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Wright SW, Ekchariyawat P, Sengyee S, Phunpang R, Dulsuk A, Saiprom N, Thiansukhon E, Pattanapanyasat K, Korbsrisate S, West TE, Chantratita N. Dysfunctional host cellular immune responses are associated with mortality in melioidosis. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2380822. [PMID: 39008280 PMCID: PMC11293272 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2380822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Melioidosis is a tropical infection caused by the intracellular pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei, an underreported and emerging global threat. As melioidosis-associated mortality is frequently high despite antibiotics, novel management strategies are critically needed. Therefore, we sought to determine whether functional changes in the host innate and adaptive immune responses are induced during acute melioidosis and are associated with outcome. Using a unique whole blood stimulation assay developed for use in resource-limited settings, we examined induced cellular functional and phenotypic changes in a cohort of patients with bacteremic melioidosis prospectively enrolled within 24 h of positive blood culture and followed for 28 days. Compared to healthy controls, melioidosis survivors generated an IL-17 response mediated by Th17 cells and terminally-differentiated effector memory CD8+ T cells (P < .05, both), persisting to 28 days after enrolment. Furthermore, melioidosis survivors developed polyfunctional cytokine production in CD8+ T cells (P < .01). Conversely, a reduction in CCR6+ CD4+ T cells was associated with higher mortality, even after adjustments for severity of illness (P = 0.004). Acute melioidosis was also associated with a profound acute impairment in monocyte function as stimulated cytokine responses were reduced in classical, intermediate and non-classical monocytes. Impaired monocyte cytokine function improved by 28-days after enrolment. These data suggest that IL-17 mediated cellular responses may be contributors to host defense during acute melioidosis, and that innate immune function may be impaired. These insights could provide novel targets for the development of therapies and vaccine targets in this frequently lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelton W. Wright
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peeraya Ekchariyawat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sineenart Sengyee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Rungnapa Phunpang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Adul Dulsuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natnaree Saiprom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Kovit Pattanapanyasat
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Microparticle and Exosome in Diseases, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sunee Korbsrisate
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - T. Eoin West
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Narisara Chantratita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Iwasaki J, Bzdyl NM, Lin-Sullivan DJM, Scheuplein NJ, Dueñas ME, de Jong E, Harmer NJ, Holzgrabe U, Sarkar-Tyson M. Inhibition of macrophage infectivity potentiator in Burkholderia pseudomallei suppresses pro-inflammatory responses in murine macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1353682. [PMID: 38590438 PMCID: PMC10999550 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1353682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Melioidosis, caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a disease endemic in many tropical countries globally. Clinical presentation is highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic to fatal septicemia, and thus the outcome of infection can depend on the host immune responses. The aims of this study were to firstly, characterize the macrophage immune response to B. pseudomallei and secondly, to determine whether the immune response was modified in the presence of novel inhibitors targeting the virulence factor, the macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) protein. We hypothesized that inhibition of Mip in B. pseudomallei would disarm the bacteria and result in a host beneficial immune response. Methods Murine macrophage J774A.1 cells were infected with B. pseudomallei K96243 in the presence of small-molecule inhibitors targeting the Mip protein. RNA-sequencing was performed on infected cells four hours post-infection. Secreted cytokines and lactose dehydrogenase were measured in cell culture supernatants 24 hours post-infection. Viable, intracellular B. pseudomallei in macrophages were also enumerated 24 hours post-infection. Results Global transcriptional profiling of macrophages infected with B. pseudomallei by RNA-seq demonstrated upregulation of immune-associated genes, in particular a significant enrichment of genes in the TNF signaling pathway. Treatment of B. pseudomallei-infected macrophages with the Mip inhibitor, AN_CH_37 resulted in a 5.3-fold reduction of il1b when compared to cells treated with DMSO, which the inhibitors were solubilized in. A statistically significant reduction in IL-1β levels in culture supernatants was seen 24 hours post-infection with AN_CH_37, as well as other pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely IL-6 and TNF-α. Treatment with AN_CH_37 also reduced the survival of B. pseudomallei in macrophages after 24 hours which was accompanied by a significant reduction in B. pseudomallei-induced cytotoxicity as determined by lactate dehydrogenase release. Discussion These data highlight the potential to utilize Mip inhibitors in reducing potentially harmful pro-inflammatory responses resulting from B. pseudomallei infection in macrophages. This could be of significance since overstimulation of pro-inflammatory responses can result in immunopathology, tissue damage and septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jua Iwasaki
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nicole M. Bzdyl
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Dion J. M. Lin-Sullivan
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Maria Emilia Dueñas
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Emma de Jong
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nicholas J. Harmer
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Living Systems Institute, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mitali Sarkar-Tyson
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Meumann EM, Limmathurotsakul D, Dunachie SJ, Wiersinga WJ, Currie BJ. Burkholderia pseudomallei and melioidosis. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:155-169. [PMID: 37794173 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00972-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, is found in soil and water of tropical and subtropical regions globally. Modelled estimates of the global burden predict that melioidosis remains vastly under-reported, and a call has been made for it to be recognized as a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization. Severe weather events and environmental disturbance are associated with increased case numbers, and it is anticipated that, in some regions, cases will increase in association with climate change. Genomic epidemiological investigations have confirmed B. pseudomallei endemicity in newly recognized regions, including the southern United States. Melioidosis follows environmental exposure to B. pseudomallei and is associated with comorbidities that affect the immune response, such as diabetes, and with socioeconomic disadvantage. Several vaccine candidates are ready for phase I clinical trials. In this Review, we explore the global burden, epidemiology and pathophysiology of B. pseudomallei as well as current diagnostics, treatment recommendations and preventive measures, highlighting research needs and priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella M Meumann
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.
| | - Direk Limmathurotsakul
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- NDM Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susanna J Dunachie
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- NDM Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Willem J Wiersinga
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bart J Currie
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
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Herron ICT, Laws TR, Nelson M. Marmosets as models of infectious diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1340017. [PMID: 38465237 PMCID: PMC10921895 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1340017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal models of infectious disease often serve a crucial purpose in obtaining licensure of therapeutics and medical countermeasures, particularly in situations where human trials are not feasible, i.e., for those diseases that occur infrequently in the human population. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a Neotropical new-world (platyrrhines) non-human primate, has gained increasing attention as an animal model for a number of diseases given its small size, availability and evolutionary proximity to humans. This review aims to (i) discuss the pros and cons of the common marmoset as an animal model by providing a brief snapshot of how marmosets are currently utilized in biomedical research, (ii) summarize and evaluate relevant aspects of the marmoset immune system to the study of infectious diseases, (iii) provide a historical backdrop, outlining the significance of infectious diseases and the importance of developing reliable animal models to test novel therapeutics, and (iv) provide a summary of infectious diseases for which a marmoset model exists, followed by an in-depth discussion of the marmoset models of two studied bacterial infectious diseases (tularemia and melioidosis) and one viral infectious disease (viral hepatitis C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C. T. Herron
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Salisbury, United Kingdom
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Early Activation of iNKT Cells Increased Survival Time of BALB/c Mice in a Murine Model of Melioidosis. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0026822. [PMID: 36374098 PMCID: PMC9753712 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00268-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. High interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels in naive mice were reported to mediate protection against B. pseudomallei infection. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells can produce and secrete several cytokines, including IFN-γ. When iNKT cell-knockout (KO) BALB/c mice were infected with B. pseudomallei, their survival time was significantly shorter than wild-type mice. Naive BALB/c mice pretreated intraperitoneally with α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), an iNKT cell activator, 24 h before infection demonstrated 62.5% survival at the early stage, with prolonged survival time compared to nonpretreated infected control mice (14 ± 1 days versus 6 ± 1 days, respectively). At 4 h after injection with α-GalCer, treated mice showed significantly higher levels of serum IFN-γ, interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-10, and IL-12 than control mice. Interestingly, the IFN-γ levels in the α-GalCer-pretreated group were decreased at 4, 24, and 48 h after infection, while they were highly increased in the control group. At 24 h postinfection in the α-GalCer group, bacterial loads were significantly lower in blood (no growth and 1,780.00 ± 51.21, P < 0.0001), spleens (no growth and 34,300 ± 1,106.04, P < 0.0001), and livers (1,550 ± 68.72 and 13,400 ± 1,066.67, P < 0.0001) than in the control group, but not in the lungs (15,300 ± 761.10 and 1,320 ± 41.63, P < 0.0001), and almost all were negative at 48 h postinfection. This study for the first time shows that early activation of iNKT cells by α-GalCer helps clearance of B. pseudomallei and prolongs mouse survival.
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An Investigation into the Re-Emergence of Disease Following Cessation of Antibiotic Treatment in Balb/c Mice Infected with Inhalational Burkholderia pseudomallei. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11101442. [PMID: 36290100 PMCID: PMC9598772 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11101442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a multifaceted disease. A proportion of the mortality and morbidity reported as a result of infection with this organism may be due to the premature cessation of antibiotic therapy typically lasting for several months. The progression of re-emergent disease was characterised in Balb/c mice following cessation of a 14 day treatment course of co-trimoxazole or finafloxacin, delivered at a human equivalent dose. Mice were culled weekly and the infection characterised in terms of bacterial load in tissues, weight loss, clinical signs of infection, cytokine levels and immunological cell counts. Following cessation of treatment, the infection re-established in some animals. Finafloxacin prevented the re-establishment of the infection for longer than co-trimoxazole, and it is apparent based on the protection offered, the development of clinical signs of disease, bodyweight loss and bacterial load, that finafloxacin was more effective at controlling infection when compared to co-trimoxazole.
