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Li K, Lu E, Wang Q, Xu R, Yuan W, Wu R, Lu L, Li P. Serum vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of γδ T cell exhaustion in HBV-infected patients. Immunology 2024; 171:31-44. [PMID: 37702282 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that T cell exhaustion is associated with poor clearance of Hepatitis B virus (HBV). However, whether the expression of exhaustion markers on innate-like circulating γδ T cells derived from patients with HBV infection correlates with the serum level of vitamin D is not completely understood. In this study, we found that the frequency of circulating Vδ2+ T cell and serum levels of vitamin 25(OH)D3 were significantly decreased in patients with HBV. And serum 25(OH)D3 levels in HBV-infected patients were negatively correlated with HBV DNA load and PD-1 expression on γδ T cells. Interestingly, 1α,25(OH)2 D3 alleviated the exhaustion phenotype of Vδ2 T cells in HBV-infected patients and promoted IFN-β expression in human cytotoxic Vδ2 T cells in vitro. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that vitamin D plays a pivotal role in reversing γδ T-cell exhaustion and is highly promising target for ameliorating HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Eying Lu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruirong Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenhui Yuan
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruan Wu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ligong Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Li
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
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2
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Ju T, Jiang D, Zhong C, Zhang H, Huang Y, Zhu C, Yang S, Yan D. Characteristics of circulating immune cells in HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure following artificial liver treatment. BMC Immunol 2023; 24:47. [PMID: 38007423 PMCID: PMC10676598 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-023-00579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Liver failure, which is predominantly caused by hepatitis B (HBV) can be improved by an artificial liver support system (ALSS). This study investigated the phenotypic heterogeneity of immunocytes in patients with HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF) before and after ALSS therapy. METHODS A total of 22 patients with HBV-ACLF who received ALSS therapy were included in the study. Patients with Grade I according to the ACLF Research Consortium score were considered to have improved. Demographic and laboratory data were collected and analyzed during hospitalization. Immunological features of peripheral blood in the patients before and after ALSS were detected by mass cytometry analyses. RESULTS In total, 12 patients improved and 10 patients did not. According to the immunological features data after ALSS, the proportion of circulating monocytes was significantly higher in non-improved patients, but there were fewer γδT cells compared with those in improved patients. Characterization of 37 cell clusters revealed that the frequency of effector CD8+ T (P = 0.003), CD4+ TCM (P = 0.033), CD4+ TEM (P = 0.039), and inhibitory natural killer (NK) cells (P = 0.029) decreased in HBV-ACLF patients after ALSS therapy. Sub group analyses after treatment showed that the improved patients had higher proportions of CD4+ TCM (P = 0.010), CD4+ TEM (P = 0.021), and γδT cells (P = 0.003) and a lower proportion of monocytes (P = 0.012) compared with the non-improved patients. CONCLUSIONS Changes in effector CD8+ T cells, effector and memory CD4+ T cells, and inhibitory NK cells are associated with ALSS treatment of HBV-ACLF. Moreover, monocytes and γδT cells exhibited the main differences when patients obtained different prognoses. The phenotypic heterogeneity of lymphocytes and monocytes may contribute to the prognosis of ALSS and future immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ju
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Daixi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Chengli Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Huafen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yandi Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Chunxia Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Shigui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Dong Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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3
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Transcriptomic Analysis of Hepatitis B Infected Liver for Prediction of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020188. [PMID: 36829466 PMCID: PMC9952979 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, and chronic hepatitis B virus infection (CHB) has been a major risk factor for HCC development. The pathogenesis of HBV-related HCC has been a major focus revealing the interplay of a multitude of intracellular signaling pathways, yet the precise mechanisms and their implementations to clinical practice remain to be elucidated. This study utilizes publicly available transcriptomic data from the livers of CHB patients in order to identify a population with a higher risk of malignant transformation. We report the identification of a novel list of genes (PCM1) which can generate clear transcriptomic sub-groups among HBV-infected livers. PCM1 includes genes related to cell cycle activity and liver cancer development. In addition, markers of inflammation, M1 macrophages and gamma delta T cell infiltration are present within the signature. Genes within PCM1 are also able to differentiate HCC from normal liver, and some genes within the signature are associated with poor prognosis of HCC at the mRNA level. The analysis of the immunohistochemical stainings validated that proteins coded by a group of PCM1 genes were overexpressed in liver cancer, while minimal or no expression was detected in normal liver. Altogether, our findings suggest that PCM1 can be developed into a clinically applicable method to identify CHB patients with a higher risk of HCC development.
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4
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Yang Zhou J. Innate immunity and early liver inflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1175147. [PMID: 37205101 PMCID: PMC10187146 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1175147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate system constitutes a first-line defence mechanism against pathogens. 80% of the blood supply entering the human liver arrives from the splanchnic circulation through the portal vein, so it is constantly exposed to immunologically active substances and pathogens from the gastrointestinal tract. Rapid neutralization of pathogens and toxins is an essential function of the liver, but so too is avoidance of harmful and unnecessary immune reactions. This delicate balance of reactivity and tolerance is orchestrated by a diverse repertoire of hepatic immune cells. In particular, the human liver is enriched in many innate immune cell subsets, including Kupffer cells (KCs), innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) like Natural Killer (NK) cells and ILC-like unconventional T cells - namely Natural Killer T cells (NKT), γδ T cells and Mucosal-associated Invariant T cells (MAIT). These cells reside in the liver in a memory-effector state, so they respond quickly to trigger appropriate responses. The contribution of aberrant innate immunity to inflammatory liver diseases is now being better understood. In particular, we are beginning to understand how specific innate immune subsets trigger chronic liver inflammation, which ultimately results in hepatic fibrosis. In this review, we consider the roles of specific innate immune cell subsets in early inflammation in human liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Yang Zhou
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jordi Yang Zhou,
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5
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Ren H, Li W, Liu X, Zhao N. γδ T cells: The potential role in liver disease and implications for cancer immunotherapy. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1663-1668. [PMID: 36098208 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5mr0822-733rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The γδ T cell subset was discovered over 30 years ago, yet continues to be an exciting and challenging component of the adaptive immune response. While γδ T cells represent a very small fraction of all T cells in humans, γδ T cells have a vital effect on human immunity, serving as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems. The characteristics of γδ T cells include recognition of non-MHC restrictive antigens, as well as the ability to secrete an abundance of cytokines, suggesting that γδ T cells have high antitumor activity. As such, they have gained ample attention with respect to tumor immunotherapy in the last decade. The γδ T cell subset comprises up to ∼15-20% of the T-lymphocyte population in the liver, although the liver is recognized as an immune organ with primary immune functions, the role of γδ T cells in liver disease has not been established. Herein, we present a comprehensive overview of molecular mechanisms underlying immune γδ T cell activity in liver disease, including immune liver injury, viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, and review γδ T cell-based clinical immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - WanJing Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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6
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Ye W, Kong X, Zhang W, Weng Z, Wu X. The Roles of γδ T Cells in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Cell Transplant 2021; 29:963689720966980. [PMID: 33073597 PMCID: PMC7784584 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720966980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The αβ T-cell-depleted hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) leads to lower relapse and better outcome, and may correlate strongly with expansion of donor-derived γδ T cells. γδ T cells play an important role in immune reconstitution and can exert a graft-versus-leukemia effect after HSCT. This review showed the recent literature on immune functions of γδ T cells after HSCT. The discrepancies between studies of γδ T cells in graft-versus-host disease may cause by its heterogeneous and various distinct subsets. And reconstitution of γδ T cells may play a potential immunoregulatory role in the infections after HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyi Ye
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, 47885Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueting Kong
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, 47885Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, 47885Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Weng
