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Pietrzak D, Łuczak JW, Wiśniewski M. Beyond Tradition: Exploring Cutting-Edge Approaches for Accurate Diagnosis of Human Filariasis. Pathogens 2024; 13:447. [PMID: 38921745 PMCID: PMC11206659 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Filariasis is recognised as a global public health threat, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. It is caused by infection with a nematode parasite of the superfamily Filarioidea, including Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Onchocerca volvulus, and Onchocerca lupi. Three main types of filariasis have been classified: lymphatic filariasis, subcutaneous filariasis, and serous cavity filariasis. The symptoms exhibited by individuals afflicted with filariasis are diverse and contingent upon several variables, including the species of parasite, the host's health and immune response, and the stage of infection. While many classical parasitological techniques are considered indispensable tools for the diagnosis of parasitic infections in humans, alternative methods are being sought due to their limitations. Novel tests based on host-parasite interactions offer a rapid, simple, sensitive, and specific diagnostic tool in comparison to traditional parasitological methods. This article presents methods developed in the 21st century for the diagnosis of filariasis caused by invasion from W. bancrofti, B. malayi, O. volvulus, and O. lupi, as well as techniques that are currently in use. The development of modern diagnostic methods based on molecular biology constitutes a significant advancement in the fight against filariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Pietrzak
- Division of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Julia Weronika Łuczak
- Faculty of Animal Breeding, Bioengineering and Conservation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marcin Wiśniewski
- Division of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
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Tamadaho RSE, Osei-Mensah J, Arndts K, Debrah LB, Debrah AY, Layland LE, Hoerauf A, Pfarr K, Ritter M. Reduced Type 2 Innate Lymphocyte Cell Frequencies in Patent Wuchereria bancrofti-Infected Individuals. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050665. [PMID: 37242335 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 51 million individuals suffer from lymphatic filariasis (LF) caused mainly by the filarial worm Wuchereria bancrofti. Mass drug administration (MDA) programs led to a significant reduction in the number of infected individuals, but the consequences of the treatment and clearance of infection in regard to host immunity remain uncertain. Thus, this study investigates the composition of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), macrophage subsets and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), in patent (circulating filarial antigen (CFA)+ microfilariae (MF)+) and latent (CFA+MF-) W. bancrofti-infected individuals, previously W. bancrofti-infected (PI) individuals cured of the infection due to MDA, uninfected controls (endemic normal (EN)) and individuals who suffer from lymphoedema (LE) from the Western Region of Ghana. Frequencies of ILC2 were significantly reduced in W. bancrofti-infected individuals, while the frequencies of MDSCs, M2 macrophages, ILC1 and ILC3 were comparable between the cohorts. Importantly, clearance of infection due to MDA restored the ILC2 frequencies, suggesting that ILC2 subsets might migrate to the site of infection within the lymphatic tissue. In general, the immune cell composition in individuals who cured the infection were comparable to the uninfected individuals, showing that filarial-driven changes of the immune responses require an active infection and are not maintained upon the clearance of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth S E Tamadaho
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jubin Osei-Mensah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), UPO, PMB, Kumasi 00233, Ghana
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, UPO, PMB, Kumasi 00233, Ghana
| | - Kathrin Arndts
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Linda Batsa Debrah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), UPO, PMB, Kumasi 00233, Ghana
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, UPO, PMB, Kumasi 00233, Ghana
| | - Alexander Y Debrah
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, UPO, PMB, Kumasi 00233, Ghana
| | - Laura E Layland
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kenneth Pfarr
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany
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3
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Liu S, Szatmary P, Lin JW, Wang Q, Sutton R, Chen L, Liu T, Huang W, Xia Q. Circulating monocytes in acute pancreatitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1062849. [PMID: 36578487 PMCID: PMC9791207 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1062849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is a common gastrointestinal disease characterized by inflammation of the exocrine pancreas and manifesting itself through acute onset of abdominal pain. It is frequently associated with organ failure, pancreatic necrosis, and death. Mounting evidence describes monocytes - phagocytic, antigen presenting, and regulatory cells of the innate immune system - as key contributors and regulators of the inflammatory response and subsequent organ failure in acute pancreatitis. This review highlights the recent advances of dynamic change of numbers, phenotypes, and functions of circulating monocytes as well as their underling regulatory mechanisms with a special focus on the role of lipid modulation during acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Liu
- West China Centre of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peter Szatmary
- Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jing-wen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiqi Wang
- West China Centre of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Robert Sutton
- Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- West China Centre of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Tingting Liu, ; Wei Huang, ; Qing Xia,
| | - Wei Huang
- West China Centre of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Institutes for Systems Genetics & Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Tingting Liu, ; Wei Huang, ; Qing Xia,
| | - Qing Xia
- West China Centre of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Tingting Liu, ; Wei Huang, ; Qing Xia,
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Örsten S, Baysal İ, Çiftçi T, Ünal E, Yabanoğlu Çiftçi S, Doğrul AB, Akıncı D, Akyön Y, Akhan O. Evaluation of Potential Inflammatory Markers for Cystic Echinococcosis: P-selectin and Resistin. TURKIYE PARAZITOLOJII DERGISI 2022; 46:195-200. [PMID: 36094120 DOI: 10.4274/tpd.galenos.2022.55265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most common zoonotic diseases worldwide. Diagnosis of CE is predominantly based on imaging techniques and serological tests are used in cases of non-characteristic imaging findings as diagnostic reference. However, serological test results cannot be completely reliable as they are affected by multi-factors. P-selectin and resistin are inflammatory markers that are altered during the acute stages of infection. In this purpose, inflammatory markers as P-selectin and resistin have been investigated for a potential diagnostic reference for CE diagnosis. METHODS A total of 60 patients who were diagnosed with CE and twenty-five healthy individuals were included in this study. Blood samples were obtained from all participants. Obtained sera were evaluated using the P-selectin and resistin ELISA kits for protein levels. Additionally, the relative expression of SELP (P-selectin) and RETN (resistin) genes were determined using the comparative CT (ΔΔCT) method between groups as CE patients with active and inactive cysts, CE patients and healthy controls. RESULTS SELP (13.9-fold change, p<0.05) and RETN (8.1-fold change, p<0.05) were differentially expressed in CE patients compared in the control group. Whereas resistin protein levels were significantly higher in CE patients than the healthy controls (p<0.001), the difference in P-selectin protein levels was not significant (p>0.05). There was no difference between active and inactive CE patients in terms of P-selectin and resistin in gene and protein levels (p>0.05). CONCLUSION Although there was no difference between the active and inactive CE patients, the good differentiation between the healthy controls and the CE patients suggested that resistin is a potential inflammatory diagnostic reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serra Örsten
- Hacettepe University Vocational School of Health Services, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İpek Baysal
- Hacettepe University Vocational School of Health Services, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Türkmen Çiftçi
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre Ünal
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Ahmet Bülent Doğrul
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Devrim Akıncı
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yakut Akyön
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Okan Akhan
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Ankara, Turkey
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Yue T, Liu X, Zuo S, Zhu J, Li J, Liu Y, Chen S, Wang P. BCL2A1 and CCL18 Are Predictive Biomarkers of Cisplatin Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy in Colon Cancer Patients. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:799278. [PMID: 35265629 PMCID: PMC8898943 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.799278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cisplatin enhances the antitumor T cell response, and the combination of PD-L1 blockade produces a synergistic therapeutic effect. However, the clinical correlation between cisplatin and immunotherapy in colon cancer (CC) is unknown. Methods: Using the “pRRophetic” package, we calculated the IC50 of cisplatin. The correlation between cisplatin IC50, cisplatin resistance–related genes (CCL18 and BCL2A1), and immunotherapy were preliminarily verified in TCGA and further validated in independent cohorts (GSE39582 and GSE17538), cisplatin-resistant CC cell line DLD1, and our own clinical specimens. Classification performance was evaluated using the AUC value of the ROC curve. Scores of immune signatures, autophagy, ferroptosis, and stemness were quantified using the ssGSEA algorithm. Results: Based on respective medians of three CC cohorts, patients were divided into high- and low-IC50 groups. Compared with the high IC50 group, the low-IC50 group had significantly higher tumor microenvironment (TME) scores and lower tumor purity. Most co-signaling molecules were upregulated in low IC50 group. CC patients with good immunotherapy efficacy (MSI, dMMR, and more TMB) were more attributable to the low-IC50 group. Among seven shared differentially expressed cisplatin resistance–related genes, CCL18 and BCL2A1 had the best predictive efficacy of the above immunotherapy biomarkers. For wet experimental verification, compared with cisplatin-resistant DLD1, similar to PD-L1, CCL18 and BCL2A1 were significantly upregulated in wild-type DLD1. In our own CC tissues, the mRNA expression of CCL18, BCL2A1, and PD-L1 in dMMR were significantly increased. The high group of CCL18 or BCL2A1 had a higher proportion of MSI, dMMR, and more TMB. IC50, CCL18, BCL2A1, and PD-L1 were closely related to scores of immune-related pathways, immune signatures, autophagy, ferroptosis, and stemness. The microRNA shared by BCL2A1 and PD-L1, hsa-miR-137, were significantly associated with CCL18, BCL2A1, and PD-L1, and downregulated in low-IC50 group. The activity of the TOLL-like receptor signaling pathway affected the sensitivity of CC patients to cisplatin and immunotherapy. For subtype analysis, immune C2, immune C6, HM-indel, HM-SNV, C18, and C20 were equally sensitive to cisplatin chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Conclusions: CC patients sensitive to cisplatin chemotherapy were also sensitive to immunotherapy. CCL18 and BCL2A1 were novel biomarkers for cisplatin and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taohua Yue
- Division of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangzheng Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Zuo
- Division of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Division of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jichang Li
- Division of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yucun Liu
- Division of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shanwen Chen
- Division of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengyuan Wang
- Division of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
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6
