leads to a higher resting metabolic rate, living in warmer environments may incur higher energetic costs for ectotherms to maintain cellular homoeostasis, resulting in negative consequences for life‐history traits. The expression of genes related to metabolism, cellular homoeostasis and regulatory signalling may underlie temperature‐induced changes in life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Yeon Kim
- Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal Universidade de Vigo Vigo Spain
| | - Maria M Costa
- Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal Universidade de Vigo Vigo Spain
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- CNAG-CRG Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Barcelona Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain
| | - Alberto Velando
- Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal Universidade de Vigo Vigo Spain
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21
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Papetti C, Lucassen M, Pörtner HO. Integrated studies of organismal plasticity through physiological and transcriptomic approaches: examples from marine polar regions. Brief Funct Genomics 2016; 15:365-72. [PMID: 27345433 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elw024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptomic methods are now widely used in functional genomic research. The vast amount of information received from these studies comes along with the challenge of developing a precise picture of the functional consequences and the characteristic regulatory mechanisms. Here we assess recent studies in marine species and their adaptation to polar (and seasonal) cold and explore how they have been able to draw reliable conclusions from transcriptomic patterns on functional consequences in the organisms. Our analysis indicates that the interpretation of transcriptomic data suffers from insufficient understanding of the consequences for whole organism performance and fitness and comes with the risk of supporting only preliminary and superficial statements.We propose that the functional understanding of transcriptomic data may be improved by their tighter integration into overarching physiological concepts that support the more specific interpretation of the 'omics' data and, at the same time, can be developed further through embedding the transcriptomic phenomena observed. Such possibilities have not been fully exploited.In the context of thermal adaptation and limitation, we explore preliminary evidence that the concept of oxygen and capacity limited thermal tolerance (OCLTT) may provide sufficient complexity to guide the integration of such data and the development of associated functional hypotheses. At the same time, we identify a lack of methodological approaches linking genes and function to higher levels of integration, in terms of organism and ecosystem functioning, at temporal and geographical scales, to support more reliable conclusions and be predictive with respect to the effects of global changes.
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22
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Lovegrove BG. A phenology of the evolution of endothermy in birds and mammals. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1213-1240. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barry G. Lovegrove
- School of Life Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal; P/Bag X01 Scottsville Pietermaritzburg 3209 South Africa
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23
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Chronic Mild Cold Conditioning Modulates the Expression of Hypothalamic Neuropeptide and Intermediary Metabolic-Related Genes and Improves Growth Performances in Young Chicks. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142319. [PMID: 26569484 PMCID: PMC4646505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low environmental temperatures are among the most challenging stressors in poultry industries. Although landmark studies using acute severe cold exposure have been conducted, still the molecular mechanisms underlying cold-stress responses in birds are not completely defined. In the present study we determine the effect of chronic mild cold conditioning (CMCC) on growth performances and on the expression of key metabolic-related genes in three metabolically important tissues: brain (main site for feed intake control), liver (main site for lipogenesis) and muscle (main site for thermogenesis). METHODS 80 one-day old male broiler chicks were divided into two weight-matched groups and maintained in two different temperature floor pen rooms (40 birds/room). The temperature of control room was 32°C, while the cold room temperature started at 26.7°C and gradually reduced every day (1°C/day) to reach 19.7°C at the seventh day of the experiment. At day 7, growth performances were recorded (from all birds) and blood samples and tissues were collected (n = 10). The rest of birds were maintained at the same standard environmental condition for two more weeks and growth performances were measured. RESULTS Although feed intake remained unchanged, body weight gain was significantly increased in CMCC compared to the control chicks resulting in a significant low feed conversion ratio (FCR). Circulating cholesterol and creatine kinase levels were higher in CMCC chicks compared to the control group (P<0.05). CMCC significantly decreased the expression of both the hypothalamic orexigenic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and anorexigenic cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) in chick brain which may explain the similar feed intake between the two groups. Compared to the control condition, CMCC increased the mRNA abundance of AMPKα1/α2 and decreased mTOR gene expression (P<0.05), the master energy and nutrient sensors, respectively. It also significantly decreased the expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) gene in chick brain compared to the control. Although their roles are still unknown in avian species, adiponectin (Adpn) and its related receptors (AdipoR1 and 2) were down regulated in the brain of CMCC compared to control chicks (P<0.05). In the liver, CMCC significantly down regulated the expression of lipogenic genes namely FAS, acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (ACCα) and malic enzyme (ME) and their related transcription factors sterol regulatory element binding protein 1/2 (SREBP-1 and 2). Hepatic mTOR mRNA levels and phosphorylated mTOR at Ser2448 were down regulated (P<0.05), however phosphorylated ACCαSer79 (inactivation) was up regulated (P<0.05) in CMCC compared to control chicks, indicating that CMCC switch hepatic catabolism on and inhibits hepatic lipogenesis. In the muscle however, CMCC significantly up regulated the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT-1) gene and the mRNA and phosphorylated protein levels of mTOR compared to the control chicks, indicating that CMCC enhanced muscle fatty acid β-oxidation. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this is the first report indicating that CMCC may regulate AMPK-mTOR expression in a tissue specific manner and identifying AMPK-mTOR as a potential molecular signature that controls cellular fatty acid utilization (inhibition of hepatic lipogenesis and induction of muscle fatty acid β-oxidation) to enhance growth performance during mild cold acclimation.