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, 47885Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuli Wu
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, 47885Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, 47885Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Gogoi D, Borkakoty B, Biswas D, Yadav K, Patel V. Characteristics of Circulatory γδ T cells in Patients with Symptomatic Chronic Hepatitis B Infection. Viral Immunol 2021; 34:483-490. [PMID: 34096794 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B is a viral infection that can cause serious liver disease. Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection places individuals at higher risk of developing cirrhosis of the liver and hepatocellular cancer. Immune dysfunction, including altered distribution and functional status of T cell immunity, is a contributor to hepatitis B virus (HBV) pathogenesis. In this study, we examined the distribution of circulating γδ T cell subpopulations and levels of cell surface expression of suppressive markers on γδ T cells in individuals with CHB infection and clinical liver disease. A significantly higher proportion of terminally differentiated (TEMRA) (CD27-CD45RA+) γδ T cells along with significantly lower percentages of central memory (CD27+CD45RA-) and effector memory (CD27-CD45RA-) γδ T cells were observed in peripheral blood of these individuals. The expression of exhaustion markers-Tim-3 and Lag-3 was elevated in γδ T cells from CHB-infected individuals compared with healthy controls (HC) and blockade of these exhaustion markers resulted in restoration of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) secretion by γδ T cells. In addition, γδ T cells from CHB patients expressed increased levels of CD69, another important regulator of immune responses. Together, these results suggest that CHB patients with clinical sign of liver disease have TEMRA γδ T cells with a potentially exhausted phenotype that may in turn impair their immunoregulatory role and facilitate pathogenesis of CHB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimpu Gogoi
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India.,Virology Section, Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Biswajyoti Borkakoty
- Virology Section, Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Dipankar Biswas
- Virology Section, Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Kaushal Yadav
- Virology Section, Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Vainav Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
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8
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He Y, Zhou Y, Wang H, Yin J, Chang Y, Hu P, Ren H, Xu H. Identifying potential biomarkers in hepatitis B virus infection and its response to the antiviral therapy by integrated bioinformatic analysis. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:6558-6572. [PMID: 34041839 PMCID: PMC8278120 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiviral treatment efficacy varies among chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients and the underlying mechanism is unclear. An integrated bioinformatics analysis was performed to investigate the host factors that affect the therapeutic responsiveness in CHB patients. Four GEO data sets (GSE54747, GSE27555, GSE66698 and GSE66699) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and analysed to identify differentially expressed genes(DEGs). Enrichment analyses of the DEGs were conducted using the DAVID database. Immune cell infiltration characteristics were analysed by CIBERSORT. Upstream miRNAs and lncRNAs of hub DEGs were identified by miRWalk 3.0 and miRNet in combination with the MNDR platform. As a result, seventy‐seven overlapping DEGs and 15 hub genes were identified including CCL5, CXCL9, MYH2, CXCR4, CD74, CCL4, HLA‐DRB1, ACTA1, CD69, CXCL10, HLA‐DRB5, HLA‐DQB1, CXCL13, STAT1 and CKM. The enrichment analyses revealed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in immune response and chemokine signalling pathways. Investigation of immune cell infiltration in liver samples suggested significantly different infiltration between responders and non‐responders, mainly characterized by higher proportions of CD8+ T cells and activated NK cells in non‐responders. The prediction of upstream miRNAs and lncRNAs led to the identification of a potential mRNA‐miRNA‐lncRNA regulatory network composed of 2 lncRNAs (H19 and GAS5) and 5 miRNAs (hsa‐mir‐106b‐5p, hsa‐mir‐17‐5p, hsa‐mir‐20a‐5p, hsa‐mir‐6720‐5p and hsa‐mir‐93‐5p) targeting CCL5 mRNA. In conclusion, our study suggested that host genetic factors could affect therapeutic responsiveness in CHB patients. The antiviral process might be associated with the chemokine‐mediated immune response and immune cell infiltration in the liver microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- Department of infection, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingzhi Zhou
- Department of infection, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Department of infection, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingyang Yin
- Chongqing People's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunan Chang
- Department of infection, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Ren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of infection, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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9
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Caron J, Ridgley LA, Bodman-Smith M. How to Train Your Dragon: Harnessing Gamma Delta T Cells Antiviral Functions and Trained Immunity in a Pandemic Era. Front Immunol 2021; 12:666983. [PMID: 33854516 PMCID: PMC8039298 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.666983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of viruses with pandemic potential such as the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus causing COVID-19 poses a global health challenge. There is remarkable progress in vaccine technology in response to this threat, but their design often overlooks the innate arm of immunity. Gamma Delta (γδ) T cells are a subset of T cells with unique features that gives them a key role in the innate immune response to a variety of homeostatic alterations, from cancer to microbial infections. In the context of viral infection, a growing body of evidence shows that γδ T cells are particularly equipped for early virus detection, which triggers their subsequent activation, expansion and the fast deployment of antiviral functions such as direct cytotoxic pathways, secretion of cytokines, recruitment and activation of other immune cells and mobilization of a trained immunity memory program. As such, γδ T cells represent an attractive target to stimulate for a rapid and effective resolution of viral infections. Here, we review the known aspects of γδ T cells that make them crucial component of the immune response to viruses, and the ways that their antiviral potential can be harnessed to prevent or treat viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Caron
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Alice Ridgley
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Bodman-Smith
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Hou W, Wu X. Diverse Functions of γδ T Cells in the Progression of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 11:619872. [PMID: 33597951 PMCID: PMC7882476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.619872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are primary risk factors for a wide spectrum of liver diseases that severely affect human health. The liver is an immunological organ that has an abundance of immune cells. Thus, various innate or adaptive immune cells are involved in the progression of HBV or HCV infection. Among those cells, a unique kind of immune cell, the γδ T cell, contributes to promoting or inhibiting the progression of liver diseases. To reveal the diverse roles of γδ T cells in HBV or HCV infection, the properties and functions of these cells in human and mouse models are analyzed. Here, we briefly describe the characteristics and functions of γδ T cells subsets in liver diseases. Then, we fully discuss the diverse roles of γδ T cells in the progression of HBV or HCV infection, including stages of acute infection, chronic infection, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Finally, the functions and existing problems of γδ T cells in HBV or HCV infection are summarized. A better understanding of the function of γδ T cells during the progression of HBV and HCV infection will be helpful for the treatment of virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Hou
- Key Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine of the Ministry of Health, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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11
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Clark BL, Thomas PG. A Cell for the Ages: Human γδ T Cells across the Lifespan. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8903. [PMID: 33255339 PMCID: PMC7727649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of the human immune system is exacerbated by age-related changes to immune cell functionality. Many of these age-related effects remain undescribed or driven by mechanisms that are poorly understood. γδ T cells, while considered an adaptive subset based on immunological ontogeny, retain both innate-like and adaptive-like characteristics. This T cell population is small but mighty, and has been implicated in both homeostatic and disease-induced immunity within tissues and throughout the periphery. In this review, we outline what is known about the effect of age on human peripheral γδ T cells, and call attention to areas of the field where further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi L. Clark
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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12
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Chronic Viral Liver Diseases: Approaching the Liver Using T Cell Receptor-Mediated Gene Technologies. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061471. [PMID: 32560123 PMCID: PMC7349849 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with viral hepatitis is a major risk factor for liver injury and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). One major contributing factor to the chronicity is the dysfunction of virus-specific T cell immunity. T cells engineered to express virus-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) may be a therapeutic option to improve host antiviral responses and have demonstrated clinical success against virus-associated tumours. This review aims to give an overview of TCRs identified from viral hepatitis research and discuss how translational lessons learned from cancer immunotherapy can be applied to the field. TCR isolation pipelines, liver homing signals, cell type options, as well as safety considerations will be discussed herein.