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Pionnier N, Furlong-Silva J, Colombo SAP, Marriott AE, Chunda VC, Ndzeshang BL, Sjoberg H, Archer J, Steven A, Wanji S, Taylor MJ, Turner JD. NKp46 + natural killer cells develop an activated/memory-like phenotype and contribute to innate immunity against experimental filarial infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:969340. [PMID: 36238293 PMCID: PMC9551455 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.969340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis are major neglected tropical diseases affecting over 90 million people worldwide with painful and profoundly disfiguring pathologies (such as lymphoedema or blindness). Type 2 inflammation is a hallmark of filarial nematode tissue infection and is implicated both in eosinophil dependent immunity and lymphatic or ocular immunopathologies. Type-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are known to play an important role in the initiation of type 2 inflammation in helminth infection. We therefore tracked comparative IL-12Rβ2+ ILC1, ST2+ ILC2 and NKp46+ natural killer (NK) innate lymphoid cell population expansions during Brugia malayi experimental peritoneal filarial infections using either immunocompetent or immunodeficient mice. In immunocompetent BALB/c animals, NKp46+ NK cells rapidly expanded representing over 90% of the ILC population in the first week of infection, whereas, surprisingly, ST2+ ILC2 failed to expand. NKp46+ NK cell expansions were confirmed in RAG2 deficient mice lacking adaptive immunity. Ablation of the NKp46+ NK cell compartment in RAG2 common gamma chain (gc) mice led to increased susceptibility to chronic adult B. malayi infection. This data was recapitulated using an Onchocerca ochengi male worm peritoneal implant model. When NKp46+ NK cells were depleted in RAG2 deficient mice using anti-NKp46 or asialo GM1 antibody injections over the first five weeks of B. malayi infection, susceptibility to adult B. malayi infection was significantly increased by 2-3 fold with concomitant impairment in eosinophil or neutrophil recruitments. Finally, we demonstrate that in RAG2 deficient mice, drug clearance of a primary adult B. malayi infection followed by challenge infection leads to resistance against early larval B. malayi establishment. This innate resistance is associated with bolstered NK and eosinophils whereby NKp46+ NK cells express markers of memory-like/enhanced activation (increased expression of interferon gamma and Ly6C). Our data promotes a novel functional role for NKp46+ NK cells in immunoprotection against experimental primary and secondary filarial infection which can proceed in the absence of adaptive immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pionnier
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Centre for Bioscience, John Dalton Building, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Julio Furlong-Silva
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano A P Colombo
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Amy E Marriott
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Valerine C Chunda
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Bertrand L Ndzeshang
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Hanna Sjoberg
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - John Archer
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Steven
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Wanji
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Mark J Taylor
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph D Turner
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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7
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Li Y, Yang Q, Cai D, Guo H, Fang J, Cui H, Gou L, Deng J, Wang Z, Zuo Z. Resistin, a Novel Host Defense Peptide of Innate Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:699807. [PMID: 34220862 PMCID: PMC8253364 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.699807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistin, a cysteine-rich protein, expressed in adipocytes, was initially proposed as a link between obesity and diabetes in mice. In humans, resistin is considered to be a pro-inflammatory molecule expressed in immune cells, which plays a regulatory role in many chronic inflammatory diseases, metabolic diseases, infectious diseases, and cancers. However, increasing evidence shows that resistin functions as a host defense peptide of innate immunity, in terms of its wide-spectrum anti-microbial activity, modulation of immunity, and limitation of microbial product-induced inflammation. To date, the understanding of resistin participating in host defense mechanism is still limited. The review aims to summarize current knowledge about the biological properties, functions, and related mechanisms of resistin in host defense, which provides new insights into the pleiotropic biological function of resistin and yields promising strategies for developing new antimicrobial therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanran Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiyuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongjie Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongrui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengmin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liping Gou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junliang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Furlong-Silva J, Cross SD, Marriott AE, Pionnier N, Archer J, Steven A, Merker SS, Mack M, Hong YK, Taylor MJ, Turner JD. Tetracyclines improve experimental lymphatic filariasis pathology by disrupting interleukin-4 receptor-mediated lymphangiogenesis. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:140853. [PMID: 33434186 PMCID: PMC7919730 DOI: 10.1172/jci140853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis is the major global cause of nonhereditary lymphedema. We demonstrate that the filarial nematode Brugia malayi induced lymphatic remodeling and impaired lymphatic drainage following parasitism of limb lymphatics in a mouse model. Lymphatic insufficiency was associated with elevated circulating lymphangiogenic mediators, including vascular endothelial growth factor C. Lymphatic insufficiency was dependent on type 2 adaptive immunity, the interleukin-4 receptor, and recruitment of C-C chemokine receptor-2–positive monocytes and alternatively activated macrophages with a prolymphangiogenic phenotype. Oral treatments with second-generation tetracyclines improved lymphatic function, while other classes of antibiotic had no significant effect. Second-generation tetracyclines directly targeted lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation and modified type 2 prolymphangiogenic macrophage development. Doxycycline treatment impeded monocyte recruitment, inhibited polarization of alternatively activated macrophages, and suppressed T cell adaptive immune responses following infection. Our results determine a mechanism of action for the antimorbidity effects of doxycycline in filariasis and support clinical evaluation of second-generation tetracyclines as affordable, safe therapeutics for lymphedemas of chronic inflammatory origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Furlong-Silva
- Centre for Drugs & Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D Cross
- Centre for Drugs & Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Amy E Marriott
- Centre for Drugs & Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Pionnier
- Centre for Drugs & Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - John Archer
- Centre for Drugs & Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Steven
- Centre for Drugs & Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Schulte Merker
- Institute for Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Mack
- Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mark J Taylor
- Centre for Drugs & Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph D Turner
- Centre for Drugs & Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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9
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Koliada OM, Vdovichenko NI, Kolyada TI, Bilozorov OP. Functional and metabolic characteristics of peripheral blood mononuclear phagocytes in patients with different clinical courses of multiple sclerosis. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.15421/022075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional and metabolic features of intact and stimulated mononuclear phagocytes were studied in patients with different clinical courses of multiple sclerosis, the study included 66 patients with relapsing-remitting and 32 patients with progressive course of multiple sclerosis. The state of the mononuclear phagocytes was characterized by expression of costimulatory molecules and direction of L-arginine metabolism. Relative quantities of CD80, CD86 and PD-L1 positive monocytes were determined with Phycoerytrin-labeled monoclonal antibodies in immunofluorescence test in peripheral blood and after culture in parallel series with addition of: (a) E.coli lipopolysaccharide (a stimulator of TLR4), (b) a single-stranded RNA – preparation ssRNA40/LyoVec (a stimulator of TLR7/8), (c) IL-4 (an anti-inflammatory interleukin). The formation of NO was determined by the amount of nitrite in the culture supernatants, arginase activity was determined in cell lysates of the monocyte fraction. We showed that functional and phenotypic characteristics of monocytes depend on the clinical course of multiple sclerosis. In patients with progressive course, the relative number of CD86+ cells was significantly higher and PD-L1+ cells significantly lower than in patients with relapsing-remitting course and healthy persons, in patients with relapsing-remitting course the number of PD-L1+ cells was increased. The number of CD80+ cells did not show any significant difference in the investigated groups of patients relative to the control group. In vitro stimulation of peripheral blood monocytes with TLR4/8 produced a significant increase in the number of CD86+ and decrease in the number of PD-L1+ cells in patients with the progressive course. In patients with the relapsing-remitting course LPS produced an increase in number of PD-L1+ cells. We did not find any difference in activity of the arginase pathway of L-arginine metabolism in the intact monocyte fraction of peripheral blood in patients with multiple sclerosis versus the control group, but stimulation with TLR4 agonist of mononuclear cells of patients with progressive course caused significant increased arginase activity versus baseline. At the same time, versus control cells arginase activity in patients with the progressive course decreased after LPS treatment, but trended to increase after TLR7/8 treatment. In patients with the relapsing-remitting course these changes had a similar direction but were less expressed. The results may be considered as an indication of the activation of peripheral blood monocytes and their polarization trend in the M1 direction in patients with the progressive course of multiple sclerosis, these changes could be considered as signs of violation of autoimmune regulatory mechanisms in multiple sclerosis.
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10
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Gao S, Li H, Xie H, Wu S, Yuan Y, Chu L, Sun S, Yang H, Wu L, Bai Y, Zhou Q, Wang X, Zhan B, Cui H, Yang X. Therapeutic efficacy of Schistosoma japonicum cystatin on sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy in a mouse model. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:260. [PMID: 32423469 PMCID: PMC7236195 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial dysfunction is one of the most common complications of multiple organ failure in septic shock and significantly increases mortality in patients with sepsis. Although many studies having confirmed that helminth-derived proteins have strong immunomodulatory functions and could treat inflammatory diseases, there is no report on the therapeutic effect of Schistosoma japonicum-produced cystatin (Sj-Cys) on sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction. METHODS A model of sepsis-induced myocardial injury was established by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in mice. Upon CLP operation, each mouse was intraperitoneally treated with 10 µg of recombinant Sj-Cys (rSj-Cys). Twelve hours after CLP, the systolic and diastolic functions of the left ventricular were examined by echocardiography. The levels of myoglobin (Mb), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), N-terminal pro-Brain Natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in sera, and the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in cardiac tissues were examined as biomarkers for heart injury. The heart tissue was collected for checking pathological changes, macrophages and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. To address the signaling pathway involved in the anti-inflammatory effects of rSj-Cys, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) was determined in heart tissue of mice with sepsis and LPS-stimulated H9C2 cardiomyocytes. In addition, the therapeutic effects of rSj-Cys on LPS-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis were also detected. The levels of M1 biomarker iNOS and M2 biomarker Arg-1 were detected in heart tissue. The pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, and regulatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β were measured in sera and their mRNA levels in heart tissue of rSj-Cys-treated mice. RESULTS After rSj-Cys treatment, the sepsis-induced heart malfunction was largely improved. The inflammation and injury of heart tissue were significantly alleviated, characterized as significantly decreased infiltration of inflammatory cells in cardiac tissues and fiber swelling, reduced levels of Mb, cTnI and NT-proBNP in sera, and MPO activity in heart tissue. The therapeutic efficacy of rSj-Cys is associated with downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and upregulated regulatory inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β), possibly through inhibiting the LPS-MyD88 signal pathway. CONCLUSIONS RSj-Cys significantly reduced sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy and could be considered as a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of sepsis associated cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifang Gao
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Huihui Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Hong Xie
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Shili Wu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Liang Chu
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Siying Sun
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Huijuan Yang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Lingqin Wu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Yongsheng Bai
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Bin Zhan
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hu Cui
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China.
| | - Xiaodi Yang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China. .,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China.