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24
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Komoroske LM, Connon RE, Jeffries KM, Fangue NA. Linking transcriptional responses to organismal tolerance reveals mechanisms of thermal sensitivity in a mesothermal endangered fish. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:4960-81. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Komoroske
- National Research Council under contract to Southwest Fisheries Science Center; National Marine Fisheries Service; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- Wildlife, Fish & Conservation Biology; University of California; One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
- Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Richard E. Connon
- Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Ken M. Jeffries
- Wildlife, Fish & Conservation Biology; University of California; One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
- Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Nann A. Fangue
- Wildlife, Fish & Conservation Biology; University of California; One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
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25
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Heuer RM, Grosell M. Physiological impacts of elevated carbon dioxide and ocean acidification on fish. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R1061-84. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00064.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Most fish studied to date efficiently compensate for a hypercapnic acid-base disturbance; however, many recent studies examining the effects of ocean acidification on fish have documented impacts at CO2 levels predicted to occur before the end of this century. Notable impacts on neurosensory and behavioral endpoints, otolith growth, mitochondrial function, and metabolic rate demonstrate an unexpected sensitivity to current-day and near-future CO2 levels. Most explanations for these effects seem to center on increases in Pco2 and HCO3− that occur in the body during pH compensation for acid-base balance; however, few studies have measured these parameters at environmentally relevant CO2 levels or directly related them to reported negative endpoints. This compensatory response is well documented, but noted variation in dynamic regulation of acid-base transport pathways across species, exposure levels, and exposure duration suggests that multiple strategies may be utilized to cope with hypercapnia. Understanding this regulation and changes in ion gradients in extracellular and intracellular compartments during CO2 exposure could provide a basis for predicting sensitivity and explaining interspecies variation. Based on analysis of the existing literature, the present review presents a clear message that ocean acidification may cause significant effects on fish across multiple physiological systems, suggesting that pH compensation does not necessarily confer tolerance as downstream consequences and tradeoffs occur. It remains difficult to assess if acclimation responses during abrupt CO2 exposures will translate to fitness impacts over longer timescales. Nonetheless, identifying mechanisms and processes that may be subject to selective pressure could be one of many important components of assessing adaptive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M. Heuer
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Marine Biology and Fisheries, Miami, Florida
| | - Martin Grosell
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Marine Biology and Fisheries, Miami, Florida
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26
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Tseng SP, Li SH, Hsieh CH, Wang HY, Lin SM. Influence of gene flow on divergence dating - implications for the speciation history of Takydromus grass lizards. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:4770-84. [PMID: 25142551 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dating the time of divergence and understanding speciation processes are central to the study of the evolutionary history of organisms but are notoriously difficult. The difficulty is largely rooted in variations in the ancestral population size or in the genealogy variation across loci. To depict the speciation processes and divergence histories of three monophyletic Takydromus species endemic to Taiwan, we sequenced 20 nuclear loci and combined with one mitochondrial locus published in GenBank. They were analysed by a multispecies coalescent approach within a Bayesian framework. Divergence dating based on the gene tree approach showed high variation among loci, and the divergence was estimated at an earlier date than when derived by the species-tree approach. To test whether variations in the ancestral population size accounted for the majority of this variation, we conducted computer inferences using isolation-with-migration (IM) and approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) frameworks. The results revealed that gene flow during the early stage of speciation was strongly favoured over the isolation model, and the initiation of the speciation process was far earlier than the dates estimated by gene- and species-based divergence dating. Due to their limited dispersal ability, it is suggested that geographical isolation may have played a major role in the divergence of these Takydromus species. Nevertheless, this study reveals a more complex situation and demonstrates that gene flow during the speciation process cannot be overlooked and may have a great impact on divergence dating. By using multilocus data and incorporating Bayesian coalescence approaches, we provide a more biologically realistic framework for delineating the divergence history of Takydromus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ping Tseng
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan; Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
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Hetem RS, Fuller A, Maloney SK, Mitchell D. Responses of large mammals to climate change. Temperature (Austin) 2014; 1:115-27. [PMID: 27583293 PMCID: PMC4977165 DOI: 10.4161/temp.29651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Most large terrestrial mammals, including the charismatic species so important for ecotourism, do not have the luxury of rapid micro-evolution or sufficient range shifts as strategies for adjusting to climate change. The rate of climate change is too fast for genetic adaptation to occur in mammals with longevities of decades, typical of large mammals, and landscape fragmentation and population by humans too widespread to allow spontaneous range shifts of large mammals, leaving only the expression of latent phenotypic plasticity to counter effects of climate change. The expression of phenotypic plasticity includes anatomical variation within the same species, changes in phenology, and employment of intrinsic physiological and behavioral capacity that can buffer an animal against the effects of climate change. Whether that buffer will be realized is unknown, because little is known about the efficacy of the expression of plasticity, particularly for large mammals. Future research in climate change biology requires measurement of physiological characteristics of many identified free-living individual animals for long periods, probably decades, to allow us to detect whether expression of phenotypic plasticity will be sufficient to cope with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn S Hetem