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13
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Fisicaro P, Barili V, Rossi M, Montali I, Vecchi A, Acerbi G, Laccabue D, Zecca A, Penna A, Missale G, Ferrari C, Boni C. Pathogenetic Mechanisms of T Cell Dysfunction in Chronic HBV Infection and Related Therapeutic Approaches. Front Immunol 2020; 11:849. [PMID: 32477347 PMCID: PMC7235343 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A great effort of research has been devoted in the last few years to developing new anti-HBV therapies of finite duration that also provide effective sustained control of virus replication and antigen production. Among the potential therapeutic strategies, immune-modulation represents a promising option to cure HBV infection and the adaptive immune response is a rational target for novel therapeutic interventions, in consideration of the key role played by T cells in the control of virus infections. HBV-specific T cells are severely dysfunctional in chronic HBV infection as a result of several inhibitory mechanisms which are simultaneously active within the chronically inflamed liver. Indeed, the liver is a tolerogenic organ harboring different non-parenchymal cell populations which can serve as antigen presenting cells (APC) but are poorly efficient in effector T cell priming, with propensity to induce T cell tolerance rather than T cell activation, because of a poor expression of co-stimulatory molecules, up-regulation of the co-inhibitory ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 upon IFN stimulation, and production of immune regulatory cytokines, such as IL10 and TGF-β. They include resident dendritic cells (DCs), comprising myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), Kupffer cells (KCs), hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) as well as the hepatocytes themselves. Additional regulatory mechanisms which contribute to T cell attrition in the chronically infected liver are the high levels of soluble mediators, such as arginase, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and suppressive cytokines, the up-regulation of inhibitory checkpoint receptor/ligand pairs, the expansion of regulatory cells, such as CD4+FOXp3+ Treg cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells and NK cells. This review will deal with the interactions between immune cells and liver environment discussing the different mechanisms which contribute to T cell dysfunction in chronic hepatitis B, some of which are specifically activated in HBV infection and others which are instead common to chronic inflammatory liver diseases in general. Therapeutic interventions targeting dysregulated pathways and cellular functions will be also delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Fisicaro
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Valeria Barili
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marzia Rossi
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Ilaria Montali
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Vecchi
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Greta Acerbi
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Diletta Laccabue
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zecca
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Amalia Penna
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Missale
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Ferrari
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carolina Boni
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
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14
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Olusola BA, Kabelitz D, Olaleye DO, Odaibo GN. Early HIV infection is associated with reduced proportions of gamma delta T subsets as well as high creatinine and urea levels. Scand J Immunol 2020; 91:e12868. [PMID: 32052490 PMCID: PMC7335456 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Renal dysfunctions are major predictors of co-morbidities and mortality in HIV-infected individuals. Unconventional T cells have been shown to regulate kidney functions. However, there is dearth of information on the effect of HIV-associated nephropathies on γδ and DN T cells. It is also not clear whether γδ T cell perturbations observed during the early stages of HIV infection occur before immune activation. In this study, we investigated the relationship between creatinine and urea on the number of unconventional T cells in HIV-infected individuals at the early and chronic stages of infection. Persons in the chronic stage of infection were divided into treatment naïve and exposed groups. Treatment exposed individuals were further subdivided into groups with undetectable and detectable HIV-1RNA in their blood. Creatinine and urea levels were significantly higher among persons in the early HIV infection compared with the other groups. Proportions of γδ T, γδ + CD8, γδ + CD16 cells were also significantly reduced in the early stage of HIV infection (P < .01). Markers of immune activation, CD4 + HLA-DR and CD8 + HLA-DR, were also significantly reduced during early HIV infection (P < .01). Taken together, our findings suggest that high levels of renal markers as well as reduced proportions of gamma delta T cells are associated with the early stages of HIV infection. This event likely occurs before systemic immune activation reaches peak levels. This study provides evidence for the need for early HIV infection diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babatunde A. Olusola
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of
Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, UKSH Campus Kiel,
Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - David O. Olaleye
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of
Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Georgina N. Odaibo
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of
Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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15
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Chang L, Wang L, Ling N, Peng H, Chen M. Increase in liver γδ T cells with concurrent augmentation of IFN-β production during the early stages of a mouse model of acute experimental hepatitis B virus infection. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:67-78. [PMID: 31853274 PMCID: PMC6909674 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of γδ T cells in acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains unclear. For the present study, a mouse model of acute HBV infection was constructed using hydrodynamic injection-based transfection of an HBV DNA plasmid (pHBV). Subsequent changes in the percentages of γδ T cells, expression of activation molecules (CD25 and CD69) and the production of the inflammatory cytokines interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by liver γδ T cells were investigated using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Additionally, the immune responses in the mouse liver were evaluated dynamically by measuring cytokine mRNA expression (IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ or TNF-α) using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, and other populations of immune cells, including CD4+T, CD8+T, natural killer (NK) or natural killer T (NKT) cells, using FACS. On day 1 following acute HBV infection, the percentage of liver γδ T cells was significantly increased along with the high expression of HBV markers. Additionally, liver γδ T cells displayed peak expression of the activation marker CD69 and peak IFN-γ production within this timeframe. IFN-β mRNA expression and the percentage of NK cells were elevated significantly on day 1 in liver tissues. However, there were no significant changes in the spleen or peripheral γδ T cells. Therefore, these data suggested that during the early stages of acute HBV infection, significantly increased numbers of liver γδ T cells may be involved in the enhanced immune response to the increased expression of HBV markers in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, People's Hospital of Bishan District, Chongqing 402760, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Ning Ling
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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16
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Juno JA, Eriksson EM. γδ T-cell responses during HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy. Clin Transl Immunology 2019; 8:e01069. [PMID: 31321033 PMCID: PMC6636517 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection is associated with a rapid and sustained inversion of the Vδ1:Vδ2 T‐cell ratio in peripheral blood. Studies of antiretroviral therapy (ART)‐treated cohorts suggest that ART is insufficient to reconstitute either the frequency or function of the γδ T‐cell subset. Recent advances are now beginning to shed light on the relationship between microbial translocation, chronic inflammation, immune ageing and γδ T‐cell immunology. Here, we review the impact of acute, chronic untreated and treated HIV infection on circulating and mucosal γδ T‐cell subsets and highlight novel approaches to harness γδ T cells as components of anti‐HIV immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Emily M Eriksson
- Division of Population Health and Immunity Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Science Melbourne VIC Australia.,Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
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17