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11
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Itami N, Kondo Y, Tademoto S, Ito D, Fukumoto S, Otsuki H. Alternative Activation of Macrophages in Mice Peritoneal Cavities and Diaphragms by Newborn Larvae of Trichinella spiralis. Yonago Acta Med 2020; 63:34-41. [PMID: 32158331 DOI: 10.33160/yam.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Trichinellosis is a serious zoonosis with a worldwide distribution. Fecund adult worms in the intestine release newborn larvae (NBL) that enter the general circulation from 4 days post infection (dpi). Alternatively activated macrophages in the peritoneal cavities and the diaphragms in Trichinella spiralis infected mice have been reported. However, a role of newborn larvae is poorly understood. Methods The total numbers of peritoneal macrophages in mice infected with 500 muscle-stage larvae were counted during early infection and then total RNA was extracted. Peritoneal macrophages from uninfected C57BL/6 mice were incubated with IL-4 or LPS as a control, or co-cultured with live NBL, and peritoneal macrophages were obtained from mice injected with live or frozen dead NBL into peritoneal cavity. Total RNA was extracted from these macrophages. Two types of gene expression, classical and alternative activation, were examined in the macrophages and diaphragms of the infected mice using semi-quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Results The number of peritoneal macrophages in T. spiralis infected mice increased significantly. mRNA peak expression of alternative activation markers, Ym1 and arginase-1 (Arg1), was confirmed in the peritoneal macrophages and in diaphragm of mice around 15 dpi, while mRNA expression of classical activation markers, TNFα, IP-10, and iNOS was not detected. Injection of live NBL into the peritoneal cavities induced mRNA expression of Ym1 and Arg1 in the peritoneal macrophages of mice 9 dpi. However, dead NBL did not induce such gene expression. Alternative activation was not detected in the peritoneal macrophages co-cultured with NBL in vitro. Conclusion Gene expression of alternative activation makers, Ym1 and Arg1, was confirmed in the peritoneal macrophages and diaphragms of mice infected with T. spiralis. However, gene expression of classical activation markers was not detected. Live NBL induced an alternative activation of peritoneal macrophages in vivo, but not in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanase Itami
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yoko Kondo
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Sayuri Tademoto
- Technical Department, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Soji Fukumoto
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan.,Tottori Medical Career Support Center, Tottori University Hospital, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Otsuki
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
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12
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Rajamanickam A, Munisankar S, Dolla C, Menon PA, Nutman TB, Babu S. Helminth Coinfection Alters Monocyte Activation, Polarization, and Function in Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1274-1286. [PMID: 31953351 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Helminth infections are known to influence T and B cell responses in latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Whether helminth infections also modulate monocyte responses in helminth-LTBI coinfection has not been fully explored. To this end, we examined the activation, polarization, and function of human monocytes isolated from individuals with LTBI with (n = 25) or without (n = 25) coincident Strongyloides stercoralis infection (S. stercoralis-positive and S. stercoralis-negative respectively). Our data reveal that the presence of S. stercoralis infection is associated with lower frequencies of monocytes expressing CD54, CD80, CD86 at baseline (absence of stimulation) and in response to mycobacterial-Ag stimulation than monocytes from S. stercoralis-negative individuals. In contrast, S. stercoralis infection was associated with higher frequencies of M2-like monocytes, as determined by expression of CD206 and CD163. Monocytes from S. stercoralis-positive individuals had a reduced capacity to phagocytose or exhibit respiratory burst activity following mycobacterial-Ag or LPS stimulation and were less capable of expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12 at baseline and/or following Ag stimulation compared with those without S. stercoralis infection. In addition, definitive treatment of S. stercoralis infection resulted in a significant reversal of the altered monocyte function 6 mo after anthelmintic therapy. Finally, T cells from S. stercoralis-positive individuals exhibited significantly lower activation at baseline or following mycobacterial-Ag stimulation. Therefore, our data highlight the induction of dampened monocyte activation, enhanced M2 polarization, and impaired monocyte function in helminth-LTBI coinfection. Our data also reveal a different mechanism by which helminth infection modulates immune function in LTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Rajamanickam
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai 600031, India
| | - Saravanan Munisankar
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai 600031, India
| | - Chandrakumar Dolla
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai 600031, India; and
| | - Pradeep A Menon
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai 600031, India; and
| | - Thomas B Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Subash Babu
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai 600031, India; .,Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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13
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Venugopal G, O'Regan NL, Babu S, Schumann RR, Srikantam A, Merle R, Hartmann S, Steinfelder S. Association of a PD-L2 Gene Polymorphism with Chronic Lymphatic Filariasis in a South Indian Cohort. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 100:344-350. [PMID: 30594267 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a parasitic infection, caused by three closely related nematodes, namely Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori. Previously, we have shown that lysate from B. malayi microfilariae induces the expression of interleukin (IL)-10 and programmed death-ligand (PD-L) 1 on monocytes, which lead to inhibition of CD4+ T-cell responses. In this study, we investigated associations of IL-10 and programmed cell death (PD)-1 pathway gene polymorphisms with clinical manifestation in LF. We evaluated the frequency of alleles and genotypes of IL-10 (rs3024496, rs1800872), IL-10RA (rs3135932), IL-10RB (rs2834167), PD-1 (rs2227982, rs10204525), PD-L1 (rs4143815), PD-L2 (rs7854413), and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 103 patients with chronic pathology (CP), such as elephantiasis or hydrocele and 106 endemic normal (EN) individuals from a South Indian population living in an area endemic for LF. Deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were tested, and we found a significant difference between the frequency of polymorphisms in PD-L2 (rs7854413; P < 0.001) and IL-10RB (rs2834167; P = 0.012) between the CP and the EN group, whereas there were no significant differences found among IL-10, IL-10RA, PD-1, and PD-L1 SNPs. A multivariate analysis showed that the existence of a CC genotype in PD-L2 SNP rs7854413 is associated with a higher risk of developing CP (OR: 2.942; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.957-9.046; P = 0.06). Altogether, these data indicate that a genetically determined individual difference in a non-synonymous missense SNP of PD-L2 might influence the susceptibility to CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopinath Venugopal
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Noëlle L O'Regan
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Subash Babu
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), International Centre for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Ralf R Schumann
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aparna Srikantam
- Blue Peter Public Health and Research Centre, LEPRA Society, Hyderabad, India
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Svenja Steinfelder
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neural Circuits and Behavior, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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14
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Self-reactive IgG4 antibodies are associated with blocking of pathology in human lymphatic filariasis. Cell Immunol 2019; 341:103927. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.103927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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Ritter M, Osei-Mensah J, Debrah LB, Kwarteng A, Mubarik Y, Debrah AY, Pfarr K, Hoerauf A, Layland LE. Wuchereria bancrofti-infected individuals harbor distinct IL-10-producing regulatory B and T cell subsets which are affected by anti-filarial treatment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007436. [PMID: 31120872 PMCID: PMC6550419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite worldwide mass drug administration, it is estimated that 68 million individuals are still infected with lymphatic filariasis with 19 million hydrocele and 17 million lymphedema reported cases. Despite the staggering number of pathology cases, the majority of LF-infected individuals do not develop clinical symptoms and present a tightly regulated immune system characterized by higher frequencies of regulatory T cells (Treg), suppressed proliferation and Th2 cytokine responses accompanied with increased secretion of IL-10, TGF-β and infection-specific IgG4. Nevertheless, the filarial-induced modulation of the host`s immune system and especially the role of regulatory immune cells like regulatory B (Breg) and Treg during an ongoing LF infection remains unknown. Thus, we analysed Breg and Treg frequencies in peripheral blood from Ghanaian uninfected endemic normals (EN), lymphedema (LE), asymptomatic patent (CFA+MF+) and latent (CFA+MF-) W. bancrofti-infected individuals as well as individuals who were previously infected with W. bancrofti (PI) but had cleared the infection due to the administration of ivermectin (IVM) and albendazole (ALB). In summary, we observed that IL-10-producing CD19+CD24highCD38dhigh Breg were specifically increased in patently infected (CFA+MF+) individuals. In addition, CD19+CD24highCD5+CD1dhigh and CD19+CD5+CD1dhighIL-10+ Breg as well as CD4+CD127-FOXP3+ Treg frequencies were significantly increased in both W. bancrofti-infected cohorts (CFA+MF+ and CFA+MF-). Interestingly, the PI cohort presented frequency levels of all studied regulatory immune cell populations comparable with the EN group. In conclusion, the results from this study show that an ongoing W. bancrofti infection induces distinct Breg and Treg populations in peripheral blood from Ghanaian volunteers. Those regulatory immune cell populations might contribute to the regulated state of the host immune system and are probably important for the survival and fertility (microfilaria release) of the helminth. Regulation of the host`s immune system by filarial nematodes is crucial for the fertility and survival of the nematode. Indeed, the majority of W. bancrofti-infected individuals are characterized by a regulated state including increased regulatory T cells (Treg), IL-10, TGF-β and filarial-specific IgG4 and suppressed Th2 cytokine responses. However, the functional role of Treg populations and regulatory B cells (Breg) during filarial infection remains unknown. Thus, in this study we investigated whether W. bancrofti-infected individuals from Ghana harbored distinct Breg and Treg populations which might be important for filarial-specific immunomodulation. Overall, this study shows that W. bancrofti induces distinct Breg populations, especially in patently (microfilaremic) infected individuals who presented significantly increased frequencies of IL-10-producing CD19+CD24highCD38dhigh Breg. Furthermore, clearance of the infection, due to anti-filarial treatment, returned these regulatory immune cells to homeostatic levels showing that an ongoing filarial infection is important for the activation of distinct Breg and Treg subsets. Those regulatory immune cell subsets are a part of a complex system which are induced by filarial nematodes to modulate the host`s immune system and maintain long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ritter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Jubin Osei-Mensah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Linda Batsa Debrah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Alexander Kwarteng
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Yusif Mubarik
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Alexander Y. Debrah
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kenneth Pfarr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura E. Layland
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
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Frohberger SJ, Ajendra J, Surendar J, Stamminger W, Ehrens A, Buerfent BC, Gentil K, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP. Susceptibility to L. sigmodontis infection is highest in animals lacking IL-4R/IL-5 compared to single knockouts of IL-4R, IL-5 or eosinophils. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:248. [PMID: 31109364 PMCID: PMC6528299 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3502-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mice are susceptible to infections with the rodent filarial nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis and develop immune responses that resemble those of human filarial infections. Thus, the L. sigmodontis model is used to study filarial immunomodulation, protective immune responses against filariae and to screen drug candidates for human filarial diseases. While previous studies showed that type 2 immune responses are protective against L. sigmodontis, the present study directly compared the impact of eosinophils, IL-5, and the IL-4R on the outcome of L. sigmodontis infection. Methods Susceptible wildtype (WT) BALB/c mice, BALB/c mice lacking eosinophils (dblGATA mice), IL-5−/− mice, IL-4R−/− mice and IL-4R−/−/IL-5−/− mice were infected with L. sigmodontis. Analyses were performed during the peak of microfilaremia in WT animals (71 dpi) as well as after IL-4R−/−/IL-5−/− mice showed a decline in microfilaremia (119 dpi) and included adult worm counts, peripheral blood microfilariae levels, cytokine production from thoracic cavity lavage, the site of adult worm residence, and quantification of major immune cell types within the thoracic cavity and spleen. Results Our study reveals that thoracic cavity eosinophil numbers correlated negatively with the adult worm burden, whereas correlations of alternatively activated macrophage (AAM) numbers with the adult worm burden (positive correlation) were likely attributed to the accompanied changes in eosinophil numbers. IL-4R−/−/IL-5−/− mice exhibited an enhanced embryogenesis achieving the highest microfilaremia with all animals becoming microfilariae positive and had an increased adult worm burden combined with a prolonged adult worm survival. Conclusions These data indicate that mice deficient for IL-4R−/−/IL-5−/− have the highest susceptibility for L. sigmodontis infection, which resulted in an earlier onset of microfilaremia, development of microfilaremia in all animals with highest microfilariae loads, and an extended adult worm survival. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3502-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J Frohberger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jesuthas Ajendra