- Brain Function Research Group; School of Physiology; University of the Witwatersrand; Faculty of Health Science; Parktown, South Africa
| | - Andrea Fuller
- Brain Function Research Group; School of Physiology; University of the Witwatersrand; Faculty of Health Science; Parktown, South Africa
| | - Shane K Maloney
- Brain Function Research Group; School of Physiology; University of the Witwatersrand; Faculty of Health Science; Parktown, South Africa
- School of Anatomy, Physiology, and Human Biology; University of Western Australia; Crawley, Australia
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- Brain Function Research Group; School of Physiology; University of the Witwatersrand; Faculty of Health Science; Parktown, South Africa
- School of Anatomy, Physiology, and Human Biology; University of Western Australia; Crawley, Australia
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28
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Brown A, Thatje S. Explaining bathymetric diversity patterns in marine benthic invertebrates and demersal fishes: physiological contributions to adaptation of life at depth. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 89:406-26. [PMID: 24118851 PMCID: PMC4158864 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bathymetric biodiversity patterns of marine benthic invertebrates and demersal fishes have been identified in the extant fauna of the deep continental margins. Depth zonation is widespread and evident through a transition between shelf and slope fauna from the shelf break to 1000 m, and a transition between slope and abyssal fauna from 2000 to 3000 m; these transitions are characterised by high species turnover. A unimodal pattern of diversity with depth peaks between 1000 and 3000 m, despite the relatively low area represented by these depths. Zonation is thought to result from the colonisation of the deep sea by shallow-water organisms following multiple mass extinction events throughout the Phanerozoic. The effects of low temperature and high pressure act across hierarchical levels of biological organisation and appear sufficient to limit the distributions of such shallow-water species. Hydrostatic pressures of bathyal depths have consistently been identified experimentally as the maximum tolerated by shallow-water and upper bathyal benthic invertebrates at in situ temperatures, and adaptation appears required for passage to deeper water in both benthic invertebrates and demersal fishes. Together, this suggests that a hyperbaric and thermal physiological bottleneck at bathyal depths contributes to bathymetric zonation. The peak of the unimodal diversity-depth pattern typically occurs at these depths even though the area represented by these depths is relatively low. Although it is recognised that, over long evolutionary time scales, shallow-water diversity patterns are driven by speciation, little consideration has been given to the potential implications for species distribution patterns with depth. Molecular and morphological evidence indicates that cool bathyal waters are the primary site of adaptive radiation in the deep sea, and we hypothesise that bathymetric variation in speciation rates could drive the unimodal diversity-depth pattern over time. Thermal effects on metabolic-rate-dependent mutation and on generation times have been proposed to drive differences in speciation rates, which result in modern latitudinal biodiversity patterns over time. Clearly, this thermal mechanism alone cannot explain bathymetric patterns since temperature generally decreases with depth. We hypothesise that demonstrated physiological effects of high hydrostatic pressure and low temperature at bathyal depths, acting on shallow-water taxa invading the deep sea, may invoke a stress-evolution mechanism by increasing mutagenic activity in germ cells, by inactivating canalisation during embryonic or larval development, by releasing hidden variation or mutagenic activity, or by activating or releasing transposable elements in larvae or adults. In this scenario, increased variation at a physiological bottleneck at bathyal depths results in elevated speciation rate. Adaptation that increases tolerance to high hydrostatic pressure and low temperature allows colonisation of abyssal depths and reduces the stress-evolution response, consequently returning speciation of deeper taxa to the background rate. Over time this mechanism could contribute to the unimodal diversity-depth pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Brown
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre SouthamptonEuropean Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, U.K.
| | - Sven Thatje
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre SouthamptonEuropean Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, U.K.
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29
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Gaitán-Espitia JD, Belén Arias M, Lardies MA, Nespolo RF. Variation in thermal sensitivity and thermal tolerances in an invasive species across a climatic gradient: lessons from the land snail Cornu aspersum. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70662. [PMID: 23940617 PMCID: PMC3734266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of organisms to perform at different temperatures could be described by a continuous nonlinear reaction norm (i.e., thermal performance curve, TPC), in which the phenotypic trait value varies as a function of temperature. Almost any shift in the parameters of this performance curve could highlight the direct effect of temperature on organism fitness, providing a powerful framework for testing thermal adaptation hypotheses. Inter-and intraspecific differences in this performance curve are also reflected in thermal tolerances limits (e.g., critical and lethal limits), influencing the biogeographic patterns of species' distribution. Within this context, here we investigated the intraspecific variation in thermal sensitivities and thermal tolerances in three populations of the invasive snail Cornu aspersum across a geographical gradient, characterized by different climatic conditions. Thus, we examined population differentiation in the TPCs, thermal-coma recovery times, expression of heat-shock proteins and standard metabolic rate (i.e., energetic costs of physiological differentiation). We tested two competing hypotheses regarding thermal adaptation (the "hotter is better" and the generalist-specialist trade-offs). Our results show that the differences in thermal sensitivity among populations of C. aspersum follow a latitudinal pattern, which is likely the result of a combination of thermodynamic constraints ("hotter is better") and thermal adaptations to their local environments (generalist-specialist trade-offs). This finding is also consistent with some thermal tolerance indices such as the Heat-Shock Protein Response and the recovery time from chill-coma. However, mixed responses in the evaluated traits suggest that thermal adaptation in this species is not complete, as we were not able to detect any differences in neither energetic costs of physiological differentiation among populations, nor in the heat-coma recovery.