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Shen Y, Pan Z, Zhang L, Xue W, Peng M, Hu P, Xu H, Chen M. Increased effector γδ T cells with enhanced cytokine production are associated with inflammatory abnormalities in severe hand, foot, and mouth disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 73:172-180. [PMID: 31100712 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although γδ T cells have been reported to be closely related to the immunopathogenesis of some viral infectious diseases, the changes or roles of γδ T cells in the development of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) remain unclear. METHODS Peripheral γδ T cells and their subsets were determined by surface (γδ TCR, Vδ1 TCR, Vδ2 TCR, CD45RA, and CD27) or intracellular (IFN-γ, TNF-α, CD107a, and Granzyme B) markers in healthy controls (HCs) and HFMD patients with FACS. The plasma levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 were measured by ELISA. Differences in γδ T cells or their subsets and correlations between γδ T cells and inflammation indicators were statistically analyzed. RESULTS Compared to HCs, HFMD patients showed increased effector γδ T and TNF-α+γδ T cells and plasma TNF-α levels, especially in severe cases. In addition, significantly increased Vδ1 T and IFN-γ+γδ T cells and other plasma inflammatory cytokines were further found in severe patients. Furthermore, EV71+ severe patients showed significantly increased effector and cytokine-producing γδ T cells, while the EV71- severe patients displayed significantly greater plasma cytokine levels. The percentage of IFN-γ+γδ T or TNF-α+γδ T cells was positively correlated with that of effector γδ T cells. There was a positive correlation between the proportion of Vδ1 T cells and white blood cell (WBC) count or the proportion of IFN-γ+γδ T or TNF-α+γδ T cells and neutrophil (N) count, while there was a negative correlation between Vδ2 T cells and WBC or N count. Moreover, the percentages of Vδ1 T and effector γδ T cells in the acute phase of disease declined significantly to normal levels during the recovery phase. CONCLUSIONS Increased effector γδ T cells with enhanced cytokine production were remarkably observed in severe HFMD patients, which was also associated with clinical inflammation parameters. These data indicated that γδ T cells might be involved in inflammatory abnormalities in severe HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxi Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaojun Pan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingli Peng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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18
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Distinct phenotype and function of circulating Vδ1+ and Vδ2+ γδT-cells in acute and chronic hepatitis B. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007715. [PMID: 30998783 PMCID: PMC6490945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) persists with global and virus-specific T-cell dysfunction, without T-cell based correlates of outcomes. To determine if γδT-cells are altered in HBV infection relative to clinical status, we examined the frequency, phenotype and function of peripheral blood Vδ1+ and Vδ2+γδT-cells by multi-parameter cytometry in a clinically diverse North American cohort of chronic hepatitis B (CHB), acute hepatitis B (AHB) and uninfected control subjects. We show that circulating γδT-cells were comprised predominantly of CD3hiCD4- Vδ2+γδT-cells with frequencies that were 2–3 fold higher among Asian than non-Asian Americans and inversely correlated with age, but without differences between CHB, AHB and control subjects. However, compared to control subjects, CHB was associated with increased TbethiEomesdim phenotype in Vδ2+γδT-cells whereas AHB was associated with increased TbethiEomesdim phenotype in Vδ1+γδT-cells, with significant correlations between Tbet/Eomes expression in γδT-cells with their expression of NK and T-cell activation and regulatory markers. As for effector functions, IFNγ/TNF responses to phosphoantigens or PMA/Ionomycin in Vδ2+γδT-cells were weaker in AHB but preserved in CHB, without significant differences for Vδ1+γδT-cells. Furthermore, early IFNγ/TNF responses in Vδ2+ γδT-cells to brief PMA/Ionomycin stimulation correlated inversely with serum ALT but not HBV DNA. Accordingly, IFNγ/TNF responses in Vδ2+γδT-cells were weaker in patients with CHB with hepatitis flare compared to those without hepatitis flares, and this functional deficit persisted beyond clinical resolution of CHB flare. We conclude that circulating γδT-cells show distinct activation and differentiatiation in acute and chronic HBV infection as part of lymphoid stress surveillance with potential role in clinical outcomes. We examined circulating γδT-cells in a North American cohort with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and acute hepatitis B (AHB) compared to uninfected control subjects. While frequencies and composition of circulating γδT-cells were preserved in AHB and CHB, γδT-cells showed distinct and innate phenotypes based on the expression of Tbet/Eomes in association with various NK/T-cell markers. Notably, IFNγ/TNF responses to phosphoantigens and PMA/Ionomycin were preserved in CHB, but weaker in AHB compared to uninfected control subjects, in association with NKG2A/CD94 but not PD1. Furthermore, early IFNγ/TNF responses in Vδ2+ γδT-cells to brief PMA/Ionomycin stimulation showed significant inverse correlations with serum alanine aminotransferase, a measure of hepatocellular injury, and were persistently deficient in CHB subjects with hepatitis flare compared to those without such flares. Finally, Vδ2+ γδT-cells were significantly enriched for TbethiEomesdim phenotype in associations with their expression of NK and T-cell activation and regulatory markers, suggesting a role for Tbet in γδT-cell differentiation and function. We conclude that circulating γδT-cells show distinct activation and differentiation in acute and chronic HBV infection as part of lymphoid stress surveillance with potential role in clinical outcomes.
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19
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Jia ZH, Li YY, Wang JY, Zhang JY, Huang A, Guo XD, Zhu ZY, Wang FS, Wu XL. Activated γδ T cells exhibit cytotoxicity and the capacity for viral clearance in patients with acute hepatitis B. Clin Immunol 2019; 202:40-48. [PMID: 30914281 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are a unique population of lymphocytes that have regulatory roles in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB); however, their role in acute hepatitis B (AHB) infection remains unclear. Phenotype and function of γδ T cells were analyzed in 29 AHB patients, 28 CHB patients, and 30 healthy controls (HCs) using immunofunctional assays. Compared with HCs and CHB patients, decreased peripheral and increased hepatic γδ T cells were found in AHB patients. Increased hepatic γδ T cells in AHB patients were attributed to elevated hepatic chemokine levels. Peripheral γδ T cells exhibited highly activated and terminally differentiated memory phenotype in AHB patients. Consistently, peripheral γδ T cells in AHB patients showed increased cytotoxic capacity and enhanced antiviral activity which was further proved in longitudinal study. Activated γδ T cells in AHB patients exhibited increased cytotoxicity and capacity for viral clearance associated with liver injury and the control of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Hu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jing-Ya Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Heping, Tianjin, China
| | - Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ang Huang
- The Center for Non-infectious Liver Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, 100039, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Guo
- Department of Pathology, Beijing 302 Hospital, 100039, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Zhu
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Center, Beijing 302 Hospital, 100039, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Xiao-Li Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro Nano Biomaterials and Detection Treatment Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China.
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20
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Hildreth AD, O'Sullivan TE. Tissue-Resident Innate and Innate-Like Lymphocyte Responses to Viral Infection. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030272. [PMID: 30893756 PMCID: PMC6466361 DOI: 10.3390/v11030272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection is restrained by the concerted activation of tissue-resident and circulating immune cells. Recent discoveries have demonstrated that tissue-resident lymphocyte subsets, comprised of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and unconventional T cells, have vital roles in the initiation of primary antiviral responses. Via direct and indirect mechanisms, ILCs and unconventional T cell subsets play a critical role in the ability of the immune system to mount an effective antiviral response through potent early cytokine production. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge of tissue-resident lymphocytes during initial viral infection and evaluate their redundant or nonredundant contributions to host protection or virus-induced pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Hildreth
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 900953, USA.
| | - Timothy E O'Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 900953, USA.