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jayagopi Surendar
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wiebke Stamminger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Ehrens
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Benedikt C Buerfent
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Gentil
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc P Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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17
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Heung LJ, Hohl TM. Inflammatory monocytes are detrimental to the host immune response during acute infection with Cryptococcus neoformans. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007627. [PMID: 30897162 PMCID: PMC6428256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a leading cause of invasive fungal infections among immunocompromised patients. However, the cellular constituents of the innate immune response that promote clearance versus progression of infection upon respiratory acquisition of C. neoformans remain poorly defined. In this study, we found that during acute C. neoformans infection, CCR2+ Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes (IM) rapidly infiltrate the lungs and mediate fungal trafficking to lung-draining lymph nodes. Interestingly, this influx of IM is detrimental to the host, since ablating IM or impairing their recruitment to the lungs improves murine survival and reduces fungal proliferation and dissemination. Using a novel conditional gene deletion strategy, we determined that MHC class II expression by IM did not mediate their deleterious impact on the host. Furthermore, although ablation of IM reduced the number of lymphocytes, innate lymphoid cells, and eosinophils in the lungs, the effects of IM were not dependent on these cells. We ascertained that IM in the lungs upregulated transcripts associated with alternatively activated (M2) macrophages in response to C. neoformans, consistent with the model that IM assume a cellular phenotype that is permissive for fungal growth. We also determined that conditional knockout of the prototypical M2 marker arginase 1 in IM and deletion of the M2-associated transcription factor STAT6 were not sufficient to reverse the harmful effects of IM. Overall, our findings indicate that C. neoformans can subvert the fungicidal potential of IM to enable the progression of infection through a mechanism that is not dependent on lymphocyte priming, eosinophil recruitment, or downstream M2 macrophage polarization pathways. These results give us new insight into the plasticity of IM function during fungal infections and the level of control that C. neoformans can exert on host immune responses. Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungus that is prevalent throughout the environment and can cause a fatal infection of the central nervous system when inhaled into the lungs by patients with impaired immune systems. Our understanding of the immune responses that either help clear C. neoformans from the lungs or permit development of disease remains limited. In this study, we used a mouse model of lethal C. neoformans infection to determine that inflammatory monocytes, immune cells that are often among the first responders to infections, actually facilitate the progression of infection rather than clearance. These findings establish a foundation for future work to target the immune response of inflammatory monocytes as a strategy to improve the outcomes of patients that develop C. neoformans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena J. Heung
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LJH); (TMH)
| | - Tobias M. Hohl
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LJH); (TMH)
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Abstract
Helminth parasites are complex metazoans that belong to different taxonomic families but that collectively share the capacity to downregulate the host immune response directed toward themselves (parasite-specific immunoregulation). During long-standing chronic infection, these helminths appear able to suppress immune responses to bystander pathogens/antigens and atopic, autoimmune, and metabolic disorders. Helminth-induced immunoregulation occurs through the induction of regulatory T cells or Th2-type cells (or both). However, secreted or excreted parasite metabolites, proteins, or extracellular vesicles (or a combination of these) may also directly induce signaling pathways in host cells. Therefore, the focus of this review will be to highlight recent advances in understanding the immune responses to helminth infection, emphasizing the strategies/molecules and some of the mechanisms used by helminth parasites to modulate the immune response of their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H Gazzinelli-Guimaraes
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4 Center Drive, Building 4, Room 211, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Thomas B Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4 Center Drive, Building 4, Room 211, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Kumar A, Das S, Mandal A, Verma S, Abhishek K, Kumar A, Kumar V, Ghosh AK, Das P. Leishmania
infection activates host mTOR for its survival by M2 macrophage polarization. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40:e12586. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Division of Molecular Biology; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research); Patna Bihar India
| | - Sushmita Das
- Department of Microbiology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna Bihar India
| | - Abhishek Mandal
- Division of Molecular Biology; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research); Patna Bihar India
| | - Sudha Verma
- Division of Molecular Biology; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research); Patna Bihar India
| | - Kumar Abhishek
- Division of Molecular Biology; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research); Patna Bihar India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Division of Molecular Biology; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research); Patna Bihar India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Division of Molecular Biology; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research); Patna Bihar India
| | - Ayan Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Pediatrics; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland
| | - Pradeep Das
- Division of Molecular Biology; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research); Patna Bihar India
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20
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Circulating CD14 +CD163 +CD206 + M2 Monocytes Are Increased in Patients with Early Stage of Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:5270657. [PMID: 30034290 PMCID: PMC6032654 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5270657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To analyze changes in peripheral blood monocytes and their clinical significance in patients with early stage of idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN). Methods A total of 27 patients with early stage of IMN and 16 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) were recruited for the study. The monocyte subset counts in circulation were measured by flow cytometry, and serum interleukin- (IL-) 10 and IL-12 concentrations were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The potential association between clinical signs and monocyte subset counts was analyzed statistically. Results Compared with the HCs, the patients with early stage of IMN had higher counts of CD14+CD163+, CD14+CD163+CD206+, and CD14+CD163+CD206+CD115+ M2-like monocytes. The CD14+CD163+CD206+ M2-like cell counts and intracellular IL-10 concentrations in the monocytes were positively correlated with progression in proteinuria. The levels of serum IL-10 were significantly higher in early IMN patients than in the HCs. Furthermore, CD14+CD163+CD206+ M2-like cell counts in the patients with incipient IMN were also positively related with 24 h urinary albumin levels and the values of serum M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R). Conclusion CD14+CD163+CD206+ M2-like monocytes may contribute to the pathologic process in early-stage IMN and could serve as potential markers for evaluating the disease severity.
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21
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Narasimhan PB, Akabas L, Tariq S, Huda N, Bennuru S, Sabzevari H, Hofmeister R, Nutman TB, Tolouei Semnani R. Similarities and differences between helminth parasites and cancer cell lines in shaping human monocytes: Insights into parallel mechanisms of immune evasion. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006404. [PMID: 29668679 PMCID: PMC5927465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of features at the host-parasite interface are reminiscent of those that are also observed at the host-tumor interface. Both cancer cells and parasites establish a tissue microenvironment that allows for immune evasion and may reflect functional alterations of various innate cells. Here, we investigated how the phenotype and function of human monocytes is altered by exposure to cancer cell lines and if these functional and phenotypic alterations parallel those induced by exposure to helminth parasites. Thus, human monocytes were exposed to three different cancer cell lines (breast, ovarian, or glioblastoma) or to live microfilariae (mf) of Brugia malayi-a causative agent of lymphatic filariasis. After 2 days of co-culture, monocytes exposed to cancer cell lines showed markedly upregulated expression of M1-associated (TNF-α, IL-1β), M2-associated (CCL13, CD206), Mreg-associated (IL-10, TGF-β), and angiogenesis associated (MMP9, VEGF) genes. Similar to cancer cell lines, but less dramatically, mf altered the mRNA expression of IL-1β, CCL13, TGM2 and MMP9. When surface expression of the inhibitory ligands PDL1 and PDL2 was assessed, monocytes exposed to both cancer cell lines and to live mf significantly upregulated PDL1 and PDL2 expression. In contrast to exposure to mf, exposure to cancer cell lines increased the phagocytic ability of monocytes and reduced their ability to induce T cell proliferation and to expand Granzyme A+ CD8+ T cells. Our data suggest that despite the fact that helminth parasites and cancer cell lines are extraordinarily disparate, they share the ability to alter the phenotype of human monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Babu Narasimhan
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Leor Akabas
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Sameha Tariq
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Naureen Huda
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Sasisekhar Bennuru
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Helen Sabzevari
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA, United States of America
| | - Robert Hofmeister
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Roshanak Tolouei Semnani
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
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22
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Zhang M, Ding L, Wang X, Hou J, Li M, Jiang Y, He X, Cui M, Hu F, Zhang X, Yang J, Guo X, Zhao H, Gao P. Circulating CD14 +CD163 +CD115 + M2 monocytes are associated with the severity of new onset severe acute pancreatitis in Chinese patients. Int Immunopharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29518744 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the role of monocytes in the pathogenesis of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), it remains unclear how different subtypes of monocytes regulate and contribute to this pathogenesis. METHODS We examined the numbers of different subsets of monocytes by flow cytometry in 21 SAP, 15 mild acute pancreatitis (MAP) and 13 healthy controls (HC). The concentrations of plasma cytokines were assessed by cytometric bead array. Disease severity was evaluated based on the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II score and plasma C-reactive proteins (CRP) levels. RESULTS Compared with the numbers in MAP patients and HC, we observed that the numbers of CD14+CD163-, CD14+CD163-MAC387+, CD14+CD163-IL-12+ M1 monocytes, and CD115+, CD204+, IL-10+ M2 monocytes were significantly increased in SAP patients. In addition, these patients showed higher plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-10. Furthermore, the number of CD14+CD163-, CD14+CD163-MAC387+ M1 monocytes and the plasma IL-12 concentration showed a positive association with the CRP level, while the number of CD204+, IL-10+ M2 monocytes and the plasma IL-10 concentration showed a positive correlation with the APACHE II score. Importantly, the CD115+ M2 subset displayed a positive correlation with both the CRP level and APACHE II score, and treatment of SAP significantly reduced the number of this subset. CONCLUSIONS The CD14+CD163+CD115+ M2 monocyte count appears to be important factor in determining the severity and prognosis of SAP. Both the pro- and anti-inflammatory monocytes appear to participate in the pathogenesis of SAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manli Zhang
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, The Second Part of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China; Department of Central Laboratory, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lili Ding
- Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xinrui Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China; Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jie Hou
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yanfang Jiang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiuting He
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Meizi Cui
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Feng Hu
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, The Second Part of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiuna Zhang
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, The Second Part of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jingyuan Yang
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, The Second Part of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaohe Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital, Xinxiang Medical College, Xinxiang 453100, Henan Province, China
| | - Huiying Zhao
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Pujun Gao
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China.