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Nouvellet P, Newman C, Buesching CD, Macdonald DW. A multi-metric approach to investigate the effects of weather conditions on the demographic of a terrestrial mammal, the european badger (Meles meles). PLoS One 2013; 8:e68116. [PMID: 23874517 PMCID: PMC3708947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Models capturing the full effects of weather conditions on animal populations are scarce. Here we decompose yearly temperature and rainfall into mean trends, yearly amplitude of change and residual variation, using daily records. We establish from multi-model inference procedures, based on 1125 life histories (from 1987 to 2008), that European badger (Meles meles) annual mortality and recruitment rates respond to changes in mean trends and to variability in proximate weather components. Variation in mean rainfall was by far the most influential predictor in our analysis. Juvenile survival and recruitment rates were highest at intermediate levels of mean rainfall, whereas low adult survival rates were associated with only the driest, and not the wettest, years. Both juvenile and adult survival rates also exhibited a range of tolerance for residual standard deviation around daily predicted temperature values, beyond which survival rates declined. Life-history parameters, annual routines and adaptive behavioural responses, which define the badgers’ climatic niche, thus appear to be predicated upon a bounded range of climatic conditions, which support optimal survival and recruitment dynamics. That variability in weather conditions is influential, in combination with mean climatic trends, on the vital rates of a generalist, wide ranging and K-selected medium-sized carnivore, has major implications for evolutionary ecology and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Nouvellet
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Newman
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Christina D. Buesching
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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31
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Peck LS, Souster T, Clark MS. Juveniles Are More Resistant to Warming than Adults in 4 Species of Antarctic Marine Invertebrates. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66033. [PMID: 23840393 PMCID: PMC3694089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile stages are often thought to be less resistant to thermal challenges than adults, yet few studies make direct comparisons using the same methods between different life history stages. We tested the resilience of juvenile stages compared to adults in 4 species of Antarctic marine invertebrate over 3 different rates of experimental warming. The species used represent 3 phyla and 4 classes, and were the soft-shelled clam Laternula elliptica, the sea cucumber Cucumaria georgiana, the sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri, and the seastar Odontaster validus. All four species are widely distributed, locally abundant to very abundant and are amongst the most important in the ecosystem for their roles. At the slowest rate of warming used (1°C 3 days−1) juveniles survived to higher temperatures than adults in all species studied. At the intermediate rate (1°C day−1) juveniles performed better in 3 of the 4 species, with no difference in the 4th, and at the fastest rate of warming (1°C h−1) L. elliptica adults survived to higher temperatures than juveniles, but in C. georgiana juveniles survived to higher temperatures than adults and there were no differences in the other species. Oxygen limitation may explain the better performance of juveniles at the slower rates of warming, whereas the loss of difference between juveniles and adults at the fastest rate of warming suggests another mechanism sets the temperature limit here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd S. Peck
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Terri Souster
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Melody S. Clark
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
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32
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White CR, Alton LA, Frappell PB. Metabolic cold adaptation in fishes occurs at the level of whole animal, mitochondria and enzyme. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:1740-7. [PMID: 22158960 PMCID: PMC3297453 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.2060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic cold adaptation (MCA), the hypothesis that species from cold climates have relatively higher metabolic rates than those from warm climates, was first proposed nearly 100 years ago and remains one of the most controversial hypotheses in physiological ecology. In the present study, we test the MCA hypothesis in fishes at the level of whole animal, mitochondria and enzyme. In support of the MCA hypothesis, we find that when normalized to a common temperature, species with ranges that extend to high latitude (cooler climates) have high aerobic enzyme (citrate synthase) activity, high rates of mitochondrial respiration and high standard metabolic rates. Metabolic compensation for the global temperature gradient is not complete however, so when measured at their habitat temperature species from high latitude have lower absolute rates of metabolism than species from low latitudes. Evolutionary adaptation and thermal plasticity are therefore insufficient to completely overcome the acute thermodynamic effects of temperature, at least in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R White
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia.
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Nespolo RF, Bacigalupe LD, Figueroa CC, Koteja P, Opazo JC. Using new tools to solve an old problem: the evolution of endothermy in vertebrates. Trends Ecol Evol 2011; 26:414-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Clarke A, Pörtner HO. Temperature, metabolic power and the evolution of endothermy. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2011; 85:703-27. [PMID: 20105154 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00122.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endothermy has evolved at least twice, in the precursors to modern mammals and birds. The most widely accepted explanation for the evolution of endothermy has been selection for enhanced aerobic capacity. We review this hypothesis in the light of advances in our understanding of ATP generation by mitochondria and muscle performance. Together with the development of isotope-based techniques for the measurement of metabolic rate in free-ranging vertebrates these have confirmed the importance of aerobic scope in the evolution of endothermy: absolute aerobic scope, ATP generation by mitochondria and muscle power output are all strongly temperature-dependent, indicating that there would have been significant improvement in whole-organism locomotor ability with a warmer body. New data on mitochondrial ATP generation and proton leak suggest that the thermal physiology of mitochondria may differ between organisms of contrasting ecology and thermal flexibility. Together with recent biophysical modelling, this strengthens the long-held view that endothermy originated in smaller, active eurythermal ectotherms living in a cool but variable thermal environment. We propose that rather than being a secondary consequence of the evolution of an enhanced aerobic scope, a warmer body was the means by which that enhanced aerobic scope was achieved. This modified hypothesis requires that the rise in metabolic rate and the insulation necessary to retain metabolic heat arose early in the lineages leading to birds and mammals. Large dinosaurs were warm, but were not endotherms, and the metabolic status of pterosaurs remains unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Clarke
- Biological Sciences, British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK.