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21
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Zhao Y, Lin L, Xiao Z, Li M, Wu X, Li W, Li X, Zhao Q, Wu Y, Zhang H, Yin J, Zhang L, Cho CH, Shen J. Protective Role of γδ T Cells in Different Pathogen Infections and Its Potential Clinical Application. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:5081634. [PMID: 30116753 PMCID: PMC6079409 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5081634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells, a subgroup of T cells based on the γδ TCR, when compared with conventional T cells (αβ T cells), make up a very small proportion of T cells. However, its various subgroups are widely distributed in different parts of the human body and are attractive effectors for infectious disease immunity. γδ T cells are activated and expanded by nonpeptidic antigens (P-Ags), major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, and lipids which are associated with different kinds of pathogen infections. Activation and proliferation of γδ T cells play a significant role in diverse infectious diseases induced by viruses, bacteria, and parasites and exert their potential effector function to effectively eliminate infection. It is well known that many types of infectious diseases are detrimental to human life and health and give rise to high incidence of illnesses and death rate all over the world. To date, there is no comprehensive understanding of the correlation between γδ T cells and infectious diseases. In this review, we will focus on the various subgroups of γδ T cells (mainly Vδ1 T cells and Vδ2 T cells) which can induce multiple immune responses or effective functions to fight against common pathogen infections, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Listeria monocytogenes, influenza viruses, HIV, EBV, and HBV. Hopefully, the gamma-delta T cell study will provide a novel effective way to treat infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueshui Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Wanping Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Qijie Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanlin Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianhua Yin
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Chi Hin Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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22
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Cannizzo ES, Tincati C, Binda F, Ronzi P, Cazzaniga FA, Antinori S, d'Arminio Monforte A, Marchetti G, Milazzo L. Unconventional T cells in chronic hepatitis B patients on long-term suppressive therapy with tenofovir followed by a Peg-IFN add-on strategy: A randomized study. J Viral Hepat 2018; 25:381-390. [PMID: 29091327 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
HBV eradication in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) subjects is rarely achieved with either nucleos(t)ide analogues (NA) or pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN), which both have a limited effect in restoring immune responses. Thirty CHB subjects on long-term treatment with tenofovir (TDF) and HBV suppression were enrolled and randomized 1:2 to either receive Peg-IFN-α-2a add-on therapy or continue TDF alone. We studied γδ T and iNKT frequency and function (by flow cytometry) at baseline, at 12 weeks and 12 weeks after the end of treatment. A higher reduction in qHBsAg occurred in the add-on group compared with the NA group at W12 (P = .016) and at W24 (P = .012). A decline of qHBsAg ≥0.5 log10 at week 24 occurred in 4 of 10 patients in the add-on arm and 1 of 20 in the NA arm, respectively (P = .03). HBsAg loss was seen in 20% of subjects in the add-on group and in none of the NA group. Compared to HBV negative, CHB on TDF showed lower frequency of iNKT (P = .03) and γδ T cells (P = .03) as well as fewer γδ T cells expressing Vδ2 T-cell receptors (P = .005). No changes in unconventional T-cell frequency and function were shown in both add-on and NA patients nor were differences detected between the two treatment groups. We report persistent impairment of unconventional T cells in CHB. Despite a greater qHBsAg decline of add-on patients, our data failed to detect any effect of Peg-IFN treatment on unconventional T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Cannizzo
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - C Tincati
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - F Binda
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences Luigi Sacco, III Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - P Ronzi
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences Luigi Sacco, III Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - F A Cazzaniga
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - S Antinori
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences Luigi Sacco, III Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A d'Arminio Monforte
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G Marchetti
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - L Milazzo
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences Luigi Sacco, III Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Lee S, Affandi JS, Irish AB, Price P. Cytomegalovirus infection alters phenotypes of different γδ T-cell subsets in renal transplant recipients with long-term stable graft function. J Med Virol 2017; 89:1442-1452. [PMID: 28198539 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection alters the phenotypic profiles of T-cells and NK cells in healthy and immunocompromised individuals. Here, we examined the effects of CMV infection on the phenotype and functions of γδ T-cell subsets in renal transplant recipients (RTR) stable several years after transplantation (n = 80) and healthy controls (n = 72). Differentiation status, function, and expression of HLA-DR, CD57, and LIR-1 on Vδ2- and Vδ2+ γδ T-cells were examined in peripheral blood cells using flow cytometry. Percentages of Vδ2- γδ T-cells were higher in RTR who are CMV-seropositive and correlated with CMV antibody levels. Proportions of Vδ2- γδ T-cells expressing HLA-DR, CD57, or LIR-1 were increased in CMV-seropositive RTR and healthy controls compared to their seronegative counterparts. Additionally, Vδ2- γδ T-cells were skewed towards a terminally differentiated phenotype and most expressed CD8 in individuals who were CMV-seropositive. Increased expression of LIR-1 on terminally differentiated Vδ2- γδ T-cells was associated with CMV seropositivity in RTR and controls. The presence of CMV DNA in 15 RTR was associated with higher frequencies of LIR-1+ Vδ2+ γδ T-cells and increased percentages of terminally differentiated effector memory cells in both γδ T-cell subsets. Our study further characterises the effects of CMV and transplantation on γδ T-cell phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lee
- Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Ashley B Irish
- Medicine & Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Patricia Price
- Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia.,Medicine & Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
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Liu B, Gao W, Zhang L, Wang J, Chen M, Peng M, Ren H, Hu P. Th17/Treg imbalance and increased interleukin-21 are associated with liver injury in patients with chronic severe hepatitis B. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 46:48-55. [PMID: 28259000 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Th17/Treg imbalance and the levels of related cytokines are essential in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and infectious diseases. The aim of the current study was to assess the Treg/Th17 balance and the levels of related cytokines associated with various degrees of liver injury in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. METHODS The proportions of peripheral Th17, Treg and Th1 cells in 7 patients classified as asymptomatic hepatitis B virus carriers (AsCs), 38 patients with low or moderate grade chronic hepatitis B (CHB-LM), 20 patients with chronic severe hepatitis B (CSHB), and 10 healthy controls (HCs) were determined by flow cytometry. The levels of related cytokines and the mRNA expression levels of transcription factors were measured using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR), respectively. RESULTS The Th17 cell frequency and the mRNA expression levels of RORc were increased in the CSHB group. The Treg cell frequency was increased and Th1 cell frequency and the mRNA expression levels of T-bet were decreased in chronic HBV infection. The levels of IL-21 were increased in the CSHB group and were positively correlated with AST, TB and DB in patients with chronic HBV infection. The Th17/Treg ratio was increased in the CSHB group and was positively correlated with liver injury in chronic HBV infection. CONCLUSIONS Th17/Treg imbalance and increased IL-21 are associated with liver injury in patients with chronic HBV infection. Restoring the Th17/Treg balance may be a novel immunotherapy for patients with CSHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingli Peng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Ren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Production of Autoantibodies in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection Is Associated with the Augmented Function of Blood CXCR5+CD4+ T Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162241. [PMID: 27612199 PMCID: PMC5017876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper cells (Tfh) provide help to B cells to support their activation, expansion and differentiation. However, the role of Tfh cells in chronic HBV infection is poorly defined. The aim of this research was to examine the function of Tfh cells and whether they are involved in HBV related disease. Blood CXCR5+CD4+T cells and B cells in 85 patients with chronic HBV infection (HBV patients) and health controls (HC) were examined by flow cytometry. The molecule expression in blood CXCR5+CD4+ T cells was detected by real-time PCR. Blood CXCR5+CD4+ T cells and B cells were co-cultured and the production of Ig and cytokines was detected by ELISA. Autoantibodies were detected by indirect immunofluorescence and immunospot assay. We found that blood CXCR5+CD4+ T cells in patients with chronic HBV infection (HBV patients) expressed higher level of activation related molecules and cytokines than that from health controls (HC).In HBV patients, the frequency of blood CXCR5+CD4+ T cells was significantly correlated with serum ALT and AST. We also found that blood CXCR5+CD4+ T cells from HBV patients could induce B cells to secret higher level of immunoglobulin than that from HC. Several autoantibodies, including ANA, ss-A, ss-B, Scl-70, Jo-1, ect, were indeed positive in 65% HBV patients. Among HBV patients, expression of function related molecules was significantly higher in blood CXCR5+CD4+ T cells from patients with autoantibodies than that without autoantibodies. Our research indicated that blood CXCR5+CD4+ T cells from HBV patients were over activated and show augmented capacity to help B cells for antibody secreting, which might correlated with liver inflammation and the production of autoantibodies in extrahepatic manifestations.