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Vithana SMP, Chathuranga LS, Jayasinghe S, Udayakumara EAD. A rare case of melioidosis presenting as myositis in Sri Lanka. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:549. [PMID: 35705895 PMCID: PMC9202086 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07515-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Melioidosis caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei is an emerging infection in Sri Lanka with a high case fatality rate. The disease usually manifests as pneumonia, however multisystem involvement is common. Myositis is an extremely rare occurrence and this is the only documented case where the initial presentation of melioidosis has been myositis and later complicated to myonecrosis. Case presentation A 45-year-old gentleman with pre-existing diabetes presented with a tender, right thigh lump for 1 week duration without any history of trauma or infection. Investigations revealed neutrophil leukocytosis, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels whilst ultrasonography showed focal myositis of right quadriceps. The patient went into sepsis amidst antibacterial treatment which warranted urgent surgery. At surgery, a large intramuscular abscess with myonecrosis was observed within vastus medialis which was completely drained and pus was taken for culture which eventually isolated Burkholderia pseudomallei. Melioidosis was diagnosed and intravenous meropenem was prescribed for 3 weeks. Following complete recovery, the patient was discharged on doxycycline and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole for 3 months. Conclusions Melioidosis, an endemic disease in south east Asia and northern Australia, is an emerging infection in Sri Lanka. Myositis is a rare presentation of the disease that can lead to myonecrosis and abscess formation which can cause rapid disease escalation and sepsis. Early surgical intervention may be life-saving in such cases where antibiotic therapy alone may not suffice.
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Birnie E, Biemond JJ, Wiersinga WJ. Drivers of melioidosis endemicity: epidemiological transition, zoonosis, and climate change. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2022; 35:196-204. [PMID: 35665713 PMCID: PMC10128909 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Melioidosis, caused by the soil-dwelling bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a tropical infection associated with high morbidity and mortality. This review summarizes current insights into melioidosis' endemicity, focusing on epidemiological transitions, zoonosis, and climate change. RECENT FINDINGS Estimates of the global burden of melioidosis affirm the significance of hot-spots in Australia and Thailand. However, it also highlights the paucity of systematic data from South Asia, The Americas, and Africa. Globally, the growing incidence of diabetes, chronic renal and (alcoholic) liver diseases further increase the susceptibility of individuals to B. pseudomallei infection. Recent outbreaks in nonendemic regions have further exposed the hazard from the trade of animals and products as potential reservoirs for B. pseudomallei. Lastly, global warming will increase precipitation, severe weather events, soil salinity and anthrosol, all associated with the occurrence of B. pseudomallei. SUMMARY Epidemiological transitions, zoonotic hazards, and climate change are all contributing to the emergence of novel melioidosis-endemic areas. The adoption of the One Health approach involving multidisciplinary collaboration is important in unraveling the real incidence of B. pseudomallei, as well as reducing the spread and associated mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Birnie
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Division of Infectious Diseases, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jason J. Biemond
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine
| | - W. Joost Wiersinga
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Division of Infectious Diseases, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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The innate immune response in the marmoset during the acute pneumonic disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0055021. [PMID: 35041487 PMCID: PMC8929355 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00550-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a severe human infection that is difficult to treat with antibiotics and for which there is no effective vaccine. Development of novel treatments rely upon appropriately characterized animal models. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) has been established at Defense Science and Technology laboratories (DSTL) as a model of melioidosis. Further analysis was performed on samples generated in these studies to provide a description of the innate immune response. Many of the immunological features described, (migration/activation of neutrophils and macrophages, activation of T cells, elevation of key cytokines IFNγ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) have been observed in acute melioidosis human cases and correlated with prognosis. Expression of the MHCII marker (HLA-DR) on neutrophils showed potential as a diagnostic with 80% accuracy when comparing pre- and postchallenge levels in paired blood samples. Discriminant analysis of cell surface, activation markers on neutrophils combined with levels of key cytokines, differentiated between disease states from single blood samples with 78% accuracy. These key markers have utility as a prototype postexposure, presymptomatic diagnostic. Ultimately, these data further validate the use of the marmoset as a suitable model for determining efficacy of medical countermeasures against B. pseudomallei.
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Clinical, Epidemiological and Microbiological Profile of A Potentially Pathogenic Environmental Saprophyte, Burkholderia pseudomallei; at A Tertiary Care Hospital in Coastal India. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.1.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is a severe systemic infectious disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, a gram-negative bacillus with bipolar staining. It is an environmental saprophyte endemic to Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. The disease can have varying manifestations. This is a retrospective study of the clinical and microbiological profile of culture-proven cases of melioidosis who presented to a tertiary care hospital in Coastal Karnataka between January 2018 and December 2020. The epidemiological, demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics were studied and analyzed. A total of 27 cases were seen during the study period. All patients were from the western coastal areas of India. Fever was the most common presenting complaint. Analysis of the clinical manifestations showed 11 (40.74%) with bacteremia. Pneumonia was the most common primary clinical presentation with 11 cases (40.74%). 9 (33.3%) patients had an abscess in some part of the body on presentation. Secondary foci were seen in 5 (18.5%) patients. The prominent risk factors seen were history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, age >40 years, alcoholism and smoking. 13 (48.15%) were started with the treatment regimen for melioidosis. Only 8 (29.63%) were prescribed the eradication treatment regimen. One case which was inadequately treated came back with reactivation of melioidosis. Varied clinical presentation of melioidosis makes the specific clinical diagnosis difficult. Due to the high mortality and morbidity rate, early diagnosis and prompt management is warranted, this requires clinical vigilance and an intensive microbiological workup. Lack of adherence to the treatment protocol can lead to reactivation.
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Xu K, Lian F, Quan Y, Liu J, Yin L, Li X, Tian S, Pei H, Xia Q. Septicemic Melioidosis Detection Using Support Vector Machine with Five Immune Cell Types. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:8668978. [PMID: 34912476 PMCID: PMC8668356 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8668978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Melioidosis, caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei (B. pseudomallei), predominantly occurs in the tropical regions. Of various types of melioidosis, septicemic melioidosis is the most lethal one with a mortality rate of 40%. Early detection of the disease is paramount for the better chances of cure. In this study, we developed a novel approach for septicemic melioidosis detection, using a machine learning technique-support vector machine (SVM). Several SVM models were built, and 19 features characterized by the corresponding immune cell types were generated by Cell type Identification Estimating Relative Subsets Of RNA Transcripts (CIBERSORT). Using these features, we trained a binomial SVM model on the training set and evaluated it on the independent testing set. Our findings indicated that this model performed well with means of sensitivity and specificity up to 0.962 and 0.979, respectively. Meanwhile, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis gave area under curves (AUCs) ranging from 0.952 to 1.000. Furthermore, we found that a concise SVM model, built upon a combination of CD8+ T cells, resting CD4+ memory T cells, monocytes, M2 macrophages, and activated mast cells, worked perfectly on the detection of septicemic melioidosis. Our data showed that its mean of sensitivity was up to 0.976 while that of specificity up to 0.993. In addition, the ROC curve analysis gave AUC close to 1.000. Taken together, this SVM model is a robust classification tool and may serve as a complementary diagnostic technique to septicemic melioidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education and School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Fang Lian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yunfan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education and School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jun Liu
- School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Li Yin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education and School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xuexia Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education and School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Shen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education and School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Hua Pei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Qianfeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education and School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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Monoclonal Antibodies Opsonize Burkholderia spp. and Reduce Intracellular Actin Tail Formation in a Macrophage Infection Assay. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:e0024421. [PMID: 34460311 PMCID: PMC8508110 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00244-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. The bacterium is intrinsically resistant to various antibiotics, and melioidosis is therefore difficult to treat successfully without a relapse in infection. B. pseudomallei is an intracellular pathogen and therefore, to eradicate the infection, antimicrobials must be able to access bacteria in an intracellular niche. This study assessed the ability of a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to opsonize Burkholderia species and determine the effect that each antibody has on bacterial virulence in vitro. Murine macrophage infection assays demonstrated that monoclonal antibodies against the capsule of B. pseudomallei are opsonizing. Furthermore, one of these monoclonal antibodies reduced bacterial actin tail formation in our in vitro assays, indicating that antibodies could reduce the intracellular spread of Burkholderia thailandensis. The data presented in this paper demonstrate that monoclonal antibodies are opsonizing and can decrease bacterial actin tail formation, thus decreasing their intracellular spread. These data have informed selection of an antibody for development of an antibody-antibiotic conjugate (AAC) for melioidosis. IMPORTANCE Melioidosis is difficult to treat successfully due to the causal bacterium being resistant to many classes of antibiotics, therefore limiting available therapeutic options. New and improved therapies are urgently required to treat this disease. Here, we have investigated the potential of monoclonal antibodies to target this intracellular pathogen. We have demonstrated that monoclonal antibodies can target the bacterium, increase uptake into macrophages, and reduce actin tail formation required by the bacterium for spread between cells. Through targeting the bacterium with antibodies, we hope to disarm the pathogen, reducing the spread of infection. Ultimately, we aim to use an opsonizing antibody to deliver antibiotics intracellularly by developing an antibody-antibiotic conjugate therapeutic for melioidosis.