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35
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Glanville EJ, Seebacher F. Advantage to lower body temperatures for a small mammal (Rattus fuscipes) experiencing chronic cold. J Mammal 2010. [DOI: 10.1644/10-mamm-a-003.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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36
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Terblanche JS, Clusella-Trullas S, Chown SL. Phenotypic plasticity of gas exchange pattern and water loss in Scarabaeus spretus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): deconstructing the basis for metabolic rate variation. J Exp Biol 2010; 213:2940-9. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.041889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Investigation of gas exchange patterns and modulation of metabolism provide insight into metabolic control systems and evolution in diverse terrestrial environments. Variation in metabolic rate in response to environmental conditions has been explained largely in the context of two contrasting hypotheses, namely metabolic depression in response to stressful or resource-(e.g. water) limited conditions, or elevation of metabolism at low temperatures to sustain life in extreme conditions. To deconstruct the basis for metabolic rate changes in response to temperature variation, here we undertake a full factorial study investigating the longer- and short-term effects of temperature exposure on gas exchange patterns. We examined responses of traits of gas exchange [standard metabolic rate (SMR); discontinuous gas exchange (DGE) cycle frequency; cuticular, respiratory and total water loss rate (WLR)] to elucidate the magnitude and form of plastic responses in the dung beetle, Scarabaeus spretus. Results showed that short- and longer-term temperature variation generally have significant effects on SMR and WLR. Overall, acclimation to increased temperature led to a decline in SMR (from 0.071±0.004 ml CO2 h–1 in 15°C-acclimated beetles to 0.039±0.004 ml CO2 h–1 in 25°C-acclimated beetles measured at 20°C) modulated by reduced DGE frequency (15°C acclimation: 0.554±0.027 mHz, 20°C acclimation: 0.257±0.030 mHz, 25°C acclimation: 0.208±0.027 mHz recorded at 20°C), reduced cuticular WLRs (from 1.058±0.537 mg h–1 in 15°C-acclimated beetles to 0.900±0.400 mg h–1 in 25°C-acclimated beetles measured at 20°C) and reduced total WLR (from 4.2±0.5 mg h–1 in 15°C-acclimated beetles to 3.1±0.5 mg h–1 in 25°C-acclimated beetles measured at 25°C). Respiratory WLR was reduced from 2.25±0.40 mg h–1 in 15°C-acclimated beetles to 1.60±0.40 mg h–1 in 25°C-acclimated beetles measured at 25°C, suggesting conservation of water during DGE bursts. Overall, this suggests water conservation is a priority for S. spretus exposed to longer-term temperature variation, rather than elevation of SMR in response to low temperature acclimation, as might be expected from a beetle living in a relatively warm, low rainfall summer region. These results are significant for understanding the evolution of gas exchange patterns and trade-offs between metabolic rate and water balance in insects and other terrestrial arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S. Terblanche
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Susana Clusella-Trullas
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Steven L. Chown
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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Pörtner HO. Oxygen- and capacity-limitation of thermal tolerance: a matrix for integrating climate-related stressor effects in marine ecosystems. J Exp Biol 2010; 213:881-93. [PMID: 20190113 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.037523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 656] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
The concept of oxygen- and capacity-dependent thermal tolerance in aquatic ectotherms has successfully explained climate-induced effects of rising temperatures on species abundance in the field. Oxygen supply to tissues and the resulting aerobic performance characters thus form a primary link between organismal fitness and its role and functioning at the ecosystem level. The thermal window of performance in water breathers matches their window of aerobic scope. Loss of performance reflects the earliest level of thermal stress, caused by hypoxaemia and the progressive mismatch of oxygen supply and demand at the borders of the thermal envelope. Oxygen deficiency elicits the transition to passive tolerance and associated systemic and cellular stress signals like hormonal responses or oxidative stress as well as the use of protection mechanisms like heat shock proteins at thermal extremes. Thermal acclimatization between seasons or adaptation to a climate regime involves shifting thermal windows and adjusting window widths. The need to specialize on a limited temperature range results from temperature-dependent trade-offs at several hierarchical levels, from molecular structure to whole-organism functioning, and may also support maximized energy efficiency. Various environmental factors like CO2 (ocean acidification) and hypoxia interact with these principal relationships. Existing knowledge suggests that these factors elicit metabolic depression supporting passive tolerance to thermal extremes. However, they also exacerbate hypoxaemia, causing a narrowing of thermal performance windows and prematurely leading the organism to the limits of its thermal acclimation capacity. The conceptual analysis suggests that the relationships between energy turnover, the capacities of activity and other functions and the width of thermal windows may lead to an integrative understanding of specialization on climate and, as a thermal matrix, of sensitivity to climate change and the factors involved. Such functional relationships might also relate to climate-induced changes in species interactions and, thus, community responses at the ecosystem level.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.-O. Pörtner
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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38
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Gershoni M, Templeton AR, Mishmar D. Mitochondrial bioenergetics as a major motive force of speciation. Bioessays 2009; 31:642-50. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.200800139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Knies JL, Kingsolver JG, Burch CL. Hotter is better and broader: thermal sensitivity of fitness in a population of bacteriophages. Am Nat 2009; 173:419-30. [PMID: 19232002 DOI: 10.1086/597224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Hotter is better is a hypothesis of thermal adaptation that posits that the rate-depressing effects of low temperature on biochemical reactions cannot be overcome by physiological plasticity or genetic adaptation. If so, then genotypes or populations adapted to warmer temperatures will have higher maximum growth rates than those adapted to low temperatures. Here we test hotter is better by measuring thermal reaction norms for intrinsic rate of population growth among an intraspecific collection of bacteriophages recently isolated from nature. Consistent with hotter is better, we find that phage genotypes with higher optimal temperatures have higher maximum growth rates. Unexpectedly, we also found that hotter is broader, meaning that the phages with the highest optimal temperatures also have the greatest temperature ranges. We found that the temperature sensitivity of fitness for phages is similar to that for insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Knies