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23
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Bonne-Année S, Nutman TB. Human innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in filarial infections. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40:10.1111/pim.12442. [PMID: 28504838 PMCID: PMC5685925 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Filarial infections are characteristically chronic and can cause debilitating diseases governed by parasite-induced innate and adaptive immune responses. Filarial parasites traverse or establish niches in the skin (migrating infective larvae), in nonmucosal tissues (adult parasite niche) and in the blood or skin (circulating microfilariae) where they intersect with the host immune response. While several studies have demonstrated that filarial parasites and their antigens can modulate myeloid cells (monocyte, macrophage and dendritic cell subsets), T- and B-lymphocytes and skin resident cell populations, the role of innate lymphoid cells during filarial infections has only recently emerged. Despite the identification and characterization of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in murine helminth infections, little is actually known about the role of human ILCs during parasitic infections. The focus of this review will be to highlight the composition of ILCs in the skin, lymphatics and blood; where the host-parasite interaction is well-defined and to examine the role of ILCs during filarial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bonne-Année
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Helminth Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T B Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Helminth Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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24
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Evans EE, Siedner MJ. Tropical Parasitic Infections in Individuals Infected with HIV. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2017; 4:268-280. [PMID: 33842194 PMCID: PMC8034600 DOI: 10.1007/s40475-017-0130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neglected tropical diseases share both geographic and socio-behavioral epidemiological risk factors with HIV infection. In this literature review, we describe interactions between parasitic diseases and HIV infection, with a focus on the impact of parasitic infections on HIV infection risk and disease progression, and the impact of HIV infection on clinical characteristics of tropical parasitic infections. We limit our review to tropical parasitic infections of the greatest public health burden, and exclude discussion of classic HIV-associated opportunistic infections that have been well reviewed elsewhere. RECENT FINDINGS Tropical parasitic infections, HIV-infection, and treatment with antiretroviral therapy alter host immunity, which can impact susceptibility, transmissibility, diagnosis, and severity of both HIV and parasitic infections. These relationships have a broad range of consequences, from putatively increasing susceptibility to HIV acquisition, as in the case of schistosomiasis, to decreasing risk of protozoal infections through pharmacokinetic interactions between antiretroviral therapy and antiparasitic agents, as in the case of malaria. However, despite this intimate interplay in pathophysiology and a broad overlap in epidemiology, there is a general paucity of data on the interactions between HIV and tropical parasitic infections, particularly in the era of widespread antiretroviral therapy availability. SUMMARY Additional data are needed to motivate clinical recommendations for detection and management of parasitic infections in HIV-infected individuals, and to consider the implications of and potential opportunity granted by HIV treatment programs on parasitic disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark J Siedner
- Massachusetts General Hospital
- Harvard Medical School
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology
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25
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van Die I, Cummings RD. The Mannose Receptor in Regulation of Helminth-Mediated Host Immunity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1677. [PMID: 29238348 PMCID: PMC5712593 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with parasitic helminths affects humanity and animal welfare. Parasitic helminths have the capacity to modulate host immune responses to promote their survival in infected hosts, often for a long time leading to chronic infections. In contrast to many infectious microbes, however, the helminths are able to induce immune responses that show positive bystander effects such as the protection to several immune disorders, including multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and allergies. They generally promote the generation of a tolerogenic immune microenvironment including the induction of type 2 (Th2) responses and a sub-population of alternatively activated macrophages. It is proposed that this anti-inflammatory response enables helminths to survive in their hosts and protects the host from excessive pathology arising from infection with these large pathogens. In any case, there is an urgent need to enhance understanding of how helminths beneficially modulate inflammatory reactions, to identify the molecules involved and to promote approaches to exploit this knowledge for future therapeutic interventions. Evidence is increasing that C-type lectins play an important role in driving helminth-mediated immune responses. C-type lectins belong to a large family of calcium-dependent receptors with broad glycan specificity. They are abundantly present on immune cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages, which are essential in shaping host immune responses. Here, we will focus on the role of the C-type lectin macrophage mannose receptor (MR) in helminth-host interactions, which is a critically understudied area in the field of helminth immunobiology. We give an overview of the structural aspects of the MR including its glycan specificity, and the functional implications of the MR in helminth-host interactions focusing on a few selected helminth species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma van Die
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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26
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Venugopal G, Mueller M, Hartmann S, Steinfelder S. Differential immunomodulation in human monocytes versus macrophages by filarial cystatin. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188138. [PMID: 29141050 PMCID: PMC5687743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes have evolved powerful immunomodulatory molecules to enable their survival in immunocompetent hosts by subverting immune responses and minimizing pathological processes. One filarial molecule known to counteract host immune responses by inducing IL-10 and regulatory macrophages in mice is filarial cystatin. During a patent filarial infection monocytes encounter microfilariae in the blood, an event that occurs in asymptomatically infected filariasis patients that are immunologically hyporeactive. The microfilarial larval stage was formerly shown to induce human regulatory monocytes and macrophages. Thus, here we aim was to determine how filarial cystatin of the human pathogenic filaria Brugia malayi (BmCPI-2) contributes to immune hyporesponsiveness in human monocytes and macrophages elicited by microfilaria. For this purpose, filarial cystatin was depleted from microfilarial lysate (Mf). Detecting the immunomodulatory potential of cystatin-depleted Mf revealed that IL-10, but not IL-8 and IL-6 induction in monocytes and macrophages is dependent on the presence of cystatin. In addition, the Mf-induced expression of the regulatory surface markers PD-L1 and PD-L2 in human monocytes, but not in macrophages, is dependent on cystatin. While Mf-treated monocytes result in decreased CD4+ T-cell proliferation in a co-culture assay, stimulation of T-cells with human monocytes treated with cystatin-depleted Mf lead to a restoration of CD4+ T-cell proliferation. Moreover, IL-10 induction by cystatin within Mf was dependent on p38 and ERK in macrophages, but independent of the ERK pathway in monocytes. These findings indicate that filarial nematodes differentially trigger and exploit various signaling pathways to induce immunomodulation in different myeloid cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopinath Venugopal
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marion Mueller
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Svenja Steinfelder
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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27
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Chatterjee S, Talaat KR, van Seventer EE, Feng CG, Scott AL, Jedlicka A, Dziedzic A, Nutman TB. Mycobacteria induce TPL-2 mediated IL-10 in IL-4-generated alternatively activated macrophages. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179701. [PMID: 28658262 PMCID: PMC5489173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-4 drives expansion of Th2 cells that cause generation of alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs). Filarial infections are established early in life, induce increased IL-4 production are co-endemic with tuberculosis (TB). We sought to understand, therefore, how mycobacteria are handled in the context of IL-4-induced AAM. Comparing IL-4 generated in vitro monocyte derived human AAMs to LPS and IFN-γ generated classically macrophages (CAMs), both infected with mycobacteria (BCG), we demonstrated increased early BCG uptake and increased IL-10 production in AAMs compared to CAMs. We further demonstrated that increased IL-10 production is mediated by upregulation of tumor progression locus 2 (TPL-2), an upstream activator of extracellular signal related kinases (ERKs) in AAMs but not in CAMs, both at the transcript as well as the protein level. Pharmacologic inhibition of TPL-2 significantly diminished IL-10 production only in BCG-infected AAMs. Finally, we validated our findings in an in vivo C57Bl/6 model of filarial infection, where an exaggerated Th2 induced lung-specific alternative activation led to TPL-2 and IL-10 upregulation on subsequent TB infection. These data show that in response to mycobacterial infection, IL-4 generated AAMs in chronic filarial infections have impaired immune responses to TB infection by increasing IL-10 production in a TPL-2 mediated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Chatterjee
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kawsar R. Talaat
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Emily E. van Seventer
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carl G. Feng
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alan L. Scott
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Anne Jedlicka
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Amanda Dziedzic
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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28
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Zhang ML, Jiang YF, Wang XR, Ding LL, Wang HJ, Meng QQ, Gao PJ. Different phenotypes of monocytes in patients with new-onset mild acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:1477-1488. [PMID: 28293095 PMCID: PMC5330833 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i8.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the numbers of different subsets of monocytes and their associations with the values of clinical measures in mild acute pancreatitis (MAP) patients.
METHODS The study included one group of 13 healthy controls and another group of 24 patients with new-onset MAP. The numbers of different subsets of monocytes were examined in these two groups of subjects by flow cytometry. The concentrations of plasma interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-12 were determined by cytometric bead array. The acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II scores of individual patients were evaluated, and the levels of plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) as well as the activities of amylase and lipase were measured.
RESULTS In comparison with that in the controls, significantly increased numbers of CD14+CD163-, CD14+CD163-MAC387+ M1 monocytes, but significantly reduced numbers of CD14+CD163+IL-10+ M2 monocytes were detected in the MAP patients (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). Furthermore, significantly higher levels of plasma IL-10 and IL-12 were observed in the MAP patients (P < 0.01 for all). More importantly, the levels of plasma CRP were positively correlated with the numbers of CD14+CD163- (R = 0.5009, P = 0.0127) and CD14+CD163-MAC387+ (R = 0.5079, P = 0.0113) M1 monocytes and CD14+CD163+CD115+ M2 monocytes (R = 0.4565, P = 0.0249) in the patients. The APACHE II scores correlated with the numbers of CD14+CD163+CD115+ (R = 0.4581, P = 0.0244) monocytes and the levels of plasma IL-10 (R = 0.4178, P = 0.0422) in the MAP patients. However, there was no significant association among other measures tested in this population.
CONCLUSION Increased numbers of CD14+CD163- and CD14+ CD163-MAC387+ monocytes may contribute to the pathogenesis of MAP, and increased numbers of CD14+CD163+CD115+ monocytes may be a biomarker for evaluating the severity of MAP.
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Kroidl I, Saathoff E, Maganga L, Makunde WH, Hoerauf A, Geldmacher C, Clowes P, Maboko L, Hoelscher M. Effect of Wuchereria bancrofti infection on HIV incidence in southwest Tanzania: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 2016; 388:1912-1920. [PMID: 27495354 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The past decades have seen an ongoing controversial debate about whether the immune activation induced by helminths has an effect on the susceptibility of individuals to HIV. In view of this, we assessed the effect of lymphatic filariasis, a chronic helminth disease elicited by Wuchereria bancrofti, on HIV incidence in southwest Tanzania. METHODS In this population-based cohort study, we enrolled a geographically stratified randomly chosen sample of about 10% of the households in nine distinct sites in southwest Tanzania. All household members present were followed up and tested for HIV and circulating filarial antigen, an indicator of W bancrofti adult worm burden. Our main outcome of interest was HIV incidence in participants with or without lymphatic filariasis. FINDINGS Between May 29, 2006, and June 16, 2011, we enrolled 4283 households with roughly 18 000 participants. Of these, 2699 individuals from Kyela district participated in at least one round of the EMINI study. In the 1055 initially HIV-negative adolescents and adults with clearly defined lymphatic filariasis status, 32 new HIV infections were observed in 2626 person-years. HIV incidence in lymphatic filariasis-positive participants (1·91 cases per 100 person-years) was significantly higher than the incidence in lymphatic filariasis-negative participants (0·80 cases per 100 person-years). The age-adjusted and sex-adjusted incidence rate ratio was 2·17 (95% CI 1·08-4·37, p=0·0300). Lymphatic filariasis status remained an independent and significantly relevant risk factor for HIV infection when controlled for other known risk factors such as sexual behaviour and socioeconomic factors. INTERPRETATION To our knowledge, this is the first prospective study demonstrating a significantly increased risk of acquiring HIV for lymphatic filariasis-infected individuals. Immunological studies and interventional treatment studies that eliminate the adult worms and not only the microfilariae are needed to follow up on the results presented. FUNDING European Union as part of EuropAid; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; German Center for Infection Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Kroidl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; National Institute of Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Elmar Saathoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lucas Maganga
- National Institute of Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | | | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Christof Geldmacher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Clowes
- National Institute of Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Leonard Maboko
- National Institute of Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Michael Hoelscher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; National Institute of Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
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Gazzinelli-Guimarães PH, Bonne-Année S, Fujiwara RT, Santiago HC, Nutman TB. Allergic Sensitization Underlies Hyperreactive Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cell Responses in Coincident Filarial Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2772-9. [PMID: 27566825 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Among the various hypotheses put forward to explain the modulatory influence of helminth infection on allergic effector responses in humans, the IL-10-induced suppression of Th2-associated responses has been the leading candidate. To explore this helminth/allergy interaction more fully, parasite- and allergen-specific CD4(+) T cell responses in 12 subjects with filarial infections, and coincident allergic sensitization (filarial [Fil](+)allergy [A](+)) were compared with the responses to three appropriate control groups (Fil(-)A(-) [n = 13], Fil(-)A(+) [n = 12], Fil(+)A(-) [n = 11]). The most important findings revealed that Fil(+)A(+) had marked (p < 0.0001 for all cytokines) increases in parasite Ag-driven Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13), Th9 (IL-9), and the regulatory (IL-10) cytokines when compared with Fil(+)A(-) Moreover, using multiparameter flow cytometry, filarial parasite Ag induced a marked increase in not only the frequency of CD4(+) T cells producing IL-4, IL-5, IL-2, and TNF-α in Fil(+)A(+) when compared with Fil(+)A(-) patients, but also in the frequencies of polyfunctional Th2-like (CD4(+)IL-4(+)IL-5(+) and CD4(+)IL-2(+)IL-4(+)IL-5(+)TNF-α(+)) cells. The Th2-associated responses seen in the Fil(+)A(+) group were correlated with serum IgE levels (p < 0.01, r = 0.5165 for IL-4; p < 0.001, r = 0.5544 for IL-5; and p < 0.001, r = 0.4901 for IL-13) and levels of circulating eosinophils (p < 0.0116, r = 0.5656) and their degranulation/activation products (major basic protein [p < 0.001, r = 0.7353] and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin [p < 0.01, r = 0.7059]). CD4(+) responses to allergen were not different (to a large extent) among the groups. Taken together, our data suggest that allergic sensitization coincident with filarial infection drives parasite Ag-specific T cell hyperresponsiveness, which is characterized largely by an augmented Th2-dominated immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H Gazzinelli-Guimarães
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Department of Parasitology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; and
| | - Sandra Bonne-Année
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ricardo T Fujiwara
- Department of Parasitology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; and
| | - Helton C Santiago
- Department of Immunology and Biochemistry, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Thomas B Nutman
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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Yang C, Liu H, Li X, Sui S, Liu Y. Protective effect of recombinant Trichinella 53-kDa protein in sepsis and the effect on macrophages. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:965-968. [PMID: 27446304 PMCID: PMC4950598 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The survival rate of the recombinant Trichinella 53-kDa protein infected by the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis in rats and the expression difference of macrophages were analyzed. Eighteen clean SD rats were selected for the present study. The rats were divided into the sham operation (n=5), control (n=5) and experimental (n=8) groups. The rats in the sham operation group underwent cecum division and suture with routine therapy for cure. The rats in the control and experimental groups were placed in the CLP model of sepsis in rats. The experimental group was administered recombinant Trichinella 53-kDa protein in advance, and the control group was administered the same dose of placebo. The survival rate of the rats within 6 and 12 h, the macrophage expression ratio, and the differences of the expression levels Th1-type cytokines IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and the Th2 type cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 were analyzed. The survival rate of rats in the experimental group was higher than that of the control group with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). The expression ratio of the macrophages received from the different handling methods of the rats in the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The expression levels of the Th1-type cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α of the rats in the experimental group was higher than that of the control group, while the expression level of the Th2-type cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 was higher than that of the control group. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). In conclusion, recombinant Trichinella 53-kDa protein can increase the survival rate following infection with CLP sepsis, which may be associated with the improvement of the macrophages and the adjustment of the expression of Th2 cytokines.