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Trevino SR, Dankmeyer JL, Fetterer DP, Klimko CP, Raymond JLW, Moreau AM, Soffler C, Waag DM, Worsham PL, Amemiya K, Ruiz SI, Cote CK, Krakauer T. Comparative virulence of three different strains of Burkholderia pseudomallei in an aerosol non-human primate model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009125. [PMID: 33571211 PMCID: PMC7904162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis, caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a major cause of sepsis and mortality in endemic regions of Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. B. pseudomallei is a potential bioterrorism agent due to its high infectivity, especially via inhalation, and its inherent resistance to antimicrobials. There is currently no vaccine for melioidosis and antibiotic treatment can fail due to innate drug resistance, delayed diagnosis and treatment, or insufficient duration of treatment. A well-characterized animal model that mimics human melioidosis is needed for the development of new medical countermeasures. This study first characterized the disease progression of melioidosis in the African green monkey (AGM) and rhesus macaque (RM) for non-human primate model down-selection. All AGMs developed acute lethal disease similar to that described in human acute infection following exposure to aerosolized B. pseudomallei strain HBPUB10134a. Only 20% of RMs succumbed to acute disease. Disease progression, immune response and pathology of two other strains of B. pseudomallei, K96243 and MSHR5855, were also compared using AGMs. These three B. pseudomallei strains represent a highly virulent strain from Thailand (HBPUB101034a), a highly virulent strains from Australia (MSHR5855), and a commonly used laboratory strains originating from Thailand (K96243). Animals were observed for clinical signs of infection and blood samples were analyzed for cytokine responses, blood chemistry and leukocyte changes in order to characterize bacterial infection. AGMs experienced fever after exposure to aerosolized B. pseudomallei at the onset of acute disease. Inflammation, abscesses and/or pyogranulomas were observed in lung with all three strains of B. pseudomallei. Inflammation, abscesses and/or pyogranulomas were observed in lymph nodes, spleen, liver and/or kidney with B. pseudomallei, HBPUB10134a and K96243. Additionally, the Australian strain MSHR5855 induced brain lesions in one AGM similar to clinical cases of melioidosis seen in Australia. Elevated serum levels of IL-1β, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-6, MCP-1, G-CSF, HGF, IFNγ, MIG, I-TAC, and MIP-1β at terminal end points can be significantly correlated with non-survivors with B. pseudomallei infection in AGM. The AGM model represents an acute model of B. pseudomallei infection for all three strains from two geographical locations and will be useful for efficacy testing of vaccines and therapeutics against melioidosis. In summary, a dysregulated immune response leading to excessive persistent inflammation and inflammatory cell death is the key driver of acute melioidosis. Early intervention in these pathways will be necessary to counter B. pseudomallei and mitigate the pathological consequences of melioidosis. Melioidosis, caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, is endemic in tropical regions globally and is an emerging threat in non-tropical areas worldwide. Its mortality rate is high in endemic areas due to its high infectivity, antimicrobial resistance, lack of available vaccines and limited treatment options. Animal model development and pathogenicity studies of various isolates are critical for the development of countermeasures against this pathogen. In this study, we compared the virulence of three different isolates of B. pseudomallei from two geographical locations in an aerosol non-human primate model. We found that early elevations of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators, as well as the persistence of these mediators in the terminal phase of bacterial infection correlate with mortality. Histopathological analysis showed that the severity of lesions in various organs also correlates with the virulence of the B. pseudomallei strains, HBPUB10134a, MSHR5855 and K96243. Thus, a dysregulated immune response leading to excessive IL-1β and IL-6 at terminal end points and necrosis are key drivers of acute melioidosis. Development of drugs targeting these host response processes will be necessary to counter B. pseudomallei and mitigate the pathological consequences of melioidosis. This non-human primate model will facilitate the screening of vaccines and novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia R. Trevino
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Dankmeyer
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David P. Fetterer
- Biostatistics Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher P. Klimko
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jo Lynne W. Raymond
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alicia M. Moreau
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carl Soffler
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David M. Waag
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Patricia L. Worsham
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kei Amemiya
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sara I. Ruiz
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher K. Cote
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CKC); (TK)
| | - Teresa Krakauer
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CKC); (TK)
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14
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Chomkatekaew C, Boonklang P, Sangphukieo A, Chewapreecha C. An Evolutionary Arms Race Between Burkholderia pseudomallei and Host Immune System: What Do We Know? Front Microbiol 2021; 11:612568. [PMID: 33552023 PMCID: PMC7858667 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.612568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of co-evolution between pathogens and hosts holds promise for better prevention and control strategies. This review will explore the interactions between Burkholderia pseudomallei, an environmental and opportunistic pathogen, and the human host immune system. B. pseudomallei causes "Melioidosis," a rapidly fatal tropical infectious disease predicted to affect 165,000 cases annually worldwide, of which 89,000 are fatal. Genetic heterogeneities were reported in both B. pseudomallei and human host population, some of which may, at least in part, contribute to inter-individual differences in disease susceptibility. Here, we review (i) a multi-host-pathogen characteristic of the interaction; (ii) selection pressures acting on B. pseudomallei and human genomes with the former being driven by bacterial adaptation across ranges of ecological niches while the latter are driven by human encounter of broad ranges of pathogens; (iii) the mechanisms that generate genetic diversity in bacterial and host population particularly in sequences encoding proteins functioning in host-pathogen interaction; (iv) reported genetic and structural variations of proteins or molecules observed in B. pseudomallei-human host interactions and their implications in infection outcomes. Together, these predict bacterial and host evolutionary trajectory which continues to generate genetic diversity in bacterium and operates host immune selection at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Apiwat Sangphukieo
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresource and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Claire Chewapreecha
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresource and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
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15
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Pomposello MM, Nemes K, Mosovsky K. Dietary antioxidant seleno-L-methionine protects macrophages infected with Burkholderia thailandensis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238174. [PMID: 32881891 PMCID: PMC7470333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a facultative intracellular pathogen and the causative agent of melioidosis, a potentially life-threatening disease endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. Treatment of melioidosis is a long and costly process and the pathogen is inherently resistant to several classes of antibiotics, therefore there is a need for new treatments that can help combat the pathogen. Previous work has shown that the combination of interferon-gamma, an immune system activator, and the antibiotic ceftazidime synergistically reduced the bacterial burden of RAW 264.7 macrophages that had been infected with either B. pseudomallei or Burkholderia thailandensis. The mechanism of the interaction was found to be partially dependent on interferon-gamma-induced production of reactive oxygen species inside the macrophages. To further confirm the role of reactive oxygen species in the effectiveness of the combination treatment, we investigated the impact of the antioxidant and reactive oxygen species scavenger, seleno-L-methionine, on intracellular and extracellular bacterial burden of the infected macrophages. In a dose-dependent manner, high concentrations of seleno-L-methionine (1000 μM) were protective towards infected macrophages, resulting in a reduction of bacteria, on its own, that exceeded the reduction caused by the antibiotic alone and rivaled the effect of ceftazidime and interferon-gamma combined. Seleno-L-methionine treatment also resulted in improved viability of infected macrophages compared to untreated controls. We show that the protective effect of seleno-L-methionine was partly due to its inhibition of bacterial growth. In summary, our study shows a role for high dose seleno-L-methionine to protect and treat macrophages infected with B. thailandensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M. Pomposello
- Department of Biological Sciences, Moravian College, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kaitlyn Nemes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Moravian College, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kara Mosovsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, Moravian College, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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16
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Daryabor G, Atashzar MR, Kabelitz D, Meri S, Kalantar K. The Effects of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Organ Metabolism and the Immune System. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1582. [PMID: 32793223 PMCID: PMC7387426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic abnormalities such as dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, or insulin resistance and obesity play key roles in the induction and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The field of immunometabolism implies a bidirectional link between the immune system and metabolism, in which inflammation plays an essential role in the promotion of metabolic abnormalities (e.g., obesity and T2DM), and metabolic factors, in turn, regulate immune cell functions. Obesity as the main inducer of a systemic low-level inflammation is a main susceptibility factor for T2DM. Obesity-related immune cell infiltration, inflammation, and increased oxidative stress promote metabolic impairments in the insulin-sensitive tissues and finally, insulin resistance, organ failure, and premature aging occur. Hyperglycemia and the subsequent inflammation are the main causes of micro- and macroangiopathies in the circulatory system. They also promote the gut microbiota dysbiosis, increased intestinal permeability, and fatty liver disease. The impaired immune system together with metabolic imbalance also increases the susceptibility of patients to several pathogenic agents such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Thus, the need for a proper immunization protocol among such patients is granted. The focus of the current review is to explore metabolic and immunological abnormalities affecting several organs of T2DM patients and explain the mechanisms, whereby diabetic patients become more susceptible to infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Daryabor
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohamad Reza Atashzar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | | | - Seppo Meri
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology and the Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), The University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kurosh Kalantar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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17
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Abstract
The causative agent of melioidosis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, a tier 1 select agent, is endemic in Southeast Asia and northern Australia, with increased incidence associated with high levels of rainfall. Increasing reports of this condition have occurred worldwide, with estimates of up to 165,000 cases and 89,000 deaths per year. The ecological niche of the organism has yet to be clearly defined, although the organism is associated with soil and water. The culture of appropriate clinical material remains the mainstay of laboratory diagnosis. Identification is best done by phenotypic methods, although mass spectrometric methods have been described. Serology has a limited diagnostic role. Direct molecular and antigen detection methods have limited availability and sensitivity. Clinical presentations of melioidosis range from acute bacteremic pneumonia to disseminated visceral abscesses and localized infections. Transmission is by direct inoculation, inhalation, or ingestion. Risk factors for melioidosis include male sex, diabetes mellitus, alcohol abuse, and immunosuppression. The organism is well adapted to intracellular survival, with numerous virulence mechanisms. Immunity likely requires innate and adaptive responses. The principles of management of this condition are drainage and debridement of infected material and appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Global mortality rates vary between 9% and 70%. Research into vaccine development is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gassiep
- Pathology Queensland, Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Armstrong
- Pathology Queensland, Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - R Norton
- Pathology Queensland, Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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18