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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40
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Quance MA, Travisano M. Effects of temperature on the fitness cost of resistance to bacteriophage T4 in Escherichia coli. Evolution 2009; 63:1406-16. [PMID: 19222568 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to predation, herbivory, or disease often comes at a cost such that resistant genotypes are competitively inferior to their sensitive counterparts in the absence of predators, herbivores, or pathogens. The effects of this trade-off on natural populations depend on its sensitivity to environmental changes. We used Escherichia coli and bacteriophage T4 as a model predator/prey system to study the effects of temperature on the cost of resistance. An array of independent T4-resistant mutants, derived from a single ancestral strain of E. coli B, had a mean reduction in competitive fitness that depended strongly on environmental temperature; the cost of resistance generally increased with temperature. Genetic variance for fitness among phage-resistant mutants also depended on temperature; however, genetic variance increased at high and low thermal extremes. These results suggest that temperature is likely to be an important determinant of the consequences of predation in natural communities. We also discuss the underlying mechanistic basis for the cost of resistance in this system and its interaction with temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Quance
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, USA.
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41
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Pörtner HO, Lannig G. Chapter 4 Oxygen and Capacity Limited Thermal Tolerance. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(08)00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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42
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Kane SL, Garland T, Carter PA. Basal metabolic rate of aged mice is affected by random genetic drift but not by selective breeding for high early-age locomotor activity or chronic wheel access. Physiol Biochem Zool 2008; 81:288-300. [PMID: 18419555 DOI: 10.1086/587093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The study of correlated evolution can lead to new insights about the inheritance patterns of complex traits. In order to better understand the evolution of metabolic rate, we tested whether voluntary activity levels and basal metabolic rate are genetically correlated in 90-wk-old mice (Mus domesticus) from replicated lines of the sixteenth generation of an artificial selection experiment for high early-age wheel-running activity. We measured basal rates of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production and also computed the respiratory exchange ratio. Half of the individuals from both selected and control lines had been allowed free access to running wheels since 4 wk of age, while the other half were in standard cages. This design allowed testing of hypotheses about (1) genetic correlations between voluntary activity and metabolic rate and (2) lifetime training effects on metabolic traits. Selection group did not have a significant effect on metabolic traits; therefore, this study does not support some of the implicit assumptions of the aerobic capacity model for the evolution of vertebrate energetics. Activity group also did not affect metabolic rate, indicating that lifetime training does not alter basal metabolism in these mice. However, strong replicate line-within-selection-group differences were detected, indicating the occurrence of random genetic drift. In females, this divergence in metabolic traits attributable to drift was independent of body mass, but in males it was probably caused by a correlated response to selection involving body mass. This study is the first to show such effects of random genetic drift on metabolic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Kane
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236, USA.
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Brodte E, Graeve M, Jacob U, Knust R, Pörtner HO. Temperature-dependent lipid levels and components in polar and temperate eelpout (Zoarcidae). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2008; 34:261-274. [PMID: 18665464 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-007-9185-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Total lipid content, lipid classes and fatty acid composition were analysed in tissues from two eelpout species fed on the same diet, the Antarctic Pachycara brachycephalum and the temperate Zoarces viviparus, with the aim of determining the role of lipids in fishes from different thermal habitats. The lipid content increased with decreasing temperature in the liver of both species, suggesting enhanced lipid storage under cold conditions. In P. brachycephalum, lipid composition in the liver and muscle was strongly dominated by triacylglycerols between 0 and 6 degrees C. In contrast, in the temperate species, lipid class composition changed with changes in the temperature. When acclimatized to 4 and 6 degrees C Z. viviparus not only displayed a shift to lipid anabolism and pronounced lipid storage, as indicated by high triacylglycerol levels, but also a shift to patterns of cold adaptation, as reflected by an increased content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the lipid extract. Unsaturated fatty acids were also abundant in the Antarctic eelpout, but when compared to Z. viviparus at the same temperatures, the latter had significantly higher ratios of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid levels, whereas the Antarctic eelpout showed significantly higher ratios of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acid levels. High delta-15N values of the Antarctic eelpout reflect the high trophic level of this scavenger in the Weddell Sea food web. Stable carbon values suggest that lipid-enriched prey forms a major part of its diet. The strategy to accumulate storage lipids in the cold is interpreted to be adaptive behaviour at colder temperatures and during periods of irregular, pulsed food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Brodte
- Physiology of Marine Animals, Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Postfach 12 01 61, Bremerhaven, 27515, Germany.