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Weinberg JB, Volkheimer AD, Rubach MP, Florence SM, Mukemba JP, Kalingonji AR, Langelier C, Chen Y, Bush M, Yeo TW, Granger DL, Anstey NM, Mwaikambo ED. Monocyte polarization in children with falciparum malaria: relationship to nitric oxide insufficiency and disease severity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29151. [PMID: 27385484 PMCID: PMC4935839 DOI: 10.1038/srep29151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We earlier established that nitric oxide (NO) is protective against severe malaria and that arginine and NO levels are reduced in malaria patients. We now show that an M2-like blood monocyte phenotype is significantly associated with hypoargininemia, NO insufficiency, and disease severity in Tanzanian children with falciparum malaria. Compared to control children (n = 106), children with moderately severe (n = 77) and severe falciparum malaria (n = 129) had significantly higher mononuclear cell arginase 1 mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity; lower NOS2 mRNA; lower plasma arginine; and higher plasma IL-10, IL-13, and IL-4. In addition, monocyte CD206 and CD163 and plasma soluble CD163 were elevated. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed a significant correlation of risk of severe malaria with both plasma IL-10 and soluble CD163 levels. Monocyte M2 skewing likely contributes to NO bioinsufficiency in falciparum malaria in children. Treatments that reverse the M2 polarization may have potential as adjunctive treatment for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brice Weinberg
- Duke University and V.A. Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Matthew P Rubach
- Duke University and V.A. Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Youwei Chen
- Duke University and V.A. Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Margaret Bush
- Duke University and V.A. Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tsin W Yeo
- Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Donald L Granger
- University of Utah and V.A. Medical Centers, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Nicholas M Anstey
- Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
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Steinfelder S, O’Regan NL, Hartmann S. Diplomatic Assistance: Can Helminth-Modulated Macrophages Act as Treatment for Inflammatory Disease? PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005480. [PMID: 27101372 PMCID: PMC4839649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminths have evolved numerous pathways to prevent their expulsion or elimination from the host to ensure long-term survival. During infection, they target numerous host cells, including macrophages, to induce an alternatively activated phenotype, which aids elimination of infection, tissue repair, and wound healing. Multiple animal-based studies have demonstrated a significant reduction or complete reversal of disease by helminth infection, treatment with helminth products, or helminth-modulated macrophages in models of allergy, autoimmunity, and sepsis. Experimental studies of macrophage and helminth therapies are being translated into clinical benefits for patients undergoing transplantation and those with multiple sclerosis. Thus, helminths or helminth-modulated macrophages present great possibilities as therapeutic applications for inflammatory diseases in humans. Macrophage-based helminth therapies and the underlying mechanisms of their therapeutic or curative effects represent an under-researched area with the potential to open new avenues of treatment. This review explores the application of helminth-modulated macrophages as a new therapy for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Steinfelder
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Noëlle Louise O’Regan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Comparison of RELMα and RELMβ Single- and Double-Gene-Deficient Mice Reveals that RELMα Expression Dictates Inflammation and Worm Expulsion in Hookworm Infection. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1100-1111. [PMID: 26831469 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01479-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistin-like molecules (RELMs) are highly expressed following helminth infection, where they impact both the host and helminth. While RELMα (Retnla) impairs helminth expulsion by inhibiting protective Th2 immunity, RELMβ (Retnlb) can promote its expulsion. We employed Retnla(-/-) and Retnlb(-/-) mice to delineate the function of both proteins following infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, a hookworm that infects the lung and intestine. Whereas wild-type (WT) and Retnlb(-/-)mice exhibited equivalent infection-induced inflammation, Retnla(-/-) mice suffered a heightened inflammatory response, including increased mortality, weight loss, and lung inflammation. In the intestine, Retnla(-/-)mice had low parasite egg burdens compared to those of WT mice, while Retnlb(-/-) mice exhibited high egg burdens, suggesting that RELMα and RELMβ have functionally distinct effects on immunity and inflammation to N. brasiliensis To test the importance of both proteins, we generated Retnla(-/-) Retnlb(-/-) mice. Infected Retnla(-/-)Retnlb(-/-) mice exhibited similar responses to Retnla(-/-) mice, including increased mortality and lung inflammation. This inflammatory response in Retnla(-/-) Retnlb(-/-) mice negatively impacted N. brasiliensis fitness, as demonstrated by significantly lower worm ATP levels and decreased intestinal worm burden and fecundity. Lung cytokine analysis revealed that Retnla(-/-) and Retnla(-/-) Retnlb(-/-) mice expressed significantly increased levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4). Finally, we generated Retnla(-/-) mice on the Rag(-/-) background and observed that the effects of RELMα were abrogated in the absence of adaptive immunity. Together, these data demonstrate that RELMα but not RELMβ significantly impacts the immune response toN. brasiliensis infection by downregulating the Th2 adaptive immune response in the lung, which protects the host but allows improved parasite fitness.
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Pathak M, Sharma P, Sharma A, Verma M, Srivastava M, Misra-Bhattacharya S. Regulatory T-cell neutralization in mice during filariasis helps in parasite clearance by enhancing T helper type 17-mediated pro-inflammatory response. Immunology 2015; 147:190-203. [PMID: 26501838 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis leads to profound impairment of parasite-specific T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 immune responses and significantly increases the expression of regulatory networks and regulatory effectors like transforming growth factor-β, CD25, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4, glucocorticoid-induced tumour necrosis factor receptor (GITR) and regulatory T (Treg) cells, which together play an important role in immunosuppression. While Treg cells suppress the activity of effector cells, monocyte dysfunction, characterized by an alternatively activated immunoregulatory phenotype, is one hypothesis that explains the lack of an antigen-specific T-cell response in infected individuals. In the present study, we administered neutralizing antibodies against the Treg cell-associated markers CD25 and GITR and observed its effects on filaria-induced immunosuppression. Our results show that administration of anti-CD25 and anti-GITR in infected animals not only arrested the accumulation of Treg cells and reduced arginase activity, but also led to an increase in the percentages of Th17 cells in the secondary lymphoid organs of mice. Elevated levels of interferon-γ and decreased levels of interleukin-10 were also noted in the culture supernatants of mouse splenocytes that were treated with neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, treatment with neutralizing antibodies enhanced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase on host macrophages and CD40 on host dendritic cells with concomitant decreased expression of alternative activation markers Arg1, Ym1 and Fizz1, which together lead to reduced parasite burden in treated animals. In summary, administration of neutralizing antibodies helps in breaking the regulatory network in mice and limits parasite-induced immunosuppression at the earliest host-parasite interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Pathak
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Aditi Sharma
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Meenakshi Verma
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Mrigank Srivastava
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Shailja Misra-Bhattacharya
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
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Nutman TB. Looking beyond the induction of Th2 responses to explain immunomodulation by helminths. Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:304-13. [PMID: 25869527 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although helminth infections are characteristically associated with Th2-mediated responses that include the production of the prototypical cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 by CD4(+) cells, the production of IgE, peripheral blood eosinophilia and mucus production in localized sites, these responses are largely attenuated when helminth infections become less acute. This modulation of the immune response that occurs with chronic helminth infection is often induced by molecules secreted by helminth parasites, by non-Th2 regulatory CD4(+) cells, and by nonclassical B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. This review will focus on those parasite- and host-mediated mechanisms underlying the modulated T-cell response that occurs as the default in chronic helminth infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Nutman
- Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Mukhopadhyay D, Mukherjee S, Roy S, Dalton JE, Kundu S, Sarkar A, Das NK, Kaye PM, Chatterjee M. M2 Polarization of Monocytes-Macrophages Is a Hallmark of Indian Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004145. [PMID: 26496711 PMCID: PMC4619837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The high level of functional diversity and plasticity in monocytes/macrophages has been defined within in vitro systems as M1 (classically activated), M2 (alternatively activated) and deactivated macrophages, of which the latter two subtypes are associated with suppression of cell mediated immunity, that confers susceptibility to intracellular infection. Although the Leishmania parasite modulates macrophage functions to ensure its survival, what remains an unanswered yet pertinent question is whether these macrophages are deactivated or alternatively activated. This study aimed to characterize the functional plasticity and polarization of monocytes/macrophages and delineate their importance in the immunopathogenesis of Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), a chronic dermatosis of human leishmaniasis. Monocytes from PKDL patients showed a decreased expression of TLR-2/4, along with an attenuated generation of reactive oxidative/nitrosative species. At disease presentation, an increased mRNA expression of classical M2 markers CD206, ARG1 and PPARG in monocytes and lesional macrophages indicated M2 polarization of macrophages which was corroborated by increased expression of CD206 and arginase-1. Furthermore, altered vitamin D signaling was a key feature in PKDL, as disease presentation was associated with raised plasma levels of monohydroxylated vitamin D3 and vitamin D3- associated genes, features of M2 polarization. Taken together, in PKDL, monocyte/macrophage subsets appear to be alternatively activated, a phenotype that might sustain disease chronicity. Importantly, repolarization of these monocytes to M1 by antileishmanial drugs suggests that switching from M2 to M1 phenotype might represent a therapeutic opportunity, worthy of future pharmacological consideration. Monocyte/macrophage subsets following their polarization by the microenvironement serve as important immune sentinels that play a vital role in host defense and homeostasis. The polarization of macrophage function has been broadly classified as M1 (classical) and M2 (alternate) activation, wherein M1 polarised cells display a strong pro-inflammatory microbicidal response, while M2 polarization is linked to production of an anti-inflammatory milieu leading to tissue regeneration and wound healing. Data pertaining to macrophage polarization are primarily derived from murine models, but increasing evidence is highlighting the inadequacy of direct inter-species translation. In leishmaniasis, a protozoan infection caused by the genus Leishmania, manipulation of host macrophage function is central to pathogenesis. In this study we report that monocyte/macrophage subsets in Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis are polarized to an M2 phenotype. This study provides insights into systemic and local regulation of macrophage/ monocyte functions in this important human disease and highlights the influence of immunomodulatory anti-leishmanial chemotherapy on macrophage/monocyte polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Shibabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Susmita Roy
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Jane E. Dalton
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Sunanda Kundu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Avijit Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Nilay K. Das
- Department of Dermatology, Calcutta Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Paul M. Kaye
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (PMK); (MC)
| | - Mitali Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail: (PMK); (MC)