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Amemiya K, Dankmeyer JL, Bearss JJ, Zeng X, Stonier SW, Soffler C, Cote CK, Welkos SL, Fetterer DP, Chance TB, Trevino SR, Worsham PL, Waag DM. Dysregulation of TNF-α and IFN-γ expression is a common host immune response in a chronically infected mouse model of melioidosis when comparing multiple human strains of Burkholderia pseudomallei. BMC Immunol 2020; 21:5. [PMID: 32013893 PMCID: PMC6998218 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-020-0333-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melioidosis is endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia and is caused by the Gram-negative, facultative intracellular pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei. Diagnosis of melioidosis is often difficult because of the protean clinical presentation of the disease, and it may mimic other diseases, such as tuberculosis. There are many different strains of B. pseudomallei that have been isolated from patients with melioidosis, but it was not clear if they could cause a similar disease in a chronic BALB/c murine model of melioidosis. Hence, we wanted to examine chronically infected mice exposed to different strains of B. pseudomallei to determine if there were differences in the host immune response to the pathogen. RESULTS We identified common host immune responses exhibited in chronically infected BALB/c mice, although there was some heterogeneity in the host response in chronically infected mice after exposure to different strains of B. pseudomallei. They all displayed pyogranulomatous lesions in their spleens with a large influx of monocytes/macrophages, NK cells, and neutrophils identified by flow cytometry. Sera from chronically infected mice by ELISA exhibited elevated IgG titers to the pathogen, and we detected by Luminex micro-bead array technology a significant increase in the expression of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, KC, and MIG. By immunohistochemical and in situ RNA hybridization analysis we found that the increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ) was confined primarily to the area with the pathogen within pyogranulomatous lesions. We also found that cultured splenocytes from chronically infected mice could express IFN-γ, TNF-α, and MIP-1α ex vivo without the need for additional exogenous stimulation. In addition by flow cytometry, we detected significant amounts of intracellular expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ without a protein transport blocker in monocytes/macrophages, NK cells, and neutrophils but not in CD4+ or CD8+ T cells in splenocytes from chronically infected mice. CONCLUSION Taken together the common features we have identified in chronically infected mice when 10 different human clinical strains of B. pseudomallei were examined could serve as biomarkers when evaluating potential therapeutic agents in mice for the treatment of chronic melioidosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Amemiya
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Dankmeyer
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy J Bearss
- Pathology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- Pathology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Spencer W Stonier
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Carl Soffler
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Christopher K Cote
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Susan L Welkos
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - David P Fetterer
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Taylor B Chance
- Pathology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sylvia R Trevino
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Patricia L Worsham
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - David M Waag
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
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19
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Stackowicz J, Jönsson F, Reber LL. Mouse Models and Tools for the in vivo Study of Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3130. [PMID: 32038641 PMCID: PMC6985372 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in human blood and critical actors of the immune system. Many neutrophil functions and facets of their activity in vivo were revealed by studying genetically modified mice or by tracking fluorescent neutrophils in animals using imaging approaches. Assessing the roles of neutrophils can be challenging, especially when exact molecular pathways are questioned or disease states are interrogated that alter normal neutrophil homeostasis. This review discusses the main in vivo models for the study of neutrophils, their advantages and limitations. The side-by-side comparison underlines the necessity to carefully choose the right model(s) to answer a given scientific question, and exhibit caveats that need to be taken into account when designing experimental procedures. Collectively, this review suggests that at least two models should be employed to legitimately conclude on neutrophil functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Stackowicz
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, UMR INSERM 1222, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, Paris, France
| | - Friederike Jönsson
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, UMR INSERM 1222, Paris, France
| | - Laurent L Reber
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, UMR INSERM 1222, Paris, France.,Center for Pathophysiology Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), UMR 1043, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Toulouse, France
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20
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Birnie E, Claushuis TAM, Koh GCKW, Limmathurotsakul D, Day NPJ, Roelofs JJTH, Ware J, Hou B, de Vos AF, van der Poll T, van 't Veer C, Wiersinga WJ. Thrombocytopenia Impairs Host Defense Against Burkholderia pseudomallei (Melioidosis). J Infect Dis 2019; 219:648-659. [PMID: 30312422 PMCID: PMC6350952 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Infection with the gram-negative bacillus Burkholderia pseudomallei (melioidosis) is an important cause of pneumosepsis in Southeast Asia and has a mortality of up to 40%. We aimed to assess the role of platelets in the host response against B. pseudomallei infection. Methods Association between platelet counts and mortality was determined in 1160 patients with culture-proven melioidosis. Mice treated with (low- or high-dose) platelet-depleting antibody were inoculated intranasally with B. pseudomallei and killed. Additional studies using functional glycoprotein Ibα-deficient mice were conducted. Results Thrombocytopenia was present in 31% of patients at admission and predicted mortality in melioidosis patients even after adjustment for confounders. In our murine-melioidosis model, platelet counts decreased, and mice treated with a platelet-depleting antibody showed enhanced mortality and higher bacterial loads compared to mice with normal platelet counts. Low platelet counts had a modest impact on early-pulmonary neutrophil influx. Reminiscent of their role in hemostasis, platelet depletion impaired vascular integrity, resulting in early lung bleeding. Glycoprotein Ibα-deficient mice had reduced platelet counts during B. pseudomallei infection together with an impaired local host defense in the lung. Conclusions Thrombocytopenia predicts mortality in melioidosis patients and, during experimental melioidosis, platelets play a protective role in both innate immunity and vascular integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Birnie
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theodora A M Claushuis
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gavin C K W Koh
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Direk Limmathurotsakul
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas P J Day
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joris J T H Roelofs
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jerry Ware
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock
| | - Baidong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Beijing, China
| | - Alex F de Vos
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis van 't Veer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W Joost Wiersinga
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Role of Toll-Like Receptor 5 (TLR5) in Experimental Melioidosis. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00409-18. [PMID: 31109950 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00409-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative intracellular pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, an important cause of sepsis in Southeast Asia. Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is essential for an appropriate immune response during pathogen invasion. In patients with melioidosis, TLR5 is the most abundantly expressed TLR, and a hypofunctional TLR5 variant has been associated with improved survival. Here, we studied the functional role of TLR5 and its ligand flagellin in experimental melioidosis. First, we observed differential TLR5 expression in the pulmonary and hepatic compartments upon infection with B. pseudomallei Next, we found that B. pseudomallei-challenged TLR5-deficient (Tlr5-/- ) mice were more susceptible to infection than wild-type (WT) mice, as demonstrated by higher systemic bacterial loads, increased organ injury, and impaired survival. Lung bacterial loads were not different between the two groups. The phenotype was flagellin independent; no difference in in vivo virulence was observed for the flagellin-lacking mutant MM36 compared to the wild-type B. pseudomallei strain 1026b. Tlr5-/- mice showed a similar impaired antibacterial defense when infected with MM36 or 1026b. Ex vivo experiments showed that TLR5-deficient macrophages display markedly impaired phagocytosis of B. pseudomallei In conclusion, these data suggest that TLR5 deficiency has a detrimental flagellin-independent effect on the host response against pulmonary B. pseudomallei infection.
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22
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Withatanung P, Kurian D, Tangjittipokin W, Plengvidhya N, Titball RW, Korbsrisate S, Stevens JM. Quantitative Proteomics Reveals Differences in the Response of Neutrophils Isolated from Healthy or Diabetic Subjects to Infection with Capsule-Variant Burkholderia thailandensis. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:2848-2858. [PMID: 31244210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In Thailand, diabetes mellitus is the most significant risk factor for melioidosis, a severe disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. In this study, neutrophils isolated from healthy or diabetic subjects were infected with B. thailandensis E555, a variant strain with a B. pseudomallei-like capsular polysaccharide used here as a surrogate micro-organism for B. pseudomallei. At 2 h post-infection, neutrophil proteins were subjected to 4-plex iTRAQ-based comparative proteomic analysis. A total of 341 proteins were identified in two or more samples, of which several proteins involved in oxidative stress and inflammation were enriched in infected diabetic neutrophils. We validated this finding by demonstrating that infected diabetic neutrophils generated significantly elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-17 compared to healthy neutrophils. Our data also revealed that infected neutrophils from healthy or diabetic individuals undergo apoptotic cell death at distinctly different rates, with infected diabetic neutrophils showing a diminished ability to delay apoptosis and an increased likelihood of undergoing a lytic form of cell death, compared to infected neutrophils from healthy individuals. Increased expression of inflammatory proteins by infected neutrophils could contribute to the increased susceptibility to infection and inflammation in diabetic patients in melioidosis-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patoo Withatanung
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital , Mahidol University , Bangkok 10700 , Thailand
| | - Dominic Kurian
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies , University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush , Midlothian EH25 9RG , United Kingdom
| | - Watip Tangjittipokin
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital , Mahidol University , Bangkok 10700 , Thailand
| | - Nattachet Plengvidhya
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital , Mahidol University , Bangkok 10700 , Thailand
| | - Richard W Titball
- Department of Biosciences , University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 4QD , United Kingdom
| | - Sunee Korbsrisate
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital , Mahidol University , Bangkok 10700 , Thailand
| | - Joanne M Stevens
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies , University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush , Midlothian EH25 9RG , United Kingdom
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23
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Kronsteiner B, Chaichana P, Sumonwiriya M, Jenjaroen K, Chowdhury FR, Chumseng S, Teparrukkul P, Limmathurotsakul D, Day NPJ, Klenerman P, Dunachie SJ. Diabetes alters immune response patterns to acute melioidosis in humans. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:1092-1106. [PMID: 31032897 PMCID: PMC6618312 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201848037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious global health problem currently affecting over 450 million people worldwide. Defining its interaction with major global infections is an international public health priority. Melioidosis is caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, an exemplar pathogen for studying intracellular bacterial infection in the context of DM due to the 12‐fold increased risk in this group. We characterized immune correlates of survival in peripheral blood of acute melioidosis patients with and without DM and highlight different immune response patterns. We demonstrate the importance of circulating NK cells and show that CX3CR1 expression on lymphocytes is a novel correlate of survival from acute melioidosis. Furthermore, excessive serum levels of IL‐15 and IL‐18BP contribute to poor outcome independent of DM comorbidity. CD8+ T cells and granzyme B expression in NK cells are important for survival of non‐DM patients, whereas high antibody titers against B. pseudomallei and double‐negative T cells are linked to survival of DM patients. Recall responses support a role of γδ T‐cell‐derived IFN‐γ in the establishment of protective immunity in the DM group. Defining the hallmarks of protection in people with DM is crucial for the design of new therapies and vaccines targeting this rapidly expanding risk group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kronsteiner
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Panjaporn Chaichana
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Kemajitra Jenjaroen
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Fazle Rabbi Chowdhury
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Suchintana Chumseng
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Direk Limmathurotsakul
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicholas P J Day
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susanna J Dunachie
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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24