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Pörtner HO, Peck L, Somero G. Thermal limits and adaptation in marine Antarctic ectotherms: an integrative view. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008; 362:2233-58. [PMID: 17553776 PMCID: PMC2443174 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A cause and effect understanding of thermal limitation and adaptation at various levels of biological organization is crucial in the elaboration of how the Antarctic climate has shaped the functional properties of extant Antarctic fauna. At the same time, this understanding requires an integrative view of how the various levels of biological organization may be intertwined. At all levels analysed, the functional specialization to permanently low temperatures implies reduced tolerance of high temperatures, as a trade-off. Maintenance of membrane fluidity, enzyme kinetic properties (Km and k(cat)) and protein structural flexibility in the cold supports metabolic flux and regulation as well as cellular functioning overall. Gene expression patterns and, even more so, loss of genetic information, especially for myoglobin (Mb) and haemoglobin (Hb) in notothenioid fishes, reflect the specialization of Antarctic organisms to a narrow range of low temperatures. The loss of Mb and Hb in icefish, together with enhanced lipid membrane densities (e.g. higher concentrations of mitochondria), becomes explicable by the exploitation of high oxygen solubility at low metabolic rates in the cold, where an enhanced fraction of oxygen supply occurs through diffusive oxygen flux. Conversely, limited oxygen supply to tissues upon warming is an early cause of functional limitation. Low standard metabolic rates may be linked to extreme stenothermy. The evolutionary forces causing low metabolic rates as a uniform character of life in Antarctic ectothermal animals may be linked to the requirement for high energetic efficiency as required to support higher organismic functioning in the cold. This requirement may result from partial compensation for the thermal limitation of growth, while other functions like hatching, development, reproduction and ageing are largely delayed. As a perspective, the integrative approach suggests that the patterns of oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance are linked, on one hand, with the capacity and design of molecules and membranes, and, on the other hand, with life-history consequences and lifestyles typically seen in the permanent cold. Future research needs to address the detailed aspects of these interrelationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans O Pörtner
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Physiologie mariner Tiere, 27515, Bremerhaven, Germany.
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Peck LS, Morley SA, Pörtner HO, Clark MS. Thermal limits of burrowing capacity are linked to oxygen availability and size in the Antarctic clam Laternula elliptica. Oecologia 2007; 154:479-84. [PMID: 17899201 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-007-0858-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Animal responses to changing environments are most commonly studied in relation to temperature change. The current paradigm for marine ectotherms is that temperature limits are set through oxygen limitation. Oxygen limitation leads to progressive reductions in capacity to perform work or activity, and these are more important and proximate measures of a population's ability to survive. Here we measured the ability of a large Antarctic clam to rebury when removed from sediment at temperatures between -1.5 and 7.5 degrees C and at three oxygen concentrations, 10.2, 20.5 and 27.7%. The proportion of the population capable of reburying declined rapidly and linearly with temperature from around 65% at 0 degrees C to 0% at 6 degrees C in normoxia (20.5% O2). Decreasing oxygen to 10.2% reduced temperature limits for successful burial by around 2 degrees C, and increasing oxygen to 27.7% raised the limits by 1-1.5 degrees C. There was an interactive effect of body size and temperature on burying: the temperature limits of larger individuals were lower than smaller animals. Similarly, these size limits were increased by increasing oxygen availability. Considering data for all temperatures and oxygen levels, the fastest burying rates occurred at 3 degrees C, which is 2 degrees C above the maximum summer temperature at this site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Samuel Peck
- Natural Environment Research Council British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK.
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Pörtner HO, Knust R. Climate change affects marine fishes through the oxygen limitation of thermal tolerance. Science 2007; 315:95-7. [PMID: 17204649 DOI: 10.1126/science.1135471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 896] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A cause-and-effect understanding of climate influences on ecosystems requires evaluation of thermal limits of member species and of their ability to cope with changing temperatures. Laboratory data available for marine fish and invertebrates from various climatic regions led to the hypothesis that, as a unifying principle, a mismatch between the demand for oxygen and the capacity of oxygen supply to tissues is the first mechanism to restrict whole-animal tolerance to thermal extremes. We show in the eelpout, Zoarces viviparus, a bioindicator fish species for environmental monitoring from North and Baltic Seas (Helcom), that thermally limited oxygen delivery closely matches environmental temperatures beyond which growth performance and abundance decrease. Decrements in aerobic performance in warming seas will thus be the first process to cause extinction or relocation to cooler waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans O Pörtner
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Animal Ecophysiology, Postfach 12 01 61, 27515 Bremerhaven, Germany.