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Yin W, Tong S, Zhang Q, Shao J, Liu Q, Peng H, Hu H, Peng M, Hu P, Ren H, Tian Z, Zhang D. Functional dichotomy of Vδ2 γδ T cells in chronic hepatitis C virus infections: role in cytotoxicity but not for IFN-γ production. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26296. [PMID: 27192960 PMCID: PMC4872040 DOI: 10.1038/srep26296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vδ2 γδ (Vδ2) T cells, a major human γδ T cell subset, exhibit broad anti-tumor and anti-infective activity; however, their precise role in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the phenotype and function of Vδ2 T cells in 43 HCV-infected patients compared to 39 healthy controls (HCs). Vδ2 T cells from HCV-infected patients were activated and differentiated into effector cells. Vδ2 T cells in patients expressed significantly higher levels of natural killer (NK) cell markers CD56 and CD16 than in HCs, acquiring cytotoxic NK-like phenotype. The Vδ2 T cell phenotype was associated with increased cytolytic effector molecules expression in HCV-infected patients with elevated serum ALT levels. Surprisingly, Vδ2 T cells in patients had a markedly impaired capacity to produce IFN-γ. Further in vitro and in vivo analysis showed that interferon-α, which was induced during HCV infection, caused Vδ2 T cell function bias toward cytotoxicity. These results suggest a functional dichotomy for Vδ2 T cells in chronic HCV infections: a role in cytotoxicity but not for IFN-γ production, which may contribute to both the liver inflammation and HCV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Yin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Shiwen Tong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Qiongfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jianying Shao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Hong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Huaidong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Mingli Peng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Peng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Hong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Dazhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
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28
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Abravanel F, Barragué H, Dörr G, Sauné K, Péron JM, Alric L, Kamar N, Izopet J, Champagne E. Conventional and innate lymphocytes response at the acute phase of HEV infection in transplanted patients. J Infect 2016; 72:723-730. [PMID: 26947133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes usually benign and spontaneously resolving acute hepatitis in immunocompetent individuals. In immunocompromised patients with a solid-organ transplant (SOT), chronic infections occur in about 2/3 of cases. We aimed to evaluate the immune cells implicated at the acute phase of HEV infection. METHODS We studied the activation and memory markers on CD4, CD8, γδ and NK cells in 32 HEV-free control SOT patients and 23 SOT recipients, including 14 who became chronically infected. Samples from 7 immunocompetent individuals with an acute infection and 8 healthy donor samples were included for comparison. RESULTS In acutely-infected SOT patients, NK and Vδ2 cells, but not other γδ cells, had an increased expression of CD69. Based on CD45RA/CD27 markers, solid-organ recipients infected with HEV contained a larger pool of circulating naive subsets among lymphocyte Tγδ cells. However, these alterations of Vδ2 cells were not associated with HEV clearance. Only the adaptive IFN-γ responses to HEV peptides, determined by ELISpot, were associated with a favorable outcome in immunocompromised patients. CONCLUSIONS Transplanted patients mobilized their γδ cells at the acute phase of infection. Their precise role in HEV infection will thus deserve further investigations as they could be specifically immunomanipulated.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adaptive Immunity
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Chronic Disease
- Female
- Hepatitis E/immunology
- Hepatitis E virus/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunocompromised Host
- Immunologic Memory
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- RNA, Viral
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Transplant Recipients
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Abravanel
- Inserm, U1043, Toulouse, F-31300, France; CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, F-31300, France; CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de virologie, Centre National de Référence Hépatite E, Institut fédératif de biologie de Purpan, F-31300, Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse (CPTP), F-31300, Toulouse, France.
| | - Hugo Barragué
- Inserm, U1043, Toulouse, F-31300, France; CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, F-31300, France; Université Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse (CPTP), F-31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Gaëlle Dörr
- Inserm, U1043, Toulouse, F-31300, France; CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, F-31300, France; CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Rangueil, Service de Néphrologie, Dialyse et Transplantation multi-organe, F-31049, Toulouse, France
| | - Karine Sauné
- Inserm, U1043, Toulouse, F-31300, France; CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, F-31300, France; CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de virologie, Centre National de Référence Hépatite E, Institut fédératif de biologie de Purpan, F-31300, Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse (CPTP), F-31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Marie Péron
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Département de Gastroentérologie, F-31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Alric
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Service de médecine interne, F-31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Nassim Kamar
- Inserm, U1043, Toulouse, F-31300, France; CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, F-31300, France; Université Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse (CPTP), F-31300, Toulouse, France; CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Rangueil, Service de Néphrologie, Dialyse et Transplantation multi-organe, F-31049, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- Inserm, U1043, Toulouse, F-31300, France; CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, F-31300, France; CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de virologie, Centre National de Référence Hépatite E, Institut fédératif de biologie de Purpan, F-31300, Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse (CPTP), F-31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Champagne
- Inserm, U1043, Toulouse, F-31300, France; CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, F-31300, France; Université Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse (CPTP), F-31300, Toulouse, France
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Bank I, Marcu-Malina V. Quantitative peripheral blood perturbations of γδ T cells in human disease and their clinical implications. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2015; 47:311-33. [PMID: 24126758 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-013-8391-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Human γδ T cells, which play innate and adaptive, protective as well as destructive, roles in the immune response, were discovered in 1986, but the clinical significance of alterations of the levels of these cells in the peripheral blood in human diseases has not been comprehensively reviewed. Here, we review patterns of easily measurable changes of this subset of T cells in peripheral blood from relevant publications in PubMed and their correlations with specific disease categories, specific diagnoses within disease categories, and prognostic outcomes. These collective data suggest that enumeration of γδ T cells and their subsets in the peripheral blood of patients could be a useful tool to evaluate diagnosis and prognosis in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Bank
- Department of Medicine F, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel,
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30
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Conroy MJ, Mac Nicholas R, Taylor M, O'Dea S, Mulcahy F, Norris S, Doherty DG. Increased Frequencies of Circulating IFN-γ-Producing Vδ1+and Vδ2+γδ T Cells in Patients with Asymptomatic Persistent Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Viral Immunol 2015; 28:201-8. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2014.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Conroy
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute of Immunology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | | | | | - Siobhan O'Dea
- Genitourinary and Infectious Diseases Clinic, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona Mulcahy
- Genitourinary and Infectious Diseases Clinic, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Suzanne Norris
- Hepatology Centre, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Derek G. Doherty
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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31