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Laws TR, Taylor AW, Russell P, Williamson D. The treatment of melioidosis: is there a role for repurposed drugs? A proposal and review. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2019; 17:957-967. [PMID: 30626237 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2018.1496330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Melioidosis is a significant health problem within endemic areas such as Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. The varied presentation of melioidosis and the intrinsic antibiotic resistance of Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative organism, make melioidosis a difficult infection to manage. Often prolonged courses of antibiotic treatments are required with no guarantee of clinical success.Areas covered: B. pseudomallei is able to enter phagocytic cells, affect immune function, and replicate, via manipulation of the caspase system. An examination of this mechanism, and a look at other factors in the pathogenesis of melioidosis, shows that there are multiple potential points of therapeutic intervention, some of which may be complementary. These include the directed use of antimicrobial compounds, blocking virulence mechanisms, balancing or modulating cytokine responses, and ameliorating sepsis.Expert commentary: There may be therapeutic options derived from drugs in clinical use for unrelated conditions that may have benefit in melioidosis. Key compounds of interest primarily affect the disequilibrium of the cytokine response, and further preclinical work is needed to explore the utility of this approach and encourage the clinical research needed to bring these into beneficial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Laws
- CBR Division, DSTL Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Adam W Taylor
- CBR Division, DSTL Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Paul Russell
- CBR Division, DSTL Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
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25
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Trevino SR, Klimko CP, Reed MC, Aponte-Cuadrado MJ, Hunter M, Shoe JL, Meyer JR, Dankmeyer JL, Biryukov SS, Quirk AV, Fritts KA, Kern SJ, Fetterer DP, Kohler LJ, Toothman RG, Bozue JA, Schellhase CW, Kreiselmeier N, Daye SP, Welkos SL, Soffler C, Worsham PL, Waag DM, Amemiya K, Cote CK. Disease progression in mice exposed to low-doses of aerosolized clinical isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208277. [PMID: 30500862 PMCID: PMC6267979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse models have been essential to generate supporting data for the research of infectious diseases. Burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiological agent of melioidosis, has been studied using mouse models to investigate pathogenesis and efficacy of novel medical countermeasures to include both vaccines and therapeutics. Previous characterization of mouse models of melioidosis have demonstrated that BALB/c mice present with an acute infection, whereas C57BL/6 mice have shown a tendency to be more resistant to infection and may model chronic disease. In this study, either BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice were exposed to aerosolized human clinical isolates of B. pseudomallei. The bacterial strains included HBPUB10134a (virulent isolate from Thailand), MSHR5855 (virulent isolate from Australia), and 1106a (relatively attenuated isolate from Thailand). The LD50 values were calculated and serial sample collections were performed in order to examine the bacterial burdens in tissues, histopathological features of disease, and the immune response mounted by the mice after exposure to aerosolized B. pseudomallei. These data will be important when utilizing these models for testing novel medical countermeasures. Additionally, by comparing highly virulent strains with attenuated isolates, we hope to better understand the complex disease pathogenesis associated with this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia R. Trevino
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Christopher P. Klimko
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Matthew C. Reed
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Aponte-Cuadrado
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Melissa Hunter
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Shoe
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Joshua R. Meyer
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Dankmeyer
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Sergei S. Biryukov
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Avery V. Quirk
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Kristen A. Fritts
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Steven J. Kern
- BioStatisitics Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - David P. Fetterer
- BioStatisitics Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Lara J. Kohler
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Ronald G. Toothman
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Joel A. Bozue
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Christopher W. Schellhase
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Norman Kreiselmeier
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Sharon P. Daye
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Susan L. Welkos
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Carl Soffler
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Patricia L. Worsham
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - David M. Waag
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Kei Amemiya
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Christopher K. Cote
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Krakauer T. Living dangerously: Burkholderia pseudomallei modulates phagocyte cell death to survive. Med Hypotheses 2018; 121:64-69. [PMID: 30396496 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Melioidosis, caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a major cause of sepsis and mortality in endemic regions of Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. As a facultative intracellular pathogen, B. pseudomallei produces virulence factors to evade innate host response and survive within host cells. Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that play critical roles in host defense against pathogens by their ability to detect and eliminate microbes. Host defense processes against B. pseudomallei including phagocytosis, oxidative burst, autophagy, apoptosis, and proinflammatory cytokine release are all initiated by these two phagocytes in the fight against this bacterium. In vitro studies with mouse macrophage cell lines revealed multiple evasion strategies used by B. pseudomallei to counteract these innate processes. B. pseudomallei invades and replicates in neutrophils but little is known regarding its evasion mechanisms. The bidirectional interaction of neutrophils and macrophages in controlling B. pseudomallei infection has also been overlooked. Here the hypothesis that B. pseudomallei hijacks neutrophils and uses them to transport and infect new phagocytes is proposed as an evasion strategy to survive and persist in host phagocytes. This two-pronged approach by B. pseudomallei to replicate in two different types of phagocytes and to modulate their cell death modes is effective in promoting persistence and survival of the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Krakauer
- Department of Immunology, Molecular Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5011, United States.
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27
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Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative environmental bacterium and the aetiological agent of melioidosis, a life-threatening infection that is estimated to account for ∼89,000 deaths per year worldwide. Diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for melioidosis, and the global diabetes pandemic could increase the number of fatalities caused by melioidosis. Melioidosis is endemic across tropical areas, especially in southeast Asia and northern Australia. Disease manifestations can range from acute septicaemia to chronic infection, as the facultative intracellular lifestyle and virulence factors of B. pseudomallei promote survival and persistence of the pathogen within a broad range of cells, and the bacteria can manipulate the host's immune responses and signalling pathways to escape surveillance. The majority of patients present with sepsis, but specific clinical presentations and their severity vary depending on the route of bacterial entry (skin penetration, inhalation or ingestion), host immune function and bacterial strain and load. Diagnosis is based on clinical and epidemiological features as well as bacterial culture. Treatment requires long-term intravenous and oral antibiotic courses. Delays in treatment due to difficulties in clinical recognition and laboratory diagnosis often lead to poor outcomes and mortality can exceed 40% in some regions. Research into B. pseudomallei is increasing, owing to the biothreat potential of this pathogen and increasing awareness of the disease and its burden; however, better diagnostic tests are needed to improve early confirmation of diagnosis, which would enable better therapeutic efficacy and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Joost Wiersinga
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Rm. G2-132, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harjeet S Virk
- Centre for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alfredo G Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Bart J Currie
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Australia
| | - Sharon J Peacock
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David A B Dance
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Direk Limmathurotsakul
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Tropical Hygiene and Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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28
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García-Jiménez WL, Salguero FJ, D'Elia RV. Histopathological and immunohistochemical characterization of Burkholderia pseudomallei lesions in an acute model of infection with BALB/c mice. Int J Exp Pathol 2018; 98:347-355. [PMID: 29315931 PMCID: PMC5826972 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ tissue damage is a key contributor to host morbidity and mortality following infection with microbial agents. Severe immune responses, excessive cellular recruitment and necrosis of cells all play a role in disease pathology. Understanding the pathogenesis of disease can aid in identifying potential new therapeutic targets or simply act as a diagnostic tool. Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative bacterium that can cause acute and chronic diseases. The BALB/c mouse has been shown to be highly susceptible to aerosol challenge with B. pseudomallei and hence acts as a good model to study the acute and potentially lethal form of the disease melioidosis. In our study, BALB/c mice were challenged and culled at predetermined time points to generate a pathological time course of infection. Lung, liver and spleen were subjected to pathological and immunohistochemical analysis. The number and type of microscopic lesions within each organ, as well as the location and the mean percentage of neutrophils, B cells, T cells and Burkholderia capsule antigen within the lesions, were all characterized during the time course. Neutrophils were determined as the key player in tissue pathology and generation of lesions, with B cells playing an insignificant role. This detailed pathological assessment increases our understanding of B. pseudomallei disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldo Luis García-Jiménez
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Riccardo V D'Elia
- CBR Division, Defence Science & Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, UK
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29
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30
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Entry, Intracellular Survival, and Multinucleated-Giant-Cell-Forming Activity of Burkholderia pseudomallei in Human Primary Phagocytic and Nonphagocytic Cells. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00468-17. [PMID: 28760929 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00468-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei and the related species Burkholderia thailandensis are facultative intracellular bacteria characterized by the ability to escape into the cytosol of the host cell and to stimulate the formation of multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs). MNGC formation is induced via an unknown mechanism by bacterial type VI secretion system 5 (T6SS-5), which is an essential virulence factor in both species. Despite the vital role of the intracellular life cycle in the pathogenesis of the bacteria, the range of host cell types permissive for initiation and completion of the intracellular cycle is poorly defined. In the present study, we used several different types of human primary cells to evaluate bacterial entry, intracellular survival, and MNGC formation. We report the capacity of B. pseudomallei to enter, efficiently replicate in, and mediate MNGC formation of vein endothelial and bronchial epithelial cells, indicating that the T6SS-5 is important in the host-pathogen interaction in these cells. Furthermore, we show that B. pseudomallei invades fibroblasts and keratinocytes and survives inside these cells as well as in monocyte-derived macrophages and neutrophils for at least 17 h postinfection; however, MNGC formation is not induced in these cells. In contrast, infection of mixed neutrophils and RAW264.7 macrophages with B. thailandensis stimulated the formation of heterotypic MNGCs in a T6SS-5-dependent manner. In summary, the ability of the bacteria to enter and survive as well as induce MNGC formation in certain host cells may contribute to the pathogenesis observed in B. pseudomallei infection.
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31
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Immune Recognition of the Epidemic Cystic Fibrosis Pathogen Burkholderia dolosa. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00765-16. [PMID: 28348057 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00765-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia dolosa caused an outbreak in the cystic fibrosis (CF) clinic at Boston Children's Hospital from 1998 to 2005 and led to the infection of over 40 patients, many of whom died due to complications from infection by this organism. To assess whether B. dolosa significantly contributes to disease or is recognized by the host immune response, mice were infected with a sequenced outbreak B. dolosa strain, AU0158, and responses were compared to those to the well-studied CF pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa In parallel, mice were also infected with a polar flagellin mutant of B. dolosa to examine the role of flagella in B. dolosa lung colonization. The results showed a higher persistence in the host by B. dolosa strains, and yet, neutrophil recruitment and cytokine production were lower than those with P. aeruginosa The ability of host immune cells to recognize B. dolosa was then assessed, B. dolosa induced a robust cytokine response in cultured cells, and this effect was dependent on the flagella only when bacteria were dead. Together, these results suggest that B. dolosa can be recognized by host cells in vitro but may avoid or suppress the host immune response in vivo through unknown mechanisms. B. dolosa was then compared to other Burkholderia species and found to induce similar levels of cytokine production despite being internalized by macrophages more than Burkholderia cenocepacia strains. These data suggest that B. dolosa AU0158 may act differently with host cells and is recognized differently by immune systems than are other Burkholderia strains or species.