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Jang JC, Chen G, Wang SH, Barnes MA, Chung JI, Camberis M, Le Gros G, Cooper PJ, Steel C, Nutman TB, Lazar MA, Nair MG. Macrophage-derived human resistin is induced in multiple helminth infections and promotes inflammatory monocytes and increased parasite burden. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004579. [PMID: 25568944 PMCID: PMC4287580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic helminth infections can be associated with lifelong morbidity such as immune-mediated organ failure. A better understanding of the host immune response to helminths could provide new avenues to promote parasite clearance and/or alleviate infection-associated morbidity. Murine resistin-like molecules (RELM) exhibit pleiotropic functions following helminth infection including modulating the host immune response; however, the relevance of human RELM proteins in helminth infection is unknown. To examine the function of human resistin (hResistin), we utilized transgenic mice expressing the human resistin gene (hRetnTg+). Following infection with the helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb), hResistin expression was significantly upregulated in infected tissue. Compared to control hRetnTg− mice, hRetnTg+ mice suffered from exacerbated Nb-induced inflammation characterized by weight loss and increased infiltration of inflammatory monocytes in the lung, along with elevated Nb egg burdens and delayed parasite expulsion. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling of the infected tissue revealed that hResistin promoted expression of proinflammatory cytokines and genes downstream of toll-like receptor signaling. Moreover, hResistin preferentially bound lung monocytes, and exogenous treatment of mice with recombinant hResistin promoted monocyte recruitment and proinflammatory cytokine expression. In human studies, increased serum resistin was associated with higher parasite load in individuals infected with soil-transmitted helminths or filarial nematode Wuchereria bancrofti, and was positively correlated with proinflammatory cytokines. Together, these studies identify human resistin as a detrimental factor induced by multiple helminth infections, where it promotes proinflammatory cytokines and impedes parasite clearance. Targeting the resistin/proinflammatory cytokine immune axis may provide new diagnostic or treatment strategies for helminth infection and associated immune-mediated pathology. Parasitic helminths, which infect an estimated two billion people worldwide, represent a significant global public health problem. Infection is associated with life-long morbidity including growth retardation and organ failure. Despite these debilitating conditions, there are currently no successful vaccines against helminths. Further, great variability in the host immune response to helminths exists, with the ability of some individuals to develop immunity, while others are susceptible when re-exposed or maintain life-long chronic infections. Identifying new factors that are differentially expressed in immune versus susceptible individuals could provide new targeting strategies for diagnosis or treatment of helminth infection. Here, we identify an important immunoregulatory function for human resistin in helminth infection. Employing transgenic mice in which the human resistin gene was inserted, we show that human resistin is induced by infection with the helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, where it promotes excessive inflammation and impedes parasite killing. Moreover, analysis of clinical samples from two cohorts of individuals infected with filarial nematodes or soil-transmitted helminths revealed increased resistin and serum proinflammatory cytokines compared to putatively immune individuals. Together, these studies suggest that human resistin is a detrimental cytokine that is expressed in multiple helminth infections, mediates pathogenic inflammation, and delays parasite clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C. Jang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Gang Chen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Spencer H. Wang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Barnes
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Josiah I. Chung
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Mali Camberis
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Philip J. Cooper
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones FEPIS, Quinindé, Ecuador
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cathy Steel
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mitchell A. Lazar
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Meera G. Nair
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abate E, Elias D, Getachew A, Alemu S, Diro E, Britton S, Aseffa A, Stendahl O, Schön T. Effects of albendazole on the clinical outcome and immunological responses in helminth co-infected tuberculosis patients: a double blind randomised clinical trial. Int J Parasitol 2014; 45:133-40. [PMID: 25486494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite several review papers and experimental studies concerning the impact of chronic helminth infection on tuberculosis in recent years, there is a scarcity of data from clinical field studies in highly endemic areas for these diseases. We believe this is the first randomised clinical trial investigating the impact of albendazole treatment on the clinical and immunological outcomes of helminth co-infected tuberculosis patients. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of albendazole (400mg per day for 3 days) in helminth-positive tuberculosis patients was conducted in Gondar, Ethiopia. The primary outcome was clinical improvement (ΔTB score) after 2 months. Among secondary outcomes were changes in the levels of eosinophils, CD4+ T cells, regulatory T cells, IFN-γ, IL-5 and IL-10 after 3 months. A total of 140 helminth co-infected tuberculosis patients were included with an HIV co-infection rate of 22.8%. There was no significant effect on the primary outcome (ΔTB score: 5.6±2.9 for albendazole versus 5.9±2.5 for placebo, P=0.59). The albendazole-treated group showed a decline in eosinophil cells (P=0.001) and IL-10 (P=0.017) after 3 months. In an exploratory analysis after 12 weeks, the albendazole treated group showed a trend towards weight gain compared with the placebo group (11.2±8.5 kg versus 8.2±8.7 kg, P=0.08)). The reductions in eosinophil counts and IL-10 show that asymptomatic helminth infection significantly affects host immunity during tuberculosis and can be effectively reversed by albendazole treatment. The clinical effects of helminth infection on chronic infectious diseases such as tuberculosis merit further characterisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Abate
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Linköping University, Sweden.
| | - D Elias
- University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cancer and Inflammation, Odense, Denmark
| | - A Getachew
- Department of Radiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - S Alemu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - E Diro
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - S Britton
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - O Stendahl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - T Schön
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Linköping University, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Kalmar County Hospital, Kalmar, Sweden
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O'Regan NL, Steinfelder S, Schwedler C, Rao GB, Srikantam A, Blanchard V, Hartmann S. Filariasis asymptomatically infected donors have lower levels of disialylated IgG compared to endemic normals. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:713-20. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. L. O'Regan
- Institute of Immunology; Center for Infection Medicine; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - S. Steinfelder
- Institute of Immunology; Center for Infection Medicine; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - C. Schwedler
- Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry; Institute of Laboratory Medicine; Charité Medical University; Berlin Germany
| | - G. B. Rao
- Blue Peter Public Health and Research Centre-LEPRA Society; Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh India
| | - A. Srikantam
- Blue Peter Public Health and Research Centre-LEPRA Society; Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh India
| | - V. Blanchard
- Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry; Institute of Laboratory Medicine; Charité Medical University; Berlin Germany
| | - S. Hartmann
- Institute of Immunology; Center for Infection Medicine; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
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Babu S, Nutman TB. Immunology of lymphatic filariasis. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:338-46. [PMID: 24134686 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The immune responses to filarial parasites encompass a complex network of innate and adaptive cells whose interaction with the parasite underlies a spectrum of clinical manifestations. The predominant immunological feature of lymphatic filariasis is an antigen-specific Th2 response and an expansion of IL-10 producing CD4(+) T cells that is accompanied by a muted Th1 response. This antigen-specific T-cell hyporesponsiveness appears to be crucial for the maintenance of the sustained, long-standing infection often with high parasite densities. While the correlates of protective immunity to lymphatic filariasis are still incompletely understood, primarily due to the lack of suitable animal models to study susceptibility, it is clear that T cells and to a certain extent B cells are required for protective immunity. Host immune responses, especially CD4(+) T-cell responses clearly play a role in mediating pathological manifestations of LF, including lymphedema, hydrocele and elephantiasis. The main underlying defect in the development of clinical pathology appears to be a failure to induce T-cell hyporesponsiveness in the face of antigenic stimulation. Finally, another intriguing feature of filarial infections is their propensity to induce bystander effects on a variety of immune responses, including responses to vaccinations, allergens and to other infectious agents. The complexity of the immune response to filarial infection therefore provides an important gateway to understanding the regulation of immune responses to chronic infections, in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Babu
- NIAID-NIRT-ICER, Chennai, India
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Thomas AC, Mattila JT. "Of mice and men": arginine metabolism in macrophages. Front Immunol 2014; 5:479. [PMID: 25339954 PMCID: PMC4188127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anita C Thomas
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
| | - Joshua T Mattila
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
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O'Regan NL, Steinfelder S, Venugopal G, Rao GB, Lucius R, Srikantam A, Hartmann S. Brugia malayi microfilariae induce a regulatory monocyte/macrophage phenotype that suppresses innate and adaptive immune responses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3206. [PMID: 25275395 PMCID: PMC4183501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monocytes and macrophages contribute to the dysfunction of immune responses in human filariasis. During patent infection monocytes encounter microfilariae in the blood, an event that occurs in asymptomatically infected filariasis patients that are immunologically hyporeactive. AIM To determine whether blood microfilariae directly act on blood monocytes and in vitro generated macrophages to induce a regulatory phenotype that interferes with innate and adaptive responses. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Monocytes and in vitro generated macrophages from filaria non-endemic normal donors were stimulated in vitro with Brugia malayi microfilarial (Mf) lysate. We could show that monocytes stimulated with Mf lysate develop a defined regulatory phenotype, characterised by expression of the immunoregulatory markers IL-10 and PD-L1. Significantly, this regulatory phenotype was recapitulated in monocytes from Wuchereria bancrofti asymptomatically infected patients but not patients with pathology or endemic normals. Monocytes from non-endemic donors stimulated with Mf lysate directly inhibited CD4+ T cell proliferation and cytokine production (IFN-γ, IL-13 and IL-10). IFN-γ responses were restored by neutralising IL-10 or PD-1. Furthermore, macrophages stimulated with Mf lysate expressed high levels of IL-10 and had suppressed phagocytic abilities. Finally Mf lysate applied during the differentiation of macrophages in vitro interfered with macrophage abilities to respond to subsequent LPS stimulation in a selective manner. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE Conclusively, our study demonstrates that Mf lysate stimulation of monocytes from healthy donors in vitro induces a regulatory phenotype, characterized by expression of PD-L1 and IL-10. This phenotype is directly reflected in monocytes from filarial patients with asymptomatic infection but not patients with pathology or endemic normals. We suggest that suppression of T cell functions typically seen in lymphatic filariasis is caused by microfilaria-modulated monocytes in an IL-10-dependent manner. Together with suppression of macrophage innate responses, this may contribute to the overall down-regulation of immune responses observed in asymptomatically infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noëlle Louise O'Regan
- Freie Universität Berlin, Center for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Svenja Steinfelder
- Freie Universität Berlin, Center for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gopinath Venugopal
- Freie Universität Berlin, Center for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gopala B. Rao
- Blue Peter Public Health and Research Centre-LEPRA Society, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Richard Lucius
- Humboldt Universität Berlin, Department of Biology, Molecular Parasitology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aparna Srikantam
- Blue Peter Public Health and Research Centre-LEPRA Society, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Center for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Wammes LJ, Mpairwe H, Elliott AM, Yazdanbakhsh M. Helminth therapy or elimination: epidemiological, immunological, and clinical considerations. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014; 14:1150-1162. [PMID: 24981042 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70771-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Deworming is rightly advocated to prevent helminth-induced morbidity. Nevertheless, in affluent countries, the deliberate infection of patients with worms is being explored as a possible treatment for inflammatory diseases. Several clinical trials are currently registered, for example, to assess the safety or efficacy of Trichuris suis ova in allergies, inflammatory bowel diseases, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and autism, and the Necator americanus larvae for allergic rhinitis, asthma, coeliac disease, and multiple sclerosis. Studies in animals provide strong evidence that helminths can not only downregulate parasite-specific immune responses, but also modulate autoimmune and allergic inflammatory responses and improve metabolic homoeostasis. This finding suggests that deworming could lead to the emergence of inflammatory and metabolic conditions in countries that are not prepared for these new epidemics. Further studies in endemic countries are needed to assess this risk and to enhance understanding of how helminths modulate inflammatory and metabolic pathways. Studies are similarly needed in non-endemic countries to move helminth-related interventions that show promise in animals, and in phase 1 and 2 studies in human beings, into the therapeutic development pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Wammes