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Frazier MR, Huey RB, Berrigan D. Thermodynamics Constrains the Evolution of Insect Population Growth Rates: “Warmer Is Better”. Am Nat 2006; 168:512-20. [PMID: 17004222 DOI: 10.1086/506977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Diverse biochemical and physiological adaptations enable different species of ectotherms to survive and reproduce in very different temperature regimes, but whether these adaptations fully compensate for the thermodynamically depressing effects of low temperature on rates of biological processes is debated. If such adaptations are fully compensatory, then temperature-dependent processes (e.g., digestion rate, population growth rate) of cold-adapted species will match those of warm-adapted species when each is measured at its own optimal temperature. Here we show that cold-adapted insect species have much lower maximum rates of population growth than do warm-adapted species, even when we control for phylogenetic relatedness. This pattern also holds when we use a structural-equation model to analyze alternative hypotheses that might otherwise explain this correlation. Thus, although physiological adaptations enable some insects to survive and reproduce at low temperatures, these adaptations do not overcome the "tyranny" of thermodynamics, at least for rates of population increase. Indeed, the sensitivity of population growth rates of insects to temperature is even greater than predicted by a recent thermodynamic model. Our findings suggest that adaptation to temperature inevitably alters the population dynamics of insects. This result has broad evolutionary and ecological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Frazier
- Department of Biology, Box 351800, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1800, USA.
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Bicego KC, Barros RCH, Branco LGS. Physiology of temperature regulation: comparative aspects. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2006; 147:616-639. [PMID: 16950637 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2005] [Revised: 05/28/2006] [Accepted: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Few environmental factors have a larger influence on animal energetics than temperature, a fact that makes thermoregulation a very important process for survival. In general, endothermic species, i.e., mammals and birds, maintain a constant body temperature (Tb) in fluctuating environmental temperatures using autonomic and behavioural mechanisms. Most of the knowledge on thermoregulatory physiology has emerged from studies using mammalian species, particularly rats. However, studies with all vertebrate groups are essential for a more complete understanding of the mechanisms involved in the regulation of Tb. Ectothermic vertebrates-fish, amphibians and reptiles-thermoregulate essentially by behavioural mechanisms. With few exceptions, both endotherms and ectotherms develop fever (a regulated increase in Tb) in response to exogenous pyrogens, and regulated hypothermia (anapyrexia) in response to hypoxia. This review focuses on the mechanisms, particularly neuromediators and regions in the central nervous system, involved in thermoregulation in vertebrates, in conditions of euthermia, fever and anapyrexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kênia C Bicego
- Department of Animal Physiology and Morfology, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Renata C H Barros
- Department of General and Specialized Nursing, Nursing School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14040-904, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz G S Branco
- Department of Morphology, Estomatology and Physiology, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14040-904, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Pörtner HO, Bennett AF, Bozinovic F, Clarke A, Lardies MA, Lucassen M, Pelster B, Schiemer F, Stillman JH. Trade‐Offs in Thermal Adaptation: The Need for a Molecular to Ecological Integration. Physiol Biochem Zool 2006; 79:295-313. [PMID: 16555189 DOI: 10.1086/499986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Through functional analyses, integrative physiology is able to link molecular biology with ecology as well as evolutionary biology and is thereby expected to provide access to the evolution of molecular, cellular, and organismic functions; the genetic basis of adaptability; and the shaping of ecological patterns. This paper compiles several exemplary studies of thermal physiology and ecology, carried out at various levels of biological organization from single genes (proteins) to ecosystems. In each of those examples, trade-offs and constraints in thermal adaptation are addressed; these trade-offs and constraints may limit species' distribution and define their level of fitness. For a more comprehensive understanding, the paper sets out to elaborate the functional and conceptual connections among these independent studies and the various organizational levels addressed. This effort illustrates the need for an overarching concept of thermal adaptation that encompasses molecular, organellar, cellular, and whole-organism information as well as the mechanistic links between fitness, ecological success, and organismal physiology. For this data, the hypothesis of oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance in animals provides such a conceptual framework and allows interpreting the mechanisms of thermal limitation of animals as relevant at the ecological level. While, ideally, evolutionary studies over multiple generations, illustrated by an example study in bacteria, are necessary to test the validity of such complex concepts and underlying hypotheses, animal physiology frequently is constrained to functional studies within one generation. Comparisons of populations in a latitudinal cline, closely related species from different climates, and ontogenetic stages from riverine clines illustrate how evolutionary information can still be gained. An understanding of temperature-dependent shifts in energy turnover, associated with adjustments in aerobic scope and performance, will result. This understanding builds on a mechanistic analysis of the width and location of thermal windows on the temperature scale and also on study of the functional properties of relevant proteins and associated gene expression mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans O Pörtner
- Animal Ecophysiology, Alfred-Wegener-Institute fur Polar- und Meeresforschung, Okophysiologie, Postfach 120161, D-27515 Bremerhaven, Germany.
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PÖrtner H, Lucassen M, Storch D. Metabolic Biochemistry: Its Role in Thermal Tolerance and in the Capacities of Physiological and Ecological Function. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(04)22003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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