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32
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Lankelma JM, Birnie E, Weehuizen TAF, Scicluna BP, Belzer C, Houtkooper RH, Roelofs JJTH, de Vos AF, van der Poll T, Budding AE, Wiersinga WJ. The gut microbiota as a modulator of innate immunity during melioidosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005548. [PMID: 28422970 PMCID: PMC5411098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melioidosis, caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, is an emerging cause of pneumonia-derived sepsis in the tropics. The gut microbiota supports local mucosal immunity and is increasingly recognized as a protective mediator in host defenses against systemic infection. Here, we aimed to characterize the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota during experimental melioidosis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS C57BL/6 mice were infected intranasally with B. pseudomallei and sacrificed at different time points to assess bacterial loads and inflammation. In selected experiments, the gut microbiota was disrupted with broad-spectrum antibiotics prior to inoculation. Fecal bacterial composition was analyzed by means of IS-pro, a 16S-23S interspacer region-based profiling method. A marked shift in fecal bacterial composition was seen in all mice during systemic B. pseudomallei infection with a strong increase in Proteobacteria and decrease in Actinobacteria, with an increase in bacterial diversity. We found enhanced early dissemination of B. pseudomallei and systemic inflammation during experimental melioidosis in microbiota-disrupted mice compared with controls. Whole-genome transcriptional profiling of the lung identified several genes that were differentially expressed between mice with a normal or disrupted intestinal microbiota. Genes involved in acute phase signaling, including macrophage-related signaling pathways were significantly elevated in microbiota disrupted mice. Compared with controls, alveolar macrophages derived from antibiotic pretreated mice showed a diminished capacity to phagocytose B. pseudomallei. This might in part explain the observed protective effect of the gut microbiota in the host defense against pneumonia-derived melioidosis. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, these data identify the gut microbiota as a potential modulator of innate immunity during B. pseudomallei infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M. Lankelma
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Emma Birnie
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tassili A. F. Weehuizen
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brendon P. Scicluna
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Riekelt H. Houtkooper
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joris J. T. H. Roelofs
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex F. de Vos
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andries E. Budding
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W. Joost Wiersinga
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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33
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Bearss JJ, Hunter M, Dankmeyer JL, Fritts KA, Klimko CP, Weaver CH, Shoe JL, Quirk AV, Toothman RG, Webster WM, Fetterer DP, Bozue JA, Worsham PL, Welkos SL, Amemiya K, Cote CK. Characterization of pathogenesis of and immune response to Burkholderia pseudomallei K96243 using both inhalational and intraperitoneal infection models in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172627. [PMID: 28235018 PMCID: PMC5325312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiologic agent of melioidosis, is a Gram negative bacterium designated as a Tier 1 threat. This bacterium is known to be endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia and can infect humans and animals by several routes. Inhalational melioidosis has been associated with monsoonal rains in endemic areas and is also a significant concern in the biodefense community. There are currently no effective vaccines for B. pseudomallei and antibiotic treatment can be hampered by non-specific symptomology and also the high rate of naturally occurring antibiotic resistant strains. Well-characterized animal models will be essential when selecting novel medical countermeasures for evaluation prior to human clinical trials. Here, we further characterize differences between the responses of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice when challenged with low doses of a low-passage and well-defined stock of B. pseudomallei K96243 via either intraperitoneal or aerosol routes of exposure. Before challenge, mice were implanted with a transponder to collect body temperature readings, and daily body weights were also recorded. Mice were euthanized on select days for pathological analyses and determination of the bacterial burden in selected tissues (blood, lungs, liver, and spleen). Additionally, spleen homogenate and sera samples were analyzed to better characterize the host immune response after infection with aerosolized bacteria. These clinical, pathological, and immunological data highlighted and confirmed important similarities and differences between these murine models and exposure routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J. Bearss
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Melissa Hunter
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Dankmeyer
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Kristen A. Fritts
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Christopher P. Klimko
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Chris H. Weaver
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Shoe
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Avery V. Quirk
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Ronald G. Toothman
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Wendy M. Webster
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - David P. Fetterer
- BioStatisitics Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Joel A. Bozue
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Patricia L. Worsham
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Susan L. Welkos
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Kei Amemiya
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Christopher K. Cote
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
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Interleukin 10 inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine responses and killing of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42791. [PMID: 28216665 PMCID: PMC5316963 DOI: 10.1038/srep42791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis, caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, is endemic in northeastern Thailand and Northern Australia. Severe septicemic melioidosis is associated with high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and is correlated with poor clinical outcomes. IL-10 is an immunoregulatory cytokine, which in other infections can control the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but its role in melioidosis has not been addressed. Here, whole blood of healthy seropositive individuals (n = 75), living in N. E. Thailand was co-cultured with B. pseudomallei and production of IL-10 and IFN-γ detected and the cellular sources identified. CD3− CD14+ monocytes were the main source of IL-10. Neutralization of IL-10 increased IFN-γ, IL-6 and TNF-α production and improved bacteria killing. IFN-γ production and microbicidal activity were impaired in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM). In contrast, IL-10 production was unimpaired in individuals with DM, resulting in an IL-10 dominant cytokine balance. Neutralization of IL-10 restored the IFN-γ response of individuals with DM to similar levels observed in healthy individuals and improved killing of B. pseudomallei in vitro. These results demonstrate that monocyte derived IL-10 acts to inhibit potentially protective cell mediated immune responses against B. pseudomallei, but may also moderate the pathological effects of excessive cytokine production during sepsis.
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Sathiavageesan S. Septicemic melioidosis in a transplant recipient causing graft dysfunction. Indian J Nephrol 2016; 26:379-382. [PMID: 27795637 PMCID: PMC5015521 DOI: 10.4103/0971-4065.168142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis, an infectious disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, is endemic in the Northern Australia and South-East Asia. It is an emerging disease in the Indian subcontinent. Melioidosis tends to run a potentially lethal course in immunocompromised individuals and data in renal transplantation are scarce. The clinical presentation of melioidosis is diverse, mimicking several other infectious diseases. Diagnosis could be delayed in transplant recipients. Choice and duration of antimicrobial therapy, management of immunosuppression, and patient and graft outcomes are other issues to be addressed. We report septicemic melioidosis with pulmonary involvement in a 32-year old renal transplant recipient that caused acute allograft dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sathiavageesan
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Medical College, Perambalur, India; Department of Nephrology, Sundaram Hospital, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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Glibenclamide impairs responses of neutrophils against Burkholderia pseudomallei by reduction of intracellular glutathione. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34794. [PMID: 27713554 PMCID: PMC5054430 DOI: 10.1038/srep34794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The major risk factor for melioidosis, an infectious disease caused by B. pseudomallei, is diabetes mellitus. More than half of diabetic melioidosis patients in Thailand were prescribed glibenclamide. Recent evidence demonstrates that glibenclamide reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine production by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) of diabetic individuals in response to this bacterial infection. However, the mechanisms by which glibenclamide affects cytokine production are unknown. We found that PMNs from glibenclamide-treated diabetic individuals infected with live B. pseudomallei in vitro showed lower free glutathione (GSH) levels compared with those of healthy individuals. Glibenclamide decreased GSH levels and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) of PMNs after exposed to live B. pseudomallei. Moreover, glibenclamide reduced cytokine production and migration capacity of infected PMNs, whereas GSH could restore these functions. Taken together, our data show a link between the effect of glibenclamide on GSH and PMN functions in response to B. pseudomallei that may contribute to the susceptibility of diabetic individuals to B. pseudomallei infection.
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Eddy JL, Schroeder JA, Zimbler DL, Caulfield AJ, Lathem WW. Proteolysis of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 by Yersinia pestis remodulates the host environment to promote virulence. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:1833-43. [PMID: 27377187 PMCID: PMC5053288 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Essentials Effect of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 on plague and its Y. pestis cleavage is unknown. An intranasal mouse model of infection was used to determine the role of PAI-1 in pneumonic plague. PAI-1 is cleaved and inactivated by the Pla protease of Y. pestis in the lung airspace. PAI-1 impacts both bacterial outgrowth and the immune response to respiratory Y. pestis infection. Click to hear Dr Bock discuss pathogen activators of plasminogen. SUMMARY Background The hemostatic regulator plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) inactivates endogenous plasminogen activators and aids in the immune response to bacterial infection. Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, produces the Pla protease, a virulence factor that is required during plague. However, the specific hemostatic proteins cleaved by Pla in vivo that contribute to pathogenesis have not yet been fully elucidated. Objectives To determine whether PAI-1 is cleaved by the Pla protease during pneumonic plague, and to define the impact of PAI-1 on Y. pestis respiratory infection in the presence or absence of Pla. Methods An intranasal mouse model of pneumonic plague was used to assess the levels of total and active PAI-1 in the lung airspace, and the impact of PAI-1 deficiency on bacterial pathogenesis, the host immune response and plasmin generation following infection with wild-type or ∆pla Y. pestis. Results We found that Y. pestis cleaves and inactivates PAI-1 in the lungs in a Pla-dependent manner. The loss of PAI-1 enhances Y. pestis outgrowth in the absence of Pla, and is associated with increased conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. Furthermore, we found that PAI-1 regulates immune cell recruitment, cytokine production and tissue permeability during pneumonic plague. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that PAI-1 is an in vivo target of the Pla protease in the lungs, and that PAI-1 is a key regulator of the pulmonary innate immune response. We conclude that the inactivation of PAI-1 by Y. pestis alters the host environment to promote virulence during pneumonic plague.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Eddy
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J A Schroeder
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D L Zimbler
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A J Caulfield
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - W W Lathem
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Burkholderia pseudomallei Capsule Exacerbates Respiratory Melioidosis but Does Not Afford Protection against Antimicrobial Signaling or Bacterial Killing in Human Olfactory Ensheathing Cells. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1941-1956. [PMID: 27091931 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01546-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis, caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, is an often severe infection that regularly involves respiratory disease following inhalation exposure. Intranasal (i.n.) inoculation of mice represents an experimental approach used to study the contributions of bacterial capsular polysaccharide I (CPS I) to virulence during acute disease. We used aerosol delivery of B. pseudomallei to establish respiratory infection in mice and studied CPS I in the context of innate immune responses. CPS I improved B. pseudomallei survival in vivo and triggered multiple cytokine responses, neutrophil infiltration, and acute inflammatory histopathology in the spleen, liver, nasal-associated lymphoid tissue, and olfactory mucosa (OM). To further explore the role of the OM response to B. pseudomallei infection, we infected human olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) in vitro and measured bacterial invasion and the cytokine responses induced following infection. Human OECs killed >90% of the B. pseudomallei in a CPS I-independent manner and exhibited an antibacterial cytokine response comprising granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and several regulatory cytokines. In-depth genome-wide transcriptomic profiling of the OEC response by RNA-Seq revealed a network of signaling pathways activated in OECs following infection involving a novel group of 378 genes that encode biological pathways controlling cellular movement, inflammation, immunological disease, and molecular transport. This represents the first antimicrobial program to be described in human OECs and establishes the extensive transcriptional defense network accessible in these cells. Collectively, these findings show a role for CPS I in B. pseudomallei survival in vivo following inhalation infection and the antibacterial signaling network that exists in human OM and OECs.