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Chen M, Hu P, Ling N, Peng H, Lei Y, Hu H, Zhang D, Ren H. Enhanced functions of peripheral γδ T cells in chronic hepatitis B infection during interferon α treatment in vivo and in vitro. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120086. [PMID: 25774808 PMCID: PMC4361562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND γδ T cells play an important role in infectious, autoimmune, or neoplastic diseases. Here, a study was conducted to investigate the dynamic changes in phenotype and function of peripheral γδ T cells in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) during pegylated-interferon (pegIFN)-α treatment, and to explore their roles in IFN-α therapy. METHODS Total 15 CHB patients with pegIFN-α therapy and 6 healthy controls (HC) were enrolled in this study. Flow cytometry was used for the study of frequency of peripheral γδ T cells, subtypes, effector or memory γδ T cells, and also the IFN-γ+, TNF-α+, CD107a+ or Granzyme B+ γδ T cells in 10 patients at week 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36 and 48 of treatment. Another 5 CHB patients and 6 HC were recruited for the γδ T cell isolation, and gene expression in γδ T cells was evaluated before or after IFN-α treatment in vitro. RESULTS Although γδT cells decreased in CHB patients during pegIFN-α therapy, their capacities to produce TNF-α and to express CD107a were enhanced. More effector γδT cells (CD27-CD45RA+) were found in the response group than in non-response group. Furthermore, IFN-α boosted the expression of Mx2 and cytokine genes in γδT cells from CHB patients in vitro. CONCLUSION IFN-α could enhance the cytokine production or cytotoxicity potential of γδT cells in vivo and in vitro. The enhanced function of γδT cells might contribute to the effect of IFN-α treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (MC); (HR)
| | - Peng Hu
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ning Ling
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of laboratory medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Lei
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huaidong Hu
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dazhi Zhang
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Ren
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (MC); (HR)
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32
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Yang J, Lu H, Guo R, Yan D, Ye P, Jin L, Chen C, Cao H, Diao H, Li L. Molecular profile of the T cell receptor beta variable in peripheral blood lymphocytes from chronic asymptomatic HBV carriers. Pathog Dis 2014; 73:1-9. [PMID: 25722488 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftu018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiezuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Haifeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Renyong Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Dong Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Ping Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Linfeng Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Chunlei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hongcui Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hongyan Diao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
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33
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Rajoriya N, Fergusson JR, Leithead JA, Klenerman P. Gamma Delta T-lymphocytes in Hepatitis C and Chronic Liver Disease. Front Immunol 2014; 5:400. [PMID: 25206355 PMCID: PMC4143964 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovered 30 years ago, gamma delta (γδ) T-lymphocytes remain an intriguing and enigmatic T-cell subset. Although in humans they comprise a small fraction of the total circulating T-lymphocyte pool, they represent an important T-cell subset in tissues such as the liver, with roles bridging the innate and adaptive immune systems. The associations of γδ T-lymphocytes with chronic liver disease have been explored – however, there remain conflicting data as to whether these T-cells are pathogenic or protective. In patients with some forms of liver disease, their expansion in the periphery and especially in the liver may indeed help pathogen clearance, while in other conditions their presence may, in contrast, contribute to disease progression. γδ T-cells can also express CD161, a C-type lectin, and such cells have been found to be involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disease. CD161+ T-cells of diverse subsets are known to be enriched in the livers of patients with chronic hepatitis C. This article serves to provide a review of the γδ T-cell population and its role in hepatitis C and other chronic liver diseases, and also explores a potential role of the CD161+ γδ T-cells in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Rajoriya
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research , Oxford , UK
| | | | - Joanna A Leithead
- Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Birmingham , UK ; NIHR Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research , Oxford , UK ; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford Radcliffe Hospital , Oxford , UK
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Kong X, Sun R, Chen Y, Wei H, Tian Z. γδT Cells Drive Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell–Mediated CD8+ T Cell Exhaustion in Hepatitis B Virus–Induced Immunotolerance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1645-53. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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TCRγδ(+)CD4(-)CD8(-) T cells suppress the CD8(+) T-cell response to hepatitis B virus peptides, and are associated with viral control in chronic hepatitis B. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88475. [PMID: 24551107 PMCID: PMC3925121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune mechanisms underlying failure to achieve hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion associated with viral control in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) remain unclear. Here we investigated the role of CD4(-)CD8(-) T (double-negative T; DNT) cells including TCRαβ(+) DNT (αβ DNT) and TCRγδ(+) DNT (γδ DNT) cells. Frequencies of circulating DNT cell subsets were measured by flow cytometry in a retrospective cohort of 51 telbivudine-treated HBeAg-positive CHB patients, 25 immune tolerant carriers (IT), 33 inactive carriers (IC), and 37 healthy controls (HC). We found that γδ DNT cell frequencies did not significantly change during treatment, being lower at baseline (P = 0.019) in patients with HBeAg seroconversion after 52 weeks of antiviral therapy (n = 20) than in those without (n = 31), and higher in the total CHB and IT than IC and HC groups (P<0.001). αβ DNT cell frequencies were similar for all groups. In vitro, γδ DNT cells suppressed HBV core peptide-stimulated interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α production in TCRαβ(+)CD8(+) T cells, which may require cell-cell contact, and could be partially reversed by anti-NKG2A. These findings suggest that γδ DNT cells limit CD8(+) T cell response to HBV, and may impede HBeAg seroconversion in CHB.
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Wu X, Zhang JY, Huang A, Li YY, Zhang S, Wei J, Xia S, Wan Y, Chen W, Zhang Z, Li Y, Wen T, Chen Y, Tanaka Y, Cao Y, Wang P, Zhao L, Wu Z, Wang FS, Yin Z. Decreased Vδ2 γδ T cells associated with liver damage by regulation of Th17 response in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:1294-304. [PMID: 23847059 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND γδ T cells comprise a small subset of T cells and play a protective role against cancer and viral infections; however, their precise role in patients with chronic hepatitis B remains unclear. METHODS Flow cytometry and immunofunctional assays were performed to analyze the impact of Vδ2 γδ (Vδ2) T cells in 64 immune-activated patients, 22 immune-tolerant carriers, and 30 healthy controls. RESULTS The frequencies of peripheral and hepatic Vδ2 T cells decreased with disease progression from immune tolerant to immune activated. In the latter group of patients, the decreases in peripheral and intrahepatic frequencies of Vδ2 T cells reversely correlated with alanine aminotransferase levels and histological activity index. These activated terminally differentiated memory phenotypic Vδ2 T cells exhibited impaired abilities in proliferation and chemotaxis, while maintained a relative intact interferon (IFN) γ production. Importantly, Vδ2 T cells, in vitro, significantly suppressed the production of cytokines associated with interleukin 17-producing CD4+ T (Th17) cells through both cell contact-dependent and IFN-γ-dependent mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Inflammatory microenvironment in IA patients result in decreased numbers of Vδ2 T cells, which play a novel role by regulating the pathogenic Th17 response to protect the liver in patients with chronic hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, China