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Harriet Mpairwe
- MRC/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Alison M Elliott
- MRC/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
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Osorio EY, Travi BL, da Cruz AM, Saldarriaga OA, Medina AA, Melby PC. Growth factor and Th2 cytokine signaling pathways converge at STAT6 to promote arginase expression in progressive experimental visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004165. [PMID: 24967908 PMCID: PMC4072777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Host arginase 1 (arg1) expression is a significant contributor to the pathogenesis of progressive visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a neglected tropical disease caused by the intracellular protozoan Leishmania donovani. Previously we found that parasite-induced arg1 expression in macrophages was dependent on STAT6 activation. Arg1 expression was amplified by, but did not require, IL-4, and required de novo synthesis of unknown protein(s). To further explore the mechanisms involved in arg1 regulation in VL, we screened a panel of kinase inhibitors and found that inhibitors of growth factor signaling reduced arg1 expression in splenic macrophages from hamsters with VL. Analysis of growth factors and their signaling pathways revealed that the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 (FGFR-1) and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor (IGF-1R) and a number of downstream signaling proteins were activated in splenic macrophages isolated from hamsters infected with L. donovani. Recombinant FGF-2 and IGF-1 increased the expression of arg1 in L. donovani infected hamster macrophages, and this induction was augmented by IL-4. Inhibition of FGFR-1 and IGF-1R decreased arg1 expression and restricted L. donovani replication in both in vitro and ex vivo models of infection. Inhibition of the downstream signaling molecules JAK and AKT also reduced the expression of arg1 in infected macrophages. STAT6 was activated in infected macrophages exposed to either FGF-2 or IGF-1, and STAT6 was critical to the FGFR-1- and IGF-1R-mediated expression of arg1. The converse was also true as inhibition of FGFR-1 and IGF-1R reduced the activation of STAT6 in infected macrophages. Collectively, these data indicate that the FGFR/IGF-1R and IL-4 signaling pathways converge at STAT6 to promote pathologic arg1 expression and intracellular parasite survival in VL. Targeted interruption of these pathological processes offers an approach to restrain this relentlessly progressive disease. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by the intracellular protozoan Leishmania donovani, is a progressive infection that is particularly common in impoverished populations of the world. People die from this disease unless it is treated. We used an experimental infection model that mimics the clinical and pathological features of human VL to study how the parasite causes this severe disease. We found that host macrophages infected with Leishmania donovani are activated in a way that leads to the expression of arginase, an enzyme that counteracts the cell's mechanisms that control the infection. This disease-promoting activation pathway was driven by the convergence of growth factor and cytokine signaling pathways and activation of the transcription factor STAT6. Chemical inhibition of signaling through the fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR-1) or insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-IR), or genetic knockdown of STAT6 led to reduced expression of arginase and enhanced control of the infection by macrophages. This indicates that the growth factor signaling pathways together with the cytokine pathways promote this disease. Interventions designed to disrupt this signaling could help in the treatment of VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Yaneth Osorio
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America; Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas (LIPMED), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno L Travi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alda M da Cruz
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas (LIPMED), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Omar A Saldarriaga
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Audrie A Medina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter C Melby
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America; Center for Tropical Diseases, and Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America; Department of Pathology, and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
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Medeiros LTL, Peraçoli JC, Bannwart-Castro CF, Romão M, Weel IC, Golim MA, de Oliveira LG, Kurokawa CS, Medeiros Borges VT, Peraçoli MTS. Monocytes from pregnant women with pre-eclampsia are polarized to a M1 phenotype. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 72:5-13. [PMID: 24689463 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM This study evaluated whether the monocyte inflammatory state in pre-eclampsia (PE) might be associated with polarization to either M1 classically or M2 alternatively activated monocyte subsets. METHOD OF STUDY Eighty-five women with (PE) and 52 normotensive (NT) pregnant women matched for gestational age were included. Expression of surface receptors characteristic of M1, such as Toll-like receptor (TLR)2, TLR4, and CD64, or M2, such as CD163 and CD206 monocyte subsets were evaluated in peripheral blood monocytes by flow cytometry. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-(IL)-12p40, IL-12p70, and IL-10 were evaluated in the supernatant of monocyte cultures by ELISA. RESULTS Expression of TLR4 and CD64 by monocytes from pre-eclamptic women was significantly higher, while the expression of CD163 and CD206 expression was significantly lower compared with NT pregnant women. Endogenous production of TNF-α, IL-12p40, and IL-12p70 by monocytes was increased, while synthesis of IL-10 was lower in women with PE than in NT pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS Monocytes from women with PE are classically activated, producing higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and express surface receptors characteristic of the M1 subset. These results provide evidence that the systemic inflammatory environment in PE may differentiate and polarize these cells to the M1 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo T L Medeiros
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
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Arndts K, Specht S, Debrah AY, Tamarozzi F, Klarmann Schulz U, Mand S, Batsa L, Kwarteng A, Taylor M, Adjei O, Martin C, Layland LE, Hoerauf A. Immunoepidemiological profiling of onchocerciasis patients reveals associations with microfilaria loads and ivermectin intake on both individual and community levels. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2679. [PMID: 24587458 PMCID: PMC3930501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass drug administration (MDA) programmes against Onchocerca volvulus use ivermectin (IVM) which targets microfilariae (MF), the worm's offspring. Most infected individuals are hyporesponsive and present regulated immune responses despite high parasite burden. Recently, with MDA programmes, the existence of amicrofilaridermic (a-MF) individuals has become apparent but little is known about their immune responses. Within this immunoepidemiological study, we compared parasitology, pathology and immune profiles in infection-free volunteers and infected individuals that were MF(+) or a-MF. The latter stemmed from villages in either Central or Ashanti regions of Ghana which, at the time of the study, had received up to eight or only one round of MDA respectively. Interestingly, a-MF patients had fewer nodules and decreased IL-10 responses to all tested stimuli. On the other hand, this patient group displayed contrary IL-5 profiles following in vitro stimulation or in plasma and the dampened response in the latter correlated to reduced eosinophils and associated factors but elevated neutrophils. Furthermore, multivariable regression analysis with covariates MF, IVM or the region (Central vs. Ashanti) revealed that immune responses were associated with different covariates: whereas O. volvulus-specific IL-5 responses were primarily associated with MF, IL-10 secretion had a negative correlation with times of individual IVM therapy (IIT). All plasma parameters (eosinophil cationic protein, IL-5, eosinophils and neutrophils) were highly associated with MF. With regards to IL-17 secretion, although no differences were observed between the groups to filarial-specific or bystander stimuli, these responses were highly associated with the region. These data indicate that immune responses are affected by both, IIT and the rounds of IVM MDA within the community. Consequently, it appears that a lowered infection pressure due to IVM MDA may affect the immune profile of community members even if they have not regularly participated in the programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Arndts
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sabine Specht
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Y. Debrah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences and School of Medical Sciences of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Francesca Tamarozzi
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ute Klarmann Schulz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology (IMBIE), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sabine Mand
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Linda Batsa
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Alexander Kwarteng
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mark Taylor
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ohene Adjei
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences and School of Medical Sciences of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Coralie Martin
- UMR 7245 MCAM MNHN CNRS, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Laura E. Layland
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Jang JC, Nair MG. Alternatively Activated Macrophages Revisited: New Insights into the Regulation of Immunity, Inflammation and Metabolic Function following Parasite Infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 9:147-156. [PMID: 24772059 DOI: 10.2174/1573395509666131210232548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of macrophages in homeostatic conditions and the immune system range from clearing debris to recognizing and killing pathogens. While classically activated macrophages (CAMacs) are induced by T helper type 1 (Th1) cytokines and exhibit microbicidal properties, Th2 cytokines promote alternative activation of macrophages (AAMacs). AAMacs contribute to the killing of helminth parasites and mediate additional host-protective processes such as regulating inflammation and wound healing. Yet, other parasites susceptible to Th1 type responses can exploit alternative activation of macrophages to diminish Th1 immune responses and prolong infection. In this review, we will delineate the factors that mediate alternative activation (e.g. Th2 cytokines and chitin) and the resulting downstream signaling events (e.g. STAT6 signaling). Next, the specific AAMac-derived factors (e.g. Arginase1) that contribute to resistance or susceptibility to parasitic infections will be summarized. Finally, we will conclude with the discussion of additional AAMac functions beyond immunity to parasites, including the regulation of inflammation, wound healing and the regulation of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Jang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA
| | - Meera G Nair
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA
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Salgame P, Yap GS, Gause WC. Effect of helminth-induced immunity on infections with microbial pathogens. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:1118-1126. [PMID: 24145791 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Helminth infections are ubiquitous worldwide and can trigger potent immune responses that differ from and potentially antagonize host protective responses to microbial pathogens. In this Review we focus on the three main killers in infectious disease-AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria-and critically assesses whether helminths adversely influence host control of these diseases. We also discuss emerging concepts for how M2 macrophages and helminth-modulated dendritic cells can potentially influence the protective immune response to concurrent infections. Finally, we present evidence advocating for more efforts to determine how and to what extent helminths interfere with the successful control of specific concurrent coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmini Salgame
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - George S Yap
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - William C Gause
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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50
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Metenou S, Nutman TB. Regulatory T cell subsets in filarial infection and their function. Front Immunol 2013; 4:305. [PMID: 24137161 PMCID: PMC3786323 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Filarial infections in humans are chronic infections that cause significant morbidity. The chronic nature of these infections with continuous antigen release is associated with a parasite-specific T cell hypo-responsiveness that may over time also affect the immune responses to bystander antigens. Previous studies have shown the filarial parasite antigen-specific T cells hypo-responsiveness is mediated by regulatory cytokines – IL-10 and TGF-β in particular. Recent studies have suggested that the modulated/regulated T cell responses associated with patent filarial infection may reflect an expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) that include both Tregs induced in peripheral circulation or pTregs and the thymus-derived Tregs or tTregs. Although much is known about the phenotype of these regulatory populations, the mechanisms underlying their expansion and their mode of action in filarial and other infections remain unclear. Nevertheless there are data to suggest that while many of these regulatory cells are activated in an antigen-specific manner the ensuing effectors of this activation are relatively non-specific and may affect a broad range of immune cells. This review will focus on the subsets and function of regulatory T cells in filarial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Metenou
- Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
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