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Stolt C, Schmidt IHE, Sayfart Y, Steinmetz I, Bast A. Heme Oxygenase-1 and Carbon Monoxide PromoteBurkholderia pseudomalleiInfection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:834-46. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Weehuizen TAF, Hommes TJ, Lankelma JM, de Jong HK, Roelofs JJ, de Vos AF, Colonna M, van der Poll T, Wiersinga WJ. Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells (TREM)-2 Impairs Host Defense in Experimental Melioidosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004747. [PMID: 27253382 PMCID: PMC4890812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM) -1 and TREM-2 are key regulators of the inflammatory response that are involved in the clearance of invading pathogens. Melioidosis, caused by the "Tier 1" biothreat agent Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a common form of community-acquired sepsis in Southeast-Asia. TREM-1 has been suggested as a biomarker for sepsis and melioidosis. We aimed to characterize the expression and function of TREM-1 and TREM-2 in melioidosis. Methodology/Principal Findings Wild-type, TREM-1/3 (Trem-1/3-/-) and TREM-2 (Trem-2-/-) deficient mice were intranasally infected with live B. pseudomallei and killed after 24, and/or 72 h for the harvesting of lungs, liver, spleen, and blood. Additionally, survival studies were performed. Cellular functions were further analyzed by stimulation and/or infection of isolated cells. TREM-1 and TREM-2 expression was increased both in the lung and liver of B. pseudomallei-infected mice. Strikingly, Trem-2-/-, but not Trem-1/3-/-, mice displayed a markedly improved host defense as reflected by a strong survival advantage together with decreased bacterial loads, less inflammation and reduced organ injury. Cellular responsiveness of TREM-2, but not TREM-1, deficient blood and bone-marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) was diminished upon exposure to B. pseudomallei. Phagocytosis and intracellular killing of B. pseudomallei by BMDM and alveolar macrophages were TREM-1 and TREM-2-independent. Conclusions/Significance We found that TREM-2, and to a lesser extent TREM-1, plays a remarkable detrimental role in the host defense against a clinically relevant Gram-negative pathogen in mice: TREM-2 deficiency restricts the inflammatory response, thereby decreasing organ damage and mortality. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-1 and -2 are receptors on immune cells that act as mediators of the innate immune response. It is thought that TREM-1 amplifies the immune response, while TREM-2 acts as a negative regulator. Previously, we found that TREM-1 is upregulated in melioidosis patients. In contrast, nothing is known on TREM-2 expression and its role in melioidosis. In this study we examined the expression and functional role of both TREM-1 and -2 in a murine melioidosis model. We found that TREM-1 and-2 expression was upregulated during melioidosis. Using our experimental melioidosis model, we observed that Trem-2-/- mice were protected against B.pseudomallei-induced lethality. Trem-2-/- mice demonstrated reduced bacterial loads, inflammation and organ damage compared to wild-type mice in experimental melioidosis. Despite reduced bacterial dissemination of B.pseudomallei to distant organs in Trem-1/3-/ mice-, no differences in survival were found between Trem-1/3-/- and wild-type mice during melioidosis. Lastly, we investigated cellular functions of TREM-1 and TREM-2 and found that TREM-2 deficiency led to decreased cellular responsiveness to B. pseudomallei infection. In conclusion, we found that TREM-2 plays an important role during experimental murine melioidosis. TREM-2-deficiency reduces inflammation and organ damage, thereby improving survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tassili A. F. Weehuizen
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail: ;
| | - Tijmen J. Hommes
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M. Lankelma
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hanna K. de Jong
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Alex F. de Vos
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W. Joost Wiersinga
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Sahoo M, Lantier L, Re F. Role of Canonical and Non-canonical Inflammasomes During Burkholderia Infection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 397:199-214. [PMID: 27460811 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41171-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative flagellate bacterium that causes melioidosis, a disease endemic to Southeast Asia and other tropical regions. Following infection of macrophages and other non-phagocytic cell types, B. pseudomallei or B. thailandensis (a related species that causes disease in mice but not humans) are able to escape the phagosome and replicate in the host cell cytoplasm. Resistance to infection with Burkholderia is dependent on the Nlrp3 and Nlrc4 inflammasomes and the non-canonical caspase-11 inflammasome. Nlrc4 mediates protection through induction of pyroptosis in the early phase of infection. As the infection progresses and as IL-18-dependent IFNγ production increases, caspase-11-dependent pyroptosis acquires a preponderant protective role. Production of IL-1β and IL-18 during infection is primarily mediated by Nlrp3. IL-18 is essential for survival because of its ability to induce IFNγ production, which in turn activates macrophage microbicidal functions and primes for caspase-11 expression. In contrast, during melioidosis, IL-1β has deleterious effects due to excessive recruitment of neutrophils to the lung and consequent tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoranjan Sahoo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333, Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Louis Lantier
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333, Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Fabio Re
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333, Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
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Sridhar S, Teng JLL, Lau SKP, Woo PCY. Fatal bacteremic melioidosis in patients with prolonged neutropenia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 84:258-60. [PMID: 26712267 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Melioidosis, an infection with an expanding geographic range, is extremely rare in neutropenic patients. We report bacteremic melioidosis (ST-70 and ST-660) in 2 patients with prolonged neutropenia, who succumbed despite appropriate antibiotics. Clinicians should be aware of this emerging infection in neutropenic patients residing in or returning from endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jade L L Teng
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick C Y Woo
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Immune profiling of the progression of a BALB/c mouse aerosol infection by Burkholderia pseudomallei and the therapeutic implications of targeting HMGB1. Int J Infect Dis 2015; 40:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Jenjaroen K, Chumseng S, Sumonwiriya M, Ariyaprasert P, Chantratita N, Sunyakumthorn P, Hongsuwan M, Wuthiekanun V, Fletcher HA, Teparrukkul P, Limmathurotsakul D, Day NPJ, Dunachie SJ. T-Cell Responses Are Associated with Survival in Acute Melioidosis Patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004152. [PMID: 26495852 PMCID: PMC4619742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Melioidosis is an increasingly recognised cause of sepsis and death across South East Asia and Northern Australia, caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. Risk factors include diabetes, alcoholism and renal disease, and a vaccine targeting at-risk populations is urgently required. A better understanding of the protective immune response in naturally infected patients is essential for vaccine design. Methods We conducted a longitudinal clinical and immunological study of 200 patients with melioidosis on admission, 12 weeks (n = 113) and 52 weeks (n = 65) later. Responses to whole killed B. pseudomallei were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) ELIspot assay and flow cytometry and compared to those of control subjects in the region with diabetes (n = 45) and without diabetes (n = 43). Results We demonstrated strong CD4+ and CD8+ responses to B. pseudomallei during acute disease, 12 weeks and 52 weeks later. 28-day mortality was 26% for melioidosis patients, and B. pseudomallei-specific cellular responses in fatal cases (mean 98 IFN-γ cells per million PBMC) were significantly lower than those in the survivors (mean 142 IFN-γ cells per million PBMC) in a multivariable logistic regression model (P = 0.01). A J-shaped curve association between circulating neutrophil count and mortality was seen with an optimal count of 4000 to 8000 neutrophils/μl. Melioidosis patients with known diabetes had poor diabetic control (median glycated haemoglobin HbA1c 10.2%, interquartile range 9.2–13.1) and showed a stunted B. pseudomallei-specific cellular response during acute illness compared to those without diabetes. Conclusions The results demonstrate the role of both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells in protection against melioidosis, and an interaction between diabetes and cellular responses. This supports development of vaccine strategies that induce strong T-cell responses for the control of intracellular pathogens such as B. pseudomallei. Melioidosis is a key cause of death in South East Asia and Northern Australia. It is caused by the soil-dwelling bacteria Burkholderia pseudomallei, and presents as a range of clinical illnesses including pneumonia and bloodstream infections. About two-thirds of patients with melioidosis in Thailand have diabetes, but the immune responses associated with death and diabetes are unknown. This study examined the relationship between immune responses to the bacteria and death by studying the bacteria-specific lymphocyte responses in 200 patients admitted to hospital with acute melioidosis and following the patients for up to one year where possible. 26% of patients died within 28 days despite receiving antibiotics and supportive care. We showed people with melioidosis make bacteria-specific lymphocyte responses, with lower levels seen in fatal cases compared to survivors. People with diabetes make lower responses than people without diabetes, and higher levels of circulating neutrophils on admission to hospital were associated with lower lymphocyte responses both during illness and three months later in survivors. This highlighting of lymphocyte responses to melioidosis is important for the design of vaccines to target at risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemajittra Jenjaroen
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suchintana Chumseng
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Narisara Chantratita
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Maliwan Hongsuwan
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vanaporn Wuthiekanun
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Helen A. Fletcher
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Direk Limmathurotsakul
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicholas P. J. Day
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna J. Dunachie
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Commons RJ, Grivas R, Currie BJ. Melioidosis in a patient on monoclonal antibody therapy for psoriatic arthritis. Intern Med J 2015; 44:1245-6. [PMID: 25442759 DOI: 10.1111/imj.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Melioidosis is caused by the environmental bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei and can present with severe sepsis. Predisposing risk factors are present in 80% of cases. Monoclonal antibodies are increasingly prescribed for varied medical conditions. This report describes the first known case of melioidosis in a patient whose only risk factor for disease is treatment with a monoclonal antibody. Prescribers of monoclonal antibodies and other immunosuppressants should ensure that their patients are aware of the potential risk of melioidosis prior to travel and the precautions that should be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Commons
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Northern Territory Medical Program, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
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Conejero L, Potempa K, Graham CM, Spink N, Blankley S, Salguero FJ, Pankla-Sranujit R, Khaenam P, Banchereau JF, Pascual V, Chaussabel D, Lertmemongkolchai G, O'Garra A, Bancroft GJ. The Blood Transcriptome of Experimental Melioidosis Reflects Disease Severity and Shows Considerable Similarity with the Human Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3248-3261. [PMID: 26311902 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Melioidosis, a severe human disease caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, has a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from acute septicemia to chronic localized illness or latent infection. Murine models have been widely used to study the pathogenesis of infection and to evaluate novel therapies or vaccines, but how faithfully they recapitulate the biology of human melioidosis at a molecular level is not known. In this study, mice were intranasally infected with either high or low doses of B. pseudomallei to generate either acute, chronic, or latent infection and host blood and tissue transcriptional profiles were generated. Acute infection was accompanied by a homogeneous signature associated with induction of multiple innate immune response pathways, such as IL-10, TREM1, and IFN signaling, largely found in both blood and tissue. The transcriptional profile in blood reflected the heterogeneity of chronic infection and quantitatively reflected the severity of disease. Genes associated with fibrosis and tissue remodeling, including matrix metalloproteases and collagen, were upregulated in chronically infected mice with severe disease. Transcriptional signatures of both acute and chronic melioidosis revealed upregulation of iNOS in tissue, consistent with the expression of IFN-γ, but also Arginase-1, a functional antagonist of the iNOS pathway, and was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Comparison of these mouse blood datasets by pathway and modular analysis with the blood transcriptional signature of patients with melioidosis showed that many genes were similarly perturbed, including Arginase-1, IL-10, TREM1, and IFN signaling, revealing the common immune response occurring in both mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Conejero