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Sherman AC, Trehanpati N, Daucher M, Davey RT, Masur H, Sarin SK, Kottilil S, Kohli A. Augmentation of hepatitis B virus-specific cellular immunity with programmed death receptor-1/programmed death receptor-L1 blockade in hepatitis B virus and HIV/hepatitis B virus coinfected patients treated with adefovir. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:665-72. [PMID: 23259453 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunological parameters leading to viral persistence in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) are not clearly established. We analyzed HBV-specific immunoregulatory mechanisms in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected HBeAg(+) CHB patients to determine (1) the roles of immunoregulatory pathways, (2) the effect of anti-HBV therapy on immunoregulatory pathways, and (3) the role of immunomodulatory therapy to overcome the effect of T regulatory cells (Tregs, CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+)) in HBV-infected individuals. A prospective, double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial treated HBV (HIV(+/-))-infected patients with adefovir 10 mg daily or placebo for 48 weeks. HBV viral load (VL), immunophenotying, and functional studies were performed at multiple time points. Suppression of HBV VL with adefovir leads to decreased peripheral expansion of Tregs. While declining, Tregs significantly inhibit cytokine-secreting HBV-specific CD8(+) T cell responses over 48 weeks of anti-HBV adefovir therapy (p<0.05). A large proportion of these Tregs express programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1), blockade of which in vitro leads to improved cytokine-secreting HBV-specific CD8(+) T cell responses, particularly in HIV/HBV-coinfected patients (p<0.05). Peripheral expansion of Treg levels correlated with HBV viral load and decreased HBV-specific CD8(+) T cells. PD-1 blockade increased survival of HBV-specific CD8(+) T cells, removing the inhibitory effect of PD-1(+) peripheral Tregs. Hence therapies involving PD-1 blockade in combination with directly acting antivirals should be investigated to reduce the need for life-long directly acting antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C. Sherman
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Marybeth Daucher
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Richard T. Davey
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Henry Masur
- CCMD, CC, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Shyam Kottilil
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anita Kohli
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Clinical Research Directorate/CMRP, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
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Wang X, Yan W, Lu Y, Chen T, Sun Y, Qin X, Zhang J, Han M, Guo W, Wang H, Wu D, Xi D, Luo X, Ning Q. CD4-CD8-T cells contribute to the persistence of viral hepatitis by striking a delicate balance in immune modulation. Cell Immunol 2012; 280:76-84. [PMID: 23261832 PMCID: PMC7094652 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Viral hepatitis remains the most common cause of liver disease and a major public health problem. Here, we focus on the role of CD4 CD8 double negative T (DN T) cells involved in the mechanisms of viral persistence in hepatitis. C3H/HeJ mice infected with murine hepatitis virus strain 3 (MHV-3) were used to display chronic viral hepatitis. DN T cells dramatically increased in MHV-3 infected mice. Adoptive transfer of DN T cells from MHV-3 infected mice led to a significant increase in mice survival. The DN T cells with production of IFN-γ and IL-2 are able to kill virus-specific CD8+ T cells via the Fas/FasL dependent pathway. The delicate balance of multiple effects of DN T cells may lead to viral persistence in MHV-3 induced hepatitis. In short, our study identified DN T cells contributing to viral persistence in MHV-3 induced hepatitis in C3H/HeJ mice, which provides a rationale for modulating DN T cells for the management of viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Chen M, Hu P, Peng H, Zeng W, Shi X, Lei Y, Hu H, Zhang D, Ren H. Enhanced peripheral γδT cells cytotoxicity potential in patients with HBV-associated acute-on-chronic liver failure might contribute to the disease progression. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32:877-85. [PMID: 22415432 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study explored the characteristics of γδ T cells in the blood of HBV-associated acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF) patients and examined the relationship between γδ T cells and the clinical parameters. METHODS Blood samples were obtained from 26 patients with HBV-ACLF, 40 patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (CHBV), and 25 healthy controls (HC). The frequencies of γδ T cells, subtype Vδ1T or Vδ2T, and CD45RO(+)γδ T cells were determined using flow cytometry. Intracellular cytokine staining analysis was used to evaluate the proportion of the IFN-γ-, TNF-α-, or IL-17-producing γδ T cells, and CD107a- or granzyme B-positive γδ T cells. RESULTS We found that the proportion of γδ T cells in blood samples from HBV-ACLF patients was much lower than in samples from CHBV patients or healthy controls. After stimulation with PMA and ionomycin, γδ T cells from HBV-ACLF patients produced the greatest amount of TNF-α or IL-17 among the three groups. Granzyme B- or CD107a-positive γδ T cells were significantly more frequent than in CHBV or control samples. There was a negative correlation between the percent of TNF-α(+)γδ T cells and ALT or AST levels, and between the percent of CD107a(+)γδ T cells and TBiL or DBiL levels. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that γδ T cells might participate in liver injury in HBV-ACLF patients by producing increased amounts of inflammatory cytokines and/or cytotoxicity ability. These findings provide novel information regarding the pathogenesis of HBV-ACLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No.74 Lin Jiang Rd., Yu Zhong District, 400010, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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Aberrant production of soluble co-stimulatory molecules CTLA-4 and CD28 in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Microb Pathog 2011; 51:262-7. [PMID: 21736935 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Co-stimulation signals are critical for anti-viral immunity. Here we investigated whether there is altered expression and the clinical significance of soluble co-stimulatory molecules in patients with chronic HBV infection. Serum concentrations and ex vivo production of soluble CTLA-4, CD28, CD80 and CD86 were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum sCTLA-4 and sCD28 concentrations in all chronic HBV patients were significantly higher than concentrations in healthy control subjects. Serum sCTLA-4 and sCD28 correlated significantly with alanine aminotransferase in all chronic HBV patients. Upon mitogen stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, the percentage increases in ex vivo production of sCD28 and sCD80 and the percentage decrease in sCTLA-4 release were all significantly lower in chronic HBV patients than those in healthy subjects. The aberrant production of soluble co-stimulatory molecules should reflect the dysregulation of T cell activation and is related to the pathogenesis and severity of chronic HBV infection.
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Puig-Pey I, Bohne F, Benítez C, López M, Martínez-Llordella M, Oppenheimer F, Lozano JJ, González-Abraldes J, Tisone G, Rimola A, Sánchez-Fueyo A. Characterization of γδ T cell subsets in organ transplantation. Transpl Int 2011; 23:1045-55. [PMID: 20477999 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2010.01095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are innate-type lymphocytes that preferentially act as regulators of local effector immune responses. Recent reports found an altered distribution of the two main subpopulations of blood γδ T cells (Vδ1 and Vδ2) in operationally tolerant liver transplant recipients. Based on this, γδ T cells subset quantification was proposed as a biomarker of immunologic risk in liver transplantation. The specific characteristics of γδ T cell subsets in transplantation remain however unknown. We have investigated here the phenotype, repertoire and functional properties of γδ T cell subsets in a large population of allograft recipients. Our results indicate that alterations in the γδ T cell compartment are not restricted to tolerant liver recipients. In fact, most immunosuppressed liver and kidney recipients also display an enlarged peripheral blood γδ T cell pool mainly resulting from an expansion of Vδ1 T cells exhibiting an oligoclonal repertoire and different phenotypic and cytokine production traits than Vδ2 T cells. We propose that persistent viral infections are likely to contribute to these alterations. Our data provide novel insight in the biology of γδ T cells and a rationale for exploring these lymphocytes in more depth into the pathogenesis of viral infections in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Puig-Pey
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
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Hu XB, Yue QH, Zhang XQ, Xu XQ, Wen Y, Chen YZ, Cheng XD, Yang L, Mu SJ. Hepatitis B virus genotypes and evolutionary profiles from blood donors from the northwest region of China. Virol J 2009; 6:199. [PMID: 19917138 PMCID: PMC2781008 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is prevalent in China and screening of blood donors is mandatory. Up to now, ELISA has been universally used by the China blood bank. However, this strategy has sometimes failed due to the high frequency of nucleoside acid mutations. Understanding HBV evolution and strain diversity could help devise a better screening system for blood donors. However, this kind of information in China, especially in the northwest region, is lacking. In the present study, serological markers and the HBV DNA load of 11 samples from blood donor candidates from northwest China were determined. The HBV strains were most clustered into B and C genotypes and could not be clustered into similar types from reference sequences. Subsequent testing showed liver function impairment and increasing virus load in the positive donors. This HBV evolutionary data for China will allow for better ELISA and NAT screening efficiency in the blood bank of China, especially in the northwest region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Bin Hu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
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