- Immunology and Infection Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Krzysztof Potempa
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, (formerly MRC National Institute for Medical Research), London, UK
| | - Christine M Graham
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, (formerly MRC National Institute for Medical Research), London, UK
| | - Natasha Spink
- Immunology and Infection Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Simon Blankley
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, (formerly MRC National Institute for Medical Research), London, UK
| | | | - Rungnapa Pankla-Sranujit
- The Centre for Research & Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
| | - Prasong Khaenam
- The Centre for Research & Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
| | | | - Virginia Pascual
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Thousand Oaks, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Damien Chaussabel
- Damien Chaussabel, PhD, Director, Systems Biology Department, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Al Nasr Tower, AL Corniche Street, Qatar Foundation ∣ PO Box 26999 ∣ Doha, Qatar
| | - Ganjana Lertmemongkolchai
- The Centre for Research & Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
| | - Anne O'Garra
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, (formerly MRC National Institute for Medical Research), London, UK.,NHLI, St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Gregory J Bancroft
- Immunology and Infection Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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47
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Nithichanon A, Rinchai D, Gori A, Lassaux P, Peri C, Conchillio-Solé O, Ferrer-Navarro M, Gourlay LJ, Nardini M, Vila J, Daura X, Colombo G, Bolognesi M, Lertmemonkolchai G. Sequence- and Structure-Based Immunoreactive Epitope Discovery for Burkholderia pseudomallei Flagellin. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015. [PMID: 26222657 PMCID: PMC4519301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for melioidosis, a serious and often fatal infectious disease that is poorly controlled by existing treatments. Due to its inherent resistance to the major antibiotic classes and its facultative intracellular pathogenicity, an effective vaccine would be extremely desirable, along with appropriate prevention and therapeutic management. One of the main subunit vaccine candidates is flagellin of Burkholderia pseudomallei (FliCBp). Here, we present the high resolution crystal structure of FliCBp and report the synthesis and characterization of three peptides predicted to be both B and T cell FliCBp epitopes, by both structure-based in silico methods, and sequence-based epitope prediction tools. All three epitopes were shown to be immunoreactive against human IgG antibodies and to elicit cytokine production from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Furthermore, two of the peptides (F51-69 and F270-288) were found to be dominant immunoreactive epitopes, and their antibodies enhanced the bactericidal activities of purified human neutrophils. The epitopes derived from this study may represent potential melioidosis vaccine components. Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by Burkolderia pseudomallei that poses a major public health problem in Southeast Asia and northern Australia. This bacterium is difficult to treat due to its intrinsic resistance to antibiotics, poor diagnosis, and the lack of a licensed vaccine. Vaccine safety is a prime concern, therefore recombinant protein subunit and/or peptide vaccine components, may represent safer alternatives. In this context, we targeted one of the main subunit vaccine candidates tested to date, flagellin from B. pseudomallei (FliCBp) that comprises the flagellar filament that mediates bacterial motility. Based on the knowledge that activation of both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated responses must be addressed in a melioidosis vaccine, we identified B and T cell immunoreactive peptides from FliCBp, using both sequence-based and structure-based computational prediction programs, for further in vitro immunological testing. Our data confirm the accuracy of sequence-based epitope prediction tools, and two structure-based methods applied to the FliCBp crystal structure (here-described), in predicting both T- and B-cell epitopes. Moreover, we identified two epitope peptides with significant joint T-cell and B-cell activities for further development as melioidosis vaccine components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnone Nithichanon
- The Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Darawan Rinchai
- The Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Alessandro Gori
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Patricia Lassaux
- Department of Biosciences, CIMAINA and CNR Institute of Biophysics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Peri
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Oscar Conchillio-Solé
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mario Ferrer-Navarro
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Louise J. Gourlay
- Department of Biosciences, CIMAINA and CNR Institute of Biophysics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Nardini
- Department of Biosciences, CIMAINA and CNR Institute of Biophysics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jordi Vila
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Daura
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giorgio Colombo
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Martino Bolognesi
- Department of Biosciences, CIMAINA and CNR Institute of Biophysics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ganjana Lertmemonkolchai
- The Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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48
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Amemiya K, Dankmeyer JL, Fetterer DP, Worsham PL, Welkos SL, Cote CK. Comparison of the early host immune response to two widely diverse virulent strains of Burkholderia pseudomallei that cause acute or chronic infections in BALB/c mice. Microb Pathog 2015; 86:53-63. [PMID: 26162294 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the etiologic agent of melioidosis, which is endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. We previously found by the intraperitoneal (IP) route that we could discern differences in virulence in mice amongst different strains of B. pseudomallei. We report an early immune response study comparing two strains in our collection which represent the least, B. pseudomallei 1106a, and one of the most, HBPUB10134a, virulent strains in BALB/c mice. B. pseudomallei HBPUB10134a infected mouse spleens contained a 2-3 log higher bacterial burden than mice infected with B. pseudomallei 1106a 3 days post-infection (PI). More and higher amounts of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines were detected in sera and spleen extracts from B. pseudomallei HBPUB10134a than B. pseudomallei 1106a infected mice. The most prominent were IFNγ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IP-10, and MIG. After 7 days PI, there was a decrease in bacterial burden in spleens from 1106a infected mice and a decrease in cytokines/chemokines in sera and spleen extracts from both sets of mice. By day 14 PI we saw an increase in monocytes/macrophages, NK cells, and granulocytes in spleens from both sets of mice. No B. pseudomallei HBPUB10134a infected mice survived after this time. In summary, B. pseudomallei HBPUB10134a was more virulent and induced host innate immune responses typical of a more acute-type infection than did B. pseudomallei 1106a which produced a more chronic infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Amemiya
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Bacteriology Division, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Dankmeyer
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Bacteriology Division, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - David P Fetterer
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Bacteriology Division, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Patricia L Worsham
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Bacteriology Division, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Susan L Welkos
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Bacteriology Division, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Christopher K Cote
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Bacteriology Division, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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49
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van Lieshout MHP, Florquin S, Vanʼt Veer C, de Vos AF, van der Poll T. TIR-Domain-Containing Adaptor-Inducing Interferon-β (TRIF) Mediates Antibacterial Defense during Gram-Negative Pneumonia by Inducing Interferon-x03B3. J Innate Immun 2015; 7:637-46. [PMID: 26065469 DOI: 10.1159/000430913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important cause of Gram-negative pneumonia and sepsis. Mice deficient for TIR-domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) demonstrate enhanced bacterial growth and dissemination during Klebsiella pneumonia. We show here that the impaired antibacterial defense of TRIF mutant mice is associated with absent interferon (IFN)-x03B3; production in the lungs. IFN-x03B3; production by splenocytes in response to K. pneumoniae in vitro was critically dependent on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), the common TLR adaptor myeloid differentiation primary response gene (MyD88) and TRIF. Reconstitution of TRIF mutant mice with recombinant IFN-x03B3; via the airways reduced bacterial loads in lungs and distant body sites to levels measured in wild-type mice, and partially restored pulmonary cytokine levels. The IFN-x03B3;-induced, improved, enhanced antibacterial response in TRIF mutant mice occurred at the expense of increased hepatocellular injury. These data indicate that TRIF mediates antibacterial defense during Gram-negative pneumonia, at least in part, by inducing IFN-x03B3; at the primary site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam H P van Lieshout
- Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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50
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Hodgson K, Morris J, Bridson T, Govan B, Rush C, Ketheesan N. Immunological mechanisms contributing to the double burden of diabetes and intracellular bacterial infections. Immunology 2015; 144:171-85. [PMID: 25262977 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes has been recognized as an important risk factor for a variety of intracellular bacterial infections, but research into the dysregulated immune mechanisms contributing to the impaired host-pathogen interactions is in its infancy. Diabetes is characterized by a chronic state of low-grade inflammation due to activation of pro-inflammatory mediators and increased formation of advanced glycation end products. Increased oxidative stress also exacerbates the chronic inflammatory processes observed in diabetes. The reduced phagocytic and antibacterial activity of neutrophils and macrophages provides an intracellular niche for the pathogen to replicate. Phagocytic and antibacterial dysfunction may be mediated directly through altered glucose metabolism and oxidative stress. Furthermore, impaired activation of natural killer cells contributes to decreased levels of interferon-γ, required for promoting macrophage antibacterial mechanisms. Together with impaired dendritic cell function, this impedes timely activation of adaptive immune responses. Increased intracellular oxidation of antigen-presenting cells in individuals with diabetes alters the cytokine profile generated and the subsequent balance of T-cell immunity. The establishment of acute intracellular bacterial infections in the diabetic host is associated with impaired T-cell-mediated immune responses. Concomitant to the greater intracellular bacterial burden and potential cumulative effect of chronic inflammatory processes, late hyper-inflammatory cytokine responses are often observed in individuals with diabetes, contributing to systemic pathology. The convergence of intracellular bacterial infections and diabetes poses new challenges for immunologists, providing the impetus for multidisciplinary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Hodgson
- Infectious Diseases and Immunopathogenesis Research Group, